Dodo - Knowledge

1920: 1618:(1601–1603), rediscovered in the 1860s, contains the only known sketches of living or recently killed specimens drawn on Mauritius. They have been attributed to the professional artist Joris Joostensz Laerle, who also drew other now-extinct Mauritian birds, and to a second, less refined artist. Apart from these sketches, it is unknown how many of the twenty or so 17th-century illustrations of the dodos were drawn from life or from stuffed specimens, which affects their reliability. Since dodos are otherwise only known from limited physical remains and descriptions, contemporary artworks are important to reconstruct their appearance in life. While there has been an effort since the mid-19th century to list all historical illustrations of dodos, previously unknown depictions continue to be discovered occasionally. 2425: 2234: 3280: 1116: 2507: 1793: 2396: 2144: 2891: 1430: 3378: 3134: 1593:

great a body to be guided with complementall wings, so small and impotent, that they serve only to prove her bird. The halfe of her head is naked seeming couered with a fine vaile, her bill is crooked downwards, in midst is the thrill , from which part to the end tis a light green, mixed with pale yellow tincture; her eyes are small and like to Diamonds, round and rowling; her clothing downy feathers, her train three small plumes, short and inproportionable, her legs suiting her body, her pounces sharpe, her appetite strong and greedy. Stones and iron are digested, which description will better be conceived in her representation.

3507: 1603: 1202: 2739:. The last two were rediscovered and identified as dodo remains in the mid-19th century. Several stuffed dodos were also mentioned in old museum inventories, but none are known to have survived. Apart from these remains, a dried foot, which belonged to the Dutch professor Pieter Pauw, was mentioned by Carolus Clusius in 1605. Its provenance is unknown, and it is now lost, but it may have been collected during the Van Neck voyage. Supposed stuffed dodos seen in museums around the world today have in fact been made from feathers of other birds, many of the older ones by the British taxidermist 2443: 1355: 2434: 9552: 9289: 10206: 3271: 696: 3018: 9313: 1642: 2613: 2025:

stouter and thicker and of more erect shape, coloured before like the breast of a young cock fesan, and on the back of a dunn or dearc colour. The keeper called it a Dodo, and in the ende of a chymney in the chamber there lay a heape of large pebble stones, whereof hee gave it many in our sight, some as big as nutmegs, and the keeper told us that she eats them (conducing to digestion), and though I remember not how far the keeper was questioned therein, yet I am confident that afterwards she cast them all again.

3360: 2498: 264: 118: 1406: 2809: 2882: 9265: 65: 460: 1533: 1752: 2334: 2103: 1962:, like their relatives the crowned pigeons. Its feeding habits must have been versatile, since captive specimens were probably given a wide range of food on the long sea journeys. Oudemans suggested that as Mauritius has marked dry and wet seasons, the dodo probably fattened itself on ripe fruits at the end of the wet season to survive the dry season, when food was scarce; contemporary reports describe the bird's "greedy" appetite. The Mauritian ornithologist 9301: 1974: 2761: 3003: 2622: 3186:, who visited Réunion around 1619, mentioned fat, flightless birds that he referred to as "Dod-eersen" in his journal, though without mentioning their colouration. When the journal was published in 1646, it was accompanied by an engraving of a dodo from Savery's "Crocker Art Gallery sketch". A white, stocky, and flightless bird was first mentioned as part of the Réunion fauna by Chief Officer J. Tatton in 1625. Sporadic mentions were subsequently made by 2405: 92: 2700: 2354: 2587:

very big goose); these birds are unable to fly, and instead of wings, they merely have a few small pins, yet they can run very swiftly. We drove them together into one place in such a manner that we could catch them with our hands, and when we held one of them by its leg, and that upon this it made a great noise, the others all on a sudden came running as fast as they could to its assistance, and by which they were caught and made prisoners also.

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comparison. The dodo may instead have used its large, hooked beak in territorial disputes. Since Mauritius receives more rainfall and has less seasonal variation than Rodrigues, which would have affected the availability of resources on the island, the dodo would have less reason to evolve aggressive territorial behaviour. The Rodrigues solitaire was therefore probably the more aggressive of the two. In 2016, the first 3D

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estimated to have been in the range of 10.6–17.5 kg (23–39 lb), and fattened birds could have weighed 21.7–27.8 kg (48–61 lb). A 2011 estimate by Angst and colleagues gave an average weight as low as 10.2 kg (22 lb). This has also been questioned, and there is still controversy over weight estimates. A 2016 study estimated the weight at 10.6 to 14.3 kg (23 to 32 lb), based on

2414: 3154: 2860:. After the castle was occupied by Danish forces in 1702, the museum collection was assimilated into the Royal Danish collection. The skull was rediscovered by J. T. Reinhardt in 1840. Based on its history, it may be the oldest known surviving remains of a dodo brought to Europe in the 17th century. It is 13 mm (0.51 in) shorter than the Oxford skull, and may have belonged to a female. It was 9253: 2709: 1024:) at the base of the clade. The DNA used in these studies was obtained from the Oxford specimen, and since this material is degraded, and no usable DNA has been extracted from subfossil remains, these findings still need to be independently verified. Based on behavioural and morphological evidence, Jolyon C. Parish proposed that the dodo and Rodrigues solitaire should be placed in the subfamily 2130:, and is by no means so savoury to eat as the Flamingos and Ducks of which we have just spoken. They only lay one egg which is white, the size of a halfpenny roll, by the side of which they place a white stone the size of a hen's egg. They lay on grass which they collect, and make their nests in the forests; if one kills the young one, a grey stone is found in the gizzard. We call them 2796:

other to be substituted." The deliberate destruction of the specimen is now believed to be a myth; it was removed from exhibition to preserve what remained of it. This remaining soft tissue has since degraded further; the head was dissected by Strickland and Melville, separating the skin from the skull in two-halves. The foot is in a skeletal state, with only scraps of skin and

2800:. Very few feathers remain on the head. It is probably a female, as the foot is 11% smaller and more gracile than the London foot, yet appears to be fully grown. The specimen was exhibited at the Oxford museum from at least the 1860s and until 1998, where-after it was mainly kept in storage to prevent damage. Casts of the head can today be found in many museums worldwide. 2648:

pointed to the 1662 description as the last credible observation. A 1668 account by English traveller John Marshall, who used the names "Dodo" and "Red Hen" interchangeably for the red rail, mentioned that the meat was "hard", which echoes the description of the meat in the 1681 account. Even the 1662 account has been questioned by the writer

417:. In the 19th century, research was conducted on a small quantity of remains of four specimens that had been brought to Europe in the early 17th century. Among these is a dried head, the only soft tissue of the dodo that remains today. Since then, a large amount of subfossil material has been collected on Mauritius, mostly from the 1502:, meaning that they changed considerably with age. The dodo shared several other traits with the Rodrigues solitaire, such as features of the skull, pelvis, and sternum, as well as their large size. It differed in other aspects, such as being more robust and shorter than the solitaire, having a larger skull and beak, a rounded 3202:

was that the paintings showed females, and that the species was therefore sexually dimorphic. Some authors also believed the birds described were of a species similar to the Rodrigues solitaire, as it was referred to by the same name, or even that there were white species of both dodo and solitaire on the island.

2792:, pellets which were used to hunt birds in the 17th century. This indicates that the Oxford dodo was shot either before being transported to Britain, or some time after arriving. The circumstances of its killing are unknown, and the pellets are to be examined to identify where the lead was mined from. 2033:. Contemporary depictions show a large crop, which was probably used to add space for food storage and to produce crop milk. It has been suggested that the maximum size attained by the dodo and the solitaire was limited by the amount of crop milk they could produce for their young during early growth. 2867:

The front part of a skull (specimen NMP P6V-004389) in the National Museum of Prague was found in 1850 among the remains of the Böhmisches Museum. Other elements supposedly belonging to this specimen have been listed in the literature, but it appears only the partial skull was ever present (a partial

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The dodo was found interesting enough that living specimens were sent to Europe and the East. The number of transported dodos that reached their destinations alive is uncertain, and it is unknown how they relate to contemporary depictions and the few non-fossil remains in European museums. Based on a

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of the dodo was more robust than that of the solitaire, however. The pelvis was wider than that of the solitaire and other relatives, yet was comparable to the proportions in some smaller, flighted pigeons. Most of the leg bones were more robust than those of extant pigeons and the solitaire, but the

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for these birds in 1848, as he believed the accounts referred to a species of dodo. When 17th-century paintings of white dodos were discovered by 19th-century naturalists, it was assumed they depicted these birds. Oudemans suggested that the discrepancy between the paintings and the old descriptions

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Louis Étienne Thirioux, an amateur naturalist at Port Louis, also found many dodo remains around 1900 from several locations. They included the first articulated specimen, which is the first subfossil dodo skeleton found outside the Mare aux Songes, and the only remains of a juvenile specimen, a now

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of the same, the like being not in ye world but here, I have sent you one by Mr. Perce, who did arrive with the ship William at this island ye 10th of June. Of Mr. Perce you shall receive a jarr of ginger for my sister, some beades for my cousins your daughters, and a bird called a Dodo, if it live.

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Right wo and lovinge brother, we were ordered by ye said councell to go to an island called Mauritius, lying in 20d. of south latt., where we arrived ye 28th of May; this island having many goates, hogs and cowes upon it, and very strange fowles, called by ye portingalls Dodo, which for the rareness

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The mayors are superb and proud. They presented themselves with an unyielding, stern face and wide open mouth, very jaunty and audacious of gait. They did not want to budge before us; their war weapon was the mouth, with which they could bite fiercely. Their food was raw fruit; they were not dressed

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proposed that males would have weighed 21 kg (46 lb) and females 17 kg (37 lb). Also in 1993, Andrew C. Kitchener attributed a high contemporary weight estimate and the roundness of dodos depicted in Europe to these birds having been overfed in captivity; weights in the wild were

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thrived in the conditions created by the excrements of animals gathered around the swamp, which died of intoxication, dehydration, trampling, and miring. Though many small skeletal elements were found during the recent excavations of the swamp, few were found during the 19th century, probably owing

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Cheke stated in 2014 that then recently accessible Dutch manuscripts indicate that no dodos were seen by settlers in 1664–1674. In 2020, Cheke and the British researcher Jolyon C. Parish suggested that all mentions of dodos after the mid-17th century instead referred to red rails, and that the dodo

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Some early travellers found dodo meat unsavoury, and preferred to eat parrots and pigeons; others described it as tough, but good. Some hunted dodos only for their gizzards, as this was considered the most delicious part of the bird. Dodos were easy to catch, but hunters had to be careful not to be

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after Austral summer, around March. The feathers of the wings and tail were replaced first, and the moulting would have completed at the end of July, in time for the next breeding season. Different stages of moulting may also account for inconsistencies in contemporary descriptions of dodo plumage.

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dodo bones, modern Mauritian birds, local ecology, and contemporary accounts, to recover information about the life history of the dodo. The study suggested that dodos bred around August, after having potentially fattened themselves, corresponding with the fat and thin cycles of many vertebrates of

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offspring, which required parental care until they matured. Some evidence, including the large size and the fact that tropical and frugivorous birds have slower growth rates, indicates that the bird may have had a protracted development period. The fact that no juvenile dodos have been found in the

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As no complete dodo specimens exist, its external appearance, such as plumage and colouration, is hard to determine. Illustrations and written accounts of encounters with the dodo between its discovery and its extinction (1598–1662) are the primary evidence for its external appearance. According to

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consisted of a single egg. It is presumed that the dodo became flightless because of the ready availability of abundant food sources and a relative absence of predators on Mauritius. Though the dodo has historically been portrayed as being fat and clumsy, it is now thought to have been well-adapted

3055:, and 7.1% belonged to dodos, which had been deposited within several centuries, 4,000 years ago. Subsequent excavations suggested that dodos and other animals became mired in the Mare aux Songes while trying to reach water during a long period of severe drought about 4,200 years ago. Furthermore, 2795:

Many sources state that the Ashmolean Museum burned the stuffed dodo around 1755 because of severe decay, saving only the head and leg. Statute 8 of the museum states "That as any particular grows old and perishing the keeper may remove it into one of the closets or other repository; and some

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and convicts in the 17th century, which would not have been easily accessible to dodos because of the high, broken terrain. The human population on Mauritius (an area of 1,860 km or 720 sq mi) never exceeded 50 people in the 17th century, but they introduced other animals, including

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strength of its leg bones indicate that it could run quite fast. The legs were robust and strong to support the bulk of the bird, and also made it agile and manoeuvrable in the dense, pre-human landscape. Though the wings were small, well-developed muscle scars on the bones show that they were not

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traits, seasonal variation, and even the existence of different species, but these theories are not accepted today. Because details such as markings of the beak, the form of the tail feathers, and colouration vary from account to account, it is impossible to determine the exact morphology of these

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The traditional image of the dodo is of a very fat and clumsy bird, but this view may be exaggerated. The general opinion of scientists today is that many old European depictions were based on overfed captive birds or crudely stuffed specimens. It has also been suggested that the images might show

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of Arabia: her body is round and fat, few weigh less than fifty pound. It is reputed more for wonder than for food, greasie stomackes may seeke after them, but to the delicate they are offensive and of no nourishment. Her visage darts forth melancholy, as sensible of Nature's injurie in framing so

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consists of a few soft incurved feathers, which are ash coloured. These we used to call 'Walghvogel', for the reason that the longer and oftener they were cooked, the less soft and more insipid eating they became. Nevertheless their belly and breast were of a pleasant flavour and easily masticated.

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On their left hand was a little island which they named Heemskirk Island, and the bay it selve they called Warwick Bay... Here they taried 12. daies to refresh themselues, finding in this place great quantity of foules twice as bigge as swans, which they call Walghstocks or Wallowbirdes being very

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remains show the dodo measured around 62.6–75 centimetres (2.05–2.46 ft) in height and may have weighed 10.6–17.5 kg (23–39 lb) in the wild. The dodo's appearance in life is evidenced only by drawings, paintings, and written accounts from the 17th century. Since these portraits vary

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The Pieter Withoos painting, which was discovered first, appears to be based on an earlier painting by Pieter Holsteyn, three versions of which are known to have existed. According to Hume, Cheke, and Valledor de Lozoya, it appears that all depictions of white dodos were based on Roelant Savery's

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These animals on our coming up to them stared at us and remained quiet where they stand, not knowing whether they had wings to fly away or legs to run off, and suffering us to approach them as close as we pleased. Amongst these birds were those which in India they call Dod-aersen (being a kind of

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It has been suggested that the dodo may already have been rare or localised before the arrival of humans on Mauritius, since it would have been unlikely to become extinct so rapidly if it had occupied all the remote areas of the island. A 2005 expedition found subfossil remains of dodos and other

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in 1598. They appear in reports published in 1601, which also contain the first published illustration of the bird. Since the first sailors to visit Mauritius had been at sea for a long time, their interest in these large birds was mainly culinary. The 1602 journal by Willem Van West-Zanen of the

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help with consuming large food items. The beak also appears to have been able to withstand high force loads, which indicates a diet of hard food. Examination of the brain endocast found that though the brain was similar to that of other pigeons in most respects, the dodo had a comparatively large

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Blue parrots are very numerous there, as well as other birds; among which are a kind, conspicuous for their size, larger than our swans, with huge heads only half covered with skin as if clothed with a hood. These birds lack wings, in the place of which 3 or 4 blackish feathers protrude. The tail

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claiming it was referred to as such by the Portuguese, who had visited Mauritius in 1507. Another Englishman, Emmanuel Altham, had used the word in a 1628 letter in which he also claimed its origin was Portuguese. The name "dodar" was introduced into English at the same time as dodo, but was only

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during their rule over Mauritius, which had to be removed. Many remains were found, including bones of at least 17 dodos in various stages of maturity (though no juveniles), and several bones obviously from the skeleton of one individual bird, which have been preserved in their natural position.

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suggested in 1868 that the name of the dodo was transferred to the red rail after the former had gone extinct. Cheke also pointed out that some descriptions after 1662 use the names "Dodo" and "Dodaers" when referring to the red rail, indicating that they had been transferred to it. He therefore

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of humans. This fearlessness and its inability to fly made the dodo easy prey, but predation by humans was not the main cause of extinction, contrary to popular belief. Although some scattered reports describe mass killings of dodos for ships' provisions, archaeological investigations have found

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Of these 2 sorts off fowl afforementionede, For oughtt wee yett know, Not any to bee Found out of this Iland, which lyeth aboutt 100 leagues From St. Lawrence. A question may bee demaunded how they should bee here and Not elcewhere, beeing soe Farer From other land and can Neither fly or swymme;

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I have seen in Mauritius birds bigger than a Swan, without feathers on the body, which is covered with a black down; the hinder part is round, the rump adorned with curled feathers as many in number as the bird is years old. In place of wings they have feathers like these last, black and curved,

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during a hiatus in settlement of Mauritius (1658–1664). The dodo's extinction therefore was not realised at the time, since new settlers had not seen real dodos, but as they expected to see flightless birds, they referred to the red rail by that name instead. Since red rails probably had larger

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in Prague. This collection includes paintings of other Mauritian animals as well, including a red rail. The dodo, which may be a juvenile, seems to have been dried or embalmed, and had probably lived in the emperor's zoo for a while together with the other animals. That whole stuffed dodos were

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painting by Savery, making it too squat and obese. In 1869 he received more bones and corrected its stance, making it more upright. Newton moved his focus to the Réunion solitaire instead. The remaining bones not sold to Owen or Newton were auctioned off or donated to museums. In 1889, Théodor

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About 1638, as I walked London streets, I saw the picture of a strange looking fowle hung out upon a clothe and myselfe with one or two more in company went in to see it. It was kept in a chamber, and was a great fowle somewhat bigger than the largest Turkey cock, and so legged and footed, but

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The dodo appears frequently in works of popular fiction, and even before its extinction, it was featured in European literature, as a symbol for exotic lands, and of gluttony, due to its apparent fatness. In 1865, the same year that George Clark started to publish reports about excavated dodo

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in South Africa in 1918. Together, these two skeletons represent the most completely known dodo remains, including bone elements previously unrecorded (such as knee-caps and wing bones). Though some contemporary writers noted the importance of Thrioux's specimens, they were not scientifically

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accepts Cheke's rationale for choosing the 1662 date, taking all subsequent reports to refer to red rails. In any case, the dodo was probably extinct by 1700, about a century after its discovery in 1598. The Dutch left Mauritius in 1710, but by then the dodo and most of the large terrestrial

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and balance; extant pigeons also use their wings for such purposes. Unlike the Rodrigues solitaire, there is no evidence that the dodo used its wings in intraspecific combat. Though some dodo bones have been found with healed fractures, it had weak pectoral muscles and more reduced wings in

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The skull of the dodo differed much from those of other pigeons, especially in being more robust, the bill having a hooked tip, and in having a short cranium compared to the jaws. The upper bill was nearly twice as long as the cranium, which was short compared to those of its closest pigeon

3343:. It is thought that he included the dodo because he identified with it and had adopted the name as a nickname for himself because of his stammer, which made him accidentally introduce himself as "Do-do-dodgson", his legal surname. Carroll and the girl who served as inspiration for Alice, 1570:

ruled the island. These records were used as guides for future voyages. Few contemporary accounts are reliable, as many seem to be based on earlier accounts, and none were written by scientists. One of the earliest accounts, from van Warwijck's 1598 journal, describes the bird as follows:

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mountain, and is the only known complete skeleton of an individual dodo. Thirioux donated the specimen to the Museum Desjardins (now Natural History Museum at Mauritius Institute). Thrioux's heirs sold a second mounted composite skeleton (composed of at least two skeletons, with a mainly

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in 1659. It has been suggested that this might be the remains of the bird that Hamon L'Estrange saw in London, the bird sent by Emanuel Altham, or a donation by Thomas Herbert. Since the remains do not show signs of having been mounted, the specimen might instead have been preserved as a

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and Portuguese ships between 1507 and 1513, but was settled by neither. No records of dodos by these are known, although the Portuguese name for Mauritius, "Cerne (swan) Island", may have been a reference to dodos. The Dutch Empire acquired Mauritius in 1598, renaming it after

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Young, Mark T; Hume, Julian P; Day, Michael O; Douglas, Robert P; Simmons, Zoë M; White, Judith; Heller, Markus O; Gostling, Neil J (2024). "The systematics and nomenclature of the Dodo and the Solitaire (Aves: Columbidae), and an overview of columbid family-group nomina".

