347:
military force. In 1956, the
Hungarians followed the advice of Radio Free Europe and rose up, only to be crushed by the Red Army: the US did not intervene for fear of causing a nuclear war with the Soviet Union. From the Polish perspective, the hollowness of the claims of Radio Free Europe, together with crushing of the Hungarian uprising, showed there was no point in trying to overthrow the communist regime, and the best that could be done at present was to improve the it. At the same time, the Polish October uprising, which seen the Stalinist leadership in Warsaw overthrown by a reformist faction of the United Workers's People over the face of Soviet objections, gave hope that Poland would become more independent.
362:
The 1956 Suez Crisis revealed the unity of the West were less than what it had proclaimed. That certainly gave
Rapacki hope that disagreements between Britain and France with the United States might be exploited by Polish diplomacy to achieve its goals, the most important of which was to prevent West
346:
Radio Free Europe, a radio station owned by the
American government had making claims throughout the 1950s that the US stood behind the "rollback" of Communism and promised the peoples of Eastern Europeans that if they rose up against their communist regimes, the Americand would intervene with
42:
311:
He joined the Polish
Socialist Party in August 1945 and moved to Warsaw in January 1946. In August, along with a group of Polish socialists, he entered the party's Central Committee. He joined the preparation for the upcoming elections to the Legislative Sejm, and during the
237:. It had very close ties to the Kremlin. He is best known for his 1957 proposal for the creation of nuclear-free zones in Europe; it was never adopted. He maintained good relations with East Germany while warning against West German expansionism.
354:
as
Germany's eastern frontier and the claim that all areas of Poland that had been part of Germany in 1937 were being illegally occupied by Poland. In 1955, at a meeting of the NATO Council, the West German government requested for the
342:
As
Foreign Minister, Rapacki was considered be one of the leaders of the liberalising wing of the United Workers' Party that was known for favouring an ease of repression and censorship, which gave him a certain popularity.
327:
During his term as the
Minister of Shipping, he focused mainly on rebuilding and expanding the trading fleet. He was Minister of Higher Education (Higher Education and Science to 1951) from 1950 to 1956.
308:. Rapacki engaged in many rebellious activities, such as writing anti-Nazi books and secret newspapers, joined leftist groups and learnt Russian. Freed in April 1945, he returned to Poland in July.
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241:
considers that he was well educated, cosmopolitan, pragmatic, liberal and ambitious, and imbued with a sense of patriotism and belief in cooperation with the left in
Western Europe.
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225:(24 December 1909 – 10 October 1970) was a leading Polish Communist politician and diplomat from 1947 to 1968. He started in the socialist movement but in 1948 joined the
128:
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by
Germany as a second lieutenant and the leader of a platoon in the 36th Infantry Regiment of the Academic League. He was taken into captivity on the 22 September near the
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339:, a man whose background as a socialist turned communist was precisely as same as his. Ogrodziński served as his principal adviser.
320:
on 16 April 1947. From 11 January to 15 December 1948, he played an important role in the PSP. He then was elected as part of the
765:
Wandycz, Piotr (1994). "Adam
Rapacki and the Search for European Security". In Craig, Gordon A.; Loewenheim, Francis L. (eds.).
402:
590:
563:
288:, and continuing his career in the Union, he shortly became a member of its council. He often took part in fights with the
54:
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On 2 October 1957, he presented at the United Nations his plan for a nuclear-free zone in Central Europe (comprising
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The principal concerns of Polish foreign policy in the 1950s was the rejection by the West German government of the
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The Rapacki Plan: the 1957 Proposal to Denuclearize Central Europe, and an Analysis of Its Rejection,
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335:. As a Foreign Minister, he was especially close to the director-general of the Foreign Ministry,
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378:". The West rejected the plan because it feared the massive conventional forces in the East.
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Ruud van Dijk; William Glenn Gray; Svetlana Savranskaya; Jeremi Suri; Qiang Zhai (2013).
