1388:. They presumably settled disputes by striking each other with their wings; to aid this purpose, they used the knobs on their wrists. Fractures in their wing bones also indicate that they were used in combat. It has also been suggested that these fractures may instead have been the result of a hereditary bone disease rather than battle-injuries. But in all extant birds where carpal spurs and knobs are present, these are used as weapons without exceptions. Though some dodo bones have been found with healed fractures, it had weak pectoral muscles and more reduced wings in comparison with the Rodrigues solitaire. Since Rodrigues receives less rainfall and has more seasonal variation than Mauritius, which would have affected the availability of resources on the island, the solitaire would have more reason to evolve aggressive territorial behaviour. Several accounts state that they also defended themselves with a powerful bite.
1355:. One group, probably the males, were considerably larger than the other, measuring 90 cm (35 in) in length and weighing up to 28 kg (62 lb), whereas the smaller group, probably females, were only 70 cm (28 in) and weighed 17 kg (37 lb). This is only 60% of the weight of a larger individual. Their weight may have varied substantially due to fat cycles, meaning that individuals were fat during cool seasons, but slim during hot seasons, and may have been as low as 21 kg (46 lb) in the larger gender and 13 kg (29 lb) in the smaller. Though male pigeons are usually larger than females, there is no direct evidence for the largest specimens actually being the males of the species, and this has only been assumed based on early works. Though the male was probably largest, this can only be confirmed by molecular sexing techniques, and not skeletal morphology alone.
1081:
1311:
birds, 1 metre (3.3 feet) tall, and possibly weighing up to 23 kilograms (51 lb). The higher weights have been attributed to birds in captivity; weights in the wild were estimated to have been in the range 10.6–21.1 kg (23–47 lb). A later estimate gives an average weight as low as 10.2 kg (22 lb). This has been questioned, and there is still some controversy. It has been suggested that the weight depended on the season, and that individuals were fat during cool seasons, but less so during hot. The bird was
1327:
127:
1364:
109:
772:. This view was met with ridicule, but later supported by Strickland and Melville, who suggested the common descent of the Rodrigues solitaire and the dodo in 1848, after dissecting the only known dodo specimen with soft tissue and comparing it with the few solitaire remains then available. Strickland stated that although not identical, these birds shared many distinguishing features in the leg bones, features which were otherwise known only in pigeons.
1282:
3788:
292:
598:
1217:. The DNA obtained from the Oxford specimen is degraded, and no usable DNA has been extracted from subfossil remains, so the age of the groups divergence from other pigeons still needs to be independently verified. The dodo lost the ability to fly owing to the lack of mammalian predators on Mauritius. Another large, flightless pigeon, the
529:
of the dodo was in 1693. The
Rodrigues solitaire was killed off later than the dodo. The IUCN uses an extinction date of 1778 for the solitaire, although a more probable date would be in the 1750s or 1760s. Both birds became extinct as a consequence of human hunting and the introduction of mammals that ate the birds and their eggs.
1270:, meaning that they changed considerably with age. The dodo shared several other traits with the Rodrigues solitaire, such as features of the skull, pelvis, and sternum, as well as their large size. It differed in other aspects, such as being more robust and shorter than the solitaire, having a larger skull and beak, a rounded
1396:
The last surviving raphine species, the
Rodrigues solitaire, probably became extinct before 1778. The dodo survived until 1662 or 1690. The Rodrigues solitaire became extinct because of the introduction of feral cats and heavy hunting by the human population. Although the dodo became extinct earlier,
1380:
strength of its leg bones indicate that it could run quite fast. Unlike the
Rodrigues solitaire, there is no evidence that the dodo used its wings in intraspecific combat. Though some dodo bones have been found with healed fractures, it had weak pectoral muscles and more reduced wings in comparison.
1458:
attempted to obtain a live specimen, as he had been assured the
Rodrigues solitaire still survived in remote areas of the island. After searching for 18 months and offering large rewards, he could find none. He noted that cats were blamed for decimating the species, but suspected that it was really
1310:
and a tuft of curly light feathers high on its rear end. The head was grey and naked, the beak green, black and yellow, and the legs were stout and yellowish, with black claws. Subfossil remains and remnants of the birds that were brought to Europe in the 17th century show that they were very large
1301:
As no complete dodo specimens exist, its external appearance, such as plumage and colouration, is hard to determine. Illustrations and written accounts of encounters with the dodo between its discovery and its extinction (1598–1662) are the primary evidence for its external appearance. According to
528:
Both the
Rodrigues solitaire and the dodo are now extinct. A common threshold of the extinction of the dodo is 1662, but some possible sightings had been made as late as 1688. The last sighting with a description was in 1662, but a statistical analysis by Roberts and Solow found that the extinction
1381:
The dodo may instead have used its large, hooked beak in territorial disputes. Since
Mauritius received more rain and had a more stable climate than Rodrigues, there was probably less need for male dodos to fight over territory. The solitaire was therefore probably the more aggressive of the two.
1409:
of humans. This fearlessness and its inability to fly made the dodo easy prey for sailors. The human population on
Mauritius (an area of 1,860 km or 720 sq mi) never exceeded 50 people in the 17th century, but they introduced other animals, including dogs, pigs, cats, rats, and
1334:
The beak of the solitaire was slightly hooked, and its neck and legs were long. One observer described it as the size of a swan. The skull was 170 millimetres (6.7 in) long, flattened at the top with the fore and hind parts elevated into two bony ridges structured with
1253:
Many of the skeletal features that distinguish the dodo and the
Rodrigues solitaire, its closest relative, from pigeons have been attributed to their flightlessness. The pelvic elements were thicker than those of flighted pigeons to support the higher weight, and the
1418:. The impact of these introduced animals, especially the pigs and macaques, on the dodo population is currently considered more severe than that of hunting. Rats would not have caused such a problem for the dodo, as they would have been used to dealing with local
1558:
Young, M.T.; Hume, J.P.; Day, M.O.; Douglas, R.P.; Simmons, Z.M.; White, J.; Heller, M.O.; Gostling, N.J. (2024). "The systematics and nomenclature of the Dodo and the
Solitaire (Aves: Columbidae), and an overview of columbid family-group nomina".
