665:
within the curriculum allows students with dyslexia to achieve a parallel education as their peers who do not have dyslexia or other reading disabilities. These practices provide effective strategies for writing courses to cater to the unique needs of students with dyslexia. For instance, John
Corrigan, a graduate student with dyslexia, indicates that "the best method is one-on-one " from professors or teachers in order to elevate the students' comprehension and strengthen their abilities in the classroom. Additionally, Corrigan states that the incorporation of audible text options are beneficial to students who are developing their writing skills. Corrigan's claim also implies that recorded lectures or self-recording class materials would serve a student with dyslexia. Sioned Exley's study concluded that an alternative approach to implementing inclusive writing practices is through kinesthetic teaching. Exley argues that a student with dyslexia may understand material through visual learning opposed to auditory engagement, as auditory processing tends to be a compromised ability in many people with dyslexia. Implementing inclusive writing practices in the education system, specifically targeting youth education, will pave a route for increased higher-level educational opportunities for individuals with dyslexia in their adult years.
40:
649:. It is estimated that dyslexia affects between 5â17% of the population. Dyslexia has been proposed to have three cognitive subtypes (auditory, visual and attentional), although individual cases of dyslexia are better explained by the underlying neuropsychological deficits and co-occurring learning disabilities (e.g.
1565:
Moojen, SĂ´nia Maria
Pallaoro; Gonçalves, Hosana Alves; BassĂ´a, Ana; Navas, Ana Luiza; de Jou, Graciela; Miguel, EmĂlio SĂĄnchez (April 2020). "Adults with dyslexia: how can they achieve academic success despite impairments in basic reading and writing abilities? The role of text structure sensitivity
664:
Students with dyslexia require a tailored approach in writing courses due to the impact of their neurological condition on their reading, writing, and spelling abilities. This approach is intended to aid their learning and maximize their potential. The incorporation of inclusive writing practices
580:
that may predispose an individual to developing dyslexia." The NINDS definition is not in keeping with the bulk of scientific studies that conclude that there is no evidence to suggest that dyslexia and intelligence are related. Definition is more in keeping with modern research and debunked
679:
Hyperlexic children are characterized by word-reading ability well above what would be expected given their ages and IQs. Hyperlexia can be viewed as a superability in which word recognition ability goes far above expected levels of skill. However, in spite of few problems with decoding,
644:
that manifests itself as a difficulty with word decoding and reading fluency. Comprehension may be affected as a result of difficulties with decoding, but is not a primary feature of dyslexia. It is separate and distinct from reading difficulties resulting from other causes, such as a
1153:
Facoetti, Andrea; Lorusso, Maria Luisa; Paganoni, Pierluigi; Cattaneo, Carmen; Galli, Raffaella; UmiltĂ , Carlo; Mascetti, Gian
Gastone (April 2003). "Auditory and visual automatic attention deficits in developmental dyslexia".
1026:
Pennington, Bruce F.; Santerre-Lemmon, Laura; Rosenberg, Jennifer; MacDonald, Beatriz; Boada, Richard; Friend, Angela; Leopold, Daniel R.; Samuelsson, Stefan; Byrne, Brian; Willcutt, Erik G.; Olson, Richard K. (February 2012).
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Valdois, Sylviane; Bosse, Marie-Line; Tainturier, Marie-Josèphe (November 2004). "The cognitive deficits responsible for developmental dyslexia: Review of evidence for a selective visual attentional disorder".
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are not interrelated, since reading and cognition develop independently in individuals who have dyslexia. "Nerve problems can cause damage to the control of eye muscles which can also cause diplopia."
1313:
Ferrer, Emilio; Shaywitz, Bennett A.; Holahan, John M.; Marchione, Karen; Shaywitz, Sally E. (January 2010). "Uncoupling of
Reading and IQ Over Time: Empirical Evidence for a Definition of Dyslexia".
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significantly lower than expected despite having normal intelligence. Although the disorder varies from person to person, common characteristics among people with dyslexia are difficulty with
1609:
Newman, Tina M.; Macomber, Donna; Naples, Adam J.; Babitz, Tammy; Volkmar, Fred; Grigorenko, Elena L. (5 April 2007). "Hyperlexia in
Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders".
871:
Stanovich, Keith E. (December 1988). "Explaining the
Differences Between the Dyslexic and the Garden-Variety Poor Reader: The Phonological-Core Variable-Difference Model".
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A good indication of the severity and persistence of dyslexic difficulties can be gained by examining how the individual responds or has responded to well-founded
794:
545:
1657:
Grigorenko, Elena L.; Klin, Ami; Volkmar, Fred (November 2003). "Annotation: Hyperlexia: disability or superability?: Hyperlexia: disability or superability?".
