1263:
605:
2182:). At the time of production, GM had downsized its full-size model lines in preparation for another oil crisis and had increased production of V6 engines as the intended standard engine, underestimating consumer demand for Oldsmobile V8 engines. To accommodate the increased market demand, nearly 60% of Delta 88s were equipped with a Chevrolet 5.7 L V8 for 1977. The lawsuit was filed by the state of Illinois, claiming GM falsely advertised the vehicles. In 1981, GM settled the lawsuit with the vehicle buyers and discontinued their company-unique policy of division-specific engines. Into the 1990s, GM advertising featured a disclaimer stating '"Oldsmobiles (or any other GM division) are equipped with engines manufactured by various GM divisions, subsidiaries and affiliates worldwide."'
1345:
1359:
815:
709:
476:
2199:
264:
1643:
1671:
593:
1739:
1524:
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1705:
1123:
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281:
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84:
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457:, ordered that the Ajax models be marketed as the "Nash Light Six", Nash being a known and respected automobile brand. Production was stopped for two days so Nash emblems, hubcaps, and radiator shells could be exchanged on all unshipped Ajax cars. Conversion kits were also distributed at no charge to Ajax owners to transform their cars and protect the investment they had made in purchasing an automobile made by Nash.
2590:
2409:
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2250:. In contrast with the Seville, the Versailles shared nearly its entire body with the Monarch and Granada (with the exception of the front fascia, taillamps, and trunklid); in line with its competitor, the Versailles was priced as the most expensive Lincoln sedan. Outsold by the Seville nearly three-to-one, the Versailles sold far under sales predictions and was discontinued early in the 1980 model year.
2667:
186:
2637:
400:, a successful model from the 1960s through to the 2000s. In most cases, consumers are interested in each brand's focus "on the unique elements of styling and driving characteristics". Some cars would not be marketed without the cost savings that are obtained from this practice, and carmakers can develop many "different models – all wearing different badges – off the one platform".
2131:
522:. For the 1958 model year, GM was promoting its fiftieth year of production and introduced anniversary models for each brand; Cadillac, Buick, Oldsmobile, Pontiac, and Chevrolet. The 1958 models shared an almost identical appearance on all models for each brand and made special luxury models with a shared appearance;
2266:
counterpart; additionally, J-body vehicles from
Chevrolet, Buick, Oldsmobile, and Pontiac could be equipped nearly identically to the Cimarron for a lower cost. Though closely matching its Buick Skyhawk and Oldsmobile Firenza counterparts in sales, the Cimarron was discontinued following the 1988 model year.
842:
In Japan, automobile manufacturers differed in the marketing of their product ranges. In contrast to marketing a single vehicle under multiple brand names (with minor changes to exterior bodywork), Japanese manufacturers marketed vehicles through multiple sales networks, with a distinct vehicle being
2424:
For the 1989 model year, Toyota and Nissan introduced the Lexus and
Infiniti luxury brands in the United States (following the Acura luxury brand of Honda) with the Lexus LS400 and Infiniti Q45 full-size sedans. To expand beyond a single-vehicle model line, both brands rebranded existing models from
1280:
In China, foreign manufacturers were required to form a joint venture with a local manufacturer to manufacture automobiles in the country. Prior to 2022, the
Chinese government dictates that no more than two joint ventures are allowed for each foreign investor. Larger foreign manufacturers often set
683:
and markets the same car under different brands and nameplates. The practice is used for multiple reasons. In one example, a company may do so to expand its range of different brands in a market without the cost of developing completely new models. In the United States, General Motors may sell a car
2265:
four-door sedan as a basis, the
Cimarron was developed and brought to market in less than a year, leaving almost no time to distinguish the new Cadillac from its divisional counterparts. Sharing much of its exterior with the Chevrolet Cavalier four-door, the Cimarron was priced twice as high as its
1915:
Although intended to save development costs by spreading design and research costs over several vehicles, rebadging can also become problematic if not implemented properly. Using multiple car brands under a single-parent manufacturer can significantly increase selling costs, as each model line must
796:
was a rebranded version of the Dodge Grand
Caravan, supplied as Volkswagen sought to re-enter the North American minivan segment without the investment of federalizing its design. Assembled by Chrysler with a Chrysler powertrain, the Routan received its own styling and content features as well as a
699:
and Holden (GM) nameplates. In the United
Kingdom, Opel-produced vehicles are marketed under the Vauxhall brand; when sold in the United States, Opels were marketed as Saturns, Chevrolets, and Buicks. Conversely, the Australian Holden brand was never sold in North America, but the Holden Monaro and
2487:
made in India. English motoring journalist George Fowler criticized the MG Rover Group, which was enjoying national sympathy from the
British public as the last domestically owned automobile manufacturer, stating the CityRover was "a duplicitous attempt to 'save Rover' by flogging an Indian car on
2269:
While the
Lincoln Versailles was largely forgotten after its discontinuation (functionally replaced by the downsizing of the Lincoln Continental for 1982), the Cimarron caused extensive damage to the Cadillac brand. From 1980 through 1998, Cadillac saw its market share decline by almost 50%. As of
2226:
rivaling
Lincoln and Cadillac in size). In response to both the introduction of European luxury sedans and the 1973 oil crisis, both Cadillac and Lincoln introduced smaller model offerings derived from smaller GM and Ford divisional model ranges, resulting in some of the most controversial uses of
2158:
Prior to 1981, the majority of
General Motors vehicles were produced with engines designed by their respective divisions. From 1981 onward, GM ended its policy of divisionally-developed engines, instead offering engines under a singular GM brand. As an exception, Cadillac offers division-exclusive
649:
of production to gain efficiencies "did not extend to marketing", and each "model was adapted, by variation in trim and accessories, to appeal to customer loyalties for whom the badge denoting the company of origin was an important selling advantage ... 'Badge Engineering', as it became known, was
2454:
Intended largely as placeholder models, the ES250 and M30 were largely overshadowed by their companion flagship sedans; both vehicles were withdrawn before the end of the 1992 model year (as their Japanese counterparts had ended their model cycles). Lexus replaced the ES250 with the ES300; while
375:
in that little or no actual engineering takes place. The term originated with the practice of replacing an automobile's emblems to create an ostensibly new model sold by a different maker. Changes may be confined to swapping badges and emblems, or may encompass minor styling differences, as with
1772:
Along with rebadging and badge engineering, platform sharing is common throughout the automotive industry. Alongside a shared chassis (though unibody construction is nearly universal in cars and many light trucks), platform sharing also standardizes components such as drivetrain, suspensions,
1579:-type market segments. An automobile manufacturer will use a model from its mainstream brand as a basis for a model under a premium marque by upgrading its features, technology, and/or styling. Along with visible cosmetic differences, premium models may also receive upgraded drivetrains.