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Many of the skeletal features that distinguish the dodo and the Rodrigues solitaire, its closest relative, from other pigeons have been attributed to their flightlessness. The pelvic elements were thicker than those of flighted pigeons to support the higher weight, and the

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of the dodos. The impact of the introduced animals on the dodo population, especially the pigs and macaques, is today considered more severe than that of hunting. Rats were perhaps not much of a threat to the nests, since dodos would have been used to dealing with local

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De Boer, E. J.; Velez, M. I.; Rijsdijk, K. F.; De Louw, P. G.; Vernimmen, T. J.; Visser, P. M.; Tjallingii, R.; Hooghiemstra, H. (2015). "A deadly cocktail: How a drought around 4200 cal. Yr BP caused mass mortality events at the infamous 'dodo swamp' in Mauritius".

2480:, Japan, in 1647, but it was long unknown whether it arrived. Contemporary documents first published in 2014 proved the story, and showed that it had arrived alive. It was meant as a gift, and, despite its rarity, was considered of equal value to a white deer and a 1371:

and a tuft of curly light feathers high on its rear end. The head was grey and naked, the beak green, black and yellow, and the legs were stout and yellowish, with black claws. A study of the few remaining feathers on the Oxford specimen head showed that they were

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and was expected to sell for £6,000. It is unknown whether the illustration was based on a specimen or on a previous image, and the artist is unidentified. It sold for £44,450. Parrish suggested it depicts a stuffed specimen, as the legs look dried.

3627:; Van Der Plicht, H.; Hooghiemstra, H.; Meijer, H. J. M.; Vonhof, H. B.; et al. (2011). "Mid-Holocene (4200 kyr BP) mass mortalities in Mauritius (Mascarenes): Insular vertebrates resilient to climatic extremes but vulnerable to human impact". 2603:

of 1688–1715. These authors also pointed out that because the last sighting before 1662 was in 1638, the dodo was probably already quite rare by the 1660s, and thus a disputed report from 1674 by an escaped slave could not be dismissed out of hand.

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Even though the rareness of the dodo was reported already in the 17th century, its extinction was not recognised until the 19th century. This was partly because, for religious reasons, extinction was not believed possible until later proved so by

2381:. Two live specimens were seen by Peter Mundy in Surat, India, between 1628 and 1634, one of which may have been the individual painted by Mansur around 1625. In 1628, Emmanuel Altham visited Mauritius and sent a letter to his brother in England: 2840:

painting until the 1840s, and it too was dissected by Strickland and Melville. It was not posed in a standing posture, which suggests that it was severed from a fresh specimen, not a mounted one. By 1896 it was mentioned as being without its

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of the Mascarene Islands, the tree, while rare, has germinated since the demise of the dodo and numbers several hundred, not 13 as claimed by Temple, hence, discrediting Temple's view as to the dodo and the tree's sole survival relationship.

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considerably, and since only some of the illustrations are known to have been drawn from live specimens, the dodos' exact appearance in life remains unresolved, and little is known about its behaviour. It has been depicted with brownish-grey

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right limb in the museum appears to be from a Rodrigues solitaire). It may be what remains of one of the stuffed dodos known to have been at the menagerie of Emperor Rudolph II, possibly the specimen painted by Hoefnagel or Savery there.

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museums. The swamp yielded the remains of over 300 dodos, but very few skull and wing bones, possibly because the upper bodies were washed away or scavenged while the lower body was trapped. The situation is similar to many finds of

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regarded it as one of the most accurate depictions of the living dodo; the surrounding birds are clearly identifiable and depicted with appropriate colouring. It is believed to be from the 17th century and has been attributed to the

3347:, had enjoyed visiting the Oxford museum to see the dodo remains there. The book's popularity made the dodo a well-known icon of extinction. Popular depictions of the dodo often became more exaggerated and cartoonish following its 2192:, whose great aunt had received it from a captain who claimed to have found it in a swamp on Mauritius. In 2010, the curator of the museum proposed using genetic studies to determine its authenticity. It may instead be an aberrant 3218:, to whom Savery was contracted at the time (1607–1611). Savery's several later images all show greyish birds, possibly because he had by then seen another specimen. Cheke and Hume believe the painted specimen was white, owing to 1477:, shoulder blades, and wing bones were reduced in size compared to those of flighted pigeon, and were more gracile compared to those of the Rodrigues solitaire, but none of the individual skeletal components had disappeared. The 1818:, on the west coast of Mauritius. Subfossil bones have also been found inside caves in highland areas, indicating that it once occurred on mountains. Work at the Mare aux Songes swamp has shown that its habitat was dominated by 2568:

would have further jeopardised a species already in danger of becoming extinct. Yet the fact that the dodo survived hundreds of years of volcanic activity and climatic changes shows the bird was resilient within its ecosystem.

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The name dodo has been used by scientists naming genetic elements, honouring the dodo's flightless nature. A fruitfly gene within a region of a chromosome required for flying ability was named "dodo". In addition, a defective

2652:, as the reaction to distress cries matches what was described for the red rail. Until this explanation was proposed, a description of "dodos" from 1681 was thought to be the last account, and that date still has proponents. 3325:" means to become extinct or obsolete, to fall out of common usage or practice, or to become a thing of the past. "Dodo" is also a slang term for a stupid, dull-witted person, as it was said to be stupid and easily caught. 2184:, and Cauche's writings have other inconsistencies. A mention of a "young ostrich" taken on board a ship in 1617 is the only other reference to a possible juvenile dodo. An egg claimed to be that of a dodo is stored in the 2938:, finally found an abundance of subfossil dodo bones in the swamp of Mare aux Songes in Southern Mauritius, after a 30-year search inspired by Strickland and Melville's monograph. In 1866, Clark explained his procedure to 2677:, and partly because many scientists doubted that the dodo had ever existed. It seemed altogether too strange a creature, and many believed it a myth. The bird was first used as an example of human-induced extinction in 3090:

of the dodo. In 2006, explorers discovered a complete skeleton of a dodo in a lava cave in Mauritius. This was only the second associated skeleton of an individual specimen ever found, and the only one in recent times.

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Little is known of the behaviour of the dodo, as most contemporary descriptions are very brief. Based on weight estimates, it has been suggested the male could reach the age of 21, and the female 17. Studies of the

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and flightlessness. Despite its divergent skull morphology and adaptations for larger size, many features of its skeleton remained similar to those of smaller, flying pigeons. Another large, flightless pigeon, the

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swamp, where most dodo remains have been excavated, is close to the sea in south-eastern Mauritius. Such a limited distribution across the island could well have contributed to its extinction. A 1601 map from the

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to wade through the centre of the swamp, feeling for bones with their feet. At first they found few bones, until they cut away herbage that covered the deepest part of the swamp, where they found many fossils.

3316:

The dodo's significance as one of the best-known extinct animals and its singular appearance led to its use in literature and popular culture as a symbol of an outdated concept or object, as in the expression

2469:

present in Europe indicates they had been brought alive and died there; it is unlikely that taxidermists were on board the visiting ships, and spirits were not yet used to preserve biological specimens. Most

1383:

Subfossil remains and remnants of the birds that were brought to Europe in the 17th century show that dodos were very large birds, measuring around 62.6–75 cm (24.6–29.5 in) in height. The bird was

639:

being names for the dodo genus used by different authors of the time). An atypical 17th-century description of a dodo and bones found on Rodrigues, now known to have belonged to the Rodrigues solitaire, led

2175:

Cauche's account is problematic, since it also mentions that the bird he was describing had three toes and no tongue, unlike dodos. This led some to believe that Cauche was describing a new species of dodo

1800:

The preferred habitat of the dodo is unknown, but old descriptions suggest that it inhabited the woods on the drier coastal areas of south and west Mauritius. This view is supported by the fact that the

2048:

hypothesised that it depended on the dodo for its propagation, and that its seeds would germinate only after passing through the bird's digestive tract. He claimed that the tambalacoque was now nearly

9099: 549:), they concluded that the two were closely related. Strickland stated that although not identical, these birds shared many distinguishing features of the leg bones, otherwise known only in pigeons. 2208:

Mare aux Songes swamp may indicate that they produced little offspring, that they matured rapidly, that the breeding grounds were far away from the swamp, or that the risk of miring was seasonal.

1075:

raphines had ancestors that were able to fly, were semi-terrestrial, and inhabited islands. This in turn supports the hypothesis that the ancestors of those birds reached the Mascarene islands by

6258: 3257:. Birds of this genus are also white and black with slender beaks, fitting the old descriptions of the Réunion solitaire. No fossil remains of dodo-like birds have ever been found on the island. 2994:

Sauzier was commissioned to explore the "historical souvenirs" of Mauritius and find more dodo remains in the Mare aux Songes. He was successful, and also found remains of other extinct species.

1703:

also claimed to have seen two dodos sometime between 1628 and 1633. In 2014, another Indian illustration of a dodo was reported, but it was found to be derivative of an 1836 German illustration.

1414:

relatives. The openings of the bony nostrils were elongated along the length of the beak, and they contained no bony septum. The cranium (excluding the beak) was wider than it was long, and the

6783:

Gosling, W.D.; de Kruif, J.; Norder, S.J.; de Boer, E.J.; Hooghiemstra, H.; Rijsdijk, K.F.; McMichael, C.N. (2017). "Mauritius on fire: Tracking historical human impacts on biodiversity loss".

564:, with its long, slender, naked basal part. Other pigeons also have bare skin around their eyes, almost reaching their beak, as in dodos. The forehead was high in relation to the beak, and the 4063:

Janoo, A. (April–June 2005). "Discovery of Isolated Dodo Bones from Mauritius Cave Shelters Highlights Human Predation, with a Comment on the Status of the Family Raphidae Wetmore, 1930".

1626:

was the most prolific and influential illustrator of the dodo, having made at least twelve depictions, often showing it in the lower corners. A famous painting of his from 1626, now called

1418:

formed a dome-shape, with the highest point above the hind part of the eye sockets. The skull sloped downwards at the back. The eye sockets occupied much of the hind part of the skull. The

7481: 2633:'s 1617 drawing of a dodo, a one-horned sheep, and a red rail; after the dodo became extinct, visitors may have confused it with the red rail (1907 restoration of that bird at right by 1465:. The neck had well-developed areas for muscle and ligament attachment, probably to support the heavy skull and beak. On each side, it had six ribs, four of which articulated with the 1162:

good meat. But finding an abundance of pigeons & popinnayes , they disdained any more to eat those great foules calling them Wallowbirds, that is to say lothsome or fulsome birdes.

3074: 3034:

In 2005, after a hundred years of neglect, a part of the Mare aux Songes swamp was excavated by an international team of researchers (International Dodo Research Project). To prevent

2572:

Some controversy surrounds the date of its extinction. The last widely accepted record of a dodo sighting is the 1662 report by shipwrecked mariner Volkert Evertsz of the Dutch ship

1186:

referred to the bird as "Dronte" (meaning "swollen") in 1602, a name that is still used in some languages. This crew also called them "griff-eendt" and "kermisgans", in reference to

421:

swamp. The extinction of the dodo less than a century after its discovery called attention to the previously unrecognised problem of human involvement in the disappearance of entire

1067:

origin and are less than 10 million years old. Therefore, the ancestors of both birds probably remained capable of flight for a considerable time after the separation of their

2117:

predators or other kinds of natural enemy on Mauritius, the dodo probably nested on the ground. The account by François Cauche from 1651 is the only description of the egg and the

568:

was located low on the middle of the beak and surrounded by skin, a combination of features shared only with pigeons. The legs of the dodo were generally more similar to those of

413:, while its habitat was being destroyed. The last widely accepted sighting of a dodo was in 1662. Its extinction was not immediately noticed, and some considered the bird to be a 2056:

during digestion. Others have contested his hypothesis and suggested that the decline of the tree was exaggerated or seeds were also distributed by other extinct animals such as

1937:

A 1631 Dutch letter (long thought lost, but rediscovered in 2017) is the only account of the dodo's diet, and also mentions that it used its beak for defence. The document uses

9047:

Ah Fong, A. M. V.; Judelson, H. S. (2004). "The hAT -like DNA transposon DodoPi resides in a cluster of retro- and DNA transposons in the stramenopile Phytophthora infestans".

7074:

Cheke, A. S. (1987). "An ecological history of the Mascarene Islands, with particular reference to extinctions and introductions of land vertebrates". In Diamond, A. W. (ed.).

6652: 1706:

All post-1638 depictions appear to be based on earlier images, around the time reports mentioning dodos became rarer. Differences in the depictions led ornithologists such as

8519: 2457:

Whether the dodo survived the journey is unknown, and the letter was destroyed by fire in the 19th century. The earliest known picture of a dodo specimen in Europe is from a

2661:

clutches than dodos and their eggs could be incubated faster, and their nests were perhaps concealed, they probably bred more efficiently, and were less vulnerable to pigs.

1166:

Another account from that voyage, perhaps the first to mention the dodo, states that the Portuguese referred to them as penguins. The meaning may not have been derived from

1835:

of the island is badly damaged and hard to reconstruct. Before humans arrived, Mauritius was entirely covered in forests, but very little remains of them today, because of

6335: 3106:, and others have almost complete skeletons, assembled from the dissociated subfossil remains of several individuals. In 2011, a wooden box containing dodo bones from the 2220:

Mauritius. The chicks grew rapidly, reaching robust, almost adult, sizes, and sexual maturity before Austral summer or the cyclone season. Adult dodos which had just bred

1828:

trees and endemic palms. The near-coastal placement and wetness of the Mare aux Songes led to a high diversity of plant species, whereas the surrounding areas were drier.

736:

of a Rodrigues solitaire confirmed their close relationship and their placement within the Columbidae. The genetic evidence was interpreted as showing the Southeast Asian

5568: 5463: 2923:

found the first subfossil bones in 1860, which were sent to Richard Owen at the British Museum, who did not publish the findings. In 1863, Owen requested the Mauritian

1811: 7820:

Proceedings of the International Symposium "Insular Vertebrate Evolution: The Palaeontological Approach". Monografies de la Societat d'Història Natural de les Balears

3222:. Valledor de Lozoya has instead suggested that the light plumage was a juvenile trait, a result of bleaching of old taxidermy specimens, or simply artistic license. 2957:, reports discovering the Mare aux Songes bones at the same time as Clark and there is some dispute over who found them first. Higginson sent boxes of these bones to 2319:

whither by Mixture off kindes producing straunge and Monstrous formes, or the Nature of the Climate, ayer and earth in alltring the First shapes in long tyme, or how.

2126:

without webs. They have no tongues, the beak is large, curving a little downwards; their legs are long, scaly, with only three toes on each foot. It has a cry like a

1469:

through sternal ribs. The sternum was large, but small in relation to the body compared to those of much smaller pigeons that are able to fly. The sternum was highly

1397:

of composite skeletons. It has also been suggested that the weight depended on the season, and that individuals were fat during cool seasons, but less so during hot.

8788: 2775:

The only known soft tissue remains, the Oxford head (specimen OUM 11605) and foot, belonged to the last known stuffed dodo, which was first mentioned as part of the

7697: 3864:

The Dodo and Its Kindred; or the History, Affinities, and Osteology of the Dodo, Solitaire, and Other Extinct Birds of the Islands Mauritius, Rodriguez, and Bourbon

2052:

because of the disappearance of the dodo. Temple overlooked reports from the 1940s that found that tambalacoque seeds germinated, albeit very rarely, without being

687:

has since led to the dissolution of the family Raphidae, and the dodo and solitaire are now placed in their own subfamily, Raphinae, within the family Columbidae.

5063: 2591:

The dodos on this islet may not necessarily have been the last members of the species. The last claimed sighting of a dodo was reported in the hunting records of

2370:

combination of contemporary accounts, paintings, and specimens, Julian Hume has inferred that at least eleven transported dodos reached their destinations alive.

1719:

features, whether they signal age or sex, or if they even reflect reality. Hume argued that the nostrils of the living dodo would have been slits, as seen in the

1422:

inside the eye were formed by eleven ossicles (small bones), similar to the amount in other pigeons. The mandible was slightly curved, and each half had a single

8990:"The Drosophila melanogaster dodo (dod) gene, conserved in humans, is functionally interchangeable with the ESS1 cell division gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae" 7562: 9091: 4641: 3769: 2985:

anatomy of the dodo, and Owen bought a shipment of dodo bones originally meant for Newton, which led to rivalry between the two. Owen described the bones in

1672:, in 1955 shows a dodo along with native Indian birds. It depicts a slimmer, brownish bird, and its discoverer Aleksander Iwanow and British palaeontologist 8225: 6906: 6579: 6824: 8671: 7968: 6266: 2373:

Hamon L'Estrange's description of a dodo that he saw in London in 1638 is the only account that specifically mentions a live specimen in Europe. In 1626

2278:

mentions that 24–25 dodos were hunted for food, which were so large that two could scarcely be consumed at mealtime, their remains being preserved by

1954:

In addition to fallen fruits, the dodo probably subsisted on nuts, seeds, bulbs, and roots. It has also been suggested that the dodo might have eaten

10580: 9415: 9130: 6876: 3446:, which inhabits the same woods as the dodo once did, was named after the bird to raise awareness of the urgent need for protection of the Mauritius 671:

of their own, the Raphidae (formerly Dididae), because their exact relationships with other pigeons were unresolved. Each was also placed in its own

8550: 3476: 2451:

Savery paintings featuring dodos in various corners (one with a lobster's body, lower right), painted in Europe approximately between 1625 and 1629

10422: 9345: 8588: 7546: 3594: 8406: 8369: 7898: 10560: 9488: 7472: 6141: 2664:

It is unlikely the issue will ever be resolved, unless late reports mentioning the name alongside a physical description are rediscovered. The

1254:

used until the 18th century. As far as is known, the Portuguese never mentioned the bird. Nevertheless, some sources still state that the word

7852: 7052: 3436:

gives an annual 'Rubber Dodo Award', to "those who have done the most to destroy wild places, species and biological diversity". In 2011, the

1735:

specimens were used as models. Most depictions show that the wings were held in an extended position, unlike flighted pigeons, but similar to

10461: 10121: 8415: 8402:"Position systématique du Solitaire de la Réunion: nouvelle interprétation basée sur les restes fossiles et les récits des anciens voyageurs" 3976:

Milne-Edwards, A. (1869). "Researches into the zoological affinities of the bird recently described by Herr von Frauenfeld under the name of

608:. The dodo differed from other pigeons mainly in the small size of the wings and the large size of the beak in proportion to the rest of the 7409:

Nowak-Kemp, M.; Hume, J. P. (2016). "The Oxford Dodo. Part 1: the museum history of the Tradescant Dodo: ownership, displays and audience".