1437:
of 1688–1715. The authors also pointed out that because the last sighting before 1662 was in 1638, the dodo was probably already quite rare by the 1660s, and thus a disputed report from 1674 by an escaped slave cannot be dismissed out of hand.
1240:
about 1.5 million years ago. However, that estimate appears highly unlikely. It was estimated that the relatives of the two species moved to the island about 35 million years ago, when a land bridge between
Nazareth (Rodrigues) or
1315:: males were larger and had proportionally longer beaks. The beak was up to 23 centimetres (9.1 in) in length and had a hooked point. A study of the few remaining feathers on the Oxford specimen head showed that they were
1375:
Little is known of the behaviour of the dodo, as most contemporary descriptions are very brief. Based on weight estimates, it has been suggested the male could reach the age of 21, and the female 17. Studies of the
791:
and molecular data, however, agrees that placement in the Columbidae is more appropriate. Many different affinities have historically been suggested for the dodo, including that it was a small
2972:
Janoo, A. (April–June 2005). "Discovery of Isolated Dodo Bones from Mauritius Cave Shelters Highlights Human Predation, with a Comment on the Status of the Family Raphidae Wetmore, 1930".
1202:
origin and are less than 10 million years old. Therefore, the ancestors of both birds probably remained capable of flight for a considerable time after the separation of their
633:. To house their new species, as well as the other species known at the time, Strickland and Melville named the subfamily Didinae. In 1893 three species were assigned to the group
354:
2571:
3666:
The Dodo and Its Kindred; or the History, Affinities, and Osteology of the Dodo, Solitaire, and Other Extinct Birds of the Islands Mauritius, Rodriguez, and Bourbon
1112:
at the base of the clade. Based on behavioural and morphological evidence, Jolyon C. Parish proposed that the dodo and Rodrigues solitaire should be placed in the
1151:
has since led to the dissolution of the family Raphidae, and the dodo and solitaire are now placed in their own subfamily, Raphinae, in the family Columbidae.
493:
from the dodo and Rodrigues solitaire, as well as 37 species of doves, has found where in Columbidae the raphines should be placed. Raphines are not the most
1454:
trade between 1730 and 1750, when traders burnt off vegetation, hunted solitaires, and released cats and pigs that preyed on eggs and chicks. In 1755,
1538:
gives a meaning of frontlet that is used in ornithology as the margin just behind the beak and provides a quote of it being used in this way in 1874.
775:
The raphines are sometimes separated as a distinct family Raphidae, and their affinities were for long uncertain. They were initially placed in the
1429:
in 1662, may not necessarily have been the last members of the species. The last claimed sighting of a dodo was reported in the hunting records of
3861:
1135:
of their own, the Raphidae (formerly Dididae), because their exact relationships with other pigeons were unresolved. Each was placed in its own
3887:
1233:. It was only slightly smaller than the dodo and the Rodrigues solitaire, and it too is thought to have been related to the crowned pigeons.
1278:. The dodo's neck and legs were proportionally shorter, and it did not possess an equivalent to the knob present on the solitaire's wrists.
1080:
2835:"How Owen 'stole' the Dodo: Academic rivalry and disputed rights to a newly-discovered subfossil deposit in nineteenth century Mauritius"
3361:"Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences support a Cretaceous origin of Columbiformes and a dispersal-driven radiation in the Paleogene"
1455:
470:
and the Rodrigues solitaire, not all grouping them together. Most recently, it is considered that the two birds can be classified in
1339:. A black band (a contemporary description described it as a "frontlet") appeared on its head just behind the base of the beak. The
3971:
3848:
3138:
McNab, B. K. (1999). "On the Comparative Ecological and Evolutionary Significance of Total and Mass-Specific Rates of Metabolism".
3966:
3874:
3552:
3569:
Shapiro, B.; Sibthorpe, D.; Rambaut, A.; Austin, J.; Wragg, G. M.; Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P.; Lee, P. L. M.; Cooper, A. (2002).
2358:
Angst, D.; Buffetaut, E.; Abourachid, A. (April 2011). "In defence of the slim dodo: A reply to Louchart and Mourer-Chauviré".
1414:, which plundered dodo nests and competed for the limited food resources. At the same time, humans destroyed the dodo's forest
1128:) was analysed, and it was found to be a close relative of the Nicobar pigeon, and thus also the dodo and Rodrigues solitaire.
321:
1433:
in 1688. Statistical analysis of these records by Roberts and Solow gives a new estimated extinction date of 1693, with a 95%
3405:
3341:
2880:
2667:
2640:
2613:
2581:
3879:
1120:
pigeons and others, in agreement with the genetic evidence. In 2014, DNA of the only known specimen of the recently extinct
3956:
3062:
Louchart, A.; Mourer-Chauviré, C. C. C. (April 2011). "The dodo was not so slim: Leg dimensions and scaling to body mass".
3002:
2521:
Brom, T. G.; Prins, T. G. (June 1989). "Microscopic investigation of feather remains from the head of the Oxford dodo,
2313:
Angst, D.; Buffetaut, E.; Abourachid, A. (2011). "The end of the fat dodo? A new mass estimate for Raphus cucullatus".
884:, from Shapiro and colleagues (2002), shows the position of the dodo and solitaire within the pigeon and dove family.
678:
A suborder named in 1893 by Sharpe, Didi was defined as a group including only the massive birds, that were sister to
3951:
3892:
466:
following human colonisation in the 17th century. Historically, many different groups have been named for both the
2834:
2765:
3556:
2547:
1523:
In 1966, Raphinae was named for a subfamily within Noctuidae. It was later found to be synonymous with Dilobinae.
252:
2603:
2686:
1236:
It has been estimated that the group containing the dodo and the Rodrigues solitaire diverged from genera like
3961:
3608:
Sharpe, R.B., ed. (1893). "Catalogue of the Columbae, or Pigeons, in the British Museum of Natural History".
3702:
Turvey, S. T.; Cheke, A. S. (2008). "Dead as a dodo: The fortuitous rise to fame of an extinction icon".
