1516:
5093:
3697:
5057:
5081:
5045:
5069:
3708:
3829:
38:
807:
1527:
is based on the detection of variations in the velocity of the central star, due to the changing direction of the gravitational pull from an (unseen) exoplanet as it orbits the star. When the star moves towards us, its spectrum is blueshifted, while it is redshifted when it moves away from us. By
1378:
effects over the great distances that light typically travels to reach the observer from an astronomical object, this measure cannot be accurately transformed to a geometric radial velocity without additional assumptions about the object and the space between it and the observer. By contrast,
911:
1500:
will perturb its star radially as much as a much smaller planet with an orbital plane on the line of sight. It has been suggested that planets with high eccentricities calculated by this method may in fact be two-planet systems of circular or near-circular resonant orbit.
1115:
1860:
Huggins, W. (1868). "Further observations on the spectra of some of the stars and nebulae, with an attempt to determine therefrom whether these bodies are moving towards or from the Earth, also observations on the spectra of the Sun and of Comet II".
678:
1315:
972:
1434:
to wavelengths from laboratory measurements. A positive radial velocity indicates the distance between the objects is or was increasing; a negative radial velocity indicates the distance between the source and observer is or was decreasing.
686:
581:
364:
247:
125:
In astronomy, the point is usually taken to be the observer on Earth, so the radial velocity then denotes the speed with which the object moves away from the Earth (or approaches it, for a negative radial velocity).
824:
1951:
KĂĽrster, Martin; Trifonov, Trifon; Reffert, Sabine; Kostogryz, Nadiia M.; Roder, Florian (2015). "Disentangling 2:1 resonant radial velocity oribts from eccentric ones and a case study for HD 27894".
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
1031:
169:
1168:
1023:
467:
1449:
595:
3548:
1205:
1562:
of the telescope with the Earth crust around the Earth axis, which is up to ±460 m/s at the equator and proportional to the cosine of the telescope's geographic latitude,
1213:
410:
285:
4802:
1528:
regularly looking at the spectrum of a star—and so, measuring its velocity—it can be determined if it moves periodically due to the influence of an exoplanet companion.
919:
1464:
motion usually causes radial velocity variations of several kilometres per second (km/s). As the spectra of these stars vary due to the
Doppler effect, they are called
802:{\displaystyle {\dot {r}}={\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {\langle {\frac {d\mathbf {r} }{dt}},\mathbf {r} \rangle +\langle \mathbf {r} ,{\frac {d\mathbf {r} }{dt}}\rangle }{r}}}
4964:
4829:
1863:
1352:
1898:
Anglada-Escude, Guillem; Lopez-Morales, Mercedes; Chambers, John E. (2010). "How eccentric orbital solutions can hide planetary systems in 2:1 resonant orbits".
1808:
Dravins, Dainis; Lindegren, Lennart; Madsen, Søren (1999). "Astrometric radial velocities. I. Non-spectroscopic methods for measuring stellar radial velocity".
503:
4856:
298:
4641:
4636:
41:
A plane flying past a radar station: the plane's velocity vector (red) is the sum of the radial velocity (green) and the tangential velocity (blue).
4797:
4260:
1847:. Special Issue: Preliminary Program of the XXVth GA in Sydney, July 13–26, 2003 Information Bulletin n° 91. Page 51. IAU Secretariat. July 2002.
1725:. Special Issue: Preliminary Program of the XXVth GA in Sydney, July 13–26, 2003 Information Bulletin n° 91. Page 50. IAU Secretariat. July 2002.
190:
4564:
4535:
4118:
906:{\displaystyle {\dot {r}}={\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {\langle \mathbf {v} ,\mathbf {r} \rangle +\langle \mathbf {r} ,\mathbf {v} \rangle }{r}}}
4851:
4395:
3803:
1488:
around stars, in the way that the movement's measurement determines the planet's orbital period, while the resulting radial-velocity
4571:
4834:
4671:
4400:
1536:
From the instrumental perspective, velocities are measured relative to the telescope's motion. So an important first step of the
4518:
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2029:
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4651:
4385:
1452:
Diagram showing how an exoplanet's orbit changes the position and velocity of a star as they orbit a common center of mass
4697:
4631:
3745:
1496:. Radial velocity methods alone may only reveal a lower bound, since a large planet orbiting at a very high angle to the
1110:{\displaystyle {\dot {r}}={\frac {\langle \mathbf {r} ,\mathbf {v} \rangle }{r}}=\langle {\hat {r}},\mathbf {v} \rangle }
4064:
1665:
The norm, a nonnegative number, is multiplied by -1 if velocity (red arrow in the figure) and relative position form an
4989:
4839:
4646:
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2874:
137:
5022:
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17:
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1126:
981:
420:
2176:
Renze, John; Stover, Christopher; and
Weisstein, Eric W. "Inner Product." From MathWorld—A Wolfram Web Resource.