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Germany from acquiring nuclear weapons, which might someday be used against Poland.
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and demonstrations. Recruited to the army on the 24 August 1939, he fought in the
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669:"Order Odrodzenia dla G. Saragata. Odznaczenia włoskie dla przywódców polskich"
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to be armed with nuclear weapons, a request that caused much alarm in Warsaw.
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Stefancic, David. "The Rapacki Plan: A Case Study of European Diplomacy."
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Piotr Wandycz, "Adam Rapacki and the search for European security." in
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405:. He was awarded the Order of the People's Republic of Bulgaria by
555:
Divided, But Not Disconnected: German Experiences of the Cold War
331:
From 1956 to 1968, he was the foreign minister in the cabinet of
1100:
746:
Rapacki, Adam. "The Polish Plan for a Nuclear-Free Zone Today"
371:
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204:
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257:(modern Lviv, Ukraine) on 24 December 1909. Due the start of
1240:
Members of the Politburo of the Polish United Workers' Party
552:
Tobias Hochscherf; Christoph Laucht; Andrew Plowman (2010).
769:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 289–318.
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Minister of Education and Science until 31st December 1951.
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Recipients of the Order of the Builders of People's Poland
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Jędrychowski was Minister of Shipping and Foreign Trade.
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in 1919. During his early life in the city, he attended
249:
Rapacki was born by Marian Rapacki and Maria Rapacka in
844:
Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland
524:
507:
381:
Rapacki died in Warsaw, aged 60, on 10 October 1970.
545:
389:Rapacki was awarded multiple orders, including the
284:After graduating university in 1932, he joined the
1225:People from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
1201:
479:(Princeton University Press, 1994) pp. 289-318.
316:, he was appointed an envoy. He was appointed
828:
322:Politburo of the Polish United Workers' Party
807:Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones (NWFZ) At a Glance
572:
835:
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277:from 1929 to 1931. In 1931, he joined the
1285:Polish military personnel of World War II
1275:Diplomats of the Polish People's Republic
735:Jefferson, NC, McFarland & Co, 1989,
487:
485:
281:, a Socialist group operating in Warsaw.
67:27 April 1956 – 22 December 1968
701:"Sofia gorąco powitała delegację polską"
391:Order of the Builders of People's Poland
374:, East and West Germany), known as the "
764:
539:
518:
14:
1245:Ministers of foreign affairs of Poland
1202:
809:, Arms Control Association, July 2003.
635:
482:
403:Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
385:Civilian, national and military orders
816:
585:. Taylor & Francis. p. 373.
1270:Members of the Polish Sejm 1965–1969
1265:Members of the Polish Sejm 1961–1965
1260:Members of the Polish Sejm 1957–1961
1255:Members of the Polish Sejm 1952–1956
1250:Members of the Polish Sejm 1947–1952
279:Union of Independent Socialist Youth
141:16 April 1947 – 15 May 1950
110:15 May 1950 – 27 April 1956
233:(PZPR), and became a member of its
24:
1235:Polish Socialist Party politicians
607:"Wręczenie odznaczeń w Belwederze"
25:
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314:1947 Polish legislative election
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558:. Berghahn Books. p. 100.
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275:SGH Warsaw School of Economics
261:, he and his parents moved to
27:Polish politician and diplomat
13:
1:
453:
930:Kajetan Dzierżykraj-Morawski
636:Potęga, Józef (1 May 1975).
