214:
366:. At first, Ralph depended only on the king to demand Thurstan to submit, but later he appealed to the popes to force Thurstan to obey. His refusal brought him into a dispute with the papacy, for Pope Paschal II supported Thurstan. Ralph visited Rome in 1117, but was unable to obtain an interview with Paschal as the pope had fled the city in front of an invading
402:, the king's chief counsellor, advocated that the consecration must take place in the royal chapel according to ancient custom. The king did not insist and Ralph won the confrontation. He was also involved in ecclesiastical affairs in Normandy, as he attended the provincial synod, or Council of Rouen, held in 1118.
293:, where he was one of examiners of the body, and declared the saint's remains uncorrupt. In 1106, he visited Anselm at the Abbey of Bec, but probably did not try to assert himself at SĂ©ez. After Anselm was elected to the see of Canterbury, Ralph appears to have become part of the archbishop's household.
204:
Ralph suffered a stroke on 11 July 1119 and was left partially paralysed and unable to speak clearly from that time until his death on 20 October 1122. A surviving
English translation of a sermon delivered by Ralph is preserved in a manuscript in the British Library. The sermon survives in some fifty
296:
In June 1108, Ralph succeeded
Gundulf as Bishop of Rochester, having been nominated by Gundulf before his death. Ralph was consecrated on 9 August 1108. He was at Anselm's deathbed in April 1109, and, afterwards, Ralph acted as administrator of the see of Canterbury until 26 April 1114, when he was
341:
As archbishop Ralph championed the rights of the see of
Canterbury and the English church. He claimed authority in Wales and Scotland, writing to the pope that "the church of Canterbury has not ceased to provide pastoral care for the whole of Britain and Ireland, both as a benevolence and from its
325:
It is noteworthy that, while Ralph was not chosen by the chapter of
Canterbury alone, his election involved an assembly of the magnates and bishops meeting with the king. He was not selected solely by the king, nor solely by the bishops or chapter. Ralph received his pallium from the pope, rather
338:, a payment direct to the papacy of a penny from every household in England. Ralph, when he took the pallium, professed "fidelity and canonical obedience" to the pope, but did not submit to the papal demands and, in fact, supported King Henry in opposing the pope's demands.
370:
army. Ralph had taken ill with an ulcer on his face during the trip to Rome and, for a time, it was feared that he would die. He recovered enough to continue on to Rome, however, although it was a fruitless trip. Despite instructions from
Paschal's successors,
410:
Ralph suffered a stroke on 11 July 1119, as he was removing his vestments after celebrating Mass. From then until his death, Ralph was partially paralysed and unable to speak clearly. He was still involved in decision making and, in 1120, he agreed to King
326:
than travelling to Rome to retrieve it. However, It was only with difficulty that Pope
Paschal II was persuaded to grant the pallium, as the papacy was attempting to reassert papal jurisdiction over the English Church. It was
469:
manuscripts, probably because it was thought to have been written by Anselm of
Canterbury, until shown to be Ralph's in 1927. A surviving English translation of the sermon is also preserved in the manuscript
431:
to officiate instead. Due to the damage from the stroke, Ralph was unable to perform the ceremony but, when Roger made an attempt to do so, Ralph successfully insisted on choosing the officiant and
265:
in 1102, for some chroniclers state that it was Ralph who delivered the keys of the castle to King Henry I of
England. In 1103, he took refuge in England from the demands of Robert of BellĂŞme for
450:
Ralph was regarded as a "witty, easygoing" man. The struggle with York, however, along with his illnesses and the effects of the stroke, turned Ralph in his last years into a quarrelsome person.
334:
from the papacy were being refused entry to
England and that the king was allowing no appeals to be made to the pope over ecclesiastical issues. In 1116 the pope even demanded the payment of
229:
from 1125 to 1145. The surname of de
Turbine, by which he is sometimes known in older scholarship, is only attested in the fourteenth century and possibly resulted from confusion with
390:
settled in England for, in 1117 while visiting Rome, he took a neutral position as regards the issues between the Pope and the Emperor. In 1115, however, he refused to consecrate
317:
that the bishops favoured. Although Ralph was a monk and had not served as a royal clerk, he was also a bishop, which seems to have reconciled the other bishops to his selection.