5118:
4748:
3560:
3197:
3181:
2216:
2168:
1707:
673:{\displaystyle {\dot {r}}={\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {d\langle \mathbf {r} ,\mathbf {r} \rangle }{dt}}{\frac {1}{r}}}
4974:
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73:
4959:
4305:
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3541:
3516:
2809:
1515:
4265:
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4753:
3531:
3511:
4412:
2894:
1310:{\displaystyle {\dot {r}}=v\langle {\hat {r}},{\hat {v}}\rangle =v\langle {\hat {r}},{\hat {v}}\rangle }
1176:
5035:
4787:
4782:
4772:
4530:
4190:
3595:
3526:
3496:
2190:
The Radial
Velocity Equation in the Search for Exoplanets ( The Doppler Spectroscopy or Wobble Method )
1617:
2189:
5017:
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3038:
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2467:
2462:
2051:
1579:
in the case of spectroscopic measurements corrections of the order of ±20 cm/s with respect to
1403:
Light from an object with a substantial relative radial velocity at emission will be subject to the
4777:
4722:
4583:
4475:
4370:
4130:
3773:
2745:
2619:
2254:
1423:
967:{\displaystyle \langle \mathbf {v} ,\mathbf {r} \rangle =\langle \mathbf {r} ,\mathbf {v} \rangle }
4490:
393:
268:
4999:
4702:
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1465:
4180:
114:
of the relative velocity vector onto the LOS direction. Equivalently, radial speed equals the
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3536:
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3419:
3207:
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2137:
1974:
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2009:
1970:
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1363:
119:
107:
8:
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4245:
4215:
4024:
4019:
3818:
3137:
3120:
2791:
2693:
2516:
1641:
1626:
1614: – Velocity of an object or observer in the rest frame of another object or observer
1559:
1422:
or other luminous distant objects can be measured accurately by taking a high-resolution
1331:
1321:
576:{\displaystyle {\dot {r}}={\frac {d\langle \mathbf {r} ,\mathbf {r} \rangle ^{1/2}}{dt}}}
3277:
2092:
2013:
1921:
1876:
1723:
Resolution C1 on the
Definition of a Spectroscopic "Barycentric Radial-Velocity Measure"
5073:
5061:
4358:
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4235:
4150:
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3731:
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3161:
3083:
2774:
2410:
2209:
2106:
2078:
2039:
1986:
1960:
1933:
1907:
1817:
1783:
1757:
1362:
In astronomy, radial velocity is often measured to the first order of approximation by
387:
104:
96:
2101:
2066:
1929:
5128:
4606:
4240:
3988:
3983:
3932:
3782:
3623:
3048:
3021:
3001:
2801:
2585:
2573:
2400:
2380:
2334:
2316:
2284:
2164:
2110:
2025:
1703:
1611:
1605:
1552:
1388:
179:
172:
111:
69:
65:
3108:
2157:
1990:
1787:
1555:
of ± 13 m/s of the Earth around the center of gravity of the Earth-Moon system,
5049:
4984:
4732:
4495:
4485:
4345:
4295:
4185:
4175:
4099:
4029:
4014:
3813:
3451:
3404:
3354:
3342:
3320:
3315:
3242:
3202:
3149:
2931:
2854:
2829:
2723:
2644:
2368:
2329:
2096:
2017:
1978:
1937:
1925:
1880:
1848:
1775:
1726:
1586:
1545:
27:
Velocity of an object as the rate of distance change between the object and a point
1982:
359:{\displaystyle r=\|\mathbf {r} \|=\langle \mathbf {r} ,\mathbf {r} \rangle ^{1/2}}
5123:
4430:
4270:
4170:
4094:
4084:
3863:
3638:
3310:
3154:
3125:
3066:
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2664:
2629:
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2509:
2504:
2449:
2259:
2177:
1779:
1573:
1473:
1438:
383:
58:
31:
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4335:
4330:
4135:
4044:
3700:
3466:
3305:
3132:
3103:
3078:
3011:
2700:
2568:
2454:
2356:
2246:
2236:
1631:
1537:
1481:
1404:
1171:
2124:
Stumpff, P. (1985). "Rigorous treatment of the heliocentric motion of stars".
5107:
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3968:
3943:
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3409:
3377:
3252:
2961:
2784:
2755:
2733:
2351:
2324:
2301:
2202:
2004:
Ferraz-Mello, S.; Michtchenko, T. A. (2005). "Extrasolar
Planetary Systems".
1669:
or if relative velocity (green arrow) and relative position are antiparallel.
1636:
1599:
1431:
1120:
i.e., the projection of the relative velocity vector onto the LOS direction.
288:
92:
77:
242:{\displaystyle \mathbf {v} ={\frac {d\mathbf {r} }{dt}}\in \mathbb {R} ^{3}}
4616:
4601:
4480:
4377:
4300:
4069:
4049:
4039:
3937:
3873:
3712:
3387:
3337:
3332:
3232:
3115:
3098:
3056:
3026:
3016:
2951:
2834:
2779:
2760:
2740:
2718:
2710:
2553:
2546:
2385:
2306:
2289:
1884:
1666:
1566:
1407:, so the frequency of the light decreases for objects that were receding (
4542:
4320:
4315:
4285:
4255:
4210:
4165:
4160:
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4074:
4009:
3953:
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3300:
3292:
3282:
3262:
3237:
3166:
3088:
2844:
2819:
2814:
2728:
2688:
2649:
2614:
2597:
2592:
2264:
1822:
1762:
1457:
1445:
with respect to the Sun, based on observed redshift of the star's light.
1384:
975:
115:
100:
37:
4513:
4280:
4054:
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2558:
2536:
2531:
2395:
2021:
1492:
allows the calculation of the lower bound on a planet's mass using the
1427:
587:
5092:
1602: – Measure of observed changes in the apparent locations of stars
3963:
3958:
3924:
3909:
3798:
3399:
3247:
3031:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2946:
2899:
2889:
2683:
2659:
2634:
2541:
2492:
2425:
2415:
2390:
2363:
2339:
2274:
1524:
1497:
1489:
1412:
1375:
2067:"On the rotation speed of the Milky Way determined from HI emission"
1448:
4353:
3392:
3093:
2767:
2526:
2499:
2083:
1965:
1897:
1646:
1408:
1392:
1912:
4365:
3667:
3142:
2904:
2671:
2624:
2607:
2602:
2521:
1845:
Resolution C 2 on the
Definition of "Astrometric Radial Velocity"
4676:
4004:
3828:
3763:
3657:
3645:
2864:
2750:
1950:
1485:
1442:
3723:
2008:. Lecture Notes in Physics. Vol. 683. pp. 219–271.