1426:
706:
403:
1174:
The 2002 study indicated that the ancestors of the Rodrigues solitaire and the dodo diverged around the
725:. Illiger concluded that the dodo was related to ostriches and rheas, and so placed Inepti in the order
3679:"XVI. On some Bones of Birds allied to the Dodo, in the Collection of the Zoological Society of London"
3440:
1450:
some time between the 1730s and 1760s; the exact date is unknown. Its disappearance coincided with the
1109:
761:
475:
2505:
2465:
1446:
Although the IUCN lists the Rodrigues solitaire as going extinct by 1778, the species probably became
852:) to be their closest living relative among 35 analyzed species of pigeons and doves, followed by the
3946:
3792:
1534:
630:
483:
379:
2797:
474:, often under the subfamily Raphinae. The first person to suggest a close affinity to the doves was
126:
1056:
1343:
of the Rodrigues solitaire was described as grey and brown. Females were paler than males and had
1430:
1330:
Digital recreation of a Rodrigues solitaire, based on skeleton morphology and Leguat description.
1255:
1464:
3918:
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3602:
2792:
1286:
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1405:
Like many animals that evolved in isolation from significant predators, the dodo was entirely
1155:
840:
supported their close relationship and their placement within the family of pigeons and doves
511:
3913:
3866:
3674:
3660:
1460:
1262:, meaning that they were underdeveloped and retained juvenile features. The skull, trunk and
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494:
479:
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339:
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2784:
2721:
2367:
2322:
1121:
635:
601:
Skulls of the dodo and Rodrigues solitaire, the latter having been scaled up for comparison
1397:
the causes of extinction are related and involve the introduction of animals and hunting.
8:
3114:
1434:
1411:
1203:
1140:
974:
947:
865:
768:, based on studies of a dodo skull he had rediscovered in the royal Danish collection of
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506:
272:
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3520:
3473:
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3213:
3191:(1–4). Czech Republic: Institute of Geology and Paleontology. Charles University: 75–90.
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2725:
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2419:
2396:
2371:
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1501:
The family Inepti (Illiger 1811) is unavailable because it was not defined on any genus.
3768:
3739:
Worthy, T. H. (2001). "A giant flightless pigeon gen. Et sp. Nov. And a new species of
3727:
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121:
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competing for resources on these islands allowed the solitaire and the dodo to attain
462:, but became extinct through hunting by humans and predation by introduced non-native
3941:
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3382:
3347:
3337:
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2876:
2810:
2749:
2673:
2663:
2646:
2636:
2619:
2609:
2587:
2577:
2338:
1488:
Raphidae Poche, 1904 is not available because Poche definitely based it on the genus
1183:
994:
833:
683:
581:. These birds reached an impressive size as a result of isolation on islands free of
451:
388:
241:
3772:
3544:
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2387:
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691:
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3731:
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3613:
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3524:
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3256:
3231:
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3147:
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3099:
3079:
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2918:
2857:
2822:
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2534:
2500:
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2375:
2330:
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1568:
1307:
1290:
1214:
1132:
710:
687:
647:
586:
3764:
3589:
2710:"The mysterious Spotted Green Pigeon and its relation to the Dodo and its kindred"
1139:
family (Raphidae and Pezophapidae, respectively), as it was thought that they had
412:
3840:
3395:
3260:
3239:
Naish, D. (2014). "A Review of 'The Dodo and the Solitaire: A Natural History'".
3046:
2993:
2947:(Aves: Columbidae), an extinct flightless bird from Rodrigues, Mascarene Islands"
2573:
Lost Land of the Dodo: An Ecological History of Mauritius, Reunion, and Rodrigues
1572:
1406:
1368:
1348:
1326:
1136:
1105:
542:
502:
443:
1384:
Observations of the Rodrigues solitaire in life indicate that they were highly
1148:
1085:
909:
853:
845:
498:
330:
3723:
3507:
Roberts, D. L. (2013). "Refuge-effect hypothesis and the demise of the Dodo".
3377:
3360:
3278:"On the Osteology of the Solitaire or Didine Bird of the Island of Rodriguez,
3083:
2862:
2806:
2379:
2334:
3935:
3826:
3612:. Vol. 21. London: British Museum of Natural History. pp. 628–636.
3570:
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3159:
3007:
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2734:
2591:
2491:
2451:
826:
641:
545:
248:
59:
3047:"The Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge"
2677:
2650:
2623:
1467:
encountered no solitaires, although he had been assured that they survived.
3617:
3597:
3536:
3491:
3386:
3298:
3167:
3130:
3122:
3091:
2753:
2599:
2342:
1144:
877:
829:
819:
816:
734:
521:
232:
2008:
1984:
3183:
MlĂkovsky, J. (1999). "Family-Group Names of Cenozoic Birds: 1811–1998".
2567:
1267:
1242:
1092:) is the closest living relative of the dodo and the Rodrigues solitaire.
844:. The genetic evidence was interpreted as suggesting the Southeast Asian
730:
34:
3443:(1842–1843). "Nøjere oplysning om det i Kjøbenhavn fundne Drontehoved".
1158:", long considered a third extinct didine bird, has turned out to be an
3652:
3528:
3432:
2305:
1419:
1377:
1336:
1320:
1316:
1271:
861:
841:
769:
765:
750:
745:
679:
471:
188:
178:
108:
79:
44:
2963:
2942:
1191:
1096:
A similar cladogram was published in 2007, inverting the placement of
501:
as their closest relative, with other closely related birds being the
3359:
Pereira, S. L.; Johnson, K. P.; Clayton, D. H.; Baker, A. J. (2007).
3222:
3197:
3110:
Catalogue of the Fossil Birds in the British Museum (Natural History)
1226:
1210:
1195:
1187:
1175:
1131:
For many years the dodo and the Rodrigues solitaire were placed in a
881:
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788:
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695:
549:
455:
138:
84:
3853:
3797:
3678:
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3482:
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3277:
2297:
1725:
3820:
3151:
2691:
2424:
2401:
1996:
1802:
1709:
1459:
due to hunting by humans. When he visited Rodrigues to observe the
1451:
1352:
1294:
1113:
796:
784:
780:
699:
198:
158:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
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1838:
1281:
3626:
1447:
1415:
1340:
1303:
1259:
1199:
1179:
804:
792:
726:
563:
440:
208:
89:
64:
3016:
Livezey, B. C. (1993). "An Ecomorphological Review of the Dodo (
1624:
1622:
1620:
1363:
3787:
2251:
2249:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1275:
1263:
1207:
776:
739:
698:. Features grouping Didi with Columbidae were the angle of the
613:
463:
291:
148:
2357:
2312:
2106:
2020:
2014:
1990:
116:
Dodo and Rodrigues solitaire skeletons compared, not to scale
2164:
2162:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2044:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1617:
869:
837:
607:
552:
538:
436:
261:
2708:
Heupink, Tim H.; van Grouw, Hein; Lambert, David M. (2014).