2377:

drew a dodo that he claimed to have seen in Amsterdam, but he did not mention if it was alive, and his depiction is reminiscent of Savery's

1510:. The dodo's neck and legs were proportionally shorter, and it did not possess an equivalent to the knob present on the solitaire's wrists. 9974: 9822: 9634: 9582: 9508: 2981:

Clark's reports about the finds rekindled interest in the bird. Sir Richard Owen and Alfred Newton both wanted to be first to describe the

9231: 4149: 2836:

The dried London foot, first mentioned in 1665, and transferred to the British Museum in the 18th century, was displayed next to Savery's

10101: 10053: 9739: 9684: 8496: 5818:

Rijsdijk, K. F.; Hume, J. P.; Louw, P. G. B. D.; Meijer, H. J. M.; Janoo, A.; De Boer, E. J.; Steel, L.; De Vos, J.; et al. (2016).

3731:"How Owen 'stole' the Dodo: Academic rivalry and disputed rights to a newly-discovered subfossil deposit in nineteenth century Mauritius" 3289: 2728: 73: 7587:

Nowak-Kemp, M.; Hume, J. P. (2016). "The Oxford Dodo. Part 2: from curiosity to icon and its role in displays, education and research".

5958:

Winters, R.; Hume, J. P.; Leenstra, M. (2017). "A famine in Surat in 1631 and Dodos on Mauritius: a long lost manuscript rediscovered".

4200:"Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences support a Cretaceous origin of Columbiformes and a dispersal-driven radiation in the Paleogene" 9644: 9498: 8378: 6555:"Reappraisal of the parrots (Aves: Psittacidae) from the Mascarene Islands, with comments on their ecology, morphology, and affinities" 3330: 3293: 3094:

Worldwide, 26 museums have significant holdings of dodo material, almost all found in the Mare aux Songes. The Natural History Museum,

2732: 7926:"Mid-Holocene vertebrate bone Concentration-Lagerstätte on oceanic island Mauritius provides a window into the ecosystem of the dodo ( 1119:

1601 engraving showing Dutch activities on the shore of Mauritius and the first published depiction of a dodo on the left (2, called "

580:

hinted at a relationship with pigeons, in which this feature is more developed than in other birds. Pigeons generally have very small

9879: 8404:[Systemic position of the Reunion Solitaire: new interpretation based on the fossil remains and early travellers' accounts]. 6636: 3170:

The supposed "white dodo" (or "solitaire") of Réunion is now considered an erroneous conjecture based on contemporary reports of the

1843:

is still seriously threatened. The dodo lived alongside other recently extinct Mauritian birds such as the flightless red rail, the

10396: 6733: 4391:

McNab, B. K. (1999). "On the Comparative Ecological and Evolutionary Significance of Total and Mass-Specific Rates of Metabolism".

4176: 3953: 1107:. It was only slightly smaller than the dodo and the solitaire, and it too is thought to have been related to the crowned pigeons. 8969:

Müller, H. G. (1991). "Stenetriidae from coral reefs at Reunion Island, southern Indian Ocean. Description of three new species".

5393: 10435: 8271: 5295: 3599: 2599:

of these records by the biologists David L. Roberts and Andrew R. Solow gave a new estimated extinction date of 1693, with a 95%

8885: 8810:

Kuntner, M.; Agnarsson, I. (May 2011). "Biogeography and diversification of hermit spiders on Indian Ocean islands (Nephilidae:

6286: 2424: 1237:, which means either "fat-arse" or "knot-arse", referring to the knot of feathers on the hind end. The first record of the word 409:

The first recorded mention of the dodo was by Dutch sailors in 1598. In the following years, the bird was hunted by sailors and

10570: 10530: 5583: 5197:

Angst, D.; Buffetaut, E.; Abourachid, A. (April 2011). "In defence of the slim dodo: A reply to Louchart and Mourer-Chauviré".

4098:

Shapiro, B.; Sibthorpe, D.; Rambaut, A.; Austin, J.; Wragg, G. M.; Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P.; Lee, P. L. M.; Cooper, A. (2002).

3099: 1876: 1040:) was analysed, and it was found to be a close relative of the Nicobar pigeon, and thus also the dodo and Rodrigues solitaire. 8916:

Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the islands of the Southwest Indian Ocean and designation of a neotype for the invasive

5447: 10555: 9197: 8457: 8088: 8048: 7099: 6646: 5457: 4989: 4892: 4851: 4735: 4374: 3214:

described as having a "dirty off-white colouring" was mentioned in an inventory of specimens in the Prague collection of the

10440: 8755: 8054: 4685: 3904: 1919: 1032:

pigeons and others, in agreement with the genetic evidence. In 2014, DNA of the only known specimen of the recently extinct

10585: 10540: 5370:"The German painter Carl Borromäus Andreas Ruthart (ca. 1630–1703) and some still unregistered images of the extinct dodo, 5146:

Louchart, A.; Mourer-Chauviré, C. C. C. (April 2011). "The dodo was not so slim: Leg dimensions and scaling to body mass".

2263: 2077:

The Brazilian ornithologist Carlos Yamashita suggested in 1997 that the broad-billed parrot may have depended on dodos and

1810:

journal shows a small island off the coast of Mauritius where dodos were caught. Julian Hume has suggested this island was

8781: 472:(above), and right half of the Oxford specimen's head (below); examination of these led to the dodo being classified as a 9338: 7674: 6867: 4130: 3425: 3339: 3298: 1071:. The Nicobar and spotted green pigeon were placed at the base of a lineage leading to the Raphinae, which indicates the 427: 5053: 2547:, which plundered dodo nests and competed for the limited food resources. At the same time, humans destroyed the forest 8490: 7634:

Jiří, M. (2012). "Extinct and nearly extinct birds in the collections of the National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic".

4921:

Brom, T. G.; Prins, T. G. (June 1989). "Microscopic investigation of feather remains from the head of the Oxford dodo,

3095: 3078:

studied, and were largely forgotten until 2011, when sought out by a group of researchers. The mounted skeletons were

2286:, and possibly Mascarene grey parakeets, was captioned with a Dutch poem, here in Hugh Strickland's 1848 translation: 10565: 7924:; Bunnik, F.; Florens, F. B. V.; Baider, C.; Shapiro, B.; van der Plicht, H.; Janoo, A.; et al. (January 2009). 7534: 3552: 507: 17: 6445:

Schaper, M. T.; Goupille, M. (2003). "Fostering enterprise development in the Indian Ocean: The case of Mauritius".

4798: 1388:; males were larger and had proportionally longer beaks. Weight estimates have varied from study to study. In 1993, 10545: 10466: 2848:

The Copenhagen skull (specimen ZMUC 90-806) is known to have been part of the collection of Bernardus Paludanus in

9323: 8620:"The changing face of the dodo (Aves: Columbidae: Raphus cucullatus ): iconography of the Walghvogel of Mauritius" 6163:

Witmer, M. C.; Cheke, A. S. (May 1991). "The Dodo and the Tambalacoque Tree: An Obligate Mutualism Reconsidered".

4580: 3730: 3279: 8217: 6899: 6285:

Meijer, H. J. M.; Gill, A.; de Louw, P. G. B.; van den Hoek Ostende, L. W.; Hume, J. P.; Rijsdijk, K. F. (2012).

3433: 3413:

banknotes, and features as the background of the Mauritian immigration form. A smiling dodo is the symbol of the

2538:

scant evidence of human predation. Bones of at least two dodos were found in caves at Baie du Cap that sheltered

469: 6554: 6054:

Temple, S. A. (August 1977). "Plant-Animal Mutualism: Coevolution with Dodo Leads to Near Extinction of Plant".

6039: 6022: 9331: 6814: 2911: 1880: 1635: 10205: 9551: 8679: 7925: 2930:

to spread word that he should be informed if any dodo bones were found. In 1865, George Clark, the government

2769:

Coloured engraving of the now lost London foot from 1793 (left), and 1848 lithograph of same in multiple views

1996:(movable in relation to each other), which must have affected its feeding behaviour. In extant birds, such as 4038: 3215: 10290: 6638:

Mauritius Illustrated: Historical and Descriptive, Commercial and Industrial Facts, Figures, & Resources

3351:

fame, which was in line with the inaccurate belief that it was clumsy, tragic, and destined for extinction.

3194: 2199:

Because of the possible single-egg clutch and the bird's large size, it has been proposed that the dodo was

2143: 7879:"IX. On additional bones of the Dodo and other extinct birds of Mauritius obtained by Mr. Theodore Sauzier" 5820:"A review of the dodo and its ecosystem: insights from a vertebrate concentration Lagerstätte in Mauritius" 3498:

as it contained mutations that eliminated the element's ability to jump to new locations in a chromosome.

2962: 1950:

very well, but were rich and fat, therefore we brought many of them on board, to the contentment of us all.

9122: 7722:

Clark, George (April 1866). "Account of the late Discovery of Dodos' Remains in the Island of Mauritius".

7342: 6862: 6109:, with an account of the stony endocarp and germination of the seed, and description of the new species". 3417:, a popular brewer on Réunion, whose emblem displays the white species once thought to have lived there. 10550: 10339: 10334: 10263: 7444: 7271:

Turvey, S. T.; Cheke, A. S. (2008). "Dead as a dodo: The fortuitous rise to fame of an extinction icon".

5655:

Richon, E.; Winters, R. (2014). "The intercultural dodo: a drawing from the School of Bundi, Rājasthān".

5091:

Angst, D.; Buffetaut, E.; Abourachid, A. (March 2011). "The end of the fat dodo? A new mass estimate for

3183: 2579: 1647: 1631: 1588:

First here only and in Dygarrois is generated the Dodo, which for shape and rareness may antagonize the

389:, yellow feet, a tuft of tail feathers, a grey, naked head, and a black, yellow, and green beak. It used 7818:(2005). "Contrasting taphofacies in ocean island settings: the fossil record of Mascarene vertebrates". 3322: 2788:. In 2018, it was reported that scans of the Oxford dodo's head showed that its skin and bone contained 2233: 1731:, and Mansur images. According to this claim, the gaping nostrils often seen in paintings indicate that 9243: 6362: 5489:

Parish, J. C.; Cheke, A. S. (2018). "A newly-discovered early depiction of the Dodo (Aves: Columbidae:

3794: 2520: 2282:. An illustration made for the 1648 published version of this journal, showing the killing of dodos, a 2189: 1970:

fruits, and he attempted to correlate the fat-cycle of the dodo with the fruiting regime of the palms.

1892: 1888: 1707: 1638:, London. The image shows a particularly fat bird and is the source for many other dodo illustrations. 1017: 499: 8596: 7878: 5299: 4465:

Claessens, L. P. A. M.; Meijer, H. J. M.; Hume, J. P. (2016). "The Morphology of the Thirioux dodos".

3699: 2890: 2727:

The only extant remains of dodos taken to Europe in the 17th century are a dried head and foot in the

10303: 8140:

Claessens, L. P. A. M.; Meijer, H. J. M.; Hume, J. P.; Rijsdijk, K. F. (2016). "Anatomy of the Dodo (

3402: 3365: 3115: 2827: 2634: 1135:

Wybrand van Warwijck, who visited Mauritius during the Second Dutch Expedition to Indonesia in 1598.

776:

shows the dodo's closest relationships within the Columbidae, based on Shapiro and colleagues, 2002:

515: 6137: 4612: 10590: 8275: 7838: 7040: 2395: 2262:

henceforward. The earliest known accounts of the dodo were provided by Dutch travellers during the

2259: 2037: 2009:. This gave the dodo a good sense of smell, which may have aided in locating fruit and small prey. 1786: 1319: 794: 538: 401:

is believed to have been the woods in the drier coastal areas of Mauritius. One account states its

209: 117: 8401: 3798: 3377: 1789:

was similar to that of modern pigeons, indicating that dodos were probably equal in intelligence.

648:, in 1852. Based on solitaire remains, it is now a synonym of that species. Crude drawings of the 3240: 2736: 2592: 1848: 1487: 1286: 3524:

Previously unpublished 17th-century illustration of a dodo sold in 2009 (left) and 19th century

2506: 1792: 10492: 10427: 10321: 10225: 9225: 7237:"The Dodo and the Red Hen, a saga of extinction, misunderstanding, and name transfer: a review" 6023:"A possible connection between crop milk and the maximum size attainable by flightless pigeons" 5745:

Gold, M. E. Leone; Bourdon, E.; Norell, M. A. (2016). "The first endocast of the extinct dodo (

4607: 4146: 3490: 2845:, and only the bones are believed to remain today, though its present whereabouts are unknown. 2630: 1610:

ship's journal sketches from 1601 of live and recently killed dodos, attributed to Joris Laerle

1343: 1092: 10453: 8480: 7758: 7083: 2533:

Like many animals that evolved in isolation from significant predators, the dodo was entirely

2069:, or the broad-billed parrot. According to Wendy Strahm and Anthony Cheke, two experts in the 1796:

1601 map of a bay on Mauritius; the small D on the far right side marks where dodos were found

1115: 1043:

The 2002 study indicated that the ancestors of the dodo and the solitaire diverged around the

10487: 3858: 3538:

In 2009, a previously unpublished 17th-century Dutch illustration of a dodo went for sale at

3429: 3414: 3251: 3083: 2978:

marshes. Most dodo remains from the Mare aux Songes have a medium to dark brown colouration.

2927: 2776: 2053: 1897: 1884: 1872: 1852: 1494:, meaning that they were underdeveloped and retained juvenile features. The skull, trunk and 1470: 511: 374:, but it is now believed that this assumption was merely confusion based on the also-extinct 233: 31: 10479: 8357:"Découverte d'une forme récemment éteinte d'ibis endémique insulaire de l'île de la Réunion 8356: 8105:

Claessens, L. P. A. M.; Hume, J. P. (2016). "Provenance and history of the Thirioux dodos".

7075: 2523:, 1914 (right). Hunting by humans is not believed to have been the main cause of the bird's 2442: 431:, and it has since become a fixture in popular culture, often as a symbol of extinction and 10383: 10326: 10272: 9001: 8823: 8003: 7944: 7280: 7200:

Cheke, Anthony S. (2014). "Speculation, statistics, facts and the Dodo's extinction date".

6995: 6940: 6497: 6381: 6303: 6172: 6063: 5621: 5533: 5240:

Brassey, C. A.; O'Mahoney, T. G.; Kitchener, A. C.; Manning, P. L.; Sellers, W. I. (2016).

5206: 5155: 5104: 4599: 4513: 4319: 4254: 4072: 3745: 3636: 3485: 2920: 2596: 2433: 2374: 2359: 2306:

The appearance of the dodo and the red rail led Peter Mundy to speculate, 230 years before

1033: 676: 641: 10277: 6756: 620: 8: 9317: 9222:: Seven-minute video showing the Oxford specimen being taken out of storage and discussed 8185: 6294: 3933: 3589: 3133: 2919:

Until 1860, the only known dodo remains were the four incomplete 17th-century specimens.

2600: 2544: 2081:

tortoises to eat palm fruits and excrete their seeds, which became food for the parrots.

2044:. There were supposedly only 13 specimens left, all estimated to be about 300 years old. 2017: 1931: 1856: 1844: 1728: 1589: 1434: 1259: 1210: 1068: 886: 858: 757: 542: 344: 81: 9005: 8827: 8007: 7948: 7284: 7118:

Cheke, A. S. (2006). "Establishing extinction dates – the curious case of the Dodo

6999: 6944: 6723: 6501: 6385: 6307: 6176: 6067: 5625: 5537: 5210: 5159: 5108: 4603: 4517: 4323: 4258: 4166: 4076: 3927: 3749: 3676: 3640: 3318: 2040:, also known as the dodo tree, was thought to be dying out on Mauritius, to which it is 9427: 9072: 8951: 8641: 8298: 8161: 8122: 8019: 7960: 7921: 7894: 7815: 7782: 7735: 7670: 7604: 7530: 7426: 7296: 7217: 7182: 7021: 6964: 6704: 6523: 6481: 6462: 6410: 6327: 6188: 6122: 6087: 5925: 5884: 5702: 5672: 5637: 5549: 5506: 5369: 5331: 5272: 5241: 5222: 5179: 5128: 5035: 4977: 4938: 4681:

A Selection of Curious, Rare and Early Voyages and Histories of Interesting Discoveries

4633: 4576: 4529: 4500:

Worthy, T. H. (2001). "A giant flightless pigeon gen. et sp. nov. and a new species of

4482: 4424: 4408: 4342: 4307: 4270: 4242: 4030: 3993: 3900: 3820:

Baker, R. A.; Bayliss, R. A. (2002). "Alexander Gordon Melville (1819–1901): The Dodo,

3761: 3726: 3652: 3624: 3421: 3179: 3160: 3103: 2966: 2465: 2340: 2185: 2107: 1903: 1864: 1724: 1566:

and journals of the Dutch East India Company vessels that docked in Mauritius when the

1553: 1423: 1389: 1385: 1339: 1242: 1206: 569: 280: 112: 8618:

van der Geer, A. A. E.; Claessens, L. P. A. M.; Rijsdijk, K. F.; Lyras, G. A. (2021).

3506: 3118:

during preparations for a move. They had been stored with crocodile bones until then.

1086:

competing for resources on these islands allowed the solitaire and the dodo to attain

10575: 10474: 10357: 9305: 9216:: Two-minute video about Julian Hume's modern interpretation of Roelant Savery's Dodo 9193: 9064: 9029: 9024: 8989: 8943: 8858: 8839: 8645: 8542: 8486: 8165: 8084: 8044: 8023: 7786: 7739: 7554: 7139: 7095: 7076: 7013: 6956: 6642: 6515: 6466: 6415: 6397: 6319: 6079: 5453: 5385: 5277: 5171: 5120: 4985: 4888: 4847: 4731: 4625: 4416: 4370: 4347: 4266: 4221: 4122: 3945: 3862: 3456: 2255: 1901:

lived on Mauritius and Réunion, but vanished from both islands. Some plants, such as

1831:

Many endemic species of Mauritius became extinct after the arrival of humans, so the

1777: 1711: 1278:

approximation of the bird's call, a two-note pigeon-like sound resembling "doo-doo".

1191: 1052: 729: 9076: 8955: 8126: 7964: 7956: 7608: 7430: 7221: 7186: 6968: 6708: 5929: 5888: 5676: 5641: 5553: 5510: 5226: 5132: 4533: 4486: 4428: 4274: 3765: 3656: 584:, and the dodo is said to have laid a single egg. Like pigeons, the dodo lacked the 10505: 10362: 9838: 9831: 9353: 9056: 9019: 9009: 8988:

Maleszka, R.; Hanes, S. D.; Hackett, R. L.; De Couet, H. G.; Miklos, G. L. (1996).

8933: 8877: 8831: 8714: 8631: 8534: 8337: 8290: 8153: 8114: 8011: 7952: 7890: 7844: 7774: 7731: 7689: 7596: 7512: 7418: 7388: 7324: 7300: 7288: 7248: 7209: 7174: 7135: 7087: 7025: 7003: 6948: 6792: 6696: 6571: 6527: 6505: 6454: 6405: 6389: 6311: 6180: 6118: 6091: 6071: 6034: 5967: 5915: 5874: 5841: 5831: 5758: 5722: 5664: 5629: 5541: 5498: 5428: 5347: 5267: 5257: 5214: 5183: 5163: 5112: 5031: 4934: 4637: 4617: 4521: 4474: 4400: 4337: 4327: 4262: 4211: 4114: 4080: 4020: 3989: 3937: 3896: 3833: 3753: 3694: 3644: 3442: 3039: 2780: 2565: 1756: 1665: 1368: 1087: 994: 668: 410: 355: 8636: 8619: 8449: 8157: 8118: 7600: 7422: 6687:

Winters, R.; Hume, J. P. (2014). "The dodo, the deer and a 1647 voyage to Japan".