1589:
is the impact caused by not being in the plane of the motion.
1461:
1320:
where the inner product is either +1 or -1, for parallel and
3006:
2225:
1469:
1468:. Radial velocity can be used to estimate the ratio of the
1419:
1328:
A singularity exists for coincident observer target, i.e.,
1025:(or LOS direction), the range rate is simply expressed as
3707:
1572:
contributions of 230 km/s from the motion around the
4965:
3372:
1864:
1366:. The quantity obtained by this method may be called the
2194:
586:
Evaluating the derivative of the right-hand-side by the
2003:
1622:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
30:"Radial speed" redirects here. Not to be confused with
1807:
1608: – Velocity of an object relative to a rest frame
5033:
1334:
1216:
1179:
1129:
1034:
984:
922:
827:
689:
598:
506:
423:
396:
301:
271:
193:
140:
1441:
ventured in 1868 to estimate the radial velocity of
1411:) and increases for objects that were approaching (
2156:
1741:Lindegren, Lennart; Dravins, Dainis (April 2003).
1691:
1370:or spectroscopic radial velocity. However, due to
1346:
1309:
1199:
1162:
1109:
1017:
966:
905:
801:
672:
575:
461:
404:
358:
279:
241:
163:
4642:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
4637:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
1743:"The fundamental definition of "radial velocity""
5105:
4261:List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules
1849:https://www.iau.org/static/publications/IB91.pdf
1740:
1727:https://www.iau.org/static/publications/IB91.pdf
1398:
164:{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} \in \mathbb {R} ^{3}}
64:between the two points. It is formulated as the
1736:
1734:
1548:around the Sun at approximately ± 30 km/s,
1519:The radial velocity method to detect exoplanets
1484:. The same method has also been used to detect
53:of a target with respect to an observer is the
2178:http://mathworld.wolfram.com/InnerProduct.html
2058:
1838:
1716:
1698:(Second ed.). Prentice-Hall Inc. p.
182:of the target with respect to the observer be
3739:
2210:
2154:
1891:
1689:
1997:
1944:
1731:
1357:
1304:
1274:
1265:
1235:
1194:
1186:
1104:
1081:
1069:
1053:
961:
945:
939:
923:
894:
878:
872:
856:
790:
757:
751:
718:
646:
630:
545:
528:
339:
322:
316:
308:
1163:{\displaystyle {\hat {v}}=\mathbf {v} /{v}}
1018:{\displaystyle {\hat {r}}=\mathbf {r} /{r}}
462:{\displaystyle {\dot {r}}={\frac {dr}{dt}}}
3746:
3732:
2217:
2203:
1504:
3804:Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters
2155:Hoffman, Kenneth M.; Kunzel, Ray (1971),
2117:
2100:
2082:
1964:
1911:
1821:
1761:
1690:Hoffman, Kenneth M.; Kunzel, Ray (1971).
1354:; in this case, range rate is undefined.
229:
175:of a target with respect to an observer.
151:
4672:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
2064:
2006:Chaos and Stability in Planetary Systems
1514:
1447:
1123:Further defining the velocity direction
36:
2163:(Second ed.), Prentice-Hall Inc.,
2123:
1859:
14:
5106:
1620: – Study of the movement of stars
4980:Geodynamics of terrestrial exoplanets
3727:
2198:
1523:The radial velocity method to detect
265:The magnitude of the position vector
4662:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
4652:Habitability of neutron star systems
414:
292:
184:
5005:Sudarsky's gas giant classification
4632:Habitability of binary star systems
1565:small contributions from the Earth
1368:barycentric radial-velocity measure
24:
4990:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
4647:Habitability of natural satellites
2148:
1540:is to remove the contributions of
1200:{\displaystyle v=\|\mathbf {v} \|}
80:(LOS) connecting the two points.
25:
5140:
4657:Habitability of red dwarf systems
2183:
2065:Reid, M. J.; Dame, T. M. (2016).
1900:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
1531:
5091:
5079:
5067:
5055:
5043:
4754:Stars with proto-planetary discs
4718:NASA Star and Exoplanet Database
4708:Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia
4196:Extraterrestrial sample curation
3827:
3706:
3696:
3695:
1190:
1146:
1100:
1065:
1057:
1001:
957:
949:
935:
927:
890:
882:
868:
860:
775:
761:
747:
728:
642:
634:
540:
532:
398:
334:
326:
312:
273:
209:
195:
142:
103:between the two points. It is a
4667:Habitable zone for complex life
4105:Ultra-short period planet (USP)
3809:Methods of detecting exoplanets
382:The quantity range rate is the
4848:Discovered exoplanets by year
3753:
1853:
1801:
1683:
1659:
1576:and associated proper motions.