1916:
be marketed separately, requiring a distinct dealership network. Inappropriate use of rebadging can also hurt overall sales by resulting in "cannibalism" between two or more brands owned by the same company by failing to develop a distinct image for each brand or by allowing the
2455:
again sharing a body with a Japanese-market Toyota (the Toyota Vista/Windom), the ES300 bore no direct visual resemblance to the American-market Camry with which it shared its chassis and engine. Infiniti replaced the M30 coupe with the J30 four-door sedan (rebranded as the
1959:
was closed after 2004 (the oldest American nameplate at the time). Following its 2009 bankruptcy, GM closed Pontiac, Saturn, and Hummer in 2010; Saab was sold (eventually leading to its demise). GM sold its European Opel and Vauxhall brands in 2017 to PSA (now Stellantis).
2436:). The ES250 had a strong visual resemblance to the American-market Toyota Camry, but was differentiated by its frameless side window door design as well as a unique grille, lower body trim, and road wheels, while the interior had features from its LS400 counterpart.
1796:
uses components from their more pedestrian counterparts, sold as Volkswagen mass-market brands. As an effort to place Audi as a "premium" marque, Volkswagen often introduces new technologies in Audi-branded cars before fitting them to mainstream products (such as the
2270:
current production, Lincoln has yet to produce a compact-segment car. Through the use of rebranding, Cadillac has produced the Catera and BLS executive cars; in contrast to the Cimarron, the two model lines were both derived from premium European sedans (the
1473:
Badge engineering could be used as a strategy to lengthen the life cycle of a vehicle. After a product has reached the end of its life cycle, it may be transferred to another brand, mostly from the same holding company or joint venture. Examples include the
1988:
introduced for 1973. These four X-platform vehicles (also known as N-O-V-A from the first letters of their model names) were produced with identical bodies with divisional differences marked only with specific grille, lamp, and body trim variations.
756:
Another way badge engineering may occur is when two separate manufacturers trade products, filling gaps in their respective product lineups. During the 1990s, Honda and Isuzu entered into such an agreement, with Isuzu marketing the first-generation
2399:
was originally developed as a second generation of the Eagle Vision; following the discontinuation of Eagle, the vehicle continued into production as a Chrysler model, adopting a slightly restyled grille, Chrysler badging, and a Chrysler interior.
1309:). To distribute the production and sales rights to each joint venture, manufacturers often resort to a similar strategy deployed in Japan: simply producing the exact model under two different names with minor changes to exterior bodywork.
2387:
full-size sedan replaced the Premier, becoming the first Eagle-brand vehicle developed by Chrysler. Positioned between the Dodge Intrepid and Chrysler Concorde, the Eagle Vision shared most exterior trim with the Concorde. It was the only
2095:
2018:
831:(right) are two mechanically, internally, and near-externally identical cars that share the majority of their components, however feature various different stylistic elements to cater to the design language of each brand.
2210:, including two-door and four-door sedans, and full-size personal luxury cars. At the beginning of the decade, European automakers began to market their full-size sedans as luxury cars in North America, including the
414:
can often involve rebadging and rebranding, it can extend further, as the design may be used across multiple configurations. For example, a single platform may underpin a sedan, hatchback, or SUV/CUV body designs.
910:
The practice of producing multiple versions of the same vehicle would eventually lead to distinct vehicles produced for export. In North America, the Toyota Sprinter was marketed as the Chevrolet Nova (and the
2447:
for sale in the United States; a two-door convertible was also sold (with the conversion done in the United States). With the exception of its badging and dashboard (sourced from the left-hand drive
2942:
3407:
4504:
1972:, General Motors expanded fuel-efficient offerings beyond its Chevrolet division, reintroducing compact cars to its Buick, Oldsmobile, and Pontiac brands. Derived from the X-platform
3597:
Volkswagen developed its MQB, or Modular Transverse Matrix, platform to improve manufacturing efficiency. Volkswagen, Audi, Seat, and Skoda models will be built on the MQB platform
1848:, itself also based on the Camry). Exclusive primarily to North America, Honda uses a common platform to produce the American version of the Odyssey minivan, also underpinning the
1610:
city car (intended to comply with EU emissions regulations). While fitted with model-specific trim and a luggage set, the Cygnet nearly tripled the price of the iQ. Alternatively,
1618:
used the reverse of this in some circumstances, engineering the more luxurious model first and then remove features for models from less prestigious marques. Examples include the
2822:
2395:
Coinciding with the 1998 Daimler-Chrysler merger, the Eagle brand was discontinued; the singular Jeep brand was integrated as part of Chrysler or Dodge dealership networks. The
4514:
2175:
3721:
1407:
In other cases, foreign manufacturers may also rebadge a model developed by its partner, sometimes for exports to other markets. Examples include the second generation
2222:. Though priced similar to the Cadillac Sedan de Ville and Lincoln Continental, the vehicles were multiple feet shorter and thousands of pounds lighter (with only the
1185:
Badge engineering may occur when one company allows another, otherwise unaffiliated, company to market a revised version of their product through an OEM deal, as with
781:; the agreement allowed both Honda and Isuzu to enter new vehicle segments without the cost of engineering an all-new vehicle design (at the same time, in Europe, the
2372:(developed by Renault prior to the sale of AMC). To expand the product range beyond the two sedans, Chrysler sourced vehicles from Mitsubishi, introducing the 1989
3077:
2008:. Similarly, to the X-body vehicles, the H-body subcompacts shared common bodies across all four divisions with differing grille, lamp, and body trim variations.
700:
Holden Commodore were sold under the Pontiac (Pontiac GTO, Pontiac G8), Chevrolet (Chevrolet SS), and Buick (Buick Regal Sportback/Buick Regal TourX) nameplates.
3382:
4123:
1501:. The advantage of this strategy is amortized tooling costs, which means the vehicle can be produced at a higher margin of profit (or a lower price, or both).
4299:
1992:
To expand its footprint in the subcompact segment, the H-body Chevrolet Vega platform was used for the 1975 model year for newly styled variants sold as the
392:. The objective is "to spread the huge development costs of a new vehicle over as many cars as possible". An example is General Motors' rebadging of the
2613:, Italy was licensed to various other manufacturers from different countries. It became a dominant car in many Eastern Europe and West Asian countries.