233:, Ralph's successor at Canterbury. Ralph studied at the school at the Abbey of Bec before entering the abbey of St Martin at SĂ©ez in 1079. St. Martin was a house founded by the
330:
who brought the pallium to England, along with letters from Paschal complaining that the English Church was translating bishops from see to see without papal permission, that
313:
being appointed. The bishops also desired someone who was not a monk, or at least not one who was so close to Henry. As a compromise, Ralph was chosen, rather than the
1430:
Treharne, Elaine (2008). "The Life of English in the Mid-Twelfth Century: Ralph d'Escures's Homily on the Virgin Mary". In Kennedy, Ruth; Meecham-Jones, Simon (eds.).
478:
D. xiv. The Latin version, which Ralph was a translation of his originally spoken French version, has been edited and published in 1997. Ralph also had the monks of
2982:
281:, who was also subjected to Robert's demands. He passed his time in England with his friends Saint Anselm and Gundulf the Bishop of Rochester. He attended the
181:
Ralph was not chosen archbishop of Canterbury by the chapter of Canterbury alone. His election involved an assembly of the lords and bishops meeting with King
2997:
458:, no lover of ecclesiastics and always ready to find fault with them, could only find fault with him for his occasional lapses into unbecoming frivolity.
379:, the archbishop continued to refuse to consecrate Thurstan, and Thurstan was still unconsecrated when Ralph died. Thurstan was eventually consecrated at
2215:
439:
performed the marriage. Ralph died on 20 October 1122, at Canterbury. He was buried in the nave of Canterbury Cathedral on 23 October 1122. His nephew,
159:
1555:
234:
258:
482:
search for documents relating to the privileges of Canterbury and had those documents copied into a manuscript which still survives, BM
2814:
399:
2992:
2208:
1354:
The Monastic Order in England: A History of its Development from the Times of St. Dunstan to the Fourth Lateran Council, 940–1216
2407:
2704:
486:
E. His seal is one of the first to take the usual form for bishop's seals, with Ralph standing, in full vestments including a
197:
and of the liberties of the English church. He claimed authority in Wales and Scotland. Ralph also quarrelled for a time with
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families, and was still under their lordship. He became abbot of the house in 1091, and his election was attended by
278:
273:
had ordered that no clergy could do homage to the laity. Robert was also demanding heavy taxes, and Ralph fled with
139:
2010:
1717:
1643:
391:
1704:
427:
at London in 1121. He also successfully asserted his right to celebrate the king's new marriage, over attempts by
1709:
1679:
1684:
1674:
193:, rather than travelling to Rome to retrieve it. As archbishop, Ralph was very assertive of the rights of the
2967:
1789:
1771:
1583:
1541:
1116:
2947:
1784:
1763:
1725:
1618:
1598:
2687:
2372:
1829:
1092:
440:
2557:
1393:
1248:. Vol. 2: Monastic Cathedrals (Northern and Southern Provinces). Institute of Historical Research
1227:. Vol. 2: Monastic Cathedrals (Northern and Southern Provinces). Institute of Historical Research
2977:
2167:
2224:
2177:
1970:
1515:
1327:
1070:
420:
194:
147:
31:
2397:
2342:
257:, which was a daughter house of SĂ©ez. He may have been involved in the mediating the surrender of
2879:
2854:
2767:
2275:
2250:
2182:
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2047:
1824:
1804:
1349:
1323:
412:
395:
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286:
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2255:
2142:
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1899:
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1990:
1919:
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1814:
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455:
274:
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2501:
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2157:
2147:
2040:
1914:
1834:
1799:
1748:
1623:
1508:
1481:
1451:
Anselm of Bec and Robert of Meulan: The Innocence of the Dove and the Wisdom of the Serpent
1114:
Bethell, D. L. (October 1969). "English Black Monks and Episcopal Elections in the 1120s".
479:
436:
282:
242:
226:
221:
Ralph was the son of Seffrid d'Escures and his first wife Rascendis, and a half brother of
171:
167:
117:
57:
386:
Although he feuded with York over the primacy, it appears clear that Ralph considered the
362:
because Thurstan would not profess obedience to the Archbishop of Canterbury, part of the
8:
2859:
2520:
2433:
2112:
2035:
1564:
1488:
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483:
143:
77:
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1133:
1129:
462:
428:
359:
347:
343:
298:
230:
182:
67:
1391:
Spear, David S. (Spring 1982). "The Norman Empire and the Secular Clergy, 1066–1204".
1376:
The House of Lords in the Middle Ages: A History of the English House of Lords to 1540
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1934:
1904:
1454:
1435:
1422:
1379:
1357:
1335:
1309:
1287:
1205:
1188:
1100:
1078:
424:
376:
367:
327:
306:
266:
383:
by Pope Calixtus II in May 1119, although the issue of primacy remained unresolved.