1298:
1283:
1259:
1244:
1136:
1090:
991:
287:is defined as in terms of the
134:Given a differentiable vector
129:
13:
1:
4975:Extrasolar planets in fiction
4622:Extraterrestrial liquid water
3608:Timeline of stellar astronomy
1676:
1399:Spectroscopic radial velocity
1387:observations (for example, a
4995:Planets in globular clusters
4612:Circumstellar habitable zone
405:{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} }
280:{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} }
7:
4955:Exoplanet naming convention
4065:Planet/Brown dwarf boundary
3268:Hertzsprung–Russell diagram
2102:10.3847/0004-637X/832/2/159
1983:10.1051/0004-6361/201525872
1930:10.1088/0004-637X/709/1/168
1593:
1426:and comparing the measured
1381:astrometric radial velocity
814:
493:
487:
475:
372:
255:
171:defining the instantaneous
10:
5145:
4191:Extraterrestrial materials
3825:
3182:Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism
1780:10.1051/0004-6361:20030181
1750:Astronomy and Astrophysics
1618:Space velocity (astronomy)
1508:
29:
5018:Discoveries of exoplanets
5013:
4942:
4731:
4690:
4592:
4504:
4411:
4344:
4221:Interplanetary dust cloud
4117:
3997:
3923:
3849:
3836:
3791:
3759:
3691:
3616:
3465:
3363:
3291:
3190:
3047:
2922:
2800:
2709:
2445:
2436:
2315:
2245:
2232:
2224:
2071:The Astrophysical Journal
1418:The radial velocity of a
1358:Applications in astronomy
978:relative position vector
818:) the expression becomes
4723:Open Exoplanet Catalogue
4698:Nearby Habitable Systems
4584:Transit-timing variation
3561:With multiple exoplanets
1652:
118:of the radial velocity,
5000:Small planet radius gap
4703:Exoplanet Data Explorer
4627:Galactic habitable zone
4201:Giant-impact hypothesis
2347:Asymptotic giant branch
2138:1985A&A...144..232S
1975:2015A&A...577A.103K
1832:1999A&A...348.1040D
1772:2003A&A...401.1185L
1546:Earth's elliptic motion
1505:Detection of exoplanets
1472:of the stars, and some
68:of the target-observer
4960:Exoplanet phase curves
4798:Terrestrial candidates
4749:Multiplanetary systems
4713:NASA Exoplanet Archive
4396:Mean-motion resonances
4206:Gravitational collapse
4156:Circumstellar envelope
3683:Tidal disruption event
3172:Circumstellar envelope
2406:Luminous blue variable
1885:10.1098/rstl.1868.0022
1520:
1466:spectroscopic binaries
1453:
1348:
1311:
1201:
1164:
1111:
1019:
968:
907:
803:
674:
577:
463:
406:
360:
281:
243:
178:Let the instantaneous
165:
51:line-of-sight velocity
42:
5119:Concepts in astronomy
4835:Potentially habitable
4740:Exoplanetary systems
4682:Superhabitable planet
4441:F/Yellow-white dwarfs
4326:Sample-return mission
4226:Interplanetary medium
3208:Effective temperature
1569:at the level of mm/s,
1518:
1451:
1349:
1312:
1202:
1165:
1112:
1020:
969:
908:
804:
675:
578:
464:
407:
361:
282:
244:
166:
40:
4970:Extragalactic planet
4950:Carl Sagan Institute
4231:Interplanetary space
4146:Circumplanetary disk
3819:Planet-hosting stars
3678:Planet-hosting stars
3556:With resolved images
3527:Historical brightest
3457:Photometric-standard
3383:Solar radio emission
3177:Eddington luminosity
2957:Triple-alpha process
2895:Thorne–Żytkow object
2270:Young stellar object
1511:Doppler spectroscopy
1494:binary mass function
1364:Doppler spectroscopy
1332:
1322:antiparallel vectors
1214:
1177:
1127:
1032:
982:
920:
825:
687:
596:
504:
421:
394:
299:
269:
191:
138:
110:, formulated as the
4311:Protoplanetary disk
4291:Planetary migration
4246:Interstellar medium
4025:Circumtriple planet
4020:Circumbinary planet
3502:Highest temperature
3273:Color–color diagram
3138:Protoplanetary disk
2942:Proton–proton chain
2620:Chemically peculiar
2093:2016ApJ...832..159R
2014:2005LNP...683..219F
1922:2010ApJ...709..168A
1877:1868RSPT..158..529H
1642:Orbit determination
1627:Bistatic range rate
1347:{\displaystyle r=0}
4276:Nebular hypothesis
4251:Interstellar space
4236:Interstellar cloud
4216:Internal structure
4151:Circumstellar disc
3507:Lowest temperature
3258:Photometric system
3228:Absolute magnitude
3162:Circumstellar dust
2775:Stellar black hole
2411:Stellar population
2297:Herbig–Haro object
2022:10.1007/10978337_4
1521:
1454:
1344:
1307:
1197:
1160:
1107:
1015:
964:
903:
799:
670:
573:
459:
402:
386:of the magnitude (
356:
277:
239:
161:
74:relative direction
43:
5031:
5030:
4607:Astrooceanography
4241:Interstellar dust
4113:
4112:
3989:Ultra-hot Neptune
3984:Ultra-hot Jupiter
3933:Eccentric Jupiter
3783:Planetary science
3721:
3720:
3624:Substellar object
3603:Planetary nebulae
3022:Luminous red nova
2932:Deuterium burning
2918:
2917:
2401:Instability strip
2381:Wolf-Rayet nebula
2335:Horizontal branch
2280:Pre-main-sequence
2126:Astron. Astrophys
2031:978-3-540-28208-2
1953:Astron. Astrophys
1810:Astron. Astrophys
1612:Relative velocity
1606:Peculiar velocity
1383:is determined by
1301:
1286:
1262:
1247:
1226:
1139:
1093:
1076:
1044:
994:
901:
851:
837:
797:
788:
741:
713:
699:
668:
658:
622:
608:
571:
516:
483:
482:
457:
433:
380:
379:
263:
262:
222:
180:relative velocity
173:relative position
112:scalar projection
70:relative velocity
66:vector projection
18:Radial velocities
16:(Redirected from
5136:
5096:
5095:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5060:
5059:
5058:
5048:
5047:
5046:
5039:
4985:Neptunian desert
4371:Tidally detached
4306:Planet formation
4296:Planetary system
4186:Exozodiacal dust
4176:Disrupted planet
4100:Ultra-cool dwarf
4030:Disrupted planet
4015:Chthonian planet
3847:
3846:
3831:
3814:Planetary system
3748:
3741:
3734:
3725:
3724:
3713:Stars portal
3711:
3710:
3699:
3698:
3355:Planetary system
3278:Strömgren sphere
3150:Asteroseismology
2871:Black hole star
2443:
2442:
2369:Planetary nebula
2330:Red-giant branch
2219:
2212:
2205:
2196:
2195:
2173:
2162:
2142:
2141:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2104:
2086:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2049:
2045:
2043:
2035:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1968:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1915:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1857:
1851:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1825:
1823:astro-ph/9907145
1805:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1765:
1763:astro-ph/0302522
1756:(3): 1185–1201.