6331: 5836: 5819: 5502: 4525: 4478: 4367:

Lost Land of the Dodo: an Ecological History of Mauritius, Réunion & Rodrigues

4308:"The mysterious Spotted Green Pigeon and its relation to the Dodo and its kindred" 4118: 3321:," which has come to mean unquestionably dead or obsolete. Similarly, the phrase " 2902:'s 1866 reconstruction of the dodo's skeleton (left), based on bones found in the 2237:

1648 engraving showing the killing of dodos (centre left, erroneously depicted as

675:

family (Raphidae and Pezophapidae, respectively), as it was thought that they had

573: 510:. This view was met with ridicule, but was later supported by English naturalists 9436: 9235: 9187: 8747: 8078: 8038: 7503:

MacGregor, A. (2001). "The Ashmolean as a museum of natural history, 1683 1860".

7328: 7213: 7178: 7091: 6700: 6075: 5711:(Aves: Columbidae), an extinct flightless bird from Rodrigues, Mascarene Islands" 5668: 4679: 4153: 4084: 3880: 3525: 3447: 3410: 3384: 3065: 3051:. 63% of the fossils found in the swamp belonged to turtles of the extinct genus 3017: 2950: 2903: 2578:, who described birds caught on a small islet off Mauritius, now suggested to be 2539: 2534: 2344: 1982: 1802: 1661: 1478: 1474: 1419: 1302: 1297: 1009: 672: 418: 324: 10349: 8835: 7675:"The white dodo of Réunion Island: Unravelling a scientific and historical myth" 5493:) by Roelandt Savery, with a note on another previously unnoticed Savery Dodo". 3171: 3086:

models were reconstructed, which became the basis of a 2016 monograph about the

375: 9748: 9467: 9400: 9281: 9269: 9164: 6393: 5749:) and an anatomical comparison amongst close relatives (Aves, Columbiformes)". 3547: 3307: 3175: 3163:'s mid-17th-century paintings of a white dodo, possibly based on Savery's image 2853: 2674: 2307: 2279: 2270: 2216: 2045: 2006: 1993: 1986: 1868: 1860: 1760: 1689: 1678: 1669: 1653: 1623: 1563: 1552:; perhaps the most accurate depiction of a live dodo, and dodo head (right) by 1291: 1250: 1076: 819: 745: 737: 700: 616: 597: 577: 367: 348: 9219: 9213: 9060: 8938: 8911: 8881: 8719: 8702: 8538: 7392: 7292: 6931:

Roberts, D. L. (2013). "Refuge-effect hypothesis and the demise of the Dodo".

6575: 6315: 5920: 5903: 5879: 5862: 5432: 5218: 5167: 5116: 4621: 4412: 4216: 4199: 3837: 3757: 1602: 711:

and colleagues analysed the DNA of the dodo for the first time. Comparison of

695: 506:, based on studies of a dodo skull he had discovered in the collection of the 10535: 10524: 10448: 9988: 9786: 9721: 9569: 9293: 8276:"On one of the four original pictures from life of the Réunion or white Dodo" 8015: 7874: 7848: 7743: 7693: 7558: 6401: 5389: 5351: 5058: 4843: 4629: 4332: 4099: 3685: 3648: 3539: 3462: 3344: 3334: 3107: 3079: 3056: 2665: 2644: 2574: 2150: 2088: 2083: 1978: 1836: 1454: 1307: 1201: 722: 581: 402: 390: 253: 102: 48: 3881:"2. On Some Recently Discovered Bones of the Largest Known Species of Dodo ( 3359: 3270: 2808: 1622:

dodos with puffed feathers, as part of display behaviour. The Dutch painter

772:

consists of generally ground-dwelling island endemic pigeons. The following

263: 10248: 10137: 9888: 9852: 9800: 9624: 9604: 9264: 9257: 9068: 8947: 8843: 8546: 8341: 7516: 7017: 6960: 6519: 6419: 6323: 6083: 5281: 5175: 5124: 4880: 4835: 4782: 4723: 4420: 4351: 4225: 4126: 3949: 3941: 3529: 3303: 3235: 3187: 3111: 3024: 2982: 2958: 2931: 2899: 2881: 2740: 2718: 2649: 2058: 1967: 1963: 1819: 1681: 1567: 1542: 1415: 1275: 1132: 725: 715: 712: 708: 684: 680: 432: 363: 340: 9033: 9014: 7778: 5971: 2935: 1441:

The dodo had about nineteen presynsacral vertebrae (those of the neck and

1241:

is in Captain Willem Van West-Zanen's journal in 1602. The English writer

10409: 10313: 10257: 10165: 10130: 10083: 10069: 10062: 10008: 9937: 9916: 9909: 9845: 9779: 9707: 9614: 9476: 4786: 2975: 2561: 2516: 2250: 2193: 2001: 1997: 1908: 1815: 1751: 1740: 1700: 1673: 1499: 425:. The dodo achieved widespread recognition from its role in the story of 72:

Dodo skeleton cast (left) and model based on modern research (right), at

7253: 7236: 6510: 6485: 6458: 2731:, a foot once housed in the British Museum but now lost, a skull in the 370:. A white dodo was once thought to have existed on the nearby island of 10500: 10401: 10172: 10151: 10015: 9998: 9981: 9793: 9765: 9758: 9714: 9675: 9654: 9532: 9445: 9359: 8363:[Discovery of a recently extinct island endemic ibis from Réunion: 8302: 7347:

The Penny Magazine of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge

6952: 6192: 5633: 5545: 5415:

Kitchener, A. C. (June 1993). "On the external appearance of the dodo,

5262: 4034: 3471: 3437: 3225:

In 1987, scientists described fossils of a recently extinct species of

2842: 2785: 2657: 2612: 2553: 2524: 2200: 2094:

in the same way, but now rely on domesticated cattle for this service.

2013: 1768: 1503: 1429: 1377: 1373: 1354: 1145:

means "bird". The name was translated by Jakob Friedlib into German as

1072: 986: 753: 557: 530: 503: 359: 336: 321: 179: 169: 96: 8144:

L., 1758): An Osteological Study of the Thirioux Specimens: Preface".

7759:"Harry Pasley Higginson and his role in the re-discovery of the dodo ( 7165:

Jackson, A. (2013). "Added credence for a late Dodo extinction date".

6796: 6287:"Dodo remains from an in situ context from Mare aux Songes, Mauritius" 5846: 5762: 5727: 5706: 3002: 2717:

Cast of the Oxford head before dissection and the lost London foot at

2621: 1056: 1000:

A similar cladogram was published in 2007, inverting the placement of

371: 64: 10182: 10158: 10025: 9930: 9807: 9728: 9700: 9693: 9664: 9525: 9518: 6284: 4198:

Pereira, S. L.; Johnson, K. P.; Clayton, D. H.; Baker, A. J. (2007).

3929:

Catalogue of the Fossil Birds in the British Museum (Natural History)

3406: 3398: 3397:

for many kinds of products, especially in Mauritius. It appears as a

3369: 3087: 3044: 3009: 2954: 2861: 2857: 2849: 2789: 2497: 2353: 2311: 2212: 2204: 2188:

in South Africa. It was donated by the South African museum official

2181: 2165: 2118: 2114: 2091: 2066: 2049: 2030: 1959: 1938: 1832: 1773: 1732: 1715: 1685: 1634:, has since become the standard image of a dodo. It is housed in the 1582:

A Relation of Some Yeares Travaille into Afrique and the Greater Asia

1462: 1450: 1222: 1195: 1178: 1100: 1083: 1060: 1044: 773: 667:

For many years the dodo and the Rodrigues solitaire were placed in a

653: 534: 519: 491: 394: 381: 332: 272: 129: 10414: 10219: 8294: 8083:(8th ed.). Chalfont St. Peter, Bucks, UK: Bradt Travel Guides. 7473:"Who shot Lewis Carroll's dodo? Forensic scans reveal mystery death" 7008: 6983: 6184: 4791:

Proceedings of the Royal Society of Arts & Sciences of Mauritius

4025: 2681:

in 1833, and has since been referred to as an "icon" of extinction.

2464:

collection of paintings depicting animals in the royal menagerie of

2158: 2029:

It is not known how the young were fed, but related pigeons provide

1405: 556:

similar to pigeons in many features. They pointed to the very short

541:

and comparing it with the few remains then available of the extinct

10242: 9964: 9923: 9902: 9895: 9870: 9859: 9772: 9382: 9276: 6819: 6728: 4404: 4171: 3219: 3069: 2940: 2817: 2751: 2699: 2477: 2470: 2102: 2062: 1942: 1824: 1782: 1692: 1446: 1394: 1214: 1025: 981: 649: 593: 487: 459: 351: 328: 189: 149: 10375: 8617: 8328:

de Lozoya, A. V. (2003). "An unnoticed painting of a white Dodo".

2760: 1941:

to refer to the animals described, with dodos presumably being an

1641: 448: 343:. The dodo's closest relative was the also-extinct and flightless 10298: 9955: 9394: 8924: 6872: 6562: 4008: 3142: 3035: 2989:

in October 1866, but erroneously based his reconstruction on the

2945: 2548: 2333: 2267: 2238: 2221: 2070: 2041: 1736: 1532: 1491: 1473:, broad, and relatively thick in cross-section. The bones of the 1466: 1364: 1327: 1168: 1064: 1048: 609: 565: 553: 495: 483: 422: 398: 397:

its food, which is thought to have included fruits, and its main

386: 10388: 8183:

Linn. (Aves, Columbiformes) in a highland Mauritian lava cave".

6589: 5014:

Livezey, B. C. (1993). "An Ecomorphological Review of the Dodo (

2404: 615:

Throughout the 19th century, several species were classified as

10285: 10144: 10110: 10090: 10042: 9452: 9376: 9363: 9355: 9092:"Uncovered: 350-year-old picture of Dodo before it was extinct" 8179:

Middleton, G. J.; Hume, J. P. (2016). "The discovery of a Dodo

7636:

Journal of the National Museum (Prague) National History Series

5196: 5090: 3467: 3394: 3048: 2924: 2797: 2481: 2413: 2283: 2258:, and it was used for the provisioning of trade vessels of the 1973: 1507: 1495: 1458: 1442: 1080: 605: 601: 589: 473: 139: 8399: 8252: 2134:. The fat is excellent to give ease to the muscles and nerves. 1556:

from 1638, probably the last original depiction of the species

1300:'s 1605 depiction of a dodo. In his 18th-century classic work 1270:), meaning "fool" or "crazy". It has also been suggested that 354:, a clade of extinct flightless birds that were a part of the 10370: 9944: 9388: 8570: 8568: 7362: 7360: 6618: 6616: 4750: 4748: 3153: 2339:

Painting of a possibly stuffed specimen in the collection of

2180:"). The description was most probably mingled with that of a 2127: 2020:

witnessed a live bird in London and described it as follows:

1955: 1840: 1696: 1523: 1409:

1848 lithographs of the Oxford dodo's skull in multiple views

1182:, a reference to the small wings. The crew of the Dutch ship 989:

of the Oxford specimen's foot, which has been used to sample

769: 765: 733: 585: 8987: 6782: 6363:"Bone histology sheds new light on the ecology of the dodo ( 5524:

Iwanow, A. (October 1958). "An Indian picture of the Dodo".

4286: 4284: 3515: 3182:

that surfaced in the 19th century. The confusion began when

2708: 10076: 8703:"Extinct flagships: linking extinct and threatened species" 8309: 8139: 7992: 6040:

10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[1003:APCBCM]2.0.CO;2

5707:"Fight club: A unique weapon in the wing of the solitaire, 3226: 3060:

to the employment of less refined methods when collecting.

2246: 1198:, which was held the day after they anchored on Mauritius. 1187: 1104: 561: 526: 414: 159: 52: 9145: 8652: 8565: 8197: 7646: 7357: 6844: 6842: 6613: 6601: 6259:"Last surviving Dodo egg could be tested for authenticity" 6204: 6202: 5990: 5936: 4745: 4306:

Heupink, Tim H; van Grouw, Hein; Lambert, David M (2014).

4245:(2012). "The Dodo: From extinction to the fossil record". 2016:(gizzard stones) to aid digestion. The English writer Sir 1433:

Skeleton of the dodo (left) and its closest relative, the

1314:

as the specific name, but combined it with the genus name

8400:

Mourer-Chauviré, C. C.; Bour, R.; Ribes, S. (June 1995).

6761: 6486:"Palaeobiology: Dutch diaries and the demise of the dodo" 4945: 4861: 4281: 3799:"Nøjere oplysning om det i Kjøbenhavn fundne Drontehoved" 3451: 2971: 1985:

from 1605, copied from an illustration in the journal of

1541:

Dodo among birds in a Mughal Indian menagerie (left), by

990: 768:(its scientific name refers to its dodo-like beak). This 619:

with the dodo, including the Rodrigues solitaire and the

8782:"Pesticide Peddler Monsanto Wins 2015 Rubber Dodo Award" 8727: 8672:"Mauritius new 25- and 50-rupee polymer notes confirmed" 8240: 7353:(75): 209–211. 1 June 1833 – via Internet Archive. 7146: 6361:

Angst, D.; Chinsamy, A.; Steel, L.; Hume, J. P. (2017).

6238: 4813: 3725: 3174:

and 17th-century paintings of white, dodo-like birds by

3147:

showing a whitish dodo in the lower right, 1611 or later

3043:

These findings were made public in December 2005 in the

2293:

They tap the palms, and round-rumped dodos they destroy,

2106:

Replica of an alleged dodo egg in a reconstructed nest,

1562:

Most contemporary descriptions of the dodo are found in

576:

and in their skeletal features. Depictions of the large

6839: 6226: 6214: 6199: 5786: 5784: 5683: 5246:): application of a CT-based mass estimation technique" 5145: 5022:), Flightless Columbiformes of the Mascarene Islands". 4760: 4504:(Aves: Columbidae), from Quaternary deposits in Fiji". 4435: 4305: 4301: 4299: 3068:. The former specimen was found in 1904 in a cave near 2484:

stone. It is the last recorded live dodo in captivity.

2295:

The parrot's life they spare that he may peep and howl,

2164:

Diagram showing life history events of a dodo based on

2113:

As it was flightless and terrestrial and there were no

1992:

Skeletal elements of the upper jaw appear to have been

1580:

One of the most detailed descriptions is by Herbert in

1363:

most representations, the dodo had greyish or brownish

744:) to be their closest living relative, followed by the 7615: 6360: 5047: 5045: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4450: 2149:

Thin sections of hindlimb bones showing stages of the

2012:

Several contemporary sources state that the dodo used

1127:

One of the original names for the dodo was the Dutch "

552:

Strickland and Melville established that the dodo was

9241: 8520:"Assembling the dodo in early modern natural history" 8482:

Speaking of Animals: A Dictionary of Animal Metaphors

8430: 8354: 6984:"Flightless birds: When did the dodo become extinct?" 6641:. New Dheli: Asian Educational Services. p. 83. 4659: 4009:"Independent Evolution of the Dodo and the Solitaire" 2291:

For food the seamen hunt the flesh of feathered fowl,

1380:(downy) and most similar to those of other pigeons. 10178: 10031: 10021: 10004: 9994: 9970: 9754: 9660: 9650: 9640: 9630: 9620: 9610: 9600: 9514: 9504: 9494: 9484: 8787:. Center for Biological Diversity. 5 November 2015. 7883:

The Transactions of the Zoological Society of London

6668: 6534: 6426: 6002: 5978: 5796: 5781: 5769: 5309: 4902: 4701: 4296: 903: 882: 7379:Ovenell, R. F. (June 1992). "The Tradescant Dodo". 7313: 6905:. Royal Society of Arts and Sciences of Mauritius. 5957: 5042: 4887:(first ed.). USA: Bunker Hill Publishing Inc. 4464: 4447: 2362:'s 1626 depiction of a dodo he claimed to have seen 2241:-like) and other animals now extinct from Mauritius 1233:for "sluggard", but it is more probably related to 7471: 7082:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 6595: 6480: 5863:"The legacy of the dodo—conservation in Mauritius" 5484: 5482: 5363: 5361: 4718: 4716: 3857: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3550:included the following poem about the dodo in his 3008:Skeleton assembled from subfossils found in 2006, 2473:specimens were preserved as dried heads and feet. 1051:boundary, about 23.03 million years ago. The 8043:. Berkeley (US): University of California Press. 8037:Gillespie, Rosemary G.; Clague, David A. (2009). 7665: 7663: 7661: 7404: 7402: 6280: 6278: 6276: 5744: 5452:. London: Royal College of Physicians of London. 5338: – dodo and other birds on Mauritius 1601". 5051: 3729:; Cheke, Anthony S.; McOran-Campbell, A. (2009). 3700:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22690059A93259513.en 498:, by early scientists. In 1842, Danish zoologist 10522: 8809: 7529: 7073: 4830: 4828: 1157:was lost, but the English translation survived: 9238:: Interactive 3D scans of various dodo elements 9046: 8994:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 8036: 7919: 6444: 5817: 5813: 5811: 5608:Stresemann, Erwin (1958). "Wie hat die Dronte ( 5479: 5414: 5358: 4713: 4369:. New Haven and London: T. & A. D. Poyser. 4365:Cheke, Anthony S.; Hume, Julian Pender (2008). 3889:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 3844: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3623:Rijsdijk, K. F.; Zinke, J.; de Louw, P. G. B.; 3622: 3595:List of African animals extinct in the Holocene 3454:from Mauritius have been named after the dodo: 2852:until 1651, when it was moved to the museum in 2097: 1139:means "tasteless", "insipid", or "sickly", and 9435: 9192:. Bloomington (US): Indiana University Press. 9120: 8527:The British Journal for the History of Science 7658: 7586: 7580: 7408: 7399: 7266: 7264: 6982:Roberts, D. L.; Solow, A. R. (November 2003). 6273: 5953: 5951: 5239: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4984:. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 155–158. 4197: 4097: 3793: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3420:The dodo is used to promote the protection of 1229:is unclear. Some ascribe it to the Dutch word 592:of the nostrils, and it shared details in the 9339: 9189:The Dodo and the Solitaire: A Natural History 8909: 8611: 8178: 8104: 7307: 7113: 7111: 6757:"Discover the violent end of the Oxford dodo" 6754: 5654: 4825: 3975: 3674: 8589:"Extinct Dodo Related to Pigeons, DNA Shows" 7843:. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 52. 7836: 6981: 6808: 6806: 6138:"Plant Science Bulletin, Volume 50, Issue 4" 5808: 5086: 5084: 4777: 4775: 4684:. London (UK): R.H. Evans and R. Priestley. 4571: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4058: 4056: 3819: 3714: 3424:by environmental organisations, such as the 2297:And thus his fellows to imprisonment decoy. 1513: 1334:. In 1766, Linnaeus coined the new binomial 1172:(the Portuguese referred to those birds as " 8856: 7873: 7270: 7261: 7234: 6686: 6680: 6484:; Martill, D. M.; Dewdney, C. (June 2004). 6162: 5948: 5740: 5738: 5566: 5488: 5326: 5324: 4998: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4506:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 4237: 4235: 3611: 3244: 3229:from Réunion with a relatively short beak, 2729:Oxford University Museum of Natural History 2515:Illustrations of sailors hunting dodos, by 2323: 2228: 1461:), six free tail (caudal) vertebrae, and a 1140: 572:pigeons than of other birds, both in their 74:Oxford University Museum of Natural History 9475: 9346: 9332: 8270: 8258: 7802:Reminiscences of Life and Travel 1859–1872 7108: 5607: 5294: 3670: 3668: 3666: 2944:, an ornithology journal: he had sent his 2830:(left) and 1855 lithograph of the specimen 2733:University of Copenhagen Zoological Museum 1966:suggested in 1996 that they mainly fed on 1684:. The bird depicted probably lived in the 1630:as it was once owned by the ornithologist 1597: 1482:length proportions were little different. 1338:(meaning "inept dodo"). This has become a 703:is the closest living relative of the dodo 656:were also misinterpreted as dodo species; 262: 90: 63: 9580: 9023: 9013: 8937: 8733: 8718: 8700: 8635: 8478: 8407:Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences 8370:Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences 8327: 8315: 8246: 7840:Memoir of the dodo (didus ineptus, Linn.) 7799: 7669: 7502: 7317:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 7252: 7032: 7007: 6848: 6803: 6721: 6634: 6622: 6607: 6509: 6409: 6244: 6232: 6208: 6038: 5996: 5942: 5919: 5878: 5845: 5835: 5751:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 5726: 5715:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 5701: 5271: 5261: 5242:"Convex-hull mass estimates of the dodo ( 5081: 4920: 4819: 4772: 4754: 4611: 4364: 4341: 4331: 4215: 4053: 4024: 3698: 3572:The voice which used to squawk and squeak 3038:, the British had covered the swamp with 2910:painting), and his more upright mount at 2689: 2245:Mauritius had previously been visited by 1875:. Extinct Mauritian reptiles include the 1785:was made from the brain of the dodo; the 1330:) in 1760, resulting in the current name 10581:Species made extinct by human activities 9089: 8745: 8517: 8355:Mourer-Chauviré, C.; Moutou, F. (1987). 8076: 6863:"Natural disaster may have killed dodos" 5735: 5449:George Edwards: The Bedell and His Birds 5367: 5321: 4957: 4787:"Dodo and solitaires, myths and reality" 4730:(revised ed.). New York: Comstock. 4540: 4232: 3925: 3260: 2232: 2101: 1972: 1918: 1791: 1750: 1746: 1640: 1601: 1428: 1404: 1353: 1200: 1114: 980: 694: 677:evolved their similarities independently 482:The dodo was variously declared a small 8215: 7830: 7789:– via Edinburgh University Press. 7469: 7378: 7164: 6930: 5374:(Linnaeus, 1758) (Aves, Columbiformes)" 5013: 4677: 3824:(L., 1758) and the genesis of a book". 3663: 3600:List of extinct bird species since 1500 3329:fossils, the newly vindicated bird was 2476:One dodo was reportedly sent as far as 14: 10523: 9185: 9163: 9151: 8968: 8870:Annals and Magazine of Natural History 8658: 8586: 8574: 8436: 8203: 7974:from the original on 24 September 2019 7901:from the original on 11 September 2017 7652: 7621: 7366: 7152: 7038: 6674: 6540: 6432: 6220: 6135: 6053: 6020: 6008: 5984: 5901: 5802: 5790: 5775: 5689: 5523: 5315: 4951: 4908: 4885:The Dodo – Extinction in Paradise 4879: 4867: 4834: 4766: 4722: 4707: 4665: 4499: 4441: 4290: 4006: 3878: 3208:Landscape with Orpheus and the animals 3100:Cambridge University Museum of Zoology 2871: 2669:vertebrates there had become extinct. 1877:saddle-backed Mauritius giant tortoise 1714:to speculate about sexual dimorphism, 1131:", first used in the journal of Dutch 10561:Extinct birds of Indian Ocean islands 10224: 10223: 9567: 9413: 9327: 9102:from the original on 12 November 2012 8816:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 8791:from the original on 19 November 2015 8748:"Mauritius: Footprints From the Past" 8553:from the original on 17 February 2021 8330:Journal of the History of Collections 7756: 7721: 7505:Journal of the History of Collections 7437: 7228: 7199: 7117: 6897: 6860: 6812: 6256: 5860: 5445: 5334:(2003). "The journal of the flagship 4781: 4647:from the original on 12 November 2020 4393:Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 4390: 4136:from the original on 20 November 2018 4062: 3565:The sun yet warms his native ground – 2906:(it is too squat, following Savery's 1614:The travel journal of the Dutch ship 537:head and foot of the specimen at the 9133:from the original on 17 January 2013 9123:"Dutch School, 17th Century; A dodo" 8460:from the original on 3 February 2016 8218:"Half a Dodo found in museum drawer" 7855:from the original on 7 November 2020 7814: 7703:from the original on 5 November 2019 7633: 7568:from the original on 5 November 2019 7533:; Datta, A.; Martill, D. M. (2006). 7484:from the original on 11 January 2022 7235:Cheke, A. S.; Parish, J. C. (2020). 7041:"Recent ornithological publications" 6552: 6104: 5330: 4976: 4575: 4241: 4179:from the original on 20 October 2002 4041:from the original on 1 November 2019 3023:Subfossil bones rediscovered in the 2656:had disappeared due to predation by 2264:Second Dutch Expedition to Indonesia 9414: 9090:Jamieson, Alastair (22 June 2009). 8910:Fischer, G.; Fisher, B. L. (2013). 8891:from the original on 12 August 2016 8758:from the original on 2 October 2006 6868:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 6724:"Scientists pinpoint dodo's demise" 6585:from the original on 17 March 2012. 5052:Kitchener, A. C. (28 August 1993). 4840:Dodo – From Extinction To Icon 4164: 3686:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3426:Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust 3405:, on Mauritius coins, is used as a 2684: 1914: 1153:. The original Dutch report titled 24: 8701:Kyne, P. M.; Adams, V. M. (2016). 8499:from the original on 15 March 2023 8146:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 8107:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 8057:from the original on 15 March 2023 7895:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1893.tb00001.x 7837:Owen, R.; Broderip, W. J. (1866). 7736:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1866.tb06082.x 7535:"Unpublished drawings of the Dodo 6912:from the original on 28 March 2016 6655:from the original on 15 March 2023 6123:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a087409 5824:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 5466:from the original on 15 March 2023 5154:(4): 357–358, discussion 358–360. 5036:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1993.tb02686.x 4939:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1989.tb02535.x 4688:from the original on 15 March 2023 4467:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3994:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1869.tb06880.x 3901:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1865.tb02320.x 3867:. London: Reeve, Benham and Reeve. 3775:from the original on 21 March 2016 3576:Yet may you see his bones and beak 3096:American Museum of Natural History 1923:Savery sketch of three dodos from 756:, and the superficially dodo-like 25: 10602: 9568: 9207: 8857:Donisthorpe, H. S. J. K. (1946). 8418:from the original on 4 April 2020 8381:from the original on 4 April 2020 8228:from the original on 4 April 2020 7078:Studies of Mascarene Island Birds 6736:from the original on 4 April 2020 6341:from the original on 23 July 2018 5396:from the original on 25 July 2022 5066:from the original on 26 June 2015 4801:from the original on 22 July 2011 3956:from the original on 10 June 2021 3907:from the original on 10 June 2021 508:Natural History Museum of Denmark 10204: 9550: 9311: 9299: 9287: 9275: 9263: 9251: 9157: 9114: 9083: 9040: 8981: 8962: 8903: 8850: 8803: 8774: 8739: 8694: 8664: 8580: 8511: 8479:Palmatier, Robert Allen (1995). 8472: 8442: 8393: 8348: 8321: 8264: 8216:Kennedy, M. (21 February 2011). 8209: 8172: 8133: 8098: 8070: 8030: 7986: 7913: 7867: 7808: 7793: 7750: 7715: 7627: 7523: 7496: 7470:Knapton, Sarah (20 April 2018). 7463: 7372: 7335: 7193: 7158: 7140:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2006.00478.x 7067: 7055:from the original on 3 July 2020 6975: 6924: 6879:from the original on 15 May 2013 6815:"Bringing the dodo back to life" 6144:from the original on 14 May 2013 4267:10.1111/j.1365-2451.2012.00843.x 4167:"DNA yields dodo family secrets" 3514: 3505: 3376: 3358: 3340:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland 3299:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland 3278: 3269: 3190:and other contemporary writers. 3152: 3132: 3075:Durban Museum of Natural Science 3016: 3001: 2889: 2880: 2816: 2807: 2759: 2750: 2707: 2698: 2620: 2611: 2505: 2496: 2441: 2432: 2423: 2412: 2403: 2394: 2352: 2332: 2303:bitten by their powerful beaks. 2157: 2142: 2000:(fruit-eating) pigeons, kinetic 1531: 1522: 1490:region and the small wings were 1426:(opening), as in other pigeons. 502:proposed that dodos were ground 458: 447: 428:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland 116: 9179: 9049:Molecular Genetics and Genomics 8863:) from the island of Mauritius" 8587:Mayell, H. (28 February 2002). 7957:10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.09.018 7445:"Dodo's violent death revealed" 6891: 6854: 6827:from the original on 7 May 2019 6813:Fryer, J. (14 September 2002). 6776: 6748: 6715: 6628: 6546: 6474: 6438: 6354: 6250: 6156: 6129: 6105:Hill, A. W. (1941). "The genus 6098: 6047: 6014: 5895: 5854: 5695: 5648: 5601: 5560: 5517: 5439: 5408: 5288: 5233: 5190: 5139: 4914: 4873: 4671: 4493: 4384: 4358: 4191: 4158: 4091: 4000: 3675:BirdLife International (2016). 3434:Center for Biological Diversity 2721:, and illustration of same head 2203:, meaning that it produced few 2087:macaws depended on now-extinct 1445:, including three fused into a 1342:of the earlier name because of 470:Zoological Museum of Copenhagen 9169:The Bad Child's Book of Beasts 8414:(SER2, T320, N11): 1125–1131. 7757:Brown, Clare (November 2020). 7539:and notes on Dodo skin relics" 6596:Strickland & Melville 1848 5569:"What did the dodo look like?" 5304:. London: Hutchinson & Co. 5054:"Justice at last for the dodo" 3969: 3919: 3872: 3813: 3787: 2912:Natural History Museum, London 1881:domed Mauritius giant tortoise 1699:, where the English traveller 1349: 1245:was the first to use the word 1099:), was described in 2001 from 525:, which attempted to separate 378:and paintings of white dodos. 13: 1: 10571:National symbols of Mauritius 10531:IUCN Red List extinct species 8637:10.1080/08912963.2021.1940996 8158:10.1080/02724634.2015.1127721 8119:10.1080/02724634.2015.1111896 8080:Mauritius, Rodrigues, Réunion 7601:10.1080/08912963.2016.1155211 7451:. University of Warwick. 2018 7423:10.1080/08912963.2016.1152471 6755:Gregory-Kumar, David (2018). 5904:"Wildlife in Mauritius today" 5837:10.1080/02724634.2015.1113803 5503:10.1080/08912963.2018.1457658 4585:and the Penguin of Mauritius" 4526:10.1080/03014223.2001.9517673 4479:10.1080/02724634.2015.1121723 4119:10.1126/science.295.5560.1683 3605: 3561:The Dodo used to walk around, 3184:Willem Ysbrandtszoon Bontekoe 3121: 2864:, but the skin has perished. 2779:in 1656 and was moved to the 2487: 2458: 1924: 1776:, and may have been used for 1546: 1285:("hooded") was first used by 1205:Labelled sketch from 1634 by 1079:from South Asia. The lack of 732:of the Oxford specimen and a 707:In 2002, American geneticist 10556:Extinct animals of Mauritius 8859:"New species of ants (Hym., 8077:Richards, Alexandra (2012). 7214:10.1080/08912963.2014.904301 7179:10.1080/08912963.2013.838231 7092:10.1017/CBO9780511735769.003 6701:10.1080/08912963.2014.884566 6257:Laing, A. (27 August 2010). 6076:10.1126/science.197.4306.885 5669:10.1080/08912963.2014.961450 5582:(3): 165–168. Archived from 4085:10.1016/j.annpal.2004.12.002 3383:Dodo on a 1971 Mauritius 10 3216:Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II 3073:reconstructed skull) to the 2543:dogs, pigs, cats, rats, and 2098:Reproduction and development 1911:, have also become extinct. 1110: 690: 366:relative of the dodo is the 7: 10586:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 10541:Bird extinctions since 1500 9234:September 23, 2023, at the 8836:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.02.002 7767:Archives of Natural History 7682:Archives of Natural History 7381:Archives of Natural History 6496:(6992): 1 p following 621. 5960:Archives of Natural History 5421:Archives of Natural History 5340:Archives of Natural History 3879:Newton, A. (January 1865). 3826:Archives of Natural History 3795:Reinhardt, Johannes Theodor 3583: 2826:Upper jaw of a dodo in the 1400: 438: 10: 10607: 9186:Parish, Jolyon C. (2013). 8485:. Greenwood. p. 113. 7937:Quaternary Science Reviews 7329:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae086 6898:Cheke, Anthony S. (2004). 6394:10.1038/s41598-017-08536-3 6021:Storer, Robert W. (2005). 4678:Hakluyt, Richard (2013) . 3861:; Melville, A. G. (1848). 3553:Bad Child's Book of Beasts 3195:Edmond de Sélys Longchamps 2953:, a railway engineer from 2735:, and an upper jaw in the 2643:The British ornithologist 2211:A 2017 study examined the 2190:Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer 1893:small Mauritian flying fox 1889:Round Island burrowing boa 1708:Anthonie Cornelis Oudemans 1018:thick-billed ground pigeon 823:(Victoria crowned pigeon) 500:Johannes Theodor Reinhardt 29: 10232: 10202: 10120: 10100: 10052: 9954: 9878: 9869: 9821: 9738: 9683: 9674: 9591: 9576: 9563: 9548: 9466: 9426: 9422: 9409: 9371: 9061:10.1007/s00438-004-1004-x 8971:Senckenbergiana Biologica 8939:10.11646/zootaxa.3683.4.1 8882:10.1080/00222934508654782 8720:10.1017/S0030605316000041 8539:10.1017/S0007087415000011 7800:Higginson, Harry (1891). 7393:10.3366/anh.1992.19.2.145 7293:10.1080/08912960802376199 6576:10.11646/zootaxa.1513.1.1 6447:Small Enterprise Research 6316:10.1007/s00114-012-0882-8 5921:10.1017/S0030605300012643 5880:10.1017/S0030605300020457 5433:10.3366/anh.1993.20.2.279 5219:10.1007/s00114-011-0772-5 5168:10.1007/s00114-011-0771-6 5117:10.1007/s00114-010-0759-7 4622:10.1080/08912960600639400 4581:"The History of the Dodo 4217:10.1080/10635150701549672 4147:Supplementary information 3838:10.3366/anh.2002.29.1.109 3803:Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift 3758:10.1080/08912960903101868 3563:And take the sun and air. 3403:coat of arms of Mauritius 3366:Coat of arms of Mauritius 3323:to go the way of the dodo 3116:University College London 2828:National Museum of Prague 2635:Frederick William Frohawk 1514:Contemporary descriptions 1176:" at the time), but from 901: 880: 873: 855: 848: 841: 834: 816: 809: 791: 784: 516:Alexander Gordon Melville 286: 279: 270: 261: 239: 232: 113:Scientific classification 111: 88: 79: 71: 62: 41: 10566:Extinct flightless birds 9366:and their extinct allies 8746:Bhookhun, D. P. (2006). 