582:Encyclopedia of the Cold War
244:
231:Polish United Workers' Party
98:Minister of Higher Education
7:
1028:People's Republic of Poland
412:
399:Order of the Southern Cross
395:Order of the Banner of Work
273:from 1920 to 1929, and the
55:Minister of Foreign Affairs
10:
1311:
950:Polish government-in-exile
1184:Szymon Szynkowski vel Sęk
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495:. Encyclopædia Britannica
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920:Maurycy Klemens Zamoyski
767:The Diplomats, 1939-1979
477:The Diplomats, 1939-1979
424:
209:Polish People's Republic
1290:Prisoners of Oflag II-C
1139:Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz
759:East European Quarterly
1134:Władysław Bartoszewski
1119:Władysław Bartoszewski
1109:Krzysztof Skubiszewski
1051:Stanisław Skrzeszewski
1036:Edward Osóbka-Morawski
775:10.2307/j.ctv8pz9nc.15
337:Przemysław Ogrodziński
300:and spent the rest of
286:28th Infantry Division
78:Stanisław Skrzeszewski
1220:Politicians from Lviv
978:Mieczysław Sokołowski
865:Ignacy Jan Paderewski
761:21.4 (1987): 401–412.
748:International Affairs
709:(79): 1. 4 April 1967
306:prisoner-of-war camps
290:National Radical Camp
1169:Witold Waszczykowski
998:Bronisław Hełczyński
925:Aleksander Skrzyński
900:Aleksander Skrzyński
870:Władysław Wróblewski
681:: 1. 16 October 1965
318:Minister of Shipping
263:Piotrków Trybunalski
129:Minister of Shipping
1144:Adam Daniel Rotfeld
1061:Stefan Jędrychowski
1046:Zygmunt Modzelewski
754:, a primary source.
750:39#1 pp. 1–12
152:Stefan Jędrychowski
90:Stefan Jędrychowski
1114:Andrzej Olechowski
1101:Republic of Poland
1091:Tadeusz Olechowski
1086:Marian Orzechowski
1041:Wincenty Rzymowski
1008:Zygmunt Zawadowski
983:Aleksander Zawisza
895:Gabriel Narutowicz
890:Konstanty Skirmunt
852:Republic of Poland
731:Ozinga, James R.,
401:, and in 1965 the
333:Józef Cyrankiewicz
294:invasion of Poland
1197:
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1189:Radosław Sikorski
1174:Jacek Czaputowicz
1164:Grzegorz Schetyna
1159:Radosław Sikorski
1129:Bronisław Geremek
617:: 1. 20 July 1964
592:978-1-135-92311-2
565:978-1-84545-646-7
227:Central Committee
218:
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164:Mieczysław Popiel
121:Stefan Żółkiewski
16:(Redirected from
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1081:Stefan Olszowski
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174:Personal details
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1076:Józef Czyrek
1056:Adam Rapacki
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905:Marian Seyda
766:
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726:Bibliography
711:. Retrieved
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683:. Retrieved
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651:. Retrieved
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619:. Retrieved
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540:Wandycz 1994
519:Wandycz 1994
497:. Retrieved
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376:Rapacki Plan
365:
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310:
302:World War II
283:
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223:Adam Rapacki
222:
221:
219:
200:(1970-10-10)
159:Succeeded by
136:
116:Succeeded by
105:
85:Succeeded by
62:
34:Adam Rapacki
1215:1970 deaths
1210:1909 births
1154:Anna Fotyga
638:"Komunista"
259:World War I
229:of the new
147:Preceded by
73:Preceded by
1280:Puławianie
1204:Categories
940:Józef Beck
885:Jan Dąbski
784:0691194467
454:References
357:Bundeswehr
793:188856833
409:in 1967.
271:gymnasium
265:, and to
245:Biography
235:Politburo
137:In office
106:In office
63:In office
53:25th
413:See also
127:2nd
96:1st
713:27 June
685:27 June
653:27 June
649:(99): 1
621:27 June
499:13 June
393:, the
251:Lemberg
18:Rapacki
791:
781:
752:online
739:
611:Nowiny
589:
562:
397:, the
372:Poland
267:Warsaw
205:Warsaw
789:S2CID
641:(PDF)
425:Notes
779:ISBN
737:ISBN
715:2021
687:2021
655:2021
623:2021
587:ISBN
560:ISBN
501:2013
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