352:
without designing or engineering a new model or brand (at high cost or risk), a manufacturer creates a distinct automobile by applying a new "badge" or
4466:
3016:
4404:
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204:
2349:, leading to the exit of the latter company from the North American market. As part of the sale, Chrysler obtained the AMC dealership network, the
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symptomatic of a policy of sales competition between the constituent organizations". The ultimate example of BMC badge engineering was the 1962
687:
In another example, the same model is rebadged when it is sold in different regions and markets. In Australia, during the 1980s and 1990s, the
453:
models were discontinued in 1926 after over 22,000 Ajax cars were sold during the brand's inaugural year. The chairman and CEO of the company,
3432:
2496:
A variant of rebadging is licensing models to be produced by other companies, typically in another country. The earliest such vehicle was the
4509:
4394:
4357:
4322:
3865:
4016:
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that replaced it). The Honda Vigor and Inspire were marketed as the Acura Vigor and TL; Nissan sold the Gloria in the United States as the
4420:
4147:
1924:
2309:. As part of their legacy, the A-bodies became enormously popular – as well as synonymous with one of GM's most transparent examples of
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4282:
4261:
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4186:
4135:
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2990:
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4249:
4169:
4118:
4004:
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629:, "Wolseley started to lose its identity and eventually succumbed to badge engineering." This was repeated with the consolidation of
662:. A year earlier, the Mini was also available as Austin, Morris, Riley, and Wolseley – the latter two having slightly bigger boots.
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4294:
4087:
3458:
475:
514:. Exterior appearances were gradually upgraded between these vehicle brands. This was partly because all bodywork was provided by
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after the A4 B7 production had ended. The tooling was dismantled from Ingolstadt and was sent to the SEAT manufacturing plant in
17:
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line of all-wheel drive cars, and the Jeep line of sport-utility vehicles and pickup trucks. For 1989, Chrysler established the
438:
The first case of badge engineering appeared in 1917 with the Texan automobile assembled in Fort Worth, Texas, that made use of
4176:
4033:
2317:
as examples of genericized uniformity, embarrassing the company and ultimately prompting GM to recommit to design leadership.
1951:; in 2010, Mercury was closed by Ford. General Motors underwent several brand revisions; following the discontinuation of the
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3103:
1927:
automakers reduced their brand footprint by closing or selling underperforming brands. After 2001, Chrysler discontinued its
622:
604:
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The new Avalon shares powertrains and platforms with its little sister, the Toyota Camry, and its cousin, the Lexus ES 350.
2380:(Mitsubishi Eclipse). In contrast to the Jeep range, Eagle was marketed towards consumers interested in imported vehicles.
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in early 1988 (derived from the 1971 AMC Hornet), Eagle established its product line with the introduction of the 1988
1832:
In the Japanese automotive industry, platform sharing has expanded model offerings in North America. While the initial
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120:
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for many of its non-Cadillac full-size vehicles (nearly exclusively from 1959 through 1985), while Chrysler used its
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229:
167:
70:
31:
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the Japanese market produced by their parent companies to introduce an entry-level vehicle for the 1990 model year.
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in a strategy to both focus on Jeep and offer specialty cars differentiated from the established Chrysler lines.
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2017:
523:
4215:
4108:
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The Texas Motor Car Association had started building Elcars into their own Texan automobiles before the Great War
684:
through each brand; for example, the Chevrolet Tahoe, GMC Yukon, and Cadillac Escalade each share a common body.
404:
127:
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134:
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Starting with the beginning of General Motors in 1909, chassis and platforms were shared with all brands.
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production had ended, and the Maruti Suzuki Zen Estilo, which is based on the then-recently discontinued
646:
3323:
2206:
Prior to the mid-1970s, the American luxury brands Lincoln and Cadillac offered model lines entirely of
407:
supply" or "OEM-supplied" to denote vehicles that are a rebadged model from or for other manufacturers.
4473:
1222:
1204:
Another example was the joint venture of Mitsubishi and Chrysler that resulted in vehicles produced by
518:
which was bought by GM in 1925, and the introduction of the Art and Color Section in 1928, directed by
385:
101:
56:
2053:
770:
116:
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4435:
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1973:
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uses platform sharing as its business strategy to improve its profitability and growth. For example,
1774:
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642:
499:
3636:
2440:
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2215:
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with reworked styling, which was built in Spain from used production tooling from the Audi plant in
1670:
263:
1642:
2160:
1523:
1320:. Honda awarded several models to two joint ventures, which spawned the Breeze from the original
873:
349:
94:
2504:
and licensed to other manufacturers across continents, which became their first-ever model. The
2429:
2118:
1039:. The vehicles produced from this venture (though not necessarily at NUMMI itself) included the
4540:
2313:: they were simultaneously presented, almost indistinguishably, on the 22 August 1983 cover of
2179:
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1822:
1730:
1587:
1543:
1459:
1420:
592:
2823:"Same Car, Different Brand, Hugely Higher Price: Why Pay An Extra $ 30,000 For Fake Prestige?"
2542:
2029:
1868:
1738:
1704:
4550:
2333:
2223:
1928:
1874:
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1350:
742:
634:
3722:"How a single magazine cover photo changed the course of auto design at GM in the Eighties"
2706:
2501:
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2389:
1798:
1619:
855:
786:
630:
495:
423:
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445:"Probably the industry's first example of one car becoming another" occurred in 1926 when
8:
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2001:
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Another example is the Dongfeng Fengdu MX6, which was produced after the near-identical
1453:
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1932:
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141:
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805:
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3827:
3671:"G.M. Calls Its Engine Swapping Innocent, But to the Brand‐Faithful Buyer It's a Sin"
3355:
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Badge engineering often occurs when an individual manufacturer (such as the regional
3196:
Armstrong Siddeley Motors: The Cars, the Company and the People in Definitive Detail
2574:
1509:
1216:
2741:
2235:
1985:
1952:
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487:
397:
393:
200:
3408:"China Foreign Investment: Expert Q&A – Spotlight on Automotive Manufacturing"
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in India and was manufactured until 2014. Another example of this is the British
2476:
2239:
2238:; the smallest Lincoln ever produced at the time, the model line was a rebranded
2005:
1993:
1977:
1969:
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1595:
1498:
1294:
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1040:
947:
864:
782:
688:
618:
562:
490:, which historically was a truck builder, began to offer its products branded as
454:
319:
249:
2556:
2451:), the M30 differed from the Leopard primarily in its steering wheel placement.
2325:
736:
2710:
2480:
2448:
2444:
2432:
is a four-door sedan that was developed from the Toyota Vista (also called the
1935:
in 1998). In response to the late 2000s recession, Ford ended its ownership of
1917:
1416:
1313:
1302:
1298:
1028:
933:
850:
824:
774:
356:(brand, logo, or manufacturer's name/make/marque) to an existing product line.