2246:
2063:
2061:
2059:
1967:
2943:"Fight club: A unique weapon in the wing of the solitaire,
1230:
1159:
597:
574:
516:
467:
280:
168:
2901:(2012). "The Dodo: From extinction to the fossil record".
2159:
2142:
1850:
1778:
1737:
1685:
1492:
Mohring, 1752 which is unavailable as a pre-Linnaean name.
2261:
2056:
490:
3307:
Owen, R. (January 1867). "On the Osteology of the Dodo (
2829:
2234:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2073:
1731:
1441:
3743:(Aves: Columbidae), from Quaternary deposits in Fiji".
3336:. Life of the Past. Indiana: Indiana University Press.
3061:
3024:), Flightless Columbiformes of the Mascarene Islands".
2707:
2210:
2186:
2002:
1886:
1808:
1607:
1605:
1302:
most representations, the dodo had greyish or brownish
3195:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1844:
1697:
717:. He named the family Inepti, and in it included only
617:. In 1848, a new species within the now defunct genus
3627:"Independent Evolution of the Dodo and the Solitaire"
3458:"Flightless birds: When did the dodo become extinct?"
2174:
2085:
2032:
3683:
The Transactions of the Zoological Society of London
3313:
The Transactions of the Zoological Society of London
3196:
Mourer-Chauviré, C. C.; Bour, R.; Ribes, S. (1995).
1955:
1943:
1661:
1651:
1649:
1602:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1323:(downy) and most similar to those of other pigeons.
990:
970:
2222:
1910:
1557:
1319:(vaned feathers with barbs and quills) rather than
3659:
2130:
1898:
1814:
1634:
1628:
651:. Today, only two raphine species are known, with
2833:; Cheke, Anthony S.; McOran-Campbell, A. (2009).
2553:. Royal Society of Arts and Sciences of Mauritius
2506:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22690059A93259513.en
2466:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22690062A93259685.en
2198:
1862:
1826:
1790:
1646:
1579:
3933:
3000:
2875:. Poyser Monographs. London: T & AD Poyser.
2118:
1978:
1931:
1874:
1766:
1673:
1351:in the solitaire is perhaps the greatest in any
1754:
876:("little dodo"), and it was called "dodlet" by
3568:
3456:Roberts, D. L.; Solow, A. R. (November 2003).
3439:
3358:
2480:
2440:
2168:
2153:
1784:
1748:
1715:
1691:
779:due to their peculiar, flightlessness-related
605:Historically, the dodo was assigned the genus
3334:The Dodo and the Solitaire: A Natural History
3051:Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
2284:Amadon, D. (1951). "Inbreeding and Disease".
1371:itself in a Roelant Savery painting from 1626
3610:Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum
3455:
3275:
2240:
2079:
592:
497:columbid, instead they are grouped with the
3745:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
3701:
2870:
2192:
2112:
2026:
3673:
3551:
3286:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
2871:Hume, Julian P.; Walters, Michael (2012).
2662:. Lost Worlds. Hawkurst: Bunker Hill Pub.
2050:
1703:
1425:The latest definite sighting of dodos, on
290:
107:
3642:
3481:
3376:
3297:
3221:
3182:
2962:
2951:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
2937:
2861:
2796:
2743:
2733:
2565:
2520:
2504:
2464:
2417:
2255:
2216:
2180:
2100:
2038:
1856:
1611:
1561:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1400:
3106:
1667:
1551:
1482:
1362:
1325:
1280:
1079:
655:becoming a junior subjective synonym of
596:
478:, whose opinions were then supported by
3506:
3393:
3276:Newton, Alfred; Newton, Edward (1867).
3198:"Was the solitaire of RĂ©union an ibis?"
3015:
2228:
1925:
1640:
1517:
1456:Joseph-François Charpentier de Cossigny
3934:
3738:
3624:
3607:
3331:
2657:
2630:
2598:
2283:
2267:
2136:
2067:
1961:
1949:
1904:
1892:
1820:
1732:Hume, Cheke & McOran-Campbell 2009
1655:
1596:
1143:their similar features independently.
3802:
3801:
3238:
3140:Physiological and Biochemical Zoology
3137:
2971:
2684:
2545:
2204:
1868:
1832:
1809:Heupink, van Grouw & Lambert 2014
1796:
1719:
1510:From the dodo's obsolete genus name,
1495:
1442:Extinction of the Rodrigues solitaire
1347:elevations on the lower neck. Sexual
702:and the hook at the end of the beak.
3414:
3306:
3044:
3001:Kitchener, Andrew C. (August 1993).
2897:
2760:
2124:
1937:
1880:
1772:
1679:
1504:
671:being identified as synonymous with
450:or didine birds. They inhabited the
2492:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2452:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2420:"Scientists pinpoint dodo's demise"
2394:
2003:Louchart & Mourer-Chauviré 2011
1760:
1526:
226:Oudemans, 1917 (Young et al., 2024)
13:
3695:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1862.tb08059.x
3669:. London: Reeve, Benham and Reeve.
3325:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1867.tb00571.x
3241:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3070:(4): 357–358, discussion 358–360.
3038:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1993.tb02686.x
2539:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1989.tb02535.x
1285:Famous depiction of a dodo with a
14:
3983:
3781:
532:
3786:
2923:10.1111/j.1365-2451.2012.00843.x
2687:"Bringing the dodo back to life"
2660:The Dodo: Extinction in Paradise
2397:"DNA yields dodo family secrets"
1258:region and the small wings were
864:and the superficially dodo-like
125:
32:
3972:Taxa named by Alexander Wetmore
3045:Long, George, ed. (1833–1843).
2481:BirdLife International (2016).
2441:BirdLife International (2016).
3967:Fauna of the Mascarene Islands
3564:. London: Hutchinson & Co.
3417:"On the Spurs on Birds' Wings"
3003:"Justice at last for the dodo"
1629:Strickland & Melville 1848
1248:
1225:), was described in 2001 from
1:
3765:10.1080/03014223.2001.9517673
3590:10.1126/science.295.5560.1683
2770:and the Penguin of Mauritius"
2633:Dodo: From Extinction to Icon
2576:. London: T & AD Poyser.