1747:
1738:
1729:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1697:
1687:
1670:
1663:
1623:
1587:Sin i degeneracy
1553:monthly rotation
1474:orbital elements
1353:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1324:, respectively.
1316:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1279:
1264:
1263:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1240:
1228:
1227:
1219:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1141:
1140:
1132:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1095:
1094:
1086:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1060:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1037:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1004:
996:
995:
987:
973:
971:
970:
965:
960:
952:
938:
930:
916:By reciprocity,
912:
910:
909:
904:
902:
897:
893:
885:
871:
863:
854:
852:
844:
839:
838:
830:
808:
806:
805:
800:
798:
793:
789:
787:
779:
778:
769:
764:
750:
742:
740:
732:
731:
722:
716:
714:
706:
701:
700:
692:
679:
677:
676:
671:
669:
661:
659:
657:
649:
645:
637:
625:
623:
615:
610:
609:
601:
582:
580:
579:
574:
572:
570:
562:
561:
560:
556:
543:
535:
523:
518:
517:
509:
477:
468:
466:
465:
460:
458:
456:
448:
440:
435:
434:
426:
415:
411:
409:
408:
403:
401:
374:
365:
363:
362:
357:
355:
354:
350:
337:
329:
315:
293:
286:
284:
283:
278:
276:
257:
248:
246:
245:
240:
238:
237:
232:
223:
221:
213:
212:
203:
198:
185:
170:
168:
167:
162:
160:
159:
154:
145:
21:
5144:
5143:
5139:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5104:
5103:
5102:
5090:
5080:
5078:
5068:
5066:
5056:
5054:
5044:
5042:
5034:
5032:
5027:
5023:Search projects
5009:
4938:
4727:
4686:
4588:
4560:Radial velocity
4500:
4456:K/Orange dwarfs
4446:G/Yellow dwarfs
4407:
4401:Titius–Bode law
4340:
4271:Molecular cloud
4171:Detached object
4122:
4120:
4109:
4095:Toroidal planet
4085:Sub-brown dwarf
3993:
3919:
3891:(Super-Mercury)
3864:Coreless planet
3840:
3838:
3832:
3823:
3787:
3755:
3752:
3722:
3717:
3705:
3687:
3612:
3581:Milky Way novae
3517:Smallest volume
3461:
3442:Radial velocity
3365:
3359:
3311:Common envelope
3287:
3186:
3155:Helioseismology
3126:Bipolar outflow
3067:Microturbulence
3062:Convection zone
3043:
2937:Lithium burning
2924:Nucleosynthesis
2914:
2796:
2705:
2432:
2311:
2260:Molecular cloud
2241:
2228:
2223:
2186:
2171:
2151:
2149:Further reading
2146:
2145:
2122:
2118:
2063:
2059:
2047:
2046:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2002:
1998:
1949:
1945:
1896:
1892:
1858:
1854:
1843:
1839:
1806:
1802:
1792:
1790:
1745:
1739:
1732:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1621:
1596:
1574:Galactic Center
1534:
1513:
1507:
1439:William Huggins
1401:
1360:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1293:
1292:
1278:
1277:
1254:
1253:
1239:
1238:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1189:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1099:
1085:
1084:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1050:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1010:
1005:
1000:
986:
985:
983:
980:
979:
974:. Defining the
956:
948:
934:
926:
921:
918:
917:
889:
881:
867:
859:
855:
853:
843:
829:
828:
826:
823:
822:
780:
774:
770:
768:
760:
746:
733:
727:
723:
721:
717:
715:
705:
691:
690:
688:
685:
684:
660:
650:
641:
633:
626:
624:
614:
600:
599:
597:
594:
593:
563:
552:
548:
544:
539:
531:
524:
522:
508:
507:
505:
502:
501:
449:
441:
439:
425:
424:
422:
419:
418:
412:, expressed as
397:
395:
392:
391:
384:time derivative
346:
342:
338:
333:
325:
311:
300:
297:
296:
272:
270:
267:
266:
233:
228:
227:
214:
208:
204:
202:
194:
192:
189:
188:
155:
150:
149:
141:
139:
136:
135:
132:
108:scalar quantity
47:radial velocity
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5142:
5132:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5101:
5100:
5088:
5076:
5064:
5052:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5020:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4737:
4735:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4694:
4692:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4598:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4572:Transit method
4569:
4568:
4567:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4545:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4519:Direct imaging
4516:
4510:
4508:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4417:
4415:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4380:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4350:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4336:Star formation
4333:
4331:Scattered disc
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4181:Excretion disk
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4136:Accretion disk
4133:
4127:
4125:
4115:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4045:Eyeball planet
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3935:
3929:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3855:
3853:
3844:
3834:
3833:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3728:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3703:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3512:Largest volume
3509:
3504:
3499:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3471:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3369:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3330:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3297:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3223:Magnetic field
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3133:Accretion disk
3130:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3109:Alfvén surface
3106:
3104:Stellar corona
3101:
3096:
3091:
3081:
3079:Radiation zone
3076:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3059:
3053:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2877:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2817:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2777:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2748:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2701:Blue straggler
2698:
2697:
2696:
2686:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2617:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2459:Main sequence
2457:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2438:Classification
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2374:Protoplanetary
2366:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2332:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2222:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2185:
2184:External links
2182:
2181:
2180:
2174:
2169:
2159:Linear Algebra
2150:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2116:
2057:
2048:|journal=
2030:
1996:
1943:
1890:
1852:
1837:
1800:
1730:
1715:
1708:
1694:Linear Algebra
1681:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1632:Doppler effect
1629:
1624:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1560:daily rotation
1556:
1549:
1538:data reduction
1533:
1532:Data reduction
1530:
1509:Main article:
1506:
1503:
1482:semimajor axis
1432:spectral lines
1405:Doppler effect
1400:
1397:
1391:in the annual
1389:secular change
1359:
1356:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1318:
1317:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1172:relative speed
1158:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1135:
1118:
1117:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1013:
1008:
1003:
999:
993:
990:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
944:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
914:
913:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
877:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
850:
847:
842:
836:
833:
810:
809:
796:
792:
786:
783:
777:
773:
767:
763:
759:
756:
753:
749:
745:
739:
736:
730:
726:
720:
712:
709:
704:
698:
695:
681:
680:
667:
664:
656:
653:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
629:
621:
618:
613:
607:
604:
584:
583:
569:
566:
559:
555:
551:
547:
542:
538:
534:
530:
527:
521:
515:
512:
485:Substituting (
481:
480:
471:
469:
455:
452:
447:
444:
438:
432:
429:
400:
378:
377:
368:
366:
353:
349:
345:
341:
336:
332:
328:
324:
321:
318:
314:
310:
307:
304:
275:
261:
260:
251:
249:
236:
231:
226:
220:
217:
211:
207:
201:
197:
158:
153:
148:
144:
131:
128:
55:rate of change
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5141:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5087:
5077:
5075:
5065:
5063:
5053:
5051:
5041:
5040:
5037:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5012:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4734:
4730:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4689:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4591:
4585:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4573:
4570:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4558:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4529:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4497:
4496:Yellow giants
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4266:Merging stars
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4141:Asteroid belt
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4116:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4080:Pulsar planet
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4035:Double planet
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3974:Super-Neptune
3972:
3970:
3969:Super-Jupiter
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3944:Helium planet
3942:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3879:Hycean planet
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3869:Desert planet
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3859:Carbon planet
3857:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3835:
3830:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3784:
3781:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3749:
3744:
3742:
3737:
3735:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3702:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3673:Intergalactic
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3653:Galactic year
3651:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3532:Most luminous
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3447:Proper motion
3445:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3410:Constellation
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3378:Solar eclipse
3376:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3364:Earth-centric
3362:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2962:Alpha process
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2734:Helium planet
2732:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2724:Parker's star
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2655:Lambda Boötis
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2421:Superluminous
2419:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2325:Main sequence
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2302:Hayashi track
2300:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2215:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2166:
2161:
2160:
2153:
2152:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2053:
2041:
2033:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1906:(1): 168–78.
1905:
1901:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1856:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1816:: 1040–1051.
1815:
1811:
1804:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1735:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1711:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1686:
1682:
1668:
1662:
1658:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1637:Inner product
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1600:Proper motion
1598:
1597:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1529:
1526:
1517:
1512:
1502:
1499:
1498:line of sight
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1355:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1295:
1289:
1280:
1271:
1268:
1256:
1250:
1241:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1183:
1180:
1173:
1156:
1151:
1142:
1133:
1121:
1096:
1087:
1078:
1073:
1061:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1011:
1006:
997:
988:
977:
953:
942:
931:
898:
886:
875:
864:
848:
845:
840:
834:
831:
821:
820:
819:
817:
816:
794:
784:
781:
771:
765:
754:
743:
737:
734:
724:
710:
707:
702:
696:
693:
683:
682:
665:
662:
654:
651:
638:
627:
619:
616:
611:
605:
602:
592:
591:
590:
589:
567:
564:
557:
553:
549:
536:
525:
519:
513:
510:
500:
499:
498:
496:
495:
490:
489:
479:
472:
470:
453:
450:
445:
442:
436:
430:
427:
417:
416:
413:
389:
385:
376:
369:
367:
351:
347:
343:
330:
319:
305:
302:
295:
294:
291:
290:
289:inner product
259:
252:
250:
234:
224:
218:
215:
205:
199:
187:
186:
183:
181:
176:
174:
156:
146:
127:
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
106:
102:
98:
94:
93:temporal rate
90:
86:
81:
79:
78:line-of-sight
75:
71:
67:
63:
60:
56:
52:
48:
39:
33:
32:radial motion
19:
5086:Solar System
4840:Proper names
4617:Earth analog
4602:Astrobiology
4594:Habitability
4531:Microlensing
4491:White dwarfs
4461:M/Red dwarfs
4451:Herbig Ae/Be
4436:Brown dwarfs
4378:Rogue planet
4359:Interstellar
4301:Planetesimal
4070:Planetesimal
4050:Giant planet
4040:Ecumenopolis
3938:Mini-Neptune
3874:Dwarf planet
3576:White dwarfs
3566:Brown dwarfs
3549:Most distant
3497:Most massive
3475:Proper names
3441:
3435:Photographic
3388:Solar System
3366:observations
3293:Star systems
3116:Stellar wind
3099:Chromosphere
3072:Oscillations
2952:Helium flash
2802:Hypothetical
2780:X-ray binary
2719:Compact star
2554:Bright giant
2307:Henyey track
2285:Herbig Ae/Be
2158:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2074:
2070:
2060:
2005:
1999:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1868:
1862:
1855:
1844:
1840:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1791:. Retrieved
1753:
1749:
1722:
1718:
1693:
1685:
1667:obtuse angle
1661:
1567:polar motion
1535:
1522:
1478:eccentricity
1458:binary stars
1455:
1437:
1417:
1402:
1380:
1376:cosmological
1372:relativistic
1367:
1361:
1326:
1319:
1170:, with the
1122:
1119:
915:
813:
811:
585:
492:
486:
484:
473:
381:
370:
264:
253:
177:
133:
124:
88:
85:radial speed
84:
82:
62:displacement
50:
46:
44:
5074:Outer space
5062:Spaceflight
4852:before 2000
4768:Discoveries
4543:Polarimetry
4431:Binary star
4321:Rubble pile
4316:Ring system
4286:Outer space
4256:Kuiper belt
4211:Hills cloud
4166:Debris disk
4161:Cosmic dust
4090:Sub-Neptune
4075:Protoplanet
4010:Brown dwarf
3998:Other types
3954:Hot Neptune
3949:Hot Jupiter
3940:(Gas dwarf)
3915:Super-Earth
3900:Ocean world
3895:Lava planet
3889:Iron planet
3851:Terrestrial
3792:Main topics
3629:Brown dwarf
3405:Circumpolar
3283:Kraft break
3263:Color index
3238:Metallicity
3198:Designation
3167:Cosmic dust
3089:Photosphere
2855:Dark-energy
2830:Electroweak
2815:Black dwarf
2746:Radio-quiet
2729:White dwarf
2615:White dwarf
2265:Bok globule
1871:: 529–564.
1428:wavelengths
1385:astrometric
1207:, we have:
130:Formulation
5114:Astrometry
5108:Categories
4763:Exoplanets
4744:Host stars
4691:Catalogues
4514:Astrometry
4476:Subdwarf B
4413:Host stars
4386:Retrograde
4281:Oort cloud
4119:Formation
4055:Mesoplanet
3979:Super-puff
3905:Mega-Earth
3884:Ice planet
3769:Definition
3754:Exoplanets
3591:Candidates
3586:Supernovae
3571:Red dwarfs
3430:Extinction
3218:Kinematics
3213:Luminosity
3191:Properties
3084:Atmosphere
2982:Si burning
2972:Ne burning
2910:White hole
2883:Quasi-star
2810:Blue dwarf
2665:Technetium
2581:Hypergiant
2559:Supergiant
2170:0135367972
2132:(1): 232.
2084:1608.03886
2077:(2): 159.
1966:1503.07769
1793:4 February
1709:0135367972
1677:References
1581:aberration
1525:exoplanets
1476:, such as
588:chain rule
122:the sign.
89:range rate
5050:Astronomy
4857:2000–2009
4823:1501–2000
4818:1001–1500
4506:Detection
4471:Red giant
4131:Accretion
4123:evolution
3964:Ice giant
3959:Gas giant
3910:Sub-Earth
3799:Exoplanet
3522:Brightest
3420:Magnitude
3400:Pole star
3321:Symbiotic
3316:Eclipsing
3248:Starlight
3049:Structure
3039:Supernova
3032:Micronova
3027:Recurrent
3012:Symbiotic
2997:p-process
2992:r-process
2987:s-process
2977:O burning
2967:C burning
2947:CNO cycle
2890:Gravastar
2426:Hypernova
2416:Supernova
2391:Dredge-up
2364:Blue loop
2357:super-AGB
2340:Red clump
2317:Evolution
2275:Protostar
2255:Accretion
2247:Formation
2111:119219962
2050:ignored (
2040:cite book
1913:0809.1275
1490:amplitude
1430:of known
1413:blueshift
1305:⟩
1299:^
1284:^
1275:⟨
1266:⟩
1260:^
1245:^
1236:⟨
1224:˙
1195:‖
1187:‖
1137:^
1105:⟩
1091:^
1082:⟨
1070:⟩
1054:⟨
1042:˙
992:^
962:⟩
946:⟨
940:⟩
924:⟨
895:⟩
879:⟨
873:⟩
857:⟨
835:˙
791:⟩
758:⟨
752:⟩
719:⟨
697:˙
647:⟩
631:⟨
606:˙
546:⟩
529:⟨
514:˙
431:˙
340:⟩
323:⟨
317:‖
309:‖
225:∈
147:∈
72:onto the
5129:Velocity
4813:501–1000
4793:Heaviest
4773:Extremes
4481:Subgiant
4354:Exocomet
3701:Category
3596:Remnants
3492:Extremes
3452:Parallax
3425:Apparent
3415:Asterism
3393:Sunlight
3343:Globular
3328:Multiple
3253:Variable
3243:Rotation
3203:Dynamics
3094:Starspot
2768:Magnetar
2711:Remnants
2527:Subgiant
2500:Subdwarf
2352:post-AGB
1991:73533931
1959:: A103.