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1235:
572:(the manipulation of sounds), and rapid visual-verbal responding. In adults, dyslexia usually occurs after a brain injury or in the context of
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1469:
Exley, Sioned (2004-01-06). "The effectiveness of teaching strategies for students with dyslexia based on their preferred learning styles".
1828:
963:
1112:
Heim, Stefan; Tschierse, Julia; Amunts, Katrin; Wilms, Marcus; Vossel, Simone; Willmes, Klaus; Grabowska, Anna; Huber, Walter (2008).
657:, etc.). Although not an intellectual disability, it is considered both a learning disability and a reading disability. Dyslexia and
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Dyslexia is a learning difficulty that primarily affects the skills involved in accurate and fluent word reading and spelling.
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McCandliss, Bruce D.; Noble, Kimberly G. (2003). "The development of reading impairment: A cognitive neuroscience model".
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comprehension is poor. Some hyperlexics also have trouble understanding speech. Most children with hyperlexia lie on the
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Taylor, Mark J.; Duffy, Sandi; England, David (27 March 2009). "Teaching students with dyslexia in higher education".
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287:
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Stanovich, K (Winter 1991). "Discrepancy
Definitions of Reading Disability: Has Intelligence Led Us Astray?".
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Corrigan, John R. (1997). "Teaching
Writing to Dyslexic Students: A Guide for the Composition Instructor".
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It is best thought of as a continuum, not a distinct category, and there are no clear cut-off points.
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576:. It can also be inherited in some families, and recent studies have identified a number of
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Remediation includes both appropriate remedial instruction and classroom accommodations.
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68:
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Burd, Larry; Kerbeshian, Jacob (June 1985). "Hyperlexia and a
Variant of Hypergraphia".
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Birsh, Judith R. (2005). "Research and reading disability". In Judith R. Birsh (ed.).
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Ahissar, Merav (November 2007). "Dyslexia and the anchoring-deficit hypothesis".
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and personal organisation, but these are not, by themselves, markers of dyslexia.
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Characteristic features of dyslexia are difficulties in phonological awareness,
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966:[Role of the organ of vision in the course of developmental dyslexia].
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non-neurological deficiency with vision or hearing, or from poor or inadequate
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684:. Between 5â10% of autistic children have been estimated to be hyperlexic.
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1267:. The National Center for Learning Disabilities, Inc. Archived from
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Mental
Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews
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997:. Baltimore, Maryland: Paul H. Brookes Publishing. p. 8.
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Co-occurring difficulties may be seen in aspects of language,
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Dyslexia occurs across the range of intellectual abilities.
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Type of learning disability in which reading is impaired
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
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964:"Rola narzÄ
du wzroku w przebiegu dysleksji rozwojowej"
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is a condition in which a person displays difficulty
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1294:Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research
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1532:"Chichester/Fishbourne (West Sussex, England)".
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556:that specifically impairs a person's ability to
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552:as follows: "Dyslexia is a brain-based type of
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995:Multisensory Teaching of Basic Language Skills
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1611:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
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1829:Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder
532:. Examples of reading disabilities include
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962:Czepita, Damian; Ĺodygowska, Ewa (2006).
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581:discrepancy model of dyslexia diagnosis:
1433:Teaching English in the Two-Year College
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716:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
651:attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
186:Directed listening and thinking activity
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560:. These individuals typically read at
1971:Learning problems in childhood cancer
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311:Reading differences and disabilities
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731:Developmental coordination disorder
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1118:Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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1236:"Learning Disorders: MeSH Result"
1776:specific developmental disorders
1483:10.1111/j.0952-3383.2003.00313.x
1114:"Cognitive subtypes of dyslexia"
873:Journal of Learning Disabilities
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536:and alexia (acquired dyslexia).
109:The active view of reading model
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1920:Developmental verbal dyspraxia
1897:Disorder of written expression
1839:Speech and language impairment
1240:nlm.nih.gov/mesh/meshhome.html
1033:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
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548:defines reading disability or
82:Scientific theories and models
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1168:10.1016/S0926-6410(02)00270-7
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761:Scotopic sensitivity syndrome
668:
539:
1936:Auditory processing disorder
1834:Specific language impairment
1804:Expressive language disorder
1191:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
771:Specific language impairment
726:Auditory processing disorder
592:and verbal processing speed.
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1941:Sensory processing disorder
1704:Perceptual and Motor Skills
817:. United Kingdom Government
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1566:as a compensatory skill".
1536:. 2013. pp. 169â172.