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2526:
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1985:
1909:
1819:
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1779:
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1588:
1402:
1322:
1154:
1125:
475:
372:
335:
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238:
1172:
2884:
2849:
2779:
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2514:
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2132:
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2025:
1874:
1859:
1839:
1809:
1472:
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451:
432:
290:
198:
2909:
2889:
2839:
2809:
2794:
2789:
2740:
2735:
2714:
2709:
2698:
2672:
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2657:
2614:
2575:
2102:
2097:
2087:
1965:
1960:
1864:
1158:
314:
1146:
2941:
2899:
2894:
2819:
2774:
2745:
2719:
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2532:
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2020:
1995:
1924:
1894:
1628:
1383:
1180:
2193:
1199:
2914:
2904:
2799:
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2662:
2581:
2508:
2152:
2067:
2030:
2000:
1849:
1371:
1192:
331:
151:
2322:
423:. Ralph was one of the lords consulted about the remarriage of Henry I to
2625:
2107:
2057:
1955:
1939:
511:
Eadmer’s History of Recent Events in England = Historia Novorum in Anglia
2382:
2317:
2546:
2005:
1980:
1975:
1844:
1699:
1533:
351:
262:
190:
107:
2367:
1414:
1356:(Second reprint ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1137:
2682:
2332:
2312:
2292:
2162:
1884:
1689:
1204:(Third revised ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
490:, and performing a benediction with his right hand while holding his
222:
213:
2441:
2357:
2347:
2337:
2302:
2260:
1661:
1651:
1406:
559:
Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 5: Chichester: Bishops
355:
302:
270:
1281:
1075:
The English Church 1066–1154: A History of the Anglo-Norman Church
2422:
2412:
2377:
2327:
2297:
2281:
1694:
1656:
1613:
1001:: Volume 2: Monastic Cathedrals (Northern and Southern Provinces)
686:: Volume 2: Monastic Cathedrals (Northern and Southern Provinces)
491:
447:. After Ralph's death, John was elected to the see of Rochester.
310:
186:
175:
513:. Translated by Geoffrey Bosanquet. London: Cresset Press, 1964.
253:
Soon afterwards Ralph paid a visit to England, perhaps to visit
2352:
2265:
1758:
1743:
1578:
1498:
416:
1334:(Second ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
454:
said that he was well educated and well loved by people. Even
1638:
1603:
1370:
487:
466:
380:
163:
155:
138:(also known as Radulf) (died 20 October 1122) was a medieval
1269:. Vol. 5: Chichester. Institute of Historical Research
1200:
Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996).
1332:
The Heads of Religious Houses, England and Wales, 940–1216
1185:
Church, Kingship, and Lay Investiture in England 1089–1135
309:, but the nobles and the bishops objected to anyone but a
443:, was a clerk under Ralph, and later Ralph appointed him
494:
in his left. The seal took the form of a pointed oval.
1097:
England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings: 1075–1225
2928:
indicate a person who was elected but not confirmed.
1300:
1091:
1434:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 169–186.
1260:
1239:
1218:
166:there in 1091. He was a friend of both Archbishop
1179:
178:, or bishopric, he took over on Gundulf's death.
2939:
1453:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
1448:
1429:
2983:12th-century English Roman Catholic archbishops
1432:Writers of the Reign of Henry II: Twelve Essays
1390:
354:to contributors. He even refused to consecrate
217:Abbey of Bec, where Ralph entered monastic life
1348:
1113:
720:
718:
2223:
2209:
1549:
1282:Harvey, P. D. A.; McGuinness, Andrew (1996).
1187:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
1144:
1069:
936:
1022:
1020:
991:
980:
978:
821:
819:
817:
815:
775:
773:
16:12th-century Norman Archbishop of Canterbury
2998:12th-century English Roman Catholic bishops
1033:
744:
731:
715:
689:
662:
660:
320:
269:. Ralph declined to do homage because Pope
2216:
2202:
1556:
1542:
1041:England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings
853:England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings
845:
678:
676:
594:
592:
461:Ralph wrote a sermon for the feast of the
1017:
1004:
975:
962:
910:
897:
871:
858:
812:
799:
770:
644:
405:
1563:
1308:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
1286:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
949:
884:
832:
786:
757:
702:
657:
618:
605:
576:
212:
1151:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
673:
631:
589:
551:
547:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2940:
923:
563:
541:
539:
2197:
1537:
1046:
970:Church, Kingship, and Lay Investiture
918:Church, Kingship, and Lay Investiture
827:Church, Kingship, and Lay Investiture
781:Church, Kingship, and Lay Investiture
765:Church, Kingship, and Lay Investiture
584:Church, Kingship, and Lay Investiture
537:
535:
533:
531:
529:
527:
525:
523:
521:
519:
1267:Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300
1246:Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300
1225:Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300
999:Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300
684:Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300
1378:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
1304:(2001). Frost, Amanda Clark (ed.).