2276:
1391:
1169:
872:. The genus of the latter is
515:, is now considered to be an
3261:10.1080/02724634.2013.803977
2994:10.1016/j.annpal.2004.12.002
1470:
1358:
1245:banks and Mauritius formed.
810:
783:, and a relationship to the
7:
3957:Bird extinctions since 1500
3441:Reinhardt, Johannes Theodor
1979:Kitchener & August 1993
1845:Mourer-Chauviré et al. 1995
707:Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger
663:now classified as the ibis
645:, and the possible species
10:
3988:
3663:; Melville, A. G. (1848).
2608:. New York: Comstock Pub.
2546:Cheke, Anthony S. (2004).
1573:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae086
1110:thick-billed ground pigeon
836:and a Rodrigues solitaire
764:proposed they were ground
762:Johannes Theodor Reinhardt
729:, as the sister family to
611:, now a junior synonym of
562:. The former contains the
476:Johannes Theodor Reinhardt
3810:
3724:10.1080/08912960802376199
3603:Supplementary information
3378:10.1080/10635150701549672
3084:10.1007/s00114-011-0771-6
2863:10.1080/08912960903101868
2807:10.1080/08912960600639400
2766:"The History of the Dodo
2380:10.1007/s00114-011-0772-5
2335:10.1007/s00114-010-0759-7
1535:Oxford English Dictionary
1116:subfamily along with the
1053:
988:
968:
961:
944:
937:
930:
923:
906:
899:
892:
787:has also been suggested.
631:Alexander Gordon Melville
593:History of classification
484:Alexander Gordon Melville
363:Poche, 1904 (unavailable)
310:
303:
298:
289:
267:
260:
238:
231:
122:Scientific classification
120:
115:
106:
23:
16:Extinct subtribe of birds
3952:Extinct flightless birds
2974:Annales de Paléontologie
2735:10.1186/1471-2148-14-136
2714:BMC Evolutionary Biology
2548:"The Dodo's last island"
2499:: e.T22690059A93259513.
2459:: e.T22690062A93259685.
2418:BBC (20 November 2003).
2395:BBC (28 February 2002).
2241:Roberts & Solow 2003
2080:Newton & Newton 1867
1057:Didunculus strigirostris
3394:Quammen, David (1996).
2193:Hume & Walters 2012
2113:Hume & Walters 2012
2027:Hume & Walters 2012
1431:Isaac Johannes Lamotius
1164:Threskiornis solitarius
665:Threskiornis solitarius
3625:Storer, R. W. (1970).
3618:10.5962/bhl.title.8233
3332:Parish, J. C. (2013).
3299:10.1098/rspl.1867.0091
3123:10.5962/bhl.title.8301
1401:Extinction of the dodo
1372:
1331:
1298:
1287:lesser Antillean macaw
1219:Viti Levu giant pigeon
1093:
602:
489:Recent extractions of
299:Former range (in red)
3914:Paleobiology Database
3795:at Wikimedia Commons
3107:Lydekker, R. (1891).
2256:Cheke & Hume 2008
2217:Cheke & Hume 2008
2101:Hume & Steel 2013
2039:Brom & Prins 1989
1857:Cheke & Hume 2008
1461:1761 transit of Venus
1366:
1329:
1284:
1162:; it is now known as
1083:
832:isolated from a dodo
627:Hugh Edwin Strickland
600:
585:, in accordance with
480:Hugh Edwin Strickland
3962:Holocene extinctions
3571:"Flight of the Dodo"
3509:Conservation Biology
3415:Rand, A. L. (1954).
3397:The Song of the Dodo
3115:Taylor & Francis
2941:; Steel, L. (2013).
2181:BBC & 2002-11-20
1465:Alexandre Guy Pingré
1412:crab-eating macaques
1122:spotted green pigeon
673:Pezophaps solitarius
636:Pezophaps solitarius
406:, 1811 (unavailable)
3757:2001JRSNZ..31..763W
3716:2008HBio...20..149T
3521:2013ConBi..27.1478R
3474:2003Natur.426..245R
3445:Nat. Tidssk. Krøyer
3421:The Wilson Bulletin
3280:Pezophaps solitaria
3253:2014JVPal..34..489N
3214:1995Natur.373..568M
3076:2011NW.....98..357L
3064:Naturwissenschaften
3022:Pezophaps solitaria
2986:2005AnPal..91..167J
2945:Pezophaps solitaria
2915:2012GeolT..28..147H
2854:2009HBio...21...33H
2831:Hume, Julian Pender
2789:2006HBio...18...69H
2726:2014BMCEE..14..136H
2658:Fuller, E. (2003).
2635:. London: Collins.
2631:Fuller, E. (2002).
2445:Pezophaps solitaria
2372:2011NW.....98..359A
2360:Naturwissenschaften
2327:2011NW.....98..233A
2315:Naturwissenschaften
2270:, pp. 156–164.
2258:, pp. 111–114.
2169:IUCN Red List 2012a
2154:IUCN Red List 2012b
2115:, pp. 137–138.
2070:, pp. 203–205.
2053:, pp. 177–179.
2029:, pp. 134–136.
1785:Pereira et al. 2007
1749:Shapiro et al. 2002
1716:Shapiro et al. 2002
1692:Reinhardt 1842–1843
1435:confidence interval
1223:Natunaornis gigoura
1090:Caloenas nicobarica
975:Pezophaps solitaria
948:Caloenas nicobarica
866:tooth-billed pigeon
850:Caloenas nicobarica
721:, now a synonym of
571:Rodrigues solitaire
567:Pezophaps solitaria
509:. A third raphine,
507:tooth-billed pigeon
3704:Historical Biology
3529:10.1111/cobi.12134
3365:Systematic Biology
3026:Journal of Zoology
2842:Historical Biology
2777:Historical Biology
2685:Fryer, J. (2002).
2527:Journal of Zoology
1373:
1332:
1313:sexually dimorphic
1299:
1104:and including the
1094:
603:
573:), the latter the
3929:
3928:
3901:Open Tree of Life
3804:Taxon identifiers
3791:Media related to
3675:Strickland, H. E.