315:
62:
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1997:
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of one version of a model to carry over to its rebadged model counterparts.
955:
3017:"Next Mitsubishi Flagship Could Be Rebadged Infiniti M--In Japan, At Least"
2456:
2384:
2373:
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1981:
1944:
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886:
411:
381:
280:
3383:"Impact of China Removal of Foreign Ownership Restrictions in Auto Sector"
3078:
Locke, p. 320. "The Texan automobile used Elcars with 'badge engineering'"
2190:
1312:
GAC Toyota has produced the Levin as a twin model to the FAW Toyota-built
1232:
403:
In several countries including Japan, manufacturers often use the phrase "
4620:
2737:
2484:
2377:
2170:
In 1981, GM lost a 1977 lawsuit related to consumers (who purchased 1977
1936:
1849:
1801:). In production, platform sharing is used extensively, with the modular
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1384:
1317:
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1079:
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896:
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659:
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446:
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4545:
2965:"Maruti adds Toyota Glanza sales in their report as sales to other OEM"
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1956:
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1940:
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of the United States, Europe, and Japan) owns a portfolio of different
503:
427:
389:
361:
286:
255:
3843:
2943:"Keeping it in the family: why car makers share platforms with rivals"
1392:
1281:
up two joint ventures to maximize the market reach, including Toyota (
1108:
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A similar example of licensed badge-engineered products would be the
2416:
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1853:
1607:
1529:
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1027:
to create a product and then selling each as their own. For example,
912:
722:
651:
491:
384:, and even outer body skins. More extreme examples involve differing
377:
353:
269:
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1515:
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83:
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Association for Standardisation of Automation and Measuring Systems
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1611:
1055:. In another agreement, Ford and Nissan developed and produced the
975:
511:
372:
3298:"The Least Reliable Honda Ever Is a Rebadged Land Rover Discovery"
2687:
2528:
1208:
that were marketed under various nameplates from 1985 until 1993.
891:
889:
through multiple sales networks, marketing the Accord through the
843:
sold under various model nameplates (from a single manufacturer).
314:
vehicles. The Corsa has also been rebadged under other marques of
2991:"Toyota to build Suzuki-badged RAV4 and Corolla wagon for Europe"
2730:
2346:
2257:, a subcompact car intended as a competitor for compact European
1826:
1806:
1627:
1623:
311:
2621:
2443:
is a two-door notchback coupe, as Nissan rebranded its existing
2408:
989:
3824:
Car-tastrophes: 80 Automotive Atrocities from the past 20 years
3556:"Volkswagen Parts, Platform Sharing to Intensify Across Brands"
2718:
2589:
2565:
2562:
2517:
1897:
1032:
846:
692:
323:
1836:
was developed specifically for the American market, the later
1752:
654:
which was available badged as a Morris, MG, Austin, Wolseley,
3741:"Can't tell the Pontiacs from the Buicks? That's the problem"
1036:
680:
507:
439:
2666:
1773:
components, and other technologies. General Motors used the
4515:
Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles
3246:"Are Cadillac Escalade Chevy Tahoe and GMC Yukon The Same?"
2722:
2714:
2610:
2509:
2185:
1793:
307:
3272:"The Honda Crossroad Is a Rebadged Land Rover Discovery I"
2636:
3885:
2513:
3582:"New platform brings Volkswagen and Audi models closer"
1896:
The Fifth generation Chevrolet Camaro was based on the
30:
For a list of vehicles that were badge-engineered, see
1023:
Two automakers can also pool resources by operating a
3696:"Jury Orders G.M. to Pay 10,000 in Switch of Engines"
3530:"The Aston Martin Cygnet Is Dead And Now We Want One"
3092:
Kimes, Beverly R.; Clark, Henry A. Jr., eds. (1996).
3504:"2011 Aston Martin Cygnet The only Aston with a CVT"
3433:"Spain: SEAT Exeo to supplement, not replace Toledo"
2392:
offered exclusively with a five-passenger interior.
2337:
1995 Eagle Vision (Chrysler Concorde/Dodge Intrepid)
1904:, originally used by the VE series Holden Commodore.
765:
as its first minivan. In return, Honda received the
418:Automotive industry rebadging can be compared with
108:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3637:"First Drive: 2013 Toyota Avalon [Review]"
3485:"Dongfeng Fengdu MX6 hits the Chinese auto market"
3221:The rise and decline of the British motor industry
2897:"Badge engineering and shared platforms explained"
3760:"1983 Fortune: Will Success Spoil General Motors"
3044:Elcar and pratt automobiles: the complete history
2412:Lexus ES250 (Toyota Camry Prominent/Toyota Vista)
2174:equipped with a 350 cu in (5.7 L)
1980:was introduced for the 1971 model year, with the
1066:Another example was the cooperative work between
903:locations (conversely, the Vigor was renamed the
4633:
2508:in the US that would eventually build the first
2491:
2479:, launched in 2003 as the last vehicle from the
2178:instead of the 350 cu in (5.7 L)
1840:has shared a platform (but not a body) with the
837:
2748:sedan produced in Russia from 2008 until 2010.
2403:
3126:Lewis, Albert L.; Musciano, Walter A. (1977).
205:sources that evaluate within a broader context
4510:European Automobile Manufacturers Association
3859:
3125:
1316:and the Wildlander as the alternative to the
797:standard "sportier suspension and steering".
2920:"The Ten Best Examples of Badge Engineering"
2849:"The Ten Best Examples of Badge Engineering"
2488:which the only Rover bits were the badges".
2329:1992 Eagle Premier (Renault 25/Dodge Monaco)
494:, and vehicles produced by GM were built on
422:in other consumer goods industries, such as
3757:
3351:Motormouth: The Complete Canadian Car Guide
3095:Standard Catalog of American Cars 1805-1942
2816:
2814:
1963:
1910:
792:During the late 2000s and early 2010s, the
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4606:
3866:
3852:
3579:
3223:. Cambridge University Press. p. 84.
3091:
1805:underpinning a range of vehicles from the
4431:History of the internal combustion engine
3664:
3662:
3660:
3295:
2820:
556:1958 Chevrolet Bel Air Impala Convertible
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
3751:
3554:Seabaugh, Christian (20 December 2011).
3553:
3243:
3087:
3085:
2811:
2791:
2466:
2415:
2407:
2332:
2324:
2197:
2189:
2186:Lincoln Versailles and Cadillac Cimarron
2153:
371:; the latter is an intentionally ironic
4421:Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010
3873:
3688:
3527:
3501:
3347:
3321:
2725:, building vehicles under license from
2341:In 1987, Chrysler Corporation acquired
1602:. A more controversial example was the
1468:
885:network. Honda previously marketed the
14:
4634:
3821:
3795:
3758:Niedermeyer, Paul (17 November 2012).