997:Greenway "Archdeacons: Canterbury"
342:rights of primacy." He advised the
13:
905:Anselm of Bec and Robert of Meulan
879:Anselm of Bec and Robert of Meulan
639:Anselm of Bec and Robert of Meulan
613:Anselm of Bec and Robert of Meulan
600:Anselm of Bec and Robert of Meulan
516:
301:. The king had wanted his doctor,
248:
150:. He studied at the school at the
14:
3009:
2234:List of archbishops of Canterbury
1284:A Guide to British Medieval Seals
1147:"Escures, Ralph d' (c.1068–1122)"
1130:10.1093/ehr/LXXXIV.CCCXXXIII.673
1028:Writers of the Reign of Henry II
2993:Burials at Canterbury Cathedral
1099:. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
1054:Guide to British Medieval Seals
350:should be built and granted an
1202:Handbook of British Chronology
942:Bethell "English Black Monks"
726:Handbook of British Chronology
697:Handbook of British Chronology
682:Greenway "Rochester: Bishops"
503:
465:and it survives in some fifty
398:in the royal chapel, although
1:
1117:The English Historical Review
1062:
208:
1173:UK public library membership
497:
7:
1261:Greenway, Diana E. (1996).
1240:Greenway, Diana E. (1971).
1219:Greenway, Diana E. (1971).
1153:. Oxford University Press.
1026:Treharne "Life of English"
545:Brett "Escures, Ralph d' "
10:
3014:
1394:Journal of British Studies
931:Journal of British Studies
185:. Ralph then received his
2988:Anglo-Norman Benedictines
2963:Archbishops of Canterbury
2923:
2728:
2431:
2240:
2231:
2225:Archbishops of Canterbury
1948:
1734:
1571:
1522:
1513:
1505:
1495:
1486:
1478:
1471:
1449:Vaughn, Sally N. (1987).
1221:"Archdeacons: Canterbury"
944:English Historical Review
571:Heads of Religious Houses
480:Christ Church, Canterbury
305:, who was an Italian and
154:. In 1079 he entered the
123:
113:
101:
96:
88:
83:
73:
63:
53:
45:
37:
30:
23:
1516:Archbishop of Canterbury
1374:; Wallis, Keith (1968).
794:English Church 1066–1154
463:Assumption of the Virgin
445:Archdeacon of Canterbury
321:Archbishop of Canterbury
148:archbishop of Canterbury
32:Archbishop of Canterbury
2855:Archibald Campbell Tait
413:Alexander I of Scotland
364:Canterbury-York dispute
2835:Charles Manners-Sutton
2766:Episcopacy abolished (
2046:Episcopacy abolished (
1473:Catholic Church titles
1326:; London, Vera C. M.;
1159:10.1093/ref:odnb/23047
1145:Brett, Martin (2004).
1052:Harvey and McGuinness
929:Spear "Norman Empire"
406:Final years and legacy
218:
2540:John of Sittingbourne
2490:Reginald Fitz Jocelin
2128:Thomas Legh Claughton
1815:Lawrence of St Martin
1077:. New York: Longman.
456:William of Malmesbury
421:Bishop of St Andrew's
297:chosen Archbishop at
216:
2968:Bishops of Rochester
2825:Frederick Cornwallis
2158:Christopher Chavasse
1835:Thomas Ingoldsthorpe
1800:Benedict of Sausetun
1565:Bishops of Rochester
1509:Anselm of Canterbury
1302:Hollister, C. Warren
1242:"Rochester: Bishops"
437:Bishop of Winchester
396:Bishop of St David's
243:Anselm, abbot of Bec
227:Bishop of Chichester
172:Gundulf of Rochester
168:Anselm of Canterbury
118:Canterbury Cathedral
58:Anselm of Canterbury
2948:11th-century births
2860:Edward White Benson
1489:Bishop of Rochester
1328:Brooke, Christopher
1093:Bartlett, Robert C.
851:Quoted in Bartlett
484:MS Cotton Cleopatra
415:'s suggestion that
205:Latin manuscripts.