8593:National Geographic News 8016:10.1177/0959683614567886 7849:10.5962/bhl.title.110122 7694:10.3366/anh.2004.31.1.57 6900:"The Dodo's last island" 6722:BBC (20 November 2003). 6298:(Submitted manuscript). 6265:. London. Archived from 6029:(Submitted manuscript). 5567:Dissanayake, R. (2004). 5368:Teixeira, D. M. (2019). 5352:10.3366/anh.2003.30.1.13 4333:10.1186/1471-2148-14-136 4312:BMC Evolutionary Biology 4165:BBC (28 February 2002). 4065:Annales de Paléontologie 3693:: e.T22690059A93259513. 3649:10.1177/0959683611405236 3239:, now combined with the 3110:was rediscovered at the 2324:Dodos transported abroad 2260:Dutch East India Company 2229:Relationship with humans 1839:. The surviving endemic 1787:brain-to-body-size ratio 1739:such as the ostrich and 1453:vertebrae (those of the 1358:Size compared to a human 1320:Mathurin Jacques Brisson 795:Didunculus strigirostris 762:Didunculus strigirostris 539:Oxford University Museum 523:The Dodo and Its Kindred 10546:Birds described in 1758 8769:(subscription required) 8373:. Série D (in French). 8040:Encyclopedia of Islands 7673:; Cheke, A. S. (2004). 6367:, Aves, Columbiformes)" 5077:(subscription required) 3978:Aphanapteryx imperialis 3567:The Dodo is not there! 3331:featured as a character 2737:National Museum, Prague 2593:Isaac Johannes Lamotius 1849:Mascarene grey parakeet 1598:Contemporary depictions 1287:Juan Eusebio Nieremberg 1155:Waarachtige Beschryving 644:to name a new species, 27:Extinct species of bird 6635:Macmillan, A. (2000). 6136:Herhey, D. R. (2004). 5902:Temple, S. A. (1974). 5614:Journal of Ornithology 5526:Journal of Ornithology 4007:Storer, R. W. (1970). 3942:10.5962/bhl.title.8301 3859:Strickland, Hugh Edwin 3581: 3574:Is now for ever dumb – 3491:Phytophthora infestans 3474:off Réunion was named 3466:in 2013. A species of 3393:The dodo is used as a 3368:, featuring a dodo as 3245: 2951:Harry Pasley Higginson 2690:17th-century specimens 2631:Pieter van den Broecke 2589: 2388: 2321: 2300: 2242: 2136: 2110: 2027: 1989: 1952: 1934: 1797: 1763: 1657: 1636:Natural History Museum 1611: 1595: 1578: 1438: 1410: 1359: 1344:nomenclatural priority 1322:coined the genus name 1218: 1164: 1141: 1124: 1093:Viti Levu giant pigeon 997: 890:(Rodrigues solitaire) 798:(tooth-billed pigeon) 704: 10488:Paleobiology Database 9015:10.1073/pnas.93.1.447 8734:Cheke & Hume 2008 8518:Lawrence, N. (2015). 8367:n. gen. n. sp.]. 8316:Cheke & Hume 2008 8247:Cheke & Hume 2008 7779:10.3366/anh.2020.0662 6849:Cheke & Hume 2008 6623:Cheke & Hume 2008 6608:Cheke & Hume 2008 6245:Cheke & Hume 2008 6233:Cheke & Hume 2008 6209:Cheke & Hume 2008 5997:Cheke & Hume 2008 5972:10.3366/anh.2017.0422 5943:Cheke & Hume 2008 5861:Cheke, A. S. (1987). 5446:Mason, A. S. (1992). 4820:Cheke & Hume 2008 4755:Cheke & Hume 2008 3926:Lydekker, R. (1891). 3578:All in the Mu-se-um. 3558: 3430:Durrell Wildlife Park 3415:Brasseries de Bourbon 3261:Cultural significance 2777:Tradescant collection 2584: 2383: 2316: 2288: 2236: 2123: 2105: 2022: 1976: 1947: 1922: 1898:Tropidophora carinata 1885:Mauritian giant skink 1873:Mauritius night heron 1853:Mauritius blue pigeon 1795: 1754: 1747:Behaviour and ecology 1644: 1605: 1586: 1573: 1432: 1408: 1357: 1249:in print in his 1634 1204: 1159: 1118: 984: 698: 512:Hugh Edwin Strickland 347:. The two formed the 32:Dodo (disambiguation) 9171:. London: Duckworth. 8918:Pheidole megacephala 8410:. II a (in French). 8342:10.1093/jhc/15.2.201 7877:; Gadow, H. (1893). 7517:10.1093/jhc/13.2.125 7124:Aphanapteryx bonasia 6933:Conservation Biology 6553:Hume, J. P. (2007). 5705:; Steel, L. (2013). 5589:on 17 September 2011 5378:Arquivos de Zoologia 4152:5 April 2010 at the 4100:"Flight of the Dodo" 3934:Taylor & Francis 3486:transposable element 2921:Philip Burnard Ayres 2597:statistical analysis 2560:animals killed by a 2545:crab-eating macaques 2375:Adriaen van de Venne 2360:Adriaen van de Venne 1945:for wealthy mayors: 1664:rediscovered in the 1034:spotted green pigeon 642:Abraham Dee Bartlett 529:from reality. After 406:for its ecosystem. 30:For other uses, see 9154:, pp. 104–105. 9121:Christie's (2009). 9096:The Daily Telegraph 9006:1996PNAS...93..447M 8828:2011MolPE..59..477K 8661:, pp. 140–153. 8577:, pp. 134–138. 8261:, pp. 172–173. 8206:, pp. 123–129. 8008:2015Holoc..25..758D 7949:2009QSRv...28...14R 7369:, pp. 116–129. 7285:2008HBio...20..149T 7254:10.3390/quat3010004 7039:Newton, A. (1868). 7000:2003Natur.426..245R 6945:2013ConBi..27.1478R 6511:10.1038/nature02688 6502:2004Natur.429.....H 6459:10.5172/ser.11.2.93 6386:2017NatSR...7.7993A 6308:2012NW.....99..177M 6295:Naturwissenschaften 6263:The Daily Telegraph 6177:1991Oikos..61..133W 6068:1977Sci...197..885T 5709:Pezophaps solitaria 5626:1958JOrni..99..441S 5538:1958JOrni..99..438I 5211:2011NW.....98..359A 5199:Naturwissenschaften 5160:2011NW.....98..357L 5148:Naturwissenschaften 5109:2011NW.....98..233A 5097:Naturwissenschaften 5020:Pezophaps solitaria 4954:, pp. 265–282. 4870:, pp. 147–149. 4604:2006HBio...18...69H 4518:2001JRSNZ..31..763W 4324:2014BMCEE..14..136H 4293:, pp. 134–141. 4259:2012GeolT..28..147H 4077:2005AnPal..91..167J 3750:2009HBio...21...33H 3641:2011Holoc..21.1179R 3590:Holocene extinction 3349:Alice in Wonderland 2872:Subfossil specimens 2601:confidence interval 2519:, 1893 (left), and 1932:Crocker Art Gallery 1857:Mauritius scops owl 1845:broad-billed parrot 1812:l'île aux Bénitiers 1759:of a slim dodo, by 1729:Crocker Art Gallery 1606:Compilation of the 1435:Rodrigues solitaire 1211:broad-billed parrot 1097:Natunaornis gigoura 887:Pezophaps solitaria 859:Caloenas nicobarica 758:tooth-billed pigeon 742:Caloenas nicobarica 547:Pezophaps solitaria 543:Rodrigues solitaire 345:Rodrigues solitaire 335:, which is east of 290:Struthio cucullatus 82:Conservation status 10551:Birds of Mauritius 9428:Mesitornithiformes 9220:Dodo Bird Unboxing 8624:Historical Biology 8599:on 17 October 2012 8365:Borbonibis latipes 8359:Borbonibis latipes 7655:, p. 184–188. 7589:Historical Biology 7411:Historical Biology 7273:Historical Biology 7202:Historical Biology 7167:Historical Biology 6953:10.1111/cobi.12134 6861:Cocks, T. (2006). 6689:Historical Biology 6374:Scientific Reports 6269:on 29 August 2010. 5657:Historical Biology 5634:10.1007/BF01671615 5612:L.) ausgesehen?". 5546:10.1007/BF01671614 5495:Historical Biology 5296:Rothschild, Walter 5263:10.7717/peerj.1432 5024:Journal of Zoology 4927:Journal of Zoology 4592:Historical Biology 4204:Systematic Biology 3738:Historical Biology 3422:endangered species 3231:Borbonibis latipes 3161:Pieter Holsteyn II 3104:Senckenberg Museum 2987:Memoir on the Dodo 2466:Emperor Rudolph II 2341:Emperor Rudolph II 2243: 2186:East London Museum 2132:Oiseaux de Nazaret 2111: 2108:East London Museum 1990: 1935: 1904:Casearia tinifolia 1865:Mauritian shelduck 1798: 1764: 1725:Cornelis Saftleven 1658: 1612: 1554:Cornelis Saftleven 1439: 1411: 1390:Bradley C. Livezey 1386:sexually dimorphic 1360: 1326:(referring to the 1296:, in reference to 1243:Sir Thomas Herbert 1219: 1207:Sir Thomas Herbert 1125: 1014:Otidiphaps nobilis 1008:and including the 998: 705: 225:R. cucullatus 10516: 10515: 10506:Raphus-cucullatus 10475:Open Tree of Life 10291:raphus-cucullatus 10278:Raphus_cucullatus 10264:Raphus cucullatus 10234:Raphus cucullatus 10226:Taxon identifiers 10217: 10216: 10213: 10212: 10200: 10199: 10196: 10195: 10192: 10191: 9817: 9816: 9559: 9558: 9546: 9545: 9542: 9541: 9462: 9461: 9228:Raphus cucullatus 9214:Painting the Dodo 9199:978-0-253-00099-6 8682:on 9 January 2015 8318:, pp. 30–31. 8181:Raphus cucullatus 8142:Raphus cucullatus 8090:978-1-84162-410-5 8050:978-0-520-25649-1 7928:Raphus cucullatus 7920:Rijsdijk, K. F.; 7761:Raphus cucullatus 7537:Raphus cucullatus 7155:, pp. 70–73. 7120:Raphus cucullatus 7101:978-0-521-11331-1 6797:10.1111/btp.12490 6648:978-81-206-1508-3 6625:, pp. 81–83. 6610:, pp. 77–78. 6365:Raphus cucullatus 6351:pp. 177–184. 6223:, pp. 43–44. 6062:(4306): 885–886. 5999:, pp. 37–38. 5945:, pp. 49–52. 5763:10.1111/zoj.12388 5747:Raphus cucullatus 5728:10.1111/bij.12087 5692:, pp. 76–77. 5610:Raphus cucullatus 5491:Raphus cucullatus 5459:978-1-873240-48-9 5417:Raphus cucullatus 5372:Raphus cucullatus 5244:Raphus cucullatus 5093:Raphus cucullatus 5018:) and Solitaire ( 5016:Raphus cucullatus 4991:978-1-4729-3744-5 4923:Raphus cucullatus 4894:978-1-59373-002-4 4853:978-0-00-714572-0 4769:, pp. 17–18. 4757:, pp. 22–23. 4742:pp. 194–203. 4737:978-0-8014-3954-4 4583:Raphus cucullatus 4473:(sup 1): 29–187. 4444:, pp. 37–39. 4376:978-0-7136-6544-4 3822:Raphus cucullatus 3679:Raphus cucullatus 3457:Pseudolasius dodo 3450:. Two species of 3306:(left, 1865) and 3288:Illustrations of 3199:Raphus solitarius 2256:Maurice of Nassau 1778:display behaviour 1712:Masauji Hachisuka 1332:Raphus cucullatus 1258:derives from the 1192:Kermesse festival 1190:fattened for the 1053:Mascarene Islands 1038:Caloenas maculata 1022:Trugon terrestris 978: 977: 969: 968: 960: 959: 951: 950: 942: 941: 933: 932: 924: 923: 908:Raphus cucullatus 862:(Nicobar pigeon) 629:Raphus solitarius 621:Réunion solitaire 360:pigeons and doves 331:to the island of 317:Raphus cucullatus 308: 307: 302: 294: 246:Raphus cucullatus 213: 106: 18:Raphus cucullatus 16:(Redirected from 10598: 10509: 10508: 10496: 10495: 10483: 10482: 10470: 10469: 10457: 10456: 10444: 10443: 10431: 10430: 10418: 10417: 10405: 10404: 10392: 10391: 10379: 10378: 10366: 10365: 10353: 10352: 10343: 10342: 10330: 10329: 10317: 10316: 10307: 10306: 10304:DEF9592737DC3B5E 10294: 10293: 10281: 10280: 10268: 10267: 10266: 10253: 10252: 10251: 10221: 10220: 10208: 10180: 10033: 10023: 10006: 9996: 9972: 9876: 9875: 9756: 9681: 9680: 9662: 9652: 9642: 9632: 9622: 9612: 9602: 9589: 9588: 9578: 9577: 9565: 9564: 9554: 9516: 9506: 9496: 9486: 9473: 9472: 9433: 9432: 9424: 9423: 9411: 9410: 9348: 9341: 9334: 9325: 9324: 9316: 9315: 9314: 9304: 9303: 9302: 9292: 9291: 9290: 9280: 9279: 9268: 9267: 9256: 9255: 9254: 9247: 9203: 9174: 9172: 9161: 9155: 9149: 9143: 9142: 9140: 9138: 9118: 9112: 9111: 9109: 9107: 9087: 9081: 9080: 9044: 9038: 9037: 9027: 9017: 8985: 8979: 8978: 8966: 8960: 8959: 8941: 8907: 8901: 8900: 8898: 8896: 8890: 8867: 8854: 8848: 8847: 8807: 8801: 8800: 8798: 8796: 8786: 8778: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8763: 8743: 8737: 8731: 8725: 8724: 8722: 8698: 8692: 8691: 8689: 8687: 8678:. Archived from 8676:banknotenews.com 8668: 8662: 8656: 8650: 8649: 8639: 8615: 8609: 8608: 8606: 8604: 8595:. Archived from 8584: 8578: 8572: 8563: 8562: 8560: 8558: 8524: 8515: 8509: 8508: 8506: 8504: 8476: 8470: 8469: 8467: 8465: 8446: 8440: 8434: 8428: 8427: 8425: 8423: 8397: 8391: 8390: 8388: 8386: 8352: 8346: 8345: 8325: 8319: 8313: 8307: 8306: 8280: 8268: 8262: 8256: 8250: 8244: 8238: 8237: 8235: 8233: 8213: 8207: 8201: 8195: 8194: 8176: 8170: 8169: 8137: 8131: 8130: 8113:(sup 1): 21–28. 8102: 8096: 8094: 8074: 8068: 8066: 8064: 8062: 8034: 8028: 8027: 7990: 7984: 7983: 7981: 7979: 7973: 7934: 7917: 7911: 7910: 7908: 7906: 7871: 7865: 7864: 7862: 7860: 7834: 7828: 7827: 7812: 7806: 7805: 7797: 7791: 7790: 7754: 7748: 7747: 7719: 7713: 7712: 7710: 7708: 7702: 7679: 7667: 7656: 7650: 7644: 7643: 7631: 7625: 7619: 7613: 7612: 7584: 7578: 7577: 7575: 7573: 7567: 7543: 7527: 7521: 7520: 7500: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7489: 7475: 7467: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7456: 7441: 7435: 7434: 7406: 7397: 7396: 7376: 7370: 7364: 7355: 7354: 7339: 7333: 7332: 7311: 7305: 7304: 7268: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7232: 7226: 7225: 7197: 7191: 7190: 7162: 7156: 7150: 7144: 7143: 7122:and the Red Hen 7115: 7106: 7105: 7081: 7071: 7065: 7064: 7062: 7060: 7036: 7030: 7029: 7011: 6979: 6973: 6972: 6939:(6): 1478–1480. 6928: 6922: 6921: 6919: 6917: 6911: 6904: 6895: 6889: 6888: 6886: 6884: 6858: 6852: 6846: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6832: 6810: 6801: 6800: 6780: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6769: 6752: 6746: 6745: 6743: 6741: 6719: 6713: 6712: 6684: 6678: 6672: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6632: 6626: 6620: 6611: 6605: 6599: 6593: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6559: 6550: 6544: 6538: 6532: 6531: 6513: 6478: 6472: 6470: 6442: 6436: 6430: 6424: 6423: 6413: 6371: 6358: 6352: 6350: 6348: 6346: 6340: 6291: 6282: 6271: 6270: 6254: 6248: 6242: 6236: 6230: 6224: 6218: 6212: 6206: 6197: 6196: 6160: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6133: 6127: 6126: 6111:Annals of Botany 6102: 6096: 6095: 6051: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6018: 6012: 6006: 6000: 5994: 5988: 5982: 5976: 5975: 5955: 5946: 5940: 5934: 5933: 5923: 5899: 5893: 5892: 5882: 5858: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5839: 5815: 5806: 5800: 5794: 5788: 5779: 5773: 5767: 5766: 5742: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5699: 5693: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5652: 5646: 5645: 5605: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5588: 5573: 5564: 5558: 5557: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5486: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5365: 5356: 5355: 5328: 5319: 5313: 5307: 5305: 5292: 5286: 5285: 5275: 5265: 5237: 5231: 5230: 5194: 5188: 5187: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5088: 5079: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5049: 5040: 5039: 5011: 4996: 4995: 4974: 4955: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4918: 4912: 4906: 4900: 4898: 4877: 4871: 4865: 4859: 4857: 4832: 4823: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4779: 4770: 4764: 4758: 4752: 4743: 4741: 4720: 4711: 4705: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4675: 4669: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4646: 4615: 4589: 4573: 4538: 4537: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4462: 4445: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4388: 4382: 4380: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4345: 4335: 4303: 4294: 4288: 4279: 4278: 4239: 4230: 4229: 4219: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4162: 4156: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4135: 4104: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4060: 4051: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4028: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3973: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3876: 3870: 3868: 3855: 3842: 3841: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3774: 3735: 3723: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3702: 3672: 3661: 3660: 3635:(8): 1179–1194. 3620: 3518: 3509: 3443:Nephilengys dodo 3380: 3362: 3282: 3273: 3248: 3241:specific epithet 3197:coined the name 3156: 3136: 3020: 3005: 2893: 2884: 2820: 2811: 2781:Ashmolean Museum 2763: 2754: 2711: 2702: 2685:Physical remains 2624: 2615: 2595:in 1688. A 2003 2566:mass mortalities 2509: 2500: 2463: 2460: 2445: 2436: 2427: 2416: 2407: 2398: 2356: 2336: 2161: 2146: 2018:Hamon L'Estrange 1929: 1926: 1915:Diet and feeding 1757:life restoration 1666:Hermitage Museum 1551: 1548: 1535: 1526: 1369:primary feathers 1144: 1088:very large sizes 995:genetic analyses 905: 884: 876: 875: 851: 850: 844: 843: 837: 836: 812: 811: 787: 786: 780: 779: 728:isolated from a 631:, respectively ( 625:Didus solitarius 462: 451: 411:invasive species 300: 292: 266: 248: 244: 208: 201: 121: 120: 100: 94: 93: 67: 56: 45:Temporal range: 39: 38: 21: 10606: 10605: 10601: 10600: 10599: 10597: 10596: 10595: 10591:Dutch Mauritius 10521: 10520: 10517: 10512: 10504: 10499: 10491: 10486: 10478: 10473: 10465: 10460: 10452: 10447: 10439: 10434: 10426: 10421: 10413: 10408: 10400: 10395: 10387: 10382: 10374: 10369: 10361: 10356: 10348: 10346: 10338: 10333: 10325: 10320: 10312: 10310: 10302: 10297: 10289: 10284: 10276: 10271: 10262: 10261: 10256: 10247: 10246: 10241: 10228: 10218: 10209: 10188: 10116: 10096: 10048: 9950: 9865: 9813: 9734: 9670: 9585: 9572: 9555: 9538: 9458: 9437:Mesitornithidae 9418: 9416:Pteroclimesites 9405: 9367: 9352: 9322: 9312: 9310: 9300: 9298: 9288: 9286: 9274: 9262: 9252: 9250: 9242: 9236:Wayback Machine 9210: 9200: 9182: 9177: 9173:pp. 27–30. 9162: 9158: 9150: 9146: 9136: 9134: 9119: 9115: 9105: 9103: 9088: 9084: 9045: 9041: 8986: 8982: 8977:(4/6): 303–318. 8967: 8963: 8912:"A revision of 8908: 8904: 8894: 8892: 8888: 8876:(95): 776–782. 8865: 8855: 8851: 8808: 8804: 8794: 8792: 8785:(Press release) 8784: 8780: 8779: 8775: 8771:pp. 27–30. 8768: 8761: 8759: 8744: 8740: 8732: 8728: 8699: 8695: 8685: 8683: 8670: 8669: 8665: 8657: 8653: 8616: 8612: 8602: 8600: 8585: 8581: 8573: 8566: 8556: 8554: 8522: 8516: 8512: 8502: 8500: 8493: 8477: 8473: 8463: 8461: 8448: 8447: 8443: 8435: 8431: 8421: 8419: 8398: 8394: 8384: 8382: 8353: 8349: 8326: 8322: 8314: 8310: 8295:10.2307/4073093 8278: 8269: 8265: 8259:Rothschild 1907 8257: 8253: 8245: 8241: 8231: 8229: 8214: 8210: 8202: 8198: 8177: 8173: 8138: 8134: 8103: 8099: 8091: 8075: 8071: 8060: 8058: 8051: 8035: 8031: 7991: 7987: 7977: 7975: 7971: 7932: 7918: 7914: 7904: 7902: 7872: 7868: 7858: 7856: 7835: 7831: 7813: 7809: 7798: 7794: 7755: 7751: 7720: 7716: 7706: 7704: 7700: 7677: 7668: 7659: 7651: 7647: 7632: 7628: 7620: 7616: 7585: 7581: 7571: 7569: 7565: 7541: 7528: 7524: 7501: 7497: 7487: 7485: 7468: 7464: 7454: 7452: 7443: 7442: 7438: 7407: 7400: 7377: 7373: 7365: 7358: 7341: 7340: 7336: 7312: 7308: 7269: 7262: 7233: 7229: 7198: 7194: 7163: 7159: 7151: 7147: 7116: 7109: 7102: 7072: 7068: 7058: 7056: 7037: 7033: 7009:10.1038/426245a 6980: 6976: 6929: 6925: 6915: 6913: 6909: 6902: 6896: 6892: 6882: 6880: 6859: 6855: 6847: 6840: 6830: 6828: 6811: 6804: 6781: 6777: 6767: 6765: 6753: 6749: 6739: 6737: 6720: 6716: 6685: 6681: 6673: 6669: 6658: 6656: 6649: 6633: 6629: 6621: 6614: 6606: 6602: 6594: 6590: 6582: 6557: 6551: 6547: 6539: 6535: 6479: 6475: 6443: 6439: 6431: 6427: 6369: 6359: 6355: 6344: 6342: 6338: 6289: 6283: 6274: 6255: 6251: 6243: 6239: 6231: 6227: 6219: 6215: 6207: 6200: 6185:10.2307/3545415 6161: 6157: 6147: 6145: 6134: 6130: 6103: 6099: 6052: 6048: 6019: 6015: 6007: 6003: 5995: 5991: 5983: 5979: 5956: 5949: 5941: 5937: 5900: 5896: 5859: 5855: 5830:(sup 1): 3–20. 