3738:
3732:
3719:
3668:
3657:
3269:
3218:
2917:
2890:
2888:
2846:
4489:Minor automotive manufacturing groups
4395:Countries by motor vehicle production
3847:
3634:
3608:
3580:Cunningham, Wayne (2 February 2012).
3193:
3082:
3040:
2940:
195:focuses too much on specific examples
4596:
3713:
3324:"The Honda Crossroad: A poor effort"
3296:Skwarczek, Matthew (20 April 2020).
2894:
2234:was released as a competitor to the
1189:marketing a modified version of the
179:
106:adding citations to reliable sources
77:
36:
3451:
3322:Boothby, Marcus (22 October 2020).
3130:. Simon and Schuster. p. 280.
3098:. Krause Publications. p. 21.
2885:
2792:Chambers, Cliff (4 November 2011).
2500:(1922–1939), designed and built by
2320:
1889:Chevrolet Camaro (fifth generation)
1785:for (non-Imperial) full-size cars.
1767:
24:
3720:Strohl, Daniel (3 February 2021).
3669:Stuart, Reginald (15 March 1977).
3459:"SEAT names its new Exeo flagship"
3425:
2868:
2821:Fingleton, Eamonn (7 April 2013).
2471:2004 Rover CityRover (Tata Indica)
2462:
2246:), largely replacing the previous
2227:rebranding in automotive history.
1570:
1411:which is an export version of the
751:
670:
25:
4663:
3739:Wilson, Amy (14 September 2008).
3198:. Veloce Publishing. p. 30.
2763:List of badge-engineered vehicles
1063:minivans from 1993 through 2002.
1018:
449:' newly introduced smaller-sized
442:bodies made in Elkhart, Indiana.
52:This article has multiple issues.
32:List of badge-engineered vehicles
4615:
4605:
4595:
4586:
4585:
4441:Timeline of motor vehicle brands
4400:Countries by vehicles per capita
3796:Minick, Dan (16 November 2020).
3528:Estrada, Zac (10 January 2013).
3270:Golden, Conner (20 April 2020).
3152:"Nash Motors cars, 1916 to 1954"
2918:Orlove, Raphael (5 March 2014).
2705:of England in 1955 would become
2680:
2665:
2650:
2635:
2620:
2588:
2573:
2555:
2541:
2527:
2360:Following the retirement of the
2281:
2253:For 1982, Cadillac released the
2141:
2129:
2117:
2105:
2100:1978 Chevrolet Monza (hatchback)
2093:
2089:1975–1980 GM H-body (subcompact)
2076:
2064:
2052:
2040:
2028:
2016:
1955:sub-brand of Chevrolet in 1997,
1931:brand (following the closure of
1881:
1867:
1751:
1737:
1723:
1703:
1689:
1669:
1655:
1641:
1575:Badge engineering occurs in the
1556:
1542:
1522:
1508:
1452:
1438:
1391:
1377:
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1247:
1231:
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988:
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591:
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568:1958 Pontiac Bonneville Catalina
561:
549:
474:
462:
293:
279:
262:
248:
184:
82:
41:
3815:
3789:
3777:"Commercial Milestone – Jeep".
3770:
3635:Elias, Mark (6 November 2012).
3628:
3602:
3573:
3547:
3521:
3502:Meiners, Jens (December 2009).
3495:
3477:
3400:
3375:
3341:
3315:
3289:
3263:
3237:
3212:
3187:
3177:"1958 Buick Convertible Poster"
3169:
3144:
3119:
3071:
3034:
3009:
2895:Duff, Craig (28 October 2016).
2376:(Dodge/Plymouth Colt) and 1990
1711:Lincoln Navigator L Black Label
895:network and renaming it as the
348:around the world. To allow for
93:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
27:Changing badges of the same car
3611:"Platform Sharing for Dummies"
3244:Campbell, Kern (28 May 2021).
2983:
2957:
2934:
2911:
2862:
2847:Orlove, Raphael (3 May 2014).
2840:
2785:
1817:of the 2000s was used for the
610:1958 Cadillac Eldorado Seville
586:1958 Oldsmobile 98 Convertible
13:
1:
2778:
2713:, which was license-built in
2630:, Italy and various countries
2605:Among the post-war cars, the
2492:Models produced under license
2420:Infiniti M30 (Nissan Leopard)
2242:(itself a counterpart of the
2230:For the 1977 model year, the
2012:1971–1979 GM X-body (compact)
1852:and Honda Passport SUVs, the
838:Distribution networks (Japan)
380:, taillights, front and rear
306:Two examples of rebadging in
2941:Hagon, Toby (23 July 2020).
2794:"What is badge engineering?"
2740:, a rebadged version of the
2404:Lexus ES250 and Infiniti M30
2220:Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W116)
2176:Chevrolet small-block engine
2148:1978 Pontiac Sunbird (coupe)
2112:1977 Chevrolet Monza (coupe)
1902:General Motors Zeta platform
1606:, a rebadged version of the
1490:, Spain, to be reinstalled.
1423:, a reworked version of the
877:network, with the identical
863:locations, it was named the
7:
2751:
2675:, Russia and Eastern Europe
2343:American Motors Corporation
2202:1987–1988 Cadillac Cimarron
1582:An example of this is that
1223:Chrysler Town & Country
665:
621:after it was bought out by
536:Pontiac Bonneville Catalina
359:Rebadging is also known as
10:
4668:
3798:"A Brief History of Eagle"
3609:Csere, Csaba (June 2003).
3041:Locke, William S. (2007).
2286:From 1982 until 1986, the
2248:Mercury Grand Monarch Ghia
1781:for intermediates and its
598:1958 Buick Limited Riviera
433:
29:
4581:
4523:
4497:
4449:
4436:History of the motorcycle
4426:History of the automobile
4413:
4385:Automobile sales by model
4377:
4345:
4310:
4270:
4096:
3949:
3908:
3899:
3881:
3354:. John Wiley & Sons.
3047:. Mcfarland. p. 53.
2995:International Fleet World
1825:(built in steel) and the
1195:Chrysler Town and Country
643:British Motor Corporation
524:Cadillac Eldorado Seville
4479:Motorcycle manufacturers
4457:Automobile manufacturers
4390:Best-selling automobiles
3128:Automobiles of the World
2136:1977 Oldsmobile Starfire
1964:GM X/H platform compacts
1911:Problems and controversy
1586:marketed its mainstream
1275:
853:in Japan exclusively at
540:Chevrolet Bel-Air Impala
346:automobile manufacturers
3822:Fowler, George (2016).