1367:"Diplopia (Double Vision)"
1203:10.1016/j.tics.2007.08.015
885:10.1177/002221948802101003
838:Reading Research Quarterly
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104:Scarborough's Reading Rope
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1623:10.1007/s10803-006-0206-y
1407:10.1108/00400910910941291
756:Reading for special needs
333:Reading for special needs
1986:Multisensory integration
1814:LandauâKleffner syndrome
1542:10.4324/9780203059159-40
1337:10.1177/0956797609354084
1156:Cognitive Brain Research
702:List of phonics programs
221:Sustained silent reading
1681:10.1111/1469-7610.00193
570:phonological processing
216:Structured word inquiry
2073:Educational psychology
1981:Management of dyslexia
1445:10.58680/tetyc19973825
1131:10.55782/ane-2008-1674
815:Institute of Education
698:Management of dyslexia
694:Dyslexia interventions
534:developmental dyslexia
139:Phonological awareness
94:Simple view of reading
64:Vocabulary development
2053:Learning disabilities
1854:Speech sound disorder
1509:10.1002/9781119970897
1315:Psychological Science
462:Functional illiteracy
2032:People with dyslexia
1499:Reid, Gavin (2011).
1395:Education + Training
625:Reading disabilities
355:Alphabetic principle
288:Automatic assessment
2027:Dyslexia in fiction
2001:Reading acquisition
1874:Learning disability
647:reading instruction
642:learning disability
554:learning disability
375:History of printing
211:Reciprocal teaching
196:Independent reading
163:Reading instruction
122:Cognitive processes
69:Vocabulary learning
1568:Annals of Dyslexia
1242:. NLM MeSH Browser
938:10.1002/mrdd.10080
607:mental calculation
603:motor coordination
526:reading disability
472:Literary criticism
328:Reading disability
134:Phonemic awareness
99:Science of reading
2068:Special education
2063:Reading (process)
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1819:Language disorder
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226:Synthetic phonics
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1849:Speech error
1774:and related
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1297:. Retrieved
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1269:the original
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1124:(1): 73â82.
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639:
618:intervention
543:
525:
523:
327:
256:Slow reading
244:Reading rate
176:Basal reader
1887:Dyscalculia
844:(1): 7â29.
746:Orthography
736:Dyscalculia
688:Remediation
467:Great books
390:Orthography
280:Readability
2047:Categories
1892:Dysgraphia
1859:Stuttering
1783:Conditions
1299:2009-11-07
1290:"Dyslexia"
1275:2009-11-07
1261:"Dyslexia"
1246:2009-11-06
777:References
741:Dysgraphia
692:See also:
675:Hyperlexia
669:Hyperlexia
540:Definition
482:Children's
477:Literature
405:Vocabulary
400:Sight word
323:Hyperlexia
293:Legibility
1667:CiteSeerX
1596:255435267
1453:220956908
1323:CiteSeerX
924:CiteSeerX
2006:Spelling
1976:Literacy
1882:Dyslexia
1772:Dyslexia
1689:14626452
1639:23401685
1631:17048093
1588:32221905
1501:Dyslexia
1449:ProQuest
1353:15568570
1345:20424029
1265:ncld.org
1219:11682478
1211:17983834
1176:12668226
1140:18389017
1099:15573964
1079:Dyslexia
1063:22022952
1013:57652241
980:16883955
946:12953299
901:19788503
821:March 4,
790:dyslexia
710:See also
636:Dyslexia
630:Dyslexia
574:dementia
566:spelling
550:dyslexia
434:Literacy
385:Morpheme
380:Language
370:Grapheme
347:Language
318:Dyslexia
24:a series
22:Part of
1929:Sensory
1732:6158584
1724:3927257
1054:3270218
893:2465364
751:Reading
721:Aphasia
530:reading
415:Writing
395:Phoneme
360:Braille
251:Fluency
206:Phonics
32:Reading
1793:, and
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858:747729
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700:, and
562:levels
2020:Lists
1908:Motor
1728:S2CID
1635:S2CID
1592:S2CID
1371:WebMD
1349:S2CID
1215:S2CID
897:S2CID
854:JSTOR
811:(PDF)
808:"Sir"
795:NINDS
578:genes
1824:Lisp
1720:PMID
1685:PMID
1627:PMID
1584:PMID
1546:ISBN
1513:ISBN
1341:PMID
1207:PMID
1172:PMID
1136:PMID
1095:PMID
1059:PMID
1009:OCLC
999:ISBN
976:PMID
942:PMID
889:PMID
823:2016
558:read
544:The
1712:doi
1677:doi
1619:doi
1576:doi
1538:doi
1505:doi
1479:doi
1441:doi
1403:doi
1333:doi
1199:doi
1164:doi
1126:doi
1087:doi
1049:PMC
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934:doi
881:doi
846:doi
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