162:at SĂ©ez and became
144:bishop of Rochester
78:Bishop of Rochester
2643:William Whittlesey
2621:Thomas Bradwardine
2564:William Chillenden
2553:Edmund of Abingdon
2457:William de Corbeil
2418:Robert of Jumièges
2393:Ælfric of Abingdon
2288:Theodore of Tarsus
1870:William Bottlesham
1855:William Whittlesey
1526:William de Corbeil
955:Powell and Wallis
708:Powell and Wallis
429:Roger of Salisbury
388:Investiture Crisis
360:Archbishop of York
348:Llandaff Cathedral
344:bishop of Llandaff
231:William de Corbeil
219:
183:Henry I of England
68:William de Corbeil
2933:
2932:
2653:William Courtenay
2609:John de Stratford
2587:Robert Winchelsey
2473:Roger de Bailleul
2191:
2190:
2173:Michael Nazir-Ali
2073:Francis Atterbury
1935:Richard FitzJames
1532:
1531:
1523:Succeeded by
1496:Succeeded by
1441:978-1-4039-6644-5
1181:Cantor, Norman F.
1171:(subscription or
425:Adeliza of Leuven
328:Anselm of St Saba
307:Abbot of Abingdon
259:Robert of BellĂŞme
195:see of Canterbury
133:
132:
127:Seffrid d'Escures
3005:
2978:People from Orne
2870:Randall Davidson
2865:Frederick Temple
2845:John Bird Sumner
2785:William Sancroft
2751:Richard Bancroft
2729:Post-Reformation
2688:Thomas Bourchier
2632:William Edington
2570:Robert Kilwardby
2527:Richard le Grant
2521:Walter d'Eynsham
2484:Baldwin of Forde
2479:Richard of Dover
2218:
2211:
2204:
2195:
2194:
2168:Michael Turnbull
2138:Randall Davidson
1986:Maurice Griffith
1949:Post-Reformation
1910:Thomas Rotherham
1820:Walter de Merton
1795:Gilbert Glanvill
1589:Paulinus of York
1558:
1551:
1544:
1535:
1534:
1506:Preceded by
1479:Preceded by
1469:
1468:
1464:
1445:
1426:
1387:
1372:Powell, J. Enoch
1367:
1345:
1319:
1297:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1215:
1196:
1176:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1141:
1124:(333): 673–694.
1110:
1088:
1057:
1050:
1044:
1037:
1031:
1024:
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1008:
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995:
989:
982:
973:
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953:
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927:
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901:
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843:
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706:
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671:
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655:
648:
642:
635:
629:
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616:
609:
603:
596:
587:
580:
574:
569:Knowles, et al.
567:
561:
555:
549:
543:
514:
507:
476:Cotton Vespasian
419:become the next
400:Robert of Meulan
255:Shrewsbury Abbey
97:Personal details
21:
20:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2929:
2919:
2885:Geoffrey Fisher
2850:Charles Longley
2780:Gilbert Sheldon
2724:
2599:Walter Reynolds
2515:Stephen Langton
2462:Theobald of Bec
2452:Ralph d'Escures
2427:
2236:
2227:
2222:
2192:
2187:
2178:James Langstaff
2133:Anthony Thorold
2083:Joseph Wilcocks
2078:Samuel Bradford
2026:John Buckeridge
1971:Nicholas Ridley
1944:
1875:John Bottlesham
1860:Thomas Trilleck
1840:Thomas Wouldham
1810:Richard Wendene
1754:Ralph d'Escures
1736:
1730:
1567:
1562:
1528:
1519:
1511:
1501:
1492:
1484:
1467:
1461:
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1364:
1342:
1316:
1294:
1272:
1270:
1251:
1249:
1230:
1228:
1212:
1170:
1163:
1161:
1107:
1085:
1065:
1060:
1051:
1047:
1038:
1034:
1025:
1018:
1009:
1005:
996:
992:
983:
976:
967:
963:
954:
950:
941:
937:
928:
924:
915:
911:
902:
898:
889:
885:
876:
872:
863:
859:
850:
846:
837:
833:
824:
813:
804:
800:
791:
787:
778:
771:
762:
758:
749:
745:
736:
732:
723:
716:
707:
703:
694:
690:
681:
674:
665:
658:
649:
645:
636:
632:
623:
619:
610:
606:
597:
590:
581:
577:
568:
564:
556:
552:
544:
517:
508:
504:
500:
472:British Library
452:Orderic Vitalis
433:William Giffard
408:
323:
251:
249:Time in England
211:
199:Pope Paschal II
136:Ralph d'Escures
128:
106:
105:20 October 1122
49:20 October 1122
26:
25:Ralph d'Escures
17:
12:
11:
5:
3011:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2931:
2930:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2910:Rowan Williams
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2890:Michael Ramsey
2887:
2882:
2880:William Temple
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2840:William Howley
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2815:Matthew Hutton
2812:
2810:Thomas Herring
2807:
2802:
2797:
2795:Thomas Tenison
2792:
2790:John Tillotson
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2741:Edmund Grindal
2738:
2736:Matthew Parker
2732:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2715:Thomas Cranmer
2712:
2710:William Warham
2707:
2702:
2699:Thomas Langton
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2673:Henry Chichele
2670:
2668:Thomas Arundel
2665:
2660:
2658:Thomas Arundel
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2615:John de Ufford
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2576:Robert Burnell
2572:
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2355:
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2258:
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2245:
2238:
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2198:
2189:
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2183:Jonathan Gibbs
2180:
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2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2103:Thomas Dampier
2100:
2098:Samuel Horsley
2095:
2090:
2088:Zachary Pearce
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2063:Francis Turner
2060:
2055:
2052:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2016:William Barlow
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1966:Henry Holbeach
1963:
1961:Nicholas Heath
1958:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
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1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1865:Thomas Brinton
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1825:John Bradfield
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1805:Henry Sandford
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1769:
1761:
1756:
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1746:
1740:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
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1697:
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1677:
1672:
1664:
1659:
1654:
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1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1575:
1573:
1569:
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1561:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1538:
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1524:
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1507:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1494:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1466:
1465:
1459:
1446:
1440:
1427:
1407:10.1086/385787
1388:
1368:
1362:
1350:Knowles, David
1346:
1340:
1324:Knowles, David
1320:
1314:
1298:
1292:
1279:
1258:
1237:
1216:
1210:
1197:
1177:
1142:
1111:
1105:
1089:
1083:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1045:
1032:
1016:
1003:
990:
974:
961:
957:House of Lords
948:
935:
922:
909:
896:
892:English Church
883:
870:
857:
844:
840:English Church
831:
811:
798:
785:
769:
756:
752:Monastic Order
743:
739:Monastic Order
730:
724:Fryde, et al.
714:
710:House of Lords
701:
695:Fryde, et al.
688:
672:
668:English Church
656:
643:
630:
617:
604:
588:
575:
562:
550:
515:
501:
499:
496:
407:
404:
322:
319:
315:secular clergy
289:'s remains at
287:Saint Cuthbert
279:Bishop of SĂ©ez
250:
247:
210:
207:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
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99:
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93:
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65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
47:
43:
42:
39:
35:
34:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3010:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2973:French abbots
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2958:Anglo-Normans
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2936:
2927:
2922:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2900:Robert Runcie
2898:
2896:
2895:Donald Coggan
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
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2866:
2863:
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2858:
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2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2820:Thomas Secker
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2775:William Juxon
2773:
2771:
2769:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2746:John Whitgift
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2720:Reginald Pole
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2678:John Stafford
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2648:Simon Sudbury
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2638:Simon Langham
2636:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2604:Simon Mepeham
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2593:Thomas Cobham
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2533:Ralph Neville
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2497:
2496:Hubert Walter
2494:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2468:
2467:Thomas Becket
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
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2421:
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2416:
2414:
2411:
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2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
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2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
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2361:
2359:
2356:
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2334:
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2329:
2326:
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2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
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2291:
2289:
2286:
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2283:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
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2244:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2214:
2212:
2207:
2205:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2143:Edward Talbot
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2123:Joseph Wigram
2121:
2119:
2118:George Murray
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