3407:978-0-684-80083-7
3343:978-0-2530-0099-6
3020:) and Solitaire (
3018:Raphus cucullatus
2964:10.1111/bij.12087
2882:978-1-4081-5725-1
2768:Raphus cucullatus
2669:978-1-5937-3002-4
2642:978-0-0071-4572-0
2615:978-0-8014-3954-4
2583:978-0-7136-6544-4
2523:Raphus cucullatus
2485:Raphus cucullatus
1895:, pp. 37–39.
1859:, pp. 70–71.
1476:Explanatory notes
1184:Mascarene Islands
1156:RĂ©union solitaire
1126:Caloenas maculata
1077:
1076:
1068:
1067:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1032:
1024:
1023:
1015:
1014:
1006:
1005:
995:Raphus cucullatus
723:Raphus cucullatus
684:Mascarene Islands
661:Didus? borbonicus
657:Raphus cucullatus
579:Raphus cucullatus
548:and contains the
512:Raphus solitarius
452:Mascarene Islands
429:
428:
422:
416:
407:
398:
397:(Hachisuka, 1953)
392:
383:
370:
364:
358:
349:
343:
334:
325:
242:Raphus cucullatus
227:
3979:
3947:Bird subfamilies
3922:
3921:
3909:
3908:
3896:
3895:
3883:
3882:
3870:
3869:
3857:
3856:
3844:
3843:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3799:
3798:
3790:
3776:
3735:
3698:
3670:
3661:Strickland, H.E.
3656:
3646:
3621:
3601:
3575:
3565:
3563:
3548:
3515:(6): 1478–1480.
3503:
3485:
3452:
3436:
3411:
3390:
3380:
3355:
3328:
3303:
3301:
3272:
3235:
3225:
3223:10.1038/373568a0
3192:
3179:
3134:
3103:
3058:
3041:
3012:
2997:
2968:
2966:
2934:
2894:
2867:
2865:
2839:
2826:
2800:
2774:
2757:
2747:
2737:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2681:
2654:
2627:
2595:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2552:
2542:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2508:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2468:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2391:
2354:
2309:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2157:
2151:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1615:
1609:
1600:
1594:
1577:
1576:
1555:
1539:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1515:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1493:
1486:
1346:
1308:primary feathers
1291:Martinique macaw
1215:very large sizes
992:
972:
964:
963:
940:
939:
933:
932:
926:
925:
902:
901:
895:
894:
888:
887:
880:. The following
733:, Epollicati (a
648:Didus borbonicus
446:formerly called
444:flightless birds
420:
411:
402:
396:
387:
374:
368:
362:
353:
347:
338:
329:
320:
294:
225:
220:
130:
129:
111:
101:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3917:
3912:
3904:
3899:
3891:
3886:
3878:
3873:
3865:
3860:
3852:
3847:
3839:
3834:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3806:
3784:
3779:
3677:(August 1859).
3644:10.2307/4083934
3573:
3561:
3483:10.1038/426245a
3408:
3344:
2883:
2837:
2798:10.1.1.695.6929
2772:
2698:
2696:
2670:
2643:
2616:
2584:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2511:
2509:
2471:
2469:
2431:
2429:
2408:
2406:
2298:10.2307/2405692
2279:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2254:
2247:
2239:
2235:
2227:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2203:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2179:
2175:
2167:
2160:
2152:
2143:
2135:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2099:
2086:
2078:
2074:
2066:
2057:
2051:Rothschild 1907
2049:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1977:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1924:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1795:
1791:
1783:
1779:
1771:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1747:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1714:
1710:
1704:Strickland 1859
1702:
1698:
1690:
1686:
1678:
1674:
1666:
1662:
1654:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1627:
1618:
1610:
1603:
1595:
1580:
1556:
1552:
1543:
1542:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1487:
1483:
1473:
1444:
1403:
1394:
1361:
1349:size dimorphism
1344:
1306:, with lighter
1251:
1172:
1106:pheasant pigeon
1078:
1069:
1043:
1034:
1025:
1016:
1007:
854:crowned pigeons
813:
669:Didus nazarenus
625:, was named by
595:
541:is part of the
535:
503:crowned pigeons
425:
316:
315:
256:
245:
224:
218:
124:
102:
100:
99:
98:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3985:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3910:
3897:
3884:
3871:
3858:
3845:
3832:
3816:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3783:
3782:External links
3780:
3778:
3777:
3751:(4): 763–794.
3736:
3710:(2): 149–163.
3699:
3689:(6): 187–196.
3671:
3657:
3637:(2): 369–370.
3622:
3605:
3584:(5560): 1683.
3566:
3553:Rothschild, W.
3549:
3504:
3453:
3437:
3427:(2): 127–134.
3412:
3406:
3391:
3371:(4): 656–672.
3356:
3342:
3329:
3304:
3273:
3247:(2): 489–490.
3236:
3193:
3180:
3152:10.1086/316701
3146:(5): 642–644.
3135:
3104:
3059:
3057:. London: 305.
3042:
3032:(2): 247–292.
3013:
2998:
2980:(2): 167–180.
2969:
2935:
2909:(4): 147–151.
2895:
2881:
2868:
2848:(1–2): 33–49.
2827:
2758:
2705:
2682:
2668:
2655:
2641:
2628:
2614:
2596:
2582:
2566:Cheke, A. S.;
2563:
2543:
2533:(2): 233–246.
2518:
2478:
2438:
2415:
2392:
2366:(4): 359–360.
2355:
2321:(3): 233–236.
2310:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2260:
2245:
2233:
2221:
2209:
2197:
2185:
2173:
2158:
2141:
2129:
2117:
2105:
2084:
2072:
2055:
2043:
2031:
2019:
2007:
1995:
1983:
1966:
1954:
1942:
1930:
1909:
1897:
1885:
1873:
1861:
1849:
1837:
1825:
1813:
1801:
1789:
1777:
1765:
1753:
1736:
1724:
1708:
1696:
1684:
1672:
1660:
1645:
1633:
1616:
1612:MlĂkovsky 1999
1601:
1578:
1567:(4): zlae086.