3412:nortonrosefulbright.com
3219:Church, Roy A. (2004).
2194:1979 Lincoln Versailles
1923:Through the 2000s, the
1860:mid-size pickup truck.
907:for the Clio network).
773:SUVs, which became the
498:shared with Chevrolet,
350:product differentiation
18:Rebranding (automobile)
4541:Automotive engineering
3971:manufacturers detailed
3826:. Veloce. p. 93.
3785:(3): 66. October 1999.
3348:Spencer, Zack (2010).
2873:. The Truth About Cars
2609:designed and built by
2472:
2457:Nissan Leopard J Ferie
2434:Toyota Camry Prominent
2421:
2413:
2338:
2330:
2203:
2195:
1823:Bentley Continental GT
1590:mid-size sedan as the
1429:Jiangling Motors (JMC)
1289:), Ford (JMC-Ford and
532:Oldsmobile Starfire 98
4262:List of manufacturers
4088:List of manufacturers
3941:List of manufacturers
2470:
2419:
2411:
2336:
2328:
2224:Rolls-Royce Phantom V
2201:
2193:
2167:V8 engine families).
2154:GM divisional engines
2059:1978 Oldsmobile Omega
2004:followed by the 1976
1875:Holden Commodore (VE)
1829:(built in aluminum).
1677:Cadillac Escalade ESV
874:Nissan Bluebird Store
695:and Toyotas to adopt
635:Nuffield Organization
528:Buick Limited Riviera
4531:Auto and motor shows
3779:Automobile Quarterly
3194:Smith, Bill (2005).
2733:(Naza 206 Bestari).
2707:Hindustan Ambassador
2502:Austin Motor Company
2180:Oldsmobile V8 engine
2172:Oldsmobile Delta 88s
2083:1977 Pontiac Phoenix
2071:1973 Pontiac Ventura
1799:Direct-Shift Gearbox
1759:Lincoln MKZ (Zephyr)
1620:Lamborghini Gallardo
1550:Nissan X-Trail (T31)
1495:Nissan X-Trail (T31)
1469:Life cycle extension
1332:, the XR-V from the
856:Toyota Corolla Store
787:Land Rover Discovery
631:Austin Motor Company
617:A later example was
424:consumer electronics
420:white-label products
376:cosmetic changes to
201:improve this article
102:improve this article
4642:Automotive industry
4484:Truck manufacturers
3875:Automotive industry
3437:automotiveworld.com
3250:fourwheeltrends.com
2871:"Badge Engineering"
2773:White-label product
2701:Series IV built by
2355:Jeep-Eagle Division
2295:Chevrolet Celebrity
2023:1978 Chevrolet Nova
2002:Oldsmobile Starfire
1968:In response to the
1604:Aston Martin Cygnet
1598:SUV is sold as the
1563:Dongfeng Fengdu MX6
1399:Dongfeng-Honda XR-V
1239:Dodge Grand Caravan
1206:Diamond-Star Motors
883:Nissan Prince Store
637:(parent company of
342:market segmentation
334:automotive industry
4652:Product management
3967:manufacturers list
3700:The New York Times
3675:The New York Times
2473:
2422:
2414:
2339:
2331:
2232:Lincoln Versailles
2204:
2196:
2124:1975 Buick Skyhawk
2047:1979 Buick Skylark
1925:American Big Three
1819:Volkswagen Phaeton
1649:Chevrolet Suburban
1584:Ford Motor Company
1351:FAW-Toyota Corolla
1242:(fifth generation)
1226:(fifth generation)
867:. Nissan sold the
691:required imported
4629:
4628:
4536:Automotive design
4474:Bus manufacturers
4467:by parent company
4405:Top manufacturers
4373:
4372:
3764:Curbside Classics
3463:carmagazine.co.uk
3105:978-0-87341-428-9
2869:Martin, Murilee.
2690:Murat 124, Turkey
2483:, was a rebadged
2311:badge engineering
2288:front-wheel drive
2255:Cadillac Cimarron
2212:BMW Bavaria/3.0Si
2035:1973 Buick Apollo
1844:(since 2013, the
1632:Volkswagen Passat
1600:Lincoln Navigator
1409:Chevrolet Captiva
1255:Volkswagen Routan
1199:Volkswagen Routan
861:Toyota Auto Store
794:Volkswagen Routan
658:and the upmarket
368:badge engineering
240:
239:
232:
222:
221:
178:
177:
170:
152:
75:
16:(Redirected from
4659:
4647:Brand management
4619:
4609:
4608:
4599:
4598:
4589:
4588:
4561:list of vehicles
3906:
3905:
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3861:
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3683:
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3545:
3544:
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3540:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3491:. 24 March 2015.