5816: 5809: 5801: 5797: 5789: 5782: 5774: 5770: 5743: 5736: 5700: 5696: 5688: 5684: 5653: 5649: 5606: 5602: 5592: 5590: 5586: 5571: 5565: 5561: 5522: 5518: 5487: 5480: 5476:pp. 46–49. 5469: 5467: 5460: 5444: 5440: 5413: 5409: 5399: 5397: 5366: 5359: 5329: 5322: 5314: 5310: 5293: 5289: 5238: 5234: 5195: 5191: 5144: 5140: 5089: 5082: 5076: 5069: 5067: 5050: 5043: 5012: 4999: 4992: 4975: 4958: 4950: 4946: 4919: 4915: 4907: 4903: 4895: 4878: 4874: 4866: 4862: 4854: 4833: 4826: 4818: 4814: 4804: 4802: 4780: 4773: 4765: 4761: 4753: 4746: 4738: 4721: 4714: 4706: 4702: 4691: 4689: 4676: 4672: 4668:, pp. 3–5. 4664: 4660: 4650: 4648: 4644: 4613:10.1.1.695.6929 4587: 4574: 4541: 4498: 4494: 4463: 4448: 4440: 4436: 4389: 4385: 4381:pp. 70–71. 4377: 4363: 4359: 4304: 4297: 4289: 4282: 4240: 4233: 4196: 4192: 4182: 4180: 4163: 4159: 4154:Wayback Machine 4139: 4137: 4133: 4102: 4096: 4092: 4061: 4054: 4044: 4042: 4026:10.2307/4083934 4005: 4001: 3974: 3970: 3959: 3957: 3924: 3920: 3910: 3908: 3883:Didus Nazarenus 3877: 3873: 3869:pp. 4–112. 3856: 3845: 3818: 3814: 3792: 3788: 3778: 3776: 3772: 3733: 3724: 3715: 3705: 3703: 3673: 3664: 3621: 3612: 3608: 3586: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3536: 3535: 3534: 3533: 3526:rogue taxidermy 3521: 3520: 3519: 3511: 3510: 3411:Mauritian rupee 3391: 3390: 3389: 3388: 3387: 3381: 3373: 3372: 3363: 3314: 3313: 3312: 3311: 3285: 3284: 3283: 3275: 3274: 3263: 3180:Pieter Holsteyn 3168: 3167: 3166: 3165: 3164: 3157: 3149: 3148: 3145:and the animals 3141:Landscape with 3137: 3124: 3066:tarsometatarsus 3032: 3031: 3030: 3029: 3028: 3021: 3013: 3012: 3006: 2917: 2916: 2915: 2914: 2904:Mare aux Songes 2896: 2895: 2894: 2886: 2885: 2874: 2834: 2833: 2832: 2831: 2823: 2822: 2821: 2813: 2812: 2773: 2772: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2765: 2764: 2756: 2755: 2725: 2724: 2723: 2722: 2714: 2713: 2712: 2704: 2703: 2692: 2687: 2641: 2640: 2639: 2638: 2627: 2626: 2625: 2617: 2616: 2540:fugitive slaves 2531: 2530: 2529: 2528: 2512: 2511: 2510: 2502: 2501: 2490: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2453: 2452: 2448: 2447: 2446: 2438: 2437: 2429: 2428: 2419: 2418: 2417: 2409: 2408: 2400: 2399: 2367: 2366: 2365: 2364: 2363: 2357: 2349: 2348: 2345:Jacob Hoefnagel 2337: 2326: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2249:vessels in the 2231: 2178:Didus nazarenus 2173: 2172: 2171: 2170: 2169: 2162: 2154: 2153: 2147: 2100: 1983:Carolus Clusius 1927: 1917: 1803:Mare aux Songes 1749: 1662:Mughal painting 1600: 1560: 1559: 1558: 1557: 1549: 1538: 1537: 1536: 1528: 1527: 1516: 1479:carpometacarpus 1475:pectoral girdle 1420:sclerotic rings 1403: 1367:, with lighter 1352: 1303:Systema Naturae 1298:Carolus Clusius 1281:The Latin name 1113: 1028:along with the 1010:pheasant pigeon 979: 970: 961: 952: 943: 934: 925: 746:crowned pigeons 693: 646:Didus nazarenus 560:portion of the 480: 479: 478: 477: 465: 464: 463: 454: 453: 452: 441: 419:Mare aux Songes 358:which includes 325:flightless bird 257: 250: 242: 241: 228: 207: 199: 115: 107: 95: 91: 84: 58: 57: 49:Middle Holocene 47: 43: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10604: 10594: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10514: 10513: 10511: 10510: 10497: 10484: 10471: 10458: 10445: 10432: 10419: 10406: 10393: 10380: 10367: 10354: 10344: 10331: 10318: 10308: 10295: 10282: 10269: 10254: 10238: 10236: 10230: 10229: 10215: 10214: 10211: 10210: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10197: 10194: 10193: 10190: 10189: 10187: 10186: 10176: 10169: 10162: 10155: 10148: 10141: 10134: 10126: 10124: 10118: 10117: 10115: 10114: 10106: 10104: 10098: 10097: 10095: 10094: 10087: 10080: 10073: 10066: 10058: 10056: 10050: 10049: 10047: 10046: 10039: 10029: 10019: 10012: 10002: 9992: 9985: 9978: 9968: 9960: 9958: 9952: 9951: 9949: 9948: 9941: 9934: 9927: 9920: 9913: 9906: 9899: 9892: 9884: 9882: 9873: 9867: 9866: 9864: 9863: 9856: 9849: 9842: 9835: 9827: 9825: 9819: 9818: 9815: 9814: 9812: 9811: 9804: 9797: 9790: 9783: 9776: 9769: 9762: 9752: 9744: 9742: 9736: 9735: 9733: 9732: 9725: 9718: 9711: 9704: 9697: 9689: 9687: 9678: 9672: 9671: 9669: 9668: 9658: 9648: 9638: 9628: 9618: 9608: 9597: 9595: 9593:incertae sedis 9586: 9581: 9574: 9573: 9561: 9560: 9557: 9556: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9543: 9540: 9539: 9537: 9536: 9529: 9522: 9512: 9502: 9492: 9481: 9479: 9470: 9468:Pterocliformes 9464: 9463: 9460: 9459: 9457: 9456: 9449: 9441: 9439: 9430: 9420: 9419: 9407: 9406: 9404: 9403: 9401:Columbimorphae 9397: 9391: 9385: 9379: 9372: 9369: 9368: 9351: 9350: 9343: 9336: 9328: 9321: 9320: 9308: 9296: 9284: 9272: 9260: 9240: 9239: 9226:Aves3D – 9223: 9217: 9209: 9208:External links 9206: 9205: 9204: 9198: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9175: 9156: 9144: 9113: 9082: 9055:(5): 577–585. 9039: 9000:(1): 447–451. 8980: 8961: 8932:(4): 301–356. 8902: 8849: 8822:(2): 477–488. 8802: 8773: 8738: 8726: 8713:(3): 471–476. 8693: 8663: 8651: 8630:(4): 648–657. 8610: 8579: 8564: 8533:(3): 387–408. 8510: 8492:978-0313294907 8491: 8471: 8454:Dictionary.com 8441: 8429: 8392: 8377:(5): 419–423. 8361:n. gen. n. sp" 8347: 8336:(2): 201–210. 8320: 8308: 8272:Rothschild, W. 8263: 8251: 8239: 8208: 8196: 8171: 8152:(sup 1): 1–2. 8132: 8097: 8089: 8069: 8049: 8029: 8002:(5): 758–771. 7985: 7943:(1–2): 14–24. 7912: 7889:(7): 281–302. 7866: 7829: 7807: 7792: 7773:(2): 381–391. 7749: 7730:(2): 141–146. 7714: 7657: 7645: 7626: 7624:, p. 123. 7614: 7595:(3): 296–307. 7579: 7522: 7511:(2): 125–144. 7495: 7462: 7436: 7417:(2): 234–247. 7398: 7387:(2): 145–152. 7371: 7356: 7334: 7306: 7279:(2): 149–163. 7260: 7227: 7192: 7157: 7145: 7107: 7100: 7066: 7051:(2): 479–482. 7031: 6974: 6923: 6890: 6853: 6838: 6802: 6791:(6): 778–783. 6775: 6747: 6714: 6679: 6667: 6647: 6627: 6612: 6600: 6598:, pp. 15. 6588: 6545: 6533: 6473: 6437: 6425: 6353: 6302:(3): 177–184. 6272: 6249: 6247:, p. 162. 6237: 6225: 6213: 6198: 6171:(1): 133–137. 6155: 6140:. Botany.org. 6128: 6117:(4): 587–606. 6097: 6046: 6013: 6001: 5989: 5977: 5966:(1): 134–150. 5947: 5935: 5914:(5): 584–590. 5894: 5853: 5807: 5795: 5780: 5768: 5757:(4): 950–963. 5734: 5694: 5682: 5647: 5620:(4): 441–459. 5600: 5559: 5532:(4): 438–440. 5516: 5478: 5458: 5438: 5427:(2): 279–301. 5407: 5384:(4): 191–200. 5357: 5320: 5308: 5287: 5232: 5205:(4): 359–360. 5189: 5138: 5103:(3): 233–236. 5080: 5062:. p. 24. 5041: 5030:(2): 247–292. 4997: 4990: 4956: 4944: 4933:(2): 233–246. 4913: 4901: 4893: 4872: 4860: 4852: 4824: 4822:, p. 276. 4812: 4771: 4759: 4744: 4736: 4712: 4700: 4670: 4658: 4539: 4512:(4): 763–794. 4492: 4446: 4434: 4413:10.1086/316701 4405:10.1086/316701 4399:(5): 642–644. 4383: 4375: 4357: 4295: 4280: 4253:(4): 147–151. 4231: 4210:(4): 656–672. 4190: 4157: 4113:(5560): 1683. 4090: 4071:(2): 167–180. 4052: 4019:(2): 369–370. 3999: 3988:(3): 256–275. 3968: 3918: 3895:(1): 199–201. 3871: 3843: 3812: 3786: 3744:(1–2): 33–49. 3713: 3662: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3603: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3585: 3582: 3570: 3559: 3548:Hilaire Belloc 3532:in NHM (right) 3523: 3522: 3513: 3512: 3504: 3503: 3502: 3501: 3500: 3477:Hansenium dodo 3382: 3375: 3374: 3364: 3357: 3356: 3355: 3354: 3353: 3319:dead as a dodo 3308:Arthur Rackham 3287: 3286: 3277: 3276: 3268: 3267: 3266: 3265: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3176:Pieter Withoos 3158: 3151: 3150: 3138: 3131: 3130: 3129: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3120: 3022: 3015: 3014: 3007: 3000: 2999: 2998: 2997: 2996: 2991:Edwards's Dodo 2908:Edwards's Dodo 2898: 2897: 2888: 2887: 2879: 2878: 2877: 2876: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2854:Gottorf Castle 2838:Edwards's Dodo 2825: 2824: 2815: 2814: 2806: 2805: 2804: 2803: 2802: 2768: 2767: 2758: 2757: 2749: 2748: 2747: 2746: 2745: 2716: 2715: 2706: 2705: 2697: 2696: 2695: 2694: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2679:Penny Magazine 2675:Georges Cuvier 2629: 2628: 2619: 2618: 2610: 2609: 2608: 2607: 2606: 2514: 2513: 2504: 2503: 2495: 2494: 2493: 2492: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2450: 2449: 2440: 2439: 2431: 2430: 2422: 2421: 2420: 2411: 2410: 2402: 2401: 2393: 2392: 2391: 2390: 2389: 2379:Edwards's Dodo 2358: 2351: 2350: 2343:in Prague, by 2338: 2331: 2330: 2329: 2328: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2308:Charles Darwin 2289: 2271:Jacob van Neck 2230: 2227: 2217:thin-sectioned 2163: 2156: 2155: 2148: 2141: 2140: 2139: 2138: 2137: 2099: 2096: 2089:South American 2046:Stanley Temple 2007:olfactory bulb 1994:rhynchokinetic 1987:Jacob van Neck 1916: 1913: 1895:and the snail 1869:Mauritian duck 1861:Mascarene coot 1761:Julian P. Hume 1748: 1745: 1690:Mughal Emperor 1679:Mughal painter 1670:St. Petersburg 1654:Roelant Savery 1632:George Edwards 1628:Edwards's Dodo 1624:Roelant Savery 1599: 1596: 1540: 1539: 1530: 1529: 1521: 1520: 1519: 1518: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1506:, and smaller 1437:, not to scale 1402: 1399: 1351: 1348: 1112: 1109: 1103:material from 1077:island hopping 976: 975: 972: 971: 967: 966: 963: 962: 958: 957: 954: 953: 949: 948: 945: 944: 940: 939: 936: 935: 931: 930: 927: 926: 922: 921: 918: 917: 900: 897: 896: 893: 892: 879: 874: 872: 869: 868: 865: 864: 854: 849: 847: 842: 840: 835: 833: 830: 829: 826: 825: 820:Goura victoria 815: 810: 808: 805: 804: 801: 800: 790: 785: 783: 778: 738:Nicobar pigeon 701:Nicobar pigeon 692: 689: 662:Didus herberti 658:Didus broeckii 598:zygomatic bone 518:in their 1848 467: 466: 457: 456: 455: 446: 445: 444: 443: 442: 440: 437: 391:gizzard stones 368:Nicobar pigeon 362:. The closest 306: 305: 304: 303: 301:Linnaeus, 1766 295: 293:Linnaeus, 1758 284: 283: 277: 276: 268: 267: 259: 258: 251: 237: 236: 230: 229: 221: 219: 215: 214: 197: 193: 192: 187: 183: 182: 177: 173: 172: 167: 163: 162: 157: 153: 152: 147: 143: 142: 137: 133: 132: 127: 123: 122: 109: 108: 89: 86: 85: 80: 77: 76: 69: 68: 60: 59: 46: 44: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10603: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10528: 10526: 10519: 10507: 10502: 10498: 10494: 10489: 10485: 10481: 10476: 10472: 10468: 10463: 10459: 10455: 10450: 10446: 10442: 10437: 10433: 10429: 10424: 10420: 10416: 10411: 10407: 10403: 10398: 10394: 10390: 10385: 10381: 10377: 10372: 10368: 10364: 10359: 10355: 10351: 10345: 10341: 10336: 10332: 10328: 10323: 10319: 10315: 10309: 10305: 10300: 10296: 10292: 10287: 10283: 10279: 10274: 10270: 10265: 10259: 10255: 10250: 10244: 10240: 10239: 10237: 10235: 10231: 10227: 10222: 10207: 10185: 10184: 10177: 10175: 10174: 10170: 10168: 10167: 10163: 10161: 10160: 10156: 10154: 10153: 10149: 10147: 10146: 10142: 10140: 10139: 10135: 10133: 10132: 10128: 10127: 10125: 10123: 10119: 10113: 10112: 10108: 10107: 10105: 10103: 10099: 10093: 10092: 10088: 10086: 10085: 10081: 10079: 10078: 10074: 10072: 10071: 10067: 10065: 10064: 10060: 10059: 10057: 10055: 10051: 10045: 10044: 10040: 10038: 10037: 10030: 10028: 10027: 10020: 10018: 10017: 10013: 10011: 10010: 10003: 10001: 10000: 9993: 9991: 9990: 9986: 9984: 9983: 9979: 9977: 9976: 9969: 9967: 9966: 9962: 9961: 9959: 9957: 9953: 9947: 9946: 9942: 9940: 9939: 9935: 9933: 9932: 9928: 9926: 9925: 9921: 9919: 9918: 9914: 9912: 9911: 9907: 9905: 9904: 9900: 9898: 9897: 9893: 9891: 9890: 9886: 9885: 9883: 9881: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9868: 9862: 9861: 9857: 9855: 9854: 9850: 9848: 9847: 9843: 9841: 9840: 9836: 9834: 9833: 9829: 9828: 9826: 9824: 9820: 9810: 9809: 9805: 9803: 9802: 9798: 9796: 9795: 9791: 9789: 9788: 9787:Reinwardtoena 9784: 9782: 9781: 9777: 9775: 9774: 9770: 9768: 9767: 9763: 9761: 9760: 9753: 9751: 9750: 9746: 9745: 9743: 9741: 9737: 9731: 9730: 9726: 9724: 9723: 9719: 9717: 9716: 9712: 9710: 9709: 9705: 9703: 9702: 9698: 9696: 9695: 9691: 9690: 9688: 9686: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9673: 9667: 9666: 9659: 9657: 9656: 9649: 9647: 9646: 9639: 9637: 9636: 9629: 9627: 9626: 9619: 9617: 9616: 9609: 9607: 9606: 9599: 9598: 9596: 9594: 9590: 9587: 9584: 9579: 9575: 9571: 9570:Columbiformes 9566: 9562: 9553: 9535: 9534: 9530: 9528: 9527: 9523: 9521: 9520: 9513: 9511: 9510: 9503: 9501: 9500: 9493: 9491: 9490: 9483: 9482: 9480: 9478: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9465: 9455: 9454: 9450: 9448: 9447: 9443: 9442: 9440: 9438: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9425: 9421: 9417: 9412: 9408: 9402: 9398: 9396: 9392: 9390: 9386: 9384: 9380: 9378: 9374: 9373: 9370: 9365: 9361: 9357: 9349: 9344: 9342: 9337: 9335: 9330: 9329: 9326: 9319: 9309: 9307: 9297: 9295: 9285: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9259: 9249: 9248: 9245: 9237: 9233: 9230: 9229: 9224: 9221: 9218: 9215: 9212: 9211: 9201: 9195: 9191: 9190: 9184: 9183: 9170: 9166: 9160: 9153: 9148: 9132: 9128: 9127:Christies.com 9124: 9117: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9086: 9078: 9074: 9070: 9066: 9062: 9058: 9054: 9050: 9043: 9035: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9007: 9003: 8999: 8995: 8991: 8984: 8976: 8972: 8965: 8957: 8953: 8949: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8931: 8927: 8926: 8921: 8919: 8915: 8906: 8887: 8883: 8879: 8875: 8871: 8864: 8862: 8853: 8845: 8841: 8837: 8833: 8829: 8825: 8821: 8817: 8813: 8806: 8790: 8783: 8777: 8757: 8753: 8752:allAfrica.com 8749: 8742: 8736:, p. 31. 8735: 8730: 8721: 8716: 8712: 8708: 8704: 8697: 8681: 8677: 8673: 8667: 8660: 8655: 8647: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8629: 8625: 8621: 8614: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8583: 8576: 8571: 8569: 8552: 8548: 8544: 8540: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8521: 8514: 8498: 8494: 8488: 8484: 8483: 8475: 8459: 8455: 8451: 8445: 8439:, p. 13. 8438: 8433: 8417: 8413: 8409: 8408: 8403: 8396: 8380: 8376: 8372: 8371: 8366: 8362: 8360: 8351: 8343: 8339: 8335: 8331: 8324: 8317: 8312: 8304: 8300: 8296: 8292: 8288: 8284: 8277: 8273: 8267: 8260: 8255: 8249:, p. 30. 8248: 8243: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8212: 8205: 8200: 8192: 8188: 8187: 8182: 8175: 8167: 8163: 8159: 8155: 8151: 8147: 8143: 8136: 8128: 8124: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8108: 8101: 8092: 8086: 8082: 8081: 8073: 8056: 8052: 8046: 8042: 8041: 8033: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8013: 8009: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7989: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7931: 7929: 7923: 7916: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7870: 7854: 7850: 7846: 7842: 7841: 7833: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7811: 7803: 7796: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7762: 7753: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7718: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7676: 7672: 7666: 7664: 7662: 7654: 7649: 7641: 7637: 7630: 7623: 7618: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7583: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7549: 7548: 7540: 7538: 7532: 7526: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7499: 7483: 7479: 7478:The Telegraph 7474: 7466: 7450: 7449:warwick.ac.uk 7446: 7440: 7432: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7405: 7403: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7375: 7368: 7363: 7361: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7338: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7310: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7267: 7265: 7255: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7231: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7196: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7161: 7154: 7149: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7114: 7112: 7103: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7080: 7079: 7070: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7035: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6994:(6964): 245. 6993: 6989: 6985: 6978: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6927: 6908: 6901: 6894: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6869: 6864: 6857: 6851:, p. 79. 6850: 6845: 6843: 6826: 6822: 6821: 6816: 6809: 6807: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6779: 6764: 6763: 6758: 6751: 6735: 6731: 6730: 6725: 6718: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6683: 6677:, p. 60. 6676: 6671: 6654: 6650: 6644: 6640: 6639: 6631: 6624: 6619: 6617: 6609: 6604: 6597: 6592: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6564: 6556: 6549: 6543:, p. 56. 6542: 6537: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6477: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6441: 6435:, p. 17. 6434: 6429: 6421: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6368: 6366: 6357: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6296: 6288: 6281: 6279: 6277: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6253: 6246: 6241: 6235:, p. 27. 6234: 6229: 6222: 6217: 6211:, p. 38. 6210: 6205: 6203: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6159: 6143: 6139: 6132: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6101: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6050: 6041: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6017: 6011:, p. 69. 6010: 6005: 5998: 5993: 5987:, p. 42. 5986: 5981: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5954: 5952: 5944: 5939: 5931: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5898: 5890: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5857: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5814: 5812: 5805:, p. 54. 5804: 5799: 5793:, p. 41. 5792: 5787: 5785: 5778:, p. 23. 5777: 5772: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5741: 5739: 5729: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5710: 5704: 5698: 5691: 5686: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5651: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5616:(in German). 