1549:
1541:
1540:
1525:
1516:
1503:
1494:
1480:
1479:
1472:
1469:
1443:
1440:
1402:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1360:
1357:
1345:light-coloured
1274:, and smaller
1250:
1247:
1229:material from
1206:. The lack of
1182:boundary. The
1171:
1168:
1149:molecular data
1086:Nicobar pigeon
1075:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1021:
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1017:
1013:
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1003:
1000:
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957:
956:
953:
952:
943:
938:
936:
931:
929:
924:
922:
919:
918:
915:
914:
910:Goura victoria
905:
900:
898:
893:
891:
886:
846:Nicobar pigeon
815:Comparison of
812:
809:
713:for the genus
709:created a new
594:
591:
534:
533:Classification
531:
499:Nicobar pigeon
427:
426:
424:
423:
421:Verheyen, 1957
417:
408:
399:
393:
384:
371:
365:
359:
350:
348:Swainson, 1837
344:
335:
326:
313:
312:
311:
308:
307:
301:
300:
296:
295:
287:
286:
285:
284:
276:
265:
264:
258:
257:
246:
236:
235:
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216:
212:
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206:
202:
201:
196:
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171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
118:
117:
113:
112:
104:
103:
95:
94:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3984:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3920:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3837:
3833:
3828:
3822:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3800:
3796:
3794:
3789:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3606:
3604:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3572:
3567:
3560:
3559:
3558:Extinct Birds
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3468:(6964): 245.
3467:
3463:
3459:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3309:Didus ineptus
3305:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3281:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3208:(6515): 568.
3207:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3160:101086/316701
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3008:New Scientist
3004:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2946:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2903:Geology Today
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2874:
2873:Extinct Birds
2869:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2771:
2769:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2605:Extinct Birds
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2479:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2446:
2439:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2281:
2269:
2264:
2257:
2252:
2250:
2242:
2237:
2230:
2225:
2219:, p. 79.
2218:
2213:
2206:
2201:
2194:
2189:
2182:
2177:
2170:
2165:
2163:
2155:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2138:
2133:
2126:
2121:
2114:
2109:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2081:
2076:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2052:
2047:
2040:
2035:
2028:
2023:
2016:
2011:
2004:
1999:
1992:
1987:
1980:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1964:, p. 45.
1963:
1958:
1952:, p. 48.
1951:
1946:
1939:
1934:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1906:
1901:
1894:
1889:
1882:
1877:
1870:
1865:
1858:
1853:
1846:
1841:
1834:
1829:
1822:
1817:
1810:
1805:
1798:
1793:
1786:
1781:
1774:
1769:
1762:
1757:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1733:
1728:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1705:
1700:
1693:
1688:
1681:
1676:
1669:
1668:Lydekker 1891
1664:
1657:
1652:
1650:
1642:
1637:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1537:
1536:
1529:
1520:
1513:
1507:
1498:
1491:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1398:
1389:
1387:
1382:
1379:
1370:
1365:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1328:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1296:
1293:(right), and
1292:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1246:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1073:
1072:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1038:
1037:
1029:
1028:
1020:
1019:
1011:
1010:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:
996:
986:
985:
982:
981:
978:
977:
976:
966:
965:
959:
958:
955:
954:
951:
950:
949:
942:
941:
935:
934:
928:
927:
921:
920:
917:
916:
913:
912:
911:
904:
903:
897:
896:
890:
889:
885:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
828:
824:
823:
818:
817:mitochondrial
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
773:
771:
767:
763:
758:
756:
752:
748:
747:
742:
741:
736:
735:defunct group
732:
728:
724:
720:
719:Didus ineptus
716:
712:
708:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
653:Didus ineptus
650:
649:
644:
643:
642:Didus ineptus
638:
637:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
615:
610:
609:
599:
590:
588:
587:Foster's rule
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
565:
561:
557:
554:
551:
547:
546:Columbiformes
544:
540:
530:
526:
524:
523:
519:in the genus
518:
514:
513:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
442:
438:
434:
418:
414:
409:
405:
400:
395:Pezophabidae
394:
390:
386:Pezophapidae
385:
381:
377:
372:
369:Wetmore, 1930
366:
360:
356:
351:
345:
341:
336:
332:
327:
323:
318:
317:
309:
306:
302:
297:
293:
288:
283:
282:
277:
275:
274:
269:
268:
266:
263:
259:
254:
250:
244:
243:
237:
234:
230:
223:
217:
214:
213:
210:
207:
204:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
179:Columbiformes
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
140:
137:
134:
133:
128:
123:
119:
114:
110:
105:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
22:
19:
3811:
3785:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3707:
3703:
3686:
3682:
3665:
3634:
3630:
3609:
3581:
3577:
3557:
3512:
3508:
3465:
3461:
3448:
3444:
3424:
3420:
3400:. Scribner.
3396:
3368:
3364:
3333:
3319:(2): 49–85.
3316:
3312:
3308:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3244:
3240:
3205:
3201:
3188:
3185:Paleozoology
3184:
3143:
3139:
3109:
3067:
3063:
3054:
3050:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3006:
2977:
2973:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2906:
2902:
2872:
2845:
2841:
2783:(2): 69–93.
2780:
2776:
2767:
2717:
2713:
2697:. Retrieved
2690:
2659:
2632:
2604:
2572:
2555:. Retrieved
2530:
2526:
2522:
2510:. Retrieved
2496:
2490:
2484:
2470:. Retrieved
2456:
2450:
2444:
2430:. Retrieved
2423:
2407:. Retrieved
2400:
2363:
2359:
2318:
2314:
2289:
2285:
2263:
2236:
2229:Roberts 2013
2224:
2212:
2200:
2188:
2176:
2132:
2120:
2108:
2075:
2046:
2034:
2022:
2010:
1998:
1986:
1957:
1945:
1933:
1926:Livezey 1993
1900:
1888:
1876:
1864:
1852:
1840:
1828:
1816:
1804:
1792:
1780:
1768:
1756:
1727:
1711:
1699:
1687:
1675:
1663:
1641:Quammen 1996
1636:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1545:
1544:
1533:
1528:
1519:
1511:
1506:
1497:
1489:
1484:
1475:
1474:
1445:
1427:Amber Island
1424:
1404:
1395:
1383:
1374:
1333:
1300:
1260:paedomorphic
1252:
1237:
1235:
1222:
1173:
1163:
1153:
1145:Osteological
1130:
1125:
1117:
1101:
1097:
1095:
1089:
1055:
1054:
993:
989:
973:
969:
946:
945:
908:
907:
878:Richard Owen
873:
857:
849:
821:
814:
789:Osteological
774:
759:
744:
738:
722:
718:
714:
704:
677:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
646:
640:
634:
623:D. nazarenus
622:
618:
612:
606:
604:
578:
566:
559:
555:
536:
527:
522:Threskiornis
520:
510:
488:
447:
432:
430:
419:Pezophabini
279:
271:
240:
233:Type species
221:
18:
3451:: 71–72. 2.