3489:carnewschina.com
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3241:
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3184:
3181:gmphotostore.com
3173:
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2789:
2742:Chrysler Sebring
2684:
2669:
2654:
2639:
2624:
2592:
2577:
2559:
2545:
2531:
2516:in Germany, and
2321:Eagle (Chrysler)
2293:underpinned the
2259:executive sedans
2236:Cadillac Seville
2145:
2133:
2121:
2109:
2097:
2080:
2068:
2056:
2044:
2032:
2020:
1986:Oldsmobile Omega
1885:
1871:
1811:Volkswagen Atlas
1790:Volkswagen Group
1768:Platform sharing
1755:
1741:
1727:
1707:
1693:
1673:
1659:
1645:
1560:
1546:
1526:
1512:
1456:
1446:JMC Yusheng S330
1442:
1395:
1381:
1365:GAC-Toyota Levin
1361:
1347:
1265:
1251:
1235:
1219:
1197:minivans as the
1173:
1159:
1145:
1125:
1111:
1097:
1057:Mercury Villager
1047:, and later the
1006:
992:
978:
958:
944:
930:
817:
808:
739:
725:
711:
607:
595:
583:
565:
553:
496:common platforms
478:
466:
412:platform sharing
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3745:Automotive News
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3021:Motor Authority
3015:
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2998:
2997:. 20 March 2019
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2800:
2798:motoring.com.au
2790:
2786:
2781:
2768:Builder's plate
2754:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2685:
2677:
2676:
2673:VAZ-2101 / Lada
2670:
2662:
2661:
2655:
2647:
2646:
2640:
2632:
2631:
2625:
2603:
2602:
2601:
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2578:
2570:
2569:
2560:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2494:
2477:Rover CityRover
2465:
2463:Rover CityRover
2406:
2390:Chrysler LH car
2362:AMC Eagle Wagon
2323:
2315:Forbes magazine
2284:
2240:Mercury Monarch
2216:Jaguar XJ6/XJ12
2188:
2156:
2149:
2146:
2137:
2134:
2125:
2122:
2113:
2110:
2101:
2098:
2084:
2081:
2072:
2069:
2060:
2057:
2048:
2045:
2036:
2033:
2024:
2021:
2006:Pontiac Sunbird
1994:Chevrolet Monza
1978:Pontiac Ventura
1970:1973 oil crisis
1966:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1858:Honda Ridgeline
1813:. The previous
1770:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1717:
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1715:
1714:
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1708:
1700:
1699:
1697:Ford Expedition
1694:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1616:Ferdinand Piëch
1596:Ford Expedition
1573:
1571:Luxury vehicles
1568:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1499:Suzuki MR Wagon
1471:
1466:
1465:
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1463:
1462:
1457:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1402:
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1396:
1388:
1387:
1385:GAC-Honda Vezel
1382:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1293:), Volkswagen (
1278:
1273:
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1252:
1244:
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1135:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1074:to develop the
1045:Chevrolet Prizm
1041:Toyota Sprinter
1021:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1007:
999:
998:
993:
985:
984:
979:
968:
967:
966:
965:
964:
959:
951:
950:
948:Toyota Sprinter
945:
937:
936:
931:
865:Toyota Sprinter
840:
835:
834:
833:
832:
827:(left) and the
820:
819:
818:
810:
809:
785:was a rebadged
783:Honda Crossroad
754:
752:Brand expansion
749:
748:
747:
746:
745:
743:Vauxhall Monaro
740:
732:
731:
726:
718:
717:
712:
689:Button car plan
673:
671:Regional brands
668:
647:rationalization
619:Wolseley Motors
615:
614:
613:
612:
611:
608:
600:
599:
596:
588:
587:
584:
573:
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482:
479:
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467:
455:Charles W. Nash
436:
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4524:Related topics
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4119:Czech Republic
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3641:Left Lane News
3627:
3615:Car and Driver
3601:
3572:
3546:
3520:
3508:Car and Driver
3494:
3476:
3465:. 23 June 2008
3450:
3439:. 20 June 2008
3424:
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3137:978067122485-1
3136:
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2783:
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2775:
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2765:
2760:
2753:
2750:
2744:sedan and the
2711:Hillman Hunter
2686:
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2671:
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2547:
2540:
2539:
2533:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2493:
2490:
2481:MG Rover Group
2464:
2461:
2449:Nissan Skyline
2445:Nissan Leopard
2405:
2402:
2383:For 1992, the
2322:
2319:
2283:
2280:
2208:full-size cars
2187:
2184:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2147:
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2135:
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2039:
2037:
2034:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2015:
2013:
1974:Chevrolet Nova
1965:
1962:
1918:market failure
1912:
1909:
1895:
1894:
1887:
1880:
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1873:
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1507:
1506:
1505:
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1503:
1470:
1467:
1460:Ford Territory
1458:
1451:
1450:
1444:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1421:Ford Territory
1417:SAIC-GM-Wuling
1397:
1390:
1389:
1383:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1363:
1356:
1355:
1349:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1336:, and others.
1303:Dongfeng Honda
1277:
1274:
1268:Lancia Voyager
1267:
1260:
1259:
1253:
1246:
1245:
1237:
1230:
1229:
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1127:
1120:
1119:
1113:
1106:
1105:
1099:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1029:General Motors
1020:
1019:Joint ventures
1017:
1008:
1001:
1000:
994:
987:
986:
980:
973:
972:
971:
970:
969:
960:
953:
952:
946:
939:
938:
934:Toyota Corolla
932:
925:
924:
923:
922:
921:
859:locations; at
839:
836:
825:Chevrolet Volt
822:
821:
812:
811:
803:
802:
801:
800:
799:
775:Honda Passport
753:
750:
741:
734:
733:
727:
720:
719:
713:
706:
705:
704:
703:
702:
672:
669:
667:
664:
641:) to form the
623:William Morris
609:
602:
601:
597:
590:
589:
585:
578:
577:
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574:
567:
560:
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555:
548:
547:
546:
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544:
484:
483:
480:
473:
471:
468:
461:
435:
432:
316:General Motors
305:
304:
299:
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278:
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268:
261:
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50:
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40:
26:
9:
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3:
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4498:Organisations
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4480:
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4475:
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4468:
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4460:
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4450:Manufacturers
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4359:
4358:manufacturers
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4350:
4348:
4344:
4336:
4335:manufacturers
4333:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4324:
4323:manufacturers
4321:
4320:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4311:South America
4309:
4301:
4300:manufacturers
4298:
4297:
4296:
4295:United States
4293:
4291:
4288:
4284:
4283:manufacturers
4281:
4280:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4271:North America
4269:
4263:
4260:
4256:
4255:manufacturers
4253:
4252:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4239:
4238:manufacturers
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4234:
4231:
4227:
4226:manufacturers
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4209:
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4204:manufacturers
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4187:manufacturers
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4129:
4125:
4124:manufacturers
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4115:
4112:
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4061:manufacturers
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4049:manufacturers
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4027:
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4022:
4018:
4017:manufacturers
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4005:manufacturers
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3983:manufacturers
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3891:Motor vehicle
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3833:9781845849337
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3361:9780470964163
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3318:
3303:
3302:Motor Biscuit
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3292:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3251:
3247:
3240:
3232:
3230:9780521557702
3226:
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3207:
3205:9781904788362
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3054:9780786432547
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3022:
3018:
3012:
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2945:. News.com.au
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2759:
2756:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2746:Dodge Stratus
2743:
2739:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2721:, as well as
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2699:Morris Oxford
2689:
2683:
2674:
2668:
2659:
2653:
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2398:
2397:Chrysler 300M
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2312:
2308:
2307:Buick Century
2304:
2300:
2299:Cutlass Ciera
2296:
2292:
2289:
2282:GM A-platform
2279:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2260:
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1178:
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2971:. 1 May 2019
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2797:
2787:
2735:
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2660:118NE, India
2604:
2495:
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2441:Infiniti M30
2438:
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2394:
2385:Eagle Vision
2382:
2359:
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2303:Pontiac 6000
2285:
2268:
2261:. Using the
2252:
2244:Ford Granada
2229:
2205:
2169:
2157:
1991:
1982:Buick Apollo
1967:
1945:Aston Martin
1922:
1914:
1842:Toyota Camry
1831:
1803:MQB platform
1787:
1771:
1663:GMC Yukon XL
1581:
1574:
1516:Audi A4 (B7)
1492:
1472:
1425:Yusheng S330
1406:
1311:
1291:Changan Ford
1279:
1203:
1184:
1129:Toyota Voltz
1101:Pontiac Vibe
1065:
1061:Nissan Quest
1053:Pontiac Vibe
1022:
962:Honda Accord
917:Infiniti M45
909:
900:
890:
887:Honda Accord
882:
881:through the
872:
871:through its
860:
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256:Opel Corsa B
241:
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210:
199:Please help
194:
164:
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131:
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95:verification
92:
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51:
4365:New Zealand
4177:Netherlands
4044:South Korea
4034:Philippines
4024:North Korea
3646:20 December
3620:20 December
3591:20 December
3565:20 December
3560:Motor Trend
3276:Motor Trend
3161:20 December
2899:. CarsGuide
2738:Volga Siber
2485:Tata Indica
2459:in Japan).