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2091:
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2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2021:Richard Neile
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1996:Edmund Gheast
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
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1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1930:Thomas Savage
1928:
1926:
1925:Edmund Audley
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1900:William Wells
1898:
1896:
1895:Thomas Brunce
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1880:Richard Young
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
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1858:
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1851:
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1833:
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1816:
1813:
1811:
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1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
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1765:
1762:
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1733:
1727:
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1703:
1701:
1698:
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1610:
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1600:
1597:
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1577:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1559:
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1540:
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1536:
1527:
1518:
1517:
1510:
1504:
1500:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1462:
1460:0-520-05674-4
1456:
1452:
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1437:
1433:
1428:
1424:
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1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1363:0-521-05479-6
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1341:0-521-80452-3
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1315:0-300-08858-2
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1293:0-8020-0867-4
1289:
1285:
1280:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1211:0-521-56350-X
1207:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1112:
1108:
1106:0-19-822741-8
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1084:0-582-50236-5
1080:
1076:
1072:
1071:Barlow, Frank
1068:
1067:
1055:
1049:
1042:
1036:
1029:
1023:
1021:
1013:
1007:
1000:
994:
987:
981:
979:
971:
965:
958:
952:
945:
939:
932:
926:
919:
913:
906:
900:
893:
887:
880:
874:
867:
861:
854:
848:
841:
835:
828:
822:
820:
818:
816:
808:
802:
795:
789:
782:
776:
774:
766:
760:
753:
747:
740:
734:
727:
721:
719:
711:
705:
698:
692:
685:
679:
677:
669:
663:
661:
653:
647:
640:
634:
627:
621:
614:
608:
601:
595:
593:
585:
579:
572:
566:
560:
554:
548:
542:
540:
538:
536:
534:
532:
530:
528:
526:
524:
522:
520:
512:
506:
502:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
468:
464:
459:
457:
453:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
384:
382:
378:
374:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
339:
337:
336:Peter's Pence
333:
329:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
215:
206:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
140:abbot of SĂ©ez
137:
126:
122:
119:
116:
112:
109:
104:
100:
95:
92:9 August 1108
91:
87:
82:
79:
76:
74:Other post(s)
72:
69:
66:
62:
59:
56:
52:
48:
44:
41:26 April 1114
40:
36:
33:
29:
22:
19:
2935:
2925:
2915:Justin Welby
2905:George Carey
2800:William Wake
2768:Commonwealth
2765:
2761:William Laud
2756:George Abbot
2697:
2663:Roger Walden
2630:
2613:
2591:
2582:John Peckham
2574:
2562:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2519:
2509:John de Gray
2507:
2500:
2488:
2471:
2451:
2432:Conquest to
2280:
2153:Linton Smith
2068:Thomas Sprat
2048:Commonwealth
2045:
2031:Walter Curle
2001:Edmund Freke
1991:Edmund Allen
1920:John Russell
1890:John Langdon
1850:John Sheppey
1774:
1766:
1753:
1720:
1712:
1669:
1646:
1572:Pre-Conquest
1514:
1487:
1450:
1431:
1398:
1392:
1375:
1353:
1331:
1305:
1283:
1271:. Retrieved
1266:
1250:. Retrieved
1245:
1229:. Retrieved
1224:
1201:
1184:
1162:. Retrieved
1150:
1121:
1115:
1096:
1074:
1053:
1048:
1040:
1035:
1027:
1011:
1006:
998:
993:
985:
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964:
956:
951:
943:
938:
930:
925:
917:
912:
904:
899:
891:
886:
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873:
865:
860:
852:
847:
839:
834:
826:
806:
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793:
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780:
764:
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746:
738:
733:
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709:
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667:
651:
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583:
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409:
385:
340:
324:
295:
252:
220:
203:
180:
152:Abbey of Bec
135:
134:
89:Consecration
18:
2953:1122 deaths
2805:John Potter
2705:Henry Deane
2693:John Morton
2626:Simon Islip
2434:Reformation
2148:John Harmer
2108:Walker King
2093:John Thomas
2058:John Dolben
2054:John Warner
2041:John Warner
1956:John Hilsey
1940:John Fisher
1915:John Alcock
1830:John Kirkby
1737:Reformation
1735:Conquest to
1401:(2): 1–10.