1788:16012160
1647:Lp space
1594:See also
1456:In many
1424:spectrum
1409:redshift
1393:parallax
491:) into (
97:distance
5098:Science
5036:Portals
4788:Largest
4783:Nearest
4486:T Tauri
4382:Orbits
4366:Exomoon
4346:Systems
4060:Planemo
3925:Gaseous
3668:Gravity
3617:Related
3537:Nearest
3485:Chinese
3333:Cluster
3306:Contact
3143:Proplyd
3017:Remnant
2905:Blitzar
2879:Hawking
2835:Strange
2785:Burster
2741:Neutron
2694:Extreme
2645:He-weak
2290:T Tauri
2134:Bibcode
2089:Bibcode
2010:Bibcode
1971:Bibcode
1938:2756148
1918:Bibcode
1873:Bibcode
1828:Bibcode
1768:Bibcode
1486:planets
1462:orbital
812:using (
95:of the
91:is the
57:of the
5124:Orbits
4803:Kepler
4778:Firsts
4677:Tholin
4548:Timing
4466:Pulsar
4391:Trojan
4005:Blanet
3764:Planet
3658:Galaxy
3646:Planet
3634:Desert
3542:bright
3480:Arabic
3301:Binary
3121:Bubble
2845:Planck
2820:Exotic
2756:Binary
2751:Pulsar
2689:Helium
2650:Barium
2593:Carbon
2586:Yellow
2574:Yellow
2547:Yellow
2386:PG1159
2167:
2109:
2028:
1989:
1936:
1786:
1706:
1470:masses
1460:, the
1443:Sirius
120:modulo
105:signed
59:vector
4943:Other
4808:1–500
4733:Lists
3842:types
3837:Sizes
3663:Guest
3467:Lists
3348:Super
3002:Fusor
2875:Black
2860:Quark
2840:Preon
2825:Boson
2761:X-ray
2677:Shell
2630:Ap/Bp
2532:Giant
2450:Early
2396:OH/IR
2226:Stars
2107:S2CID
2079:arXiv
1987:S2CID
1961:arXiv
1934:S2CID
1908:arXiv
1818:arXiv
1784:S2CID
1758:arXiv
1746:(PDF)
1653:Notes
390:) of
101:range
4932:2024
4927:2023
4922:2022
4917:2021
4912:2020
4907:2019
4902:2018
4897:2017
4892:2016
4887:2015
4882:2014
4877:2013
4872:2012
4867:2011
4862:2010
4577:list
4565:list
4553:list
4536:list
4524:list
4121:and
3839:and
3338:Open
3233:Mass
3057:Core
3007:Nova
2900:Iron
2850:Dark
2660:Lead
2640:HgMn
2635:CEMP
2564:Blue
2537:Blue
2455:Late
2237:List
2165:ISBN
2052:help
2026:ISBN
1795:2017
1704:ISBN
1558:the
1544:the
1480:and
1420:star
1374:and
976:unit
388:norm
116:norm
83:The
45:The
3774:IAU
3639:Sub
3373:Sun
2792:SGR
2569:Red
2542:Red
2130:144
2097:doi
2075:832
2018:doi
1979:doi
1957:577
1926:doi
1904:709
1881:doi
1869:158
1814:348
1776:doi
1754:401
1700:271
1415:).
1395:).
99:or
87:or
76:or
49:or
5110::
4830:K2
2672:Be
2625:Am
2608:CH
2603:CN
2522:OB
2517:WR
2128:.
2105:.
2095:.
2087:.
2073:.
2069:.
2044::
2042:}}
2038:{{
2024:.
2016:.
1985:.
1977:.
1969:.
1955:.
1932:.
1924:.
1916:.
1902:.
1879:.
1867:.
1826:.
1812:.
1782:.
1774:.
1766:.
1752:.
1748:.
1733:^
1702:.
1551:a
497:)
5038::
4426:B
4421:A
3747:e
3740:t
3733:v
2865:Q
2684:B
2598:S
2510:B
2505:O
2493:M
2488:K
2483:G
2478:F
2473:A
2468:B
2463:O
2218:e
2211:t
2204:v
2140:.
2136::
2113:.
2099::
2091::
2081::
2054:)
2034:.
2020::
2012::
1993:.
1981::
1973::
1963::
1940:.
1928::
1920::
1910::
1887:.
1883::
1875::
1834:.
1830::
1820::
1797:.
1778::
1770::
1760::
1712:.
1583:.
1342:0
1339:=
1336:r
1296:v
1290:,
1281:r
1272:v
1269:=
1257:v
1251:,
1242:r
1233:v
1230:=
1221:r
1191:v
1184:=
1181:v
1157:v
1152:/
1147:v
1143:=
1134:v
1101:v
1097:,
1088:r
1079:=
1074:r
1066:v
1062:,
1058:r
1048:=
1039:r
1012:r
1007:/
1002:r
998:=
989:r
958:v
954:,
950:r
943:=
936:r
932:,
928:v
899:r
891:v
887:,
883:r
876:+
869:r
865:,
861:v
849:2
846:1
841:=
832:r
815:1
795:r
785:t
782:d
776:r
772:d
766:,
762:r
755:+
748:r
744:,
738:t
735:d
729:r
725:d
711:2
708:1
703:=
694:r
666:r
663:1
655:t
652:d
643:r
639:,
635:r
628:d
620:2
617:1
612:=
603:r
568:t
565:d
558:2
554:/
550:1
541:r
537:,
533:r
526:d
520:=
511:r
494:3
488:2
478:)
476:3
474:(
454:t
451:d
446:r
443:d
437:=
428:r
399:r
375:)
373:2
371:(
352:2
348:/
344:1
335:r
331:,
327:r
320:=
313:r
306:=
303:r
274:r
258:)
256:1
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235:3
230:R
219:t
216:d
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206:d
200:=
196:v
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152:R
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