5615: 5611: 5604: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5576:The Biologist 5570: 5563: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5520: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5485: 5483: 5465: 5461: 5455: 5451: 5450: 5442: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5411: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5373: 5364: 5362: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5327: 5325: 5318:, p. 62. 5317: 5312: 5303: 5302: 5301:Extinct Birds 5297: 5291: 5283: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5245: 5236: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5193: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5142: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5087: 5085: 5065: 5061: 5060: 5059:New Scientist 5055: 5048: 5046: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5004: 5002: 4993: 4987: 4983: 4982:Extinct Birds 4979: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4953: 4948: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4917: 4911:, p. 45. 4910: 4905: 4896: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4881:Fuller, Errol 4876: 4869: 4864: 4855: 4849: 4845: 4844:HarperCollins 4841: 4837: 4836:Fuller, Errol 4831: 4829: 4821: 4816: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4783:Staub, France 4778: 4776: 4768: 4763: 4756: 4751: 4749: 4739: 4733: 4729: 4728:Extinct Birds 4725: 4724:Fuller, Errol 4719: 4717: 4710:, p. 51. 4709: 4704: 4687: 4683: 4682: 4674: 4667: 4662: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4586: 4584: 4578: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4496: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4443: 4438: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4387: 4378: 4372: 4368: 4361: 4353: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4302: 4300: 4292: 4287: 4285: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4247:Geology Today 4244: 4238: 4236: 4227: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4194: 4178: 4174: 4173: 4168: 4161: 4155: 4151: 4148: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4101: 4094: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4059: 4057: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4003: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3972: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3930: 3922: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3884: 3875: 3866: 3865: 3860: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3816: 3808: 3805:(in Danish). 3804: 3800: 3797:(1842–1843). 3796: 3790: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3732: 3728: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3701: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3687: 3682: 3680: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3610: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3587: 3579: 3568: 3557: 3555: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3541: 3531: 3527: 3517: 3508: 3499: 3497: 3493: 3492: 3487: 3481: 3479: 3478: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3464: 3463:Pheidole dodo 3459: 3458: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3444: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3386: 3379: 3371: 3367: 3361: 3352: 3350: 3346: 3345:Alice Liddell 3342: 3341: 3336: 3335:Lewis Carroll 3332: 3326: 3324: 3320: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3300: 3295: 3291: 3281: 3272: 3258: 3256: 3255:R. solitarius 3253: 3249: 3247: 3242: 3238: 3237: 3232: 3228: 3223: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3203: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3162: 3155: 3146: 3144: 3135: 3126: 3119: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3108:Edwardian era 3105: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3089: 3085: 3082:, from which 3081: 3080:laser scanned 3076: 3071: 3067: 3061: 3058: 3057:cyanobacteria 3054: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3037: 3026: 3019: 3011: 3004: 2995: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2977: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2947: 2943: 2942: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2926: 2922: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2892: 2883: 2869: 2865: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2844: 2839: 2829: 2819: 2810: 2801: 2799: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2778: 2762: 2753: 2744: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2720: 2710: 2701: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2670: 2667: 2666:IUCN Red List 2662: 2659: 2653: 2651: 2646: 2645:Alfred Newton 2636: 2632: 2623: 2614: 2605: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2588: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2576: 2570: 2567: 2563: 2557: 2555: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2508: 2499: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2472: 2467: 2444: 2435: 2426: 2415: 2406: 2397: 2387: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2361: 2355: 2347:, early 1600s 2346: 2342: 2335: 2320: 2315: 2313: 2310:'s theory of 2309: 2304: 2298: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2248: 2240: 2235: 2226: 2223: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2167: 2160: 2152: 2151:growth series 2145: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2109: 2104: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2085: 2084:Anodorhynchus 2080: 2075: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2036:In 1973, the 2034: 2032: 2026: 2021: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2008: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1979:gizzard stone 1977:Dodo and its 1975: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1951: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1933: 1921: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1905: 1900: 1899: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1837:deforestation 1834: 1829: 1827: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1794: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1695:, located in 1694: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1680: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1655: 1652:, painted by 1651: 1649: 1643: 1639: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1619: 1617: 1609: 1604: 1594: 1591: 1585: 1583: 1577: 1572: 1569: 1565: 1555: 1544: 1534: 1525: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1483: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1455:lumbar region 1452: 1448: 1444: 1436: 1431: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1407: 1398: 1396: 1391: 1387: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1366: 1356: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1336:Didus ineptus 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1308:Carl Linnaeus 1305: 1304: 1299: 1295: 1293: 1288: 1284: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1180: 1175: 1171: 1170: 1163: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1122: 1117: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1085: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 996: 992: 988: 983: 974: 973: 965: 964: 956: 955: 947: 946: 938: 937: 929: 928: 920: 919: 916: 914: 910: 909: 899: 898: 895: 894: 891: 889: 888: 878: 877: 871: 870: 867: 866: 863: 861: 860: 853: 852: 846: 845: 839: 838: 832: 831: 828: 827: 824: 822: 821: 814: 813: 807: 806: 803: 802: 799: 797: 796: 789: 788: 782: 781: 777: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 724: 720: 719: 714: 713:mitochondrial 710: 702: 697: 688: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 665: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 613: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 550: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 475: 471: 468:Skull in the 461: 450: 436: 434: 430: 429: 424: 420: 416: 412: 407: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 383: 379: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 323: 319: 318: 313: 299: 298:Didus ineptus 296: 291: 288: 287: 285: 282: 278: 274: 269: 265: 260: 255: 249: 247: 238: 235: 234:Binomial name 231: 227: 226: 220: 217: 216: 211: 206: 205: 198: 195: 194: 191: 188: 185: 184: 181: 178: 175: 174: 171: 170:Columbiformes 168: 165: 164: 161: 158: 155: 154: 151: 148: 145: 144: 141: 138: 135: 134: 131: 128: 125: 124: 119: 114: 110: 104: 99: (1662) 98: 87: 83: 78: 75: 70: 66: 61: 54: 50: 40: 37: 33: 19: 10518: 10233: 10181: 10171: 10164: 10157: 10150: 10143: 10138:Drepanoptila 10136: 10129: 10109: 10089: 10082: 10075: 10068: 10061: 10041: 10035: 10034: 10024: 10014: 10007: 9997: 9987: 9980: 9973: 9963: 9943: 9936: 9929: 9922: 9915: 9908: 9901: 9894: 9889:Gallicolumba 9887: 9858: 9853:Paraclaravis 9851: 9844: 9837: 9830: 9806: 9801:Streptopelia 9799: 9792: 9785: 9778: 9771: 9764: 9757: 9747: 9727: 9720: 9713: 9706: 9699: 9692: 9663: 9653: 9643: 9633: 9625:Dysmoropelia 9623: 9613: 9605:Arenicolumba 9603: 9592: 9531: 9524: 9517: 9507: 9497: 9489:Archaeoganga 9487: 9451: 9444: 9318:Paleontology 9227: 9188: 9180:Bibliography 9168: 9159: 9147: 9135:. 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Retrieved 6299: 6293: 6267:the original 6262: 6252: 6240: 6228: 6216: 6168: 6164: 6158: 6146:. Retrieved 6131: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6100: 6059: 6055: 6049: 6030: 6026: 6016: 6004: 5992: 5980: 5963: 5959: 5938: 5911: 5907: 5897: 5873:(1): 29–36. 5870: 5866: 5856: 5827: 5823: 5798: 5771: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5718: 5714: 5708: 5697: 5685: 5660: 5656: 5650: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5603: 5593:14 September 5591:. Retrieved 5584:the original 5579: 5575: 5562: 5529: 5525: 5519: 5494: 5490: 5468:. Retrieved 5448: 5441: 5424: 5420: 5419:(L, 1758)". 5416: 5410: 5398:. Retrieved 5381: 5377: 5371: 5346:(1): 13–27. 5343: 5339: 5335: 5311: 5306:p. 172. 5300: 5290: 5253: 5249: 5243: 5235: 5202: 5198: 5192: 5151: 5147: 5141: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5068:. Retrieved 5057: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 4981: 4947: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4916: 4904: 4884: 4875: 4863: 4839: 4815: 4803:. Retrieved 4794: 4790: 4762: 4727: 4703: 4698:p. 253. 4690:. Retrieved 4680: 4673: 4661: 4649:. 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Retrieved 3690: 3684: 3678: 3632: 3629:The Holocene 3628: 3571: 3560: 3551: 3545: 3537: 3530:Rowland Ward 3495: 3489: 3488:family from 3482: 3475: 3461: 3460:in 1946 and 3455: 3441: 3419: 3392: 3348: 3338: 3327: 3315: 3304:John Tenniel 3297: 3254: 3243: 3236:Threskiornis 3234: 3230: 3224: 3211: 3207: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3188:Sieur Dubois 3172:Réunion ibis 3169: 3140: 3125: 3112:Grant Museum 3093: 3062: 3053:Cylindraspis 3052: 3033: 3025:Grant Museum 2990: 2986: 2983:post-cranial 2980: 2939: 2932:schoolmaster 2928:Vincent Ryan 2918: 2907: 2900:Richard Owen 2866: 2847: 2837: 2835: 2794: 2774: 2743:'s company. 2741:Rowland Ward 2726: 2719:Booth Museum 2678: 2671: 2663: 2654: 2650:Errol Fuller 2642: 2590: 2585: 2580:Amber Island 2573: 2571: 2558: 2532: 2521:Walter Paget 2475: 2456: 2384: 2378: 2372: 2368: 2317: 2305: 2301: 2290: 2275: 2244: 2210: 2198: 2177: 2174: 2168:and accounts 2131: 2124: 2112: 2082: 2079:Cylindraspis 2078: 2076: 2059:Cylindraspis 2057: 2038:tambalacoque 2035: 2028: 2023: 2011: 1991: 1964:France Staub 1953: 1948: 1936: 1902: 1896: 1830: 1823: 1820:tambalacoque 1807: 1799: 1765: 1720: 1705: 1682:Ustad Mansur 1659: 1646: 1627: 1620: 1615: 1613: 1607: 1587: 1581: 1579: 1574: 1568:Dutch Empire 1561: 1543:Ustad Mansur 1492:paedomorphic 1484: 1440: 1416:frontal bone 1412: 1382: 1376:rather than 1361: 1335: 1331: 1323: 1315: 1311: 1301: 1290: 1282: 1280: 1276:onomatopoeic 1271: 1267: 1263: 1255: 1246: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1225:of the word 1220: 1217:, and a dodo 1209:, showing a 1183: 1177: 1173: 1167: 1165: 1160: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1136: 1133:Vice Admiral 1128: 1126: 1120: 1096: 1055:(Mauritius, 1042: 1037: 1029: 1021: 1013: 1005: 1001: 999: 912: 907: 906: 902: 885: 881: 857: 856: 818: 817: 793: 792: 761: 749: 741: 717: 709:Beth Shapiro 706: 685:DNA analysis 681:Osteological 666: 661: 657: 645: 636: 632: 628: 624: 614: 554:anatomically 551: 546: 522: 481: 476:in the 1840s 433:obsolescence 426: 408: 380: 376:Réunion ibis 341:Indian Ocean 316: 315: 311: 309: 297: 289: 271:Location of 245: 240: 224: 223: 203: 202: 36: 10410:iNaturalist 10258:Wikispecies 10166:Lopholaimus 10131:Cryptophaps 10122:Ptilinopini 10084:Phapitreron 10070:Chalcophaps 10063:Alectroenas 10009:Natunaornis 9938:Petrophassa 9917:Leucosarcia 9910:Henicophaps 9846:Metriopelia 9780:Patagioenas 9708:Leptotrygon 9615:Bountyphaps 9477:Pteroclidae 9152:Parish 2013 9106:8 September 8812:Nephilengys 8795:18 November 8686:22 December 8659:Fuller 2002 8575:Fuller 2002 8437:Fuller 2002 8422:10 December 8385:10 December 8204:Fuller 2002 8095:p. 15. 7922:Hume, J. P. 7859:18 December 7816:Hume, J. P. 7671:Hume, J. P. 7653:Parish 2013 7622:Fuller 2002 7531:Hume, J. P. 7367:Fuller 2002 7208:(5): 1–10. 7153:Fuller 2002 7134:: 155–158. 6831:7 September 6740:7 September 6675:Fuller 2002 6665:p. 83. 6541:Fuller 2002 6482:Hume, J. P. 6471:p. 93. 6433:Fuller 2002 6380:(1): 7993. 6221:Fuller 2002 6033:(3): 1003. 6009:Fuller 2002 5985:Fuller 2002 5803:Fuller 2002 5791:Fuller 2002 5776:Fuller 2002 5703:Hume, J. P. 5690:Fuller 2002 5332:Hume, J. P. 5316:Fuller 2002 4978:Hume, J. P. 4952:Parish 2013 4909:Fuller 2002 4899:p. 48. 4868:Fuller 2002 4858:p. 43. 4767:Fuller 2002 4708:Fuller 2002 4666:Parish 2013 4577:Hume, J. P. 4442:Fuller 2001 4291:Parish 2013 4243:Hume, J. P. 4183:7 September 3832:: 109–118. 3727:Hume, J. P. 3706:11 November 3625:Hume, J. P. 3556:from 1896: 2976:New Zealand 2974:remains in 2843:integuments 2562:flash flood 2517:Joseph Smit 2462: 1610 2251:Middle Ages 2194:ostrich egg 2014:Gastroliths 2002:premaxillae 1998:frugivorous 1928: 1626 1909:palm orchid 1816:Tamarin Bay 1772:completely 1727:, Savery's 1701:Peter Mundy 1674:Julian Hume 1645:The famous 1584:from 1634: 1564:ship's logs 1550: 1625 1500:peramorphic 1498:limbs were 1449:), sixteen 1350:Description 1318:(ostrich). 1289:in 1635 as 1266:(currently 1174:fotilicaios 1129:Walghvoghel 1121:Walchvoghel 716:cytochrome 570:terrestrial 186:Subfamily: 10525:Categories 10501:Xeno-canto 10173:Ptilinopus 10152:Gymnophaps 10016:Otidiphaps 9999:Microgoura 9982:Didunculus 9975:Deliaphaps 9823:Claravinae 9794:Spilopelia 9766:Macropygia 9759:Ectopistes 9715:Starnoenas 9676:Columbinae 9655:Primophaps 9635:Lithophaps 9583:Colombidae 9533:Syrrhaptes 9509:Leptoganga 9446:Mesitornis 9360:sandgrouse 9354:Genera of 9306:Madagascar 9165:Belloc, H. 9098:. London. 8861:Formicidae 8603:19 January 8503:27 January 8464:27 January 8224:. London. 7905:13 January 7875:Newton, E. 7826:: 129–144. 7707:11 January 7642:: 105–106. 7343:"The Dodo" 7241:Quaternary 7173:(6): 1–3. 6823:. London. 6785:Biotropica 6732:. London. 5847:1893/25225 5663:(3): 1–8. 5336:Gelderland 4842:. London: 4797:: 89–122. 4651:11 January 4318:(1): 136. 4175:. London. 3606:References 3540:Christie's 3494:was named 3480:in 1991. 3472:coral reef 3246:solitarius 3212:walghvogel 3122:White dodo 3047:museum in 2786:study skin 2658:feral pigs 2554:land crabs 2525:extinction 2488:Extinction 2201:K-selected 2067:fruit bats 1887:, and the 1871:, and the 1808:Gelderland 1769:cantilever 1721:Gelderland 1660:An Indian 1616:Gelderland 1608:Gelderland 1504:skull roof 1378:plumaceous 1374:pennaceous 1312:cucullatus 1294:cucullatus 1283:cucullatus 1260:Portuguese 1251:travelogue 1184:Gelderland 1151:Walchvögel 1084:herbivores 1073:flightless 1063:), are of 1016:) and the 1006:Didunculus 987:lithograph 754:New Guinea 617:congeneric 604:, and the 558:keratinous 531:dissecting 337:Madagascar 275:(in blue) 180:Columbidae 10183:Tongoenas 10159:Hemiphaga 10102:Treronini 10054:Turturini 10026:Pezophaps 9931:Pampusana 9839:Columbina 9808:Turacoena 9740:Columbini 9729:Zentrygon 9701:Leptotila 9694:Geotrygon 9685:Zenaidini 9665:Rupephaps 9526:Pterocles 9519:Linxiavis 9375:Kingdom: 8895:11 August 8646:237701475 8186:Helictite 8166:220413197 8024:128763840 7787:229463078 7744:0019-1019 7559:0007-1595 7553:: 49–54. 7455:4 October 6883:30 August 6467:128421372 6402:2045-2322 5721:: 32–44. 5390:2176-7793 5256:. e1432. 5070:26 August 4630:0891-2963 4608:CiteSeerX 4140:28 August 4045:28 August 3779:28 August 3546:The poet 3528:dodos by 3438:nephiline 3407:watermark 3399:supporter 3370:supporter 3250:from the 3206:painting 3139:Savery's 3088:osteology 3045:Naturalis 3040:hard core 3010:Naturalis 2959:Liverpool 2955:Yorkshire 2936:Mahébourg 2862:mummified 2858:Schleswig 2850:Enkhuizen 2790:lead shot 2312:evolution 2276:Bruin-Vis 2266:, led by 2213:histology 2205:altricial 2182:cassowary 2166:histology 2115:mammalian 2092:megafauna 2063:tortoises 2050:coextinct 2031:crop milk 1960:shellfish 1939:word-play 1833:ecosystem 1774:vestigial 1733:taxidermy 1716:ontogenic 1686:menagerie 1471:pneumatic 1463:pygostyle 1451:synsacral 1223:etymology 1196:Amsterdam 1147:Walchstök 1111:Etymology 1101:subfossil 1081:mammalian 1061:Rodrigues 1045:Paleogene 774:cladogram 726:sequences 691:Evolution 673:monotypic 654:Mauritius 535:preserved 520:monograph 492:albatross 382:Subfossil 349:subfamily 333:Mauritius 327:that was 273:Mauritius 218:Species: 136:Kingdom: 130:Eukaryota 10576:Raphinae 10454:22690059 10428:11192433 10327:22690059 10322:BirdLife 10311:BioLib: 10243:Wikidata 9965:Caloenas 9924:Ocyphaps 9903:Geophaps 9896:Geopelia 9871:Raphinae 9860:Uropelia 9832:Claravis 9773:Nesoenas 9645:Microena 9499:Gerandia 9383:Chordata 9381:Phylum: 9377:Animalia 9232:Archived 9167:(1896). 9131:Archived 9100:Archived 9077:20240212 9069:15098122 8956:13149434 8948:25250457 8914:Pheidole 8886:Archived 8844:21316478 8789:Archived 8756:Archived 8551:Archived 8547:26256311 8497:Archived 8458:Archived 8416:Archived 8379:Archived 8283:The Ibis 8274:(1919). 8226:Archived 8193:: 13–20. 8127:87212166 8061:14 March 8055:Archived 7969:Archived 7965:17113275 7899:Archived 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