1030:pp. 172–173
988:pp. 280–281
920:pp. 275–276
881:pp. 357–359
829:pp. 301–308
809:pp. 240–243
377:Calixtus II
373:Gelasius II
346:that a new
283:translation
170:and Bishop
146:, and then
54:Predecessor
2942:Categories
2875:Cosmo Lang
2830:John Moore
2547:John Blund
2113:Hugh Percy
2036:John Bowle
2011:John Young
2006:John Piers
1981:John Scory
1976:John Ponet
1845:Hamo Hethe
1700:Beorhtsige
1520:1114–1122
1493:1108–1114
1164:7 November
1063:References
1010:Hollister
984:Hollister
864:Hollister
805:Hollister
650:Hollister
624:Hollister
573:pp. 51,250
352:indulgence
263:Shrewsbury
235:Montgomery
209:Early life
191:Paschal II
189:from Pope
108:Canterbury
46:Term ended
2683:John Kemp
2408:Æthelnoth
2373:Byrhthelm
2333:Feologild
2323:Æthelhard
2313:Bregowine
2293:Berhtwald
2276:Deusdedit
2251:Augustine
2163:David Say
1885:John Kemp
1690:Cyneferth
1680:Swithwulf
1423:153511298
1384:263296875
1263:"Bishops"
1175:required)
1056:pp. 64–65
1039:Bartlett
894:pp. 39–44
641:pp. 24–25
557:Greenway
498:Citations
223:Seffrid I
160:St Martin
129:Rascendis
64:Successor
38:Appointed
2558:Boniface
2502:Reginald
2442:Lanfranc
2383:Æthelgar
2358:Wulfhelm
2348:Plegmund
2343:Æthelred
2338:Ceolnoth
2318:Jænberht
2308:Cuthbert
2303:Nothhelm
2271:Honorius
2261:Mellitus
2256:Laurence
2243:Conquest
1905:John Low
1685:Ceolmund
1675:Cuthwulf
1667:Waermund
1662:Badenoth
1652:Beornmod
1644:Waermund
1634:Eardwulf
1609:Cwichelm
1599:Damianus
1352:(1976).
1330:(2001).
1273:11 April
1252:11 April
1231:11 April
1183:(1958).
1095:(2000).
1073:(1979).
750:Knowles
737:Knowles
509:Eadmer.
368:imperial
356:Thurstan
271:Urban II
174:, whose
2926:Italics
2423:Stigand
2413:Eadsige
2398:Ælfheah
2388:Sigeric
2378:Dunstan
2368:Ælfsige
2328:Wulfred
2298:Tatwine
2282:Wighard
1790:Waleran
1780:Ascelin
1749:Gundulf
1718:Godwine
1710:Godwine
1705:Ælfstan
1695:Burgric
1657:Tatnoth
1624:Aldwulf
1614:Gebmund
1594:Ithamar
1584:Romanus
1482:Gundulf
1306:Henry I
1193:2179163
1012:Henry I
986:Henry I
968:Cantor
916:Cantor
903:Vaughn
890:Barlow
877:Vaughn
866:Henry I
838:Barlow
825:Cantor
807:Henry I
792:Barlow
779:Cantor
763:Cantor
666:Barlow
652:Henry I
637:Vaughn
626:Henry I
611:Vaughn
598:Vaughn
582:Cantor
492:crosier
392:Bernard
332:legates
303:Faricus
299:Windsor
239:BellĂŞme
187:pallium
124:Parents
2447:Anselm
2403:Lyfing
2353:Athelm
2266:Justus
1785:Walter
1759:Ernulf
1744:Arnost
1726:Siward
1619:Tobias
1579:Justus
1499:Ernulf
1457:
1438:
1421:
1415:175531
1413:
1382:
1360:
1338:
1312:
1290:
1208:
1191:
1138:563416
1136:
1103:
1081:
1043:p. 494
1014:p. 235
972:p. 299
946:p. 673
907:p. 362
868:p. 395
783:p. 281
754:p. 628
741:p. 181
728:p. 232
699:p. 267
654:p. 181
628:p. 163
615:p. 109
586:p. 176
417:Eadmer
381:Rheims
311:Norman
291:Durham
267:homage
114:Buried
84:Orders
1639:Diora
1604:Putta
1419:S2CID
1411:JSTOR
1134:JSTOR
959:p. 58
855:p. 92
842:p. 83
796:p. 38
767:p. 33
712:p. 57
670:p. 82
602:p. 61
488:mitre
467:Latin
275:Serlo
164:abbot
156:abbey
2241:Pre-
1775:(II)
1772:John
1764:John
1721:(II)
1670:(II)
1629:Dunn
1455:ISBN
1436:ISBN
1380:OCLC
1358:ISBN
1336:ISBN
1310:ISBN
1288:ISBN
1275:2008
1254:2008
1233:2008
1206:ISBN
1189:OCLC
1166:2007
1101:ISBN
1079:ISBN
933:p. 3
441:John
435:the
375:and
237:and
102:Died
2363:Oda
1767:(I)
1713:(I)
1647:(I)
1403:doi
1399:XXI
1155:doi
1126:doi
394:as
358:as
285:of
261:at
176:see
158:of
2944::
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1122:84
1120:.
1019:^
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814:^
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675:^
659:^
591:^
518:^
474:,
277:,
245:.
225:,
201:.
142:,
2770:)
2217:e
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