2430:Lexus ES250
2345:(AMC) from
1850:Honda Pilot
1731:Ford Fusion
1592:Lincoln MKZ
1588:Ford Fusion
1163:Ford Galaxy
1080:Ford Galaxy
982:Honda Vigor
901:Honda Verno
897:Honda Vigor
829:Opel Ampera
767:Isuzu Rodeo
763:Isuzu Oasis
729:Pontiac GTO
660:Vanden Plas
645:(BMC). The
627:World War I
520:Harley Earl
516:Fisher Body
447:Nash Motors
428:power tools
390:drivetrains
117:"Rebadging"
4636:Categories
4546:Drive time
4078:Uzbekistan
3957:Bangladesh
3901:By country
3469:26 January
3443:26 January
3417:8 December
3392:8 December
3026:6 December
3001:6 December
2975:6 December
2949:6 December
2926:6 December
2922:. Jalopnik
2903:6 December
2779:References
2520:in Japan.
2291:A platform
2272:Opel Omega
1957:Oldsmobile
1949:Volvo Cars
1941:Land Rover
1900:developed
1815:D platform
1783:C platform
1779:B platform
1775:B platform
1484:Ingolstadt
1480:Audi A4 B7
1413:Baojun 530
1287:GAC Toyota
1283:FAW Toyota
1187:Volkswagen
1068:Volkswagen
892:Honda Clio
677:Big Threes
538:, and the
504:Oldsmobile
378:headlights
362:rebranding
300:Dacia 1310
287:Renault 12
213:March 2016
203:by adding
158:March 2011
128:newspapers
57:improve it
4568:Debadging
4556:Rebadging
4353:Australia
4318:Argentina
3990:Indonesia
3111:26 August
3060:26 August
2758:Debadging
2583:Speedster
2370:Medallion
2351:AMC Eagle
2263:GM J-body
2165:Blackwing
2161:Northstar
1854:Acura MDX
1608:Toyota iQ
1530:SEAT Exeo
1488:Martorell
1476:SEAT Exeo
1419:, or the
1328:from the
1149:VW Sharan
1076:VW Sharan
913:Geo Prizm
779:Acura SLX
652:BMC ADO16
492:Chevrolet
481:1926 Ajax
469:1925 Nash
410:Although
354:trademark
338:rebadging
270:Chevrolet
63:talk page
4591:Category
4573:Glossary
4551:Facelift
4216:Slovakia
4109:Bulgaria
4068:Thailand
4029:Pakistan
4012:Malaysia
3807:2 August
3726:Hemmings
3534:jalopnik
3255:2 August
2969:RushLane
2752:See also
2643:SEAT 124
2628:Fiat 124
2607:Fiat 124
2568:Model 16
2549:BMW Dixi
2535:Austin 7
2498:Austin 7
2276:Saab 9-3
1929:Plymouth
1838:Lexus ES
1834:Lexus LS
1626:and the
1612:VW Group
1415:made by
666:Examples
633:and the
625:. After
512:Cadillac
398:Firebird
373:misnomer
344:used by
320:Vauxhall
318:such as
4601:Commons
4462:marques
4414:History
4346:Oceania
4245:Ukraine
4194:Romania
4160:Ireland
4155:Hungary
4143:Germany
4114:Croatia
4104:Belarus
4083:Vietnam
3931:Nigeria
3926:Morocco
3539:6 April
3513:6 April
3387:kwm.com
3367:28 June
3333:28 June
3307:28 June
3281:28 June
2877:6 April
2854:6 April
2832:6 April
2803:6 April
2731:Peugeot
2717:as the
2658:Premier
2645:, Spain
2366:Premier
2347:Renault
1827:Audi A8
1809:to the
1807:Audi A1
1628:Audi A4
1624:Audi R8
1330:Odyssey
1326:Elysion
1314:Corolla
1295:SAIC-VW
1035:formed
851:Corolla
761:as the
693:Nissans
500:Oakland
434:History
396:as the
386:engines
382:fascias
332:In the
312:Renault
142:scholar
4621:Portal
4330:Brazil
4290:Mexico
4278:Canada
4233:Sweden
4211:Serbia
4199:Russia
4182:Poland
4131:France
4097:Europe
4073:Turkey
4056:Taiwan
4039:Russia
3909:Africa
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3802:Allpar
3705:28 May
3680:28 May
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3051:
2827:Forbes
2719:Paykan
2703:Morris
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2581:Bantam
2566:Datsun
2563:Nissan
2518:Nissan
2506:Bantam
2374:Summit
2305:, and
2218:, and
2000:, and
1976:, the
1947:, and
1937:Jaguar
1898:Holden
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1594:; the
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1082:, and
1033:Toyota
847:Toyota
681:brands
510:, and
394:Camaro
324:Holden
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4000:Japan
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3962:China
3921:Kenya
3916:Egypt
2688:Tofaş
2596:Lotus
2378:Talon
1933:Eagle
1276:China
1037:NUMMI
656:Riley
508:Buick
440:Elcar
272:Corsa
149:JSTOR
135:books
4611:List
4378:Data
3995:Iran
3950:Asia
3828:ISBN
3809:2023
3707:2019
3682:2019
3648:2020
3622:2020
3593:2020
3586:CNET
3567:2020
3541:2015
3515:2015
3471:2010
3445:2010
3419:2020
3394:2020
3369:2022
3356:ISBN
3335:2022
3309:2022
3283:2022
3257:2023
3225:ISBN
3200:ISBN
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3132:ISBN
3113:2012
3100:ISBN
3062:2012
3049:ISBN
3028:2020
3003:2020
2977:2020
2951:2020
2928:2020
2905:2020
2879:2015
2856:2015
2834:2015
2805:2015
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2715:Iran
2697:The
2611:Fiat
2510:Jeep
2475:The
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2163:and
1984:and
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