3311:, Linn.)".
3292:: 428–433.
2939:Hume, J. P.
2899:Hume, J. P.
2762:Hume, J. P.
2699:7 September
2568:Hume, J. P.
2512:11 November
2472:11 November
2432:7 September
2409:7 September
2268:Fuller 2002
2137:Amadon 1951
2068:Fuller 2001
2015:Angst et al
1991:Angst et al
1962:Fuller 2002
1950:Fuller 2003
1905:Worthy 2001
1893:Fuller 2001
1821:Storer 1970
1656:Sharpe 1893
1597:Parish 2013
1386:territorial
1268:peramorphic
1266:limbs were
1249:Description
1243:St. Brandon
820:cytochrome
781:apomorphies
682:, from the
195:Subfamily:
3936:Categories
2720:(1): 136.
2600:Fuller, E.
2292:(4): 417.
2277:References
2205:Fryer 2002
1869:McNab 1999
1833:Janoo 2005
1797:Naish 2014
1720:Janoo 2005
1420:land crabs
1392:Extinction
1378:cantilever
1337:cancellous
1321:plumaceous
1317:pennaceous
1272:skull roof
1211:herbivores
1198:), are of
1170:Divergence
1102:Didunculus
874:Didunculus
862:New Guinea
842:Columbidae
770:Copenhagen
746:Syrrhaptes
737:including
731:Gallinacei
680:Columbidae
472:Columbidae
376:Strickland
352:Didusidae
215:Subtribe:
189:Columbidae
3352:740630833
2957:: 32–44.
2891:778339723
2815:0891-2963
2793:CiteSeerX
2592:839812673
2286:Evolution
2125:Rand 1954
1938:Hume 2006
1881:Hume 2012
1773:Owen 1867
1680:Long 1843
1546:Citations
1471:Footnotes
1359:Behaviour
1227:subfossil
1208:mammalian
1196:Rodrigues
1188:Mauritius
1176:Paleogene
1137:monotypic
882:cladogram
830:sequences
811:Phylogeny
801:albatross
760:In 1842,
751:Columbini
705:In 1811,
696:Rodrigues
688:Mauritius
583:predators
556:Pezophaps
550:monotypic
495:primitive
460:Rodrigues
456:Mauritius
389:Hachisuka
367:Raphidae
361:Raphidae
337:Didiadae
322:Bonaparte
273:Pezophaps
145:Kingdom:
139:Eukaryota
3942:Raphinae
3841:Raphidae
3821:Wikidata
3812:Raphidae
3793:Raphinae
3773:83708873
3598:11872833
3555:(1907).
3545:39987650
3537:23992554
3492:14628039
3387:17661233
3282:(Gmel.)"
3269:84119319
3176:28619917
3168:10521332
3092:21380621
2931:83711229
2764:(2006).
2754:25027719
2695:. London
2692:BBC News
2678:59303394
2651:50877321
2624:46671147
2602:(2001).
2570:(2008).
2428:. London
2425:BBC News
2405:. London
2402:BBC News
2388:30903508
2351:29215473
2343:21240603
1761:BBC 2002
1452:tortoise
1407:fearless
1369:preening
1353:neognath
1297:(bottom)
1295:red rail
1289:(left),
1256:pectoral
1200:volcanic
1114:Gourinae
1108:and the
825:and 12S
785:Rallidae
755:Crypturi
700:mandible
413:Verheyen
410:Raphini
380:Melville
373:Didinae
346:Dididae
340:Swainson
331:Ridgeway
305:Synonyms
249:Linnaeus
199:Raphinae
185:Family:
159:Chordata
155:Phylum:
149:Animalia
135:Domain:
30:Holocene
24:Raphines
3827:Q551092
3753:Bibcode
3732:6257901
3712:Bibcode
3653:4083934
3631:The Auk
3578:Science
3517:Bibcode
3500:4347830
3470:Bibcode
3433:4158290
3249:Bibcode
3232:4304082
3210:Bibcode
3131:4170867
3100:9126864
3072:Bibcode
2982:Bibcode
2911:Bibcode
2850:Bibcode
2823:2954728
2785:Bibcode
2745:4099497
2722:Bibcode
2368:Bibcode
2323:Bibcode
2306:2405692
1448:extinct
1416:habitat
1341:plumage
1304:plumage
1204:lineage
1192:RĂ©union
1180:Neogene
1141:evolved
856:(genus
805:vulture
803:, or a
793:ostrich
777:ratites
727:Rasores
692:RĂ©union
564:species
464:mammals
448:didines
441:extinct
433:Raphina
404:Illiger
401:Inepti
222:Raphina
209:Raphini
205:Tribe:
175:Order:
165:Class:
96:↓
3906:543770
3893:187131
3880:177060
3867:104756
3771:
3741:Ducula
3730:
3651:
3596:
3543:
3535:
3498:
3490:
3462:Nature
3431:
3404:
3385:
3350:
3340:
3267:
3230:
3202:Nature
3174:
3166:
3158:
3129:
3098:
3090:
2929:
2889:
2879:
2821:
2813:
2795:
2752:
2742:
2676:
2666:
2649:
2639:
2622:
2612:
2590:
2580:
2557:12 May
2386:
2349:
2341:
2304:
1490:Raphus
1276:orbits
1264:pelvic
1194:, and
1133:family
834:tarsal
753:, and
740:Turnix
711:family
694:, and
667:; and
614:Raphus
560:Raphus
553:genera
435:are a
415:, 1957
391:, 1953
382:, 1848
378:&
357:, 1842
355:Lesson
342:, 1836
333:, 1916
328:Raphi
324:, 1857
281:Raphus
262:Genera
3919:92330
3862:IRMNG
3769:S2CID
3728:S2CID
3649:JSTOR
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