847:'s Temporary Committee on the ECHELON Interception System stated that the global system for the interception of private and commercial communications was operating by means of "cooperation proportionate to their capabilities" among the US, the UK, Canada, Australia and New Zealand under the UKUSA. ... It seems likely ... that its name is in fact ECHELON." The Committee raised concerns about the incompatibility of the interception of private and commercial communications with the fundamental right to respect for private life (Article 8 of the ECHR). They were also concerned that interception of commercial communications could be used for "competitive intelligence-gathering rather than combating corruption." During the early 1970s, the first of what became more than eight large satellite communications dishes were installed at Menwith Hill.
85:
3261:
72:
28:
3033:
2418:
2413:
67:
2388:
2380:
52:
520:
807:
92:
2262:
538:(NSA) and their contractors became increasingly important. Therefore, on 1 August 1966, with the agreement of the British Government, control of Menwith Hill Station was handed from the US Army to the NSA when it became a field element of the agency. The NSA expanded the station during the 1970s and 1980s, with the operations centre extended and new buildings erected. The first two
836:. He also detailed how the eavesdropping operations worked. Duncan Campbell presented a report commissioned by STOA concerning the ECHELON system, at a "hearing of the Committee on Citizens Freedoms and Rights, Justice and Home Affairs on the subject the European Union and data protection" which prompted the European Union to set up the
637:, to bring the site in-line with other facilities in the UK made available to the US. Notwithstanding, the US Army retained a presence and in place of the 109th Military Intelligence Group, INSCOM formed a provisional battalion designated as the Menwith Hill Battalion (Provisional). On 18 October 2008 the unit, under the command of a
619:, which was part of the long-distance telephone network. This connection was replaced in 1992 by a new high capacity fibre-optic cable. Later, two additional cables were added over which telephone and other communications could go to and from the base. These cables were capable of transmitting over 100,000 phone calls simultaneously.
600:(INSCOM) became the executive agent for Menwith Hill on behalf of the National Security Agency. INSCOM transformed A Company, 743rd Military Intelligence Battalion into the 713th Military Intelligence Group. In 2000, the group added a second company and was re-designated as the 109th Military Intelligence Group.
749:
According to the Royal Air Force "RAF Menwith Hill is an integral part of the US DOD world-wide defence communications network. Its primary mission is to provide intelligence support for UK, US and allied interests." The site is a field station of the US National
Security Agency (NSA), with personnel
881:
Between 1984 and 1995 a number of peace camps were established in close proximity to the station. A number of other individual protests have also taken place, predominantly related to nuclear proliferation and strategic missile defense. Protests also occurred at other US military locations in the UK
914:
held a four-day campsite at
Menwith Hill. Protesters said they hoped the camp would "reignite the debate locally, nationally and globally about whether the subversive and undemocratic nature of activities at the base are acceptable, or indeed accountable, to the British public. This debate however,
582:
communications between the United States, UK and Europe. At the time, eight radomes were now present at
Menwith Hill, connecting it with other sites in the NSA's satellite communications network and alleged to allow the surveillance of communications in foreign countries. In response to the article
660:
and commissioned and published by the
Yorkshire Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND). Menwith Hill's primary mission is to provide "intelligence support for UK, US and allied interests". The base's multimillion-pound expansion, Project Phoenix, is "one of the largest and most sophisticated high
868:
On 3 November 1999, the BBC reported that they had confirmation from the
Australian Government of the existence of a powerful "global spying network" codenamed Echelon, that can eavesdrop on every single phone call, fax or e-mail, anywhere on the planet" with Britain and the United States as the
313:
1951 and other, undisclosed agreements between the US and
British governments. His Majesty's Government (HMG) is entitled to possession of the site and retains control over its use and its facilities, though the administration of the base is the responsibility of the US authorities, with support
348:
The site is one of three main sites operated by the United States across the globe as a major satellite monitoring station and intelligence gathering location. The other two sites are located in
America and Australia, having similar roles and working together with RAF Menwith Hill to develop
583:
the NSA said "We do radio relays - material comes in from a variety of places and is rerouted. It is a switching operation. We route it sometimes to the UK and sometimes to the US". The suggestion that national and international communications were monitored was denied.
1116:
2369:
468:
and social clubs. The operations building was located inside a secure compound, within a large antenna field, approximately 1.6 kilometres (0.99 mi) from the main site. It was equipped with large
3896:
865:, provided a detailed account of ECHELON, the worldwide electronic surveillance system used by an intelligence alliance of the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.
2266:
570:', via a high-capacity underground cable link to the Hunters Stones communications tower, located approximately 3 miles (4.8 km) to the south of the station. It was alleged the link allowed
549:
In 1976, 21 years after the initial tenure arrangements were agreed with the US, the
British Government renewed assurances that the site would continue to be available for a further 21 years.
3422:
2362:
3457:
2278:
608:
On 19 February 1996, the station was renamed RAF Menwith Hill, an administrative change to align the base with other sites made available to the United States by the United
Kingdom.
718:
and other classified arrangements. The MOD retains control over the site's use and facilities, however the administration of the site is the responsibility of the US authorities.
593:
The US Air Force's 6951st
Electronic Security Squadron was formed at Menwith Hill on 1 May 1991. It was later re-designated as the 451st Intelligence Squadron on 1 October 1993.
2355:
3591:
652:
According to an article in a 2003 issue of an internal NSA newsletter, "Menwith is a large site (several hundred NSA civilians)". In March 2012 researcher Steve Schofield of
562:
facility and highlighted the secrecy afforded to it by the British and US governments. Investigations found that during the early 1960s, Menwith Hill was integrated into the
661:
technology programs carried out anywhere in the UK over the last 10 years". Of the 1,800 employees in 2012, 400 were British and 1,200 were American employees of the NSA.
622:
On 1 October 2000, the 451st Intelligence Squadron was re-designated as the 451st Information Operations Squadron, before reverting to the 451st Intelligence Squadron on 1
690:
at the site, bringing the total number to thirty-seven. The three new radomes would be 21 metres (69 ft) in diameter and located in the southern part of the site.
615:
revealed that in 1975, its predecessor, the Post Office, installed two cables between Menwith Hill and a coaxial cable that connected to the microwave radio station at
3249:
3027:
2957:
2688:
2383:
2149:
2067:
1654:
425:. Due to adverse ground conditions and weather, there were delays to the construction programme, with the station finally becoming operational during June 1959.
2011:
837:
413:(USASA) began in April 1956. Building costs at the time were $ 6.8 million as well as a further $ 1.2 million for personnel housing. Initially named
3936:
1805:
597:
1011:
3549:
3064:
406:
made it an especially good location for the task. The UK provided assurances to the US that the site would be available to them for at least 21 years.
2180:
3901:
590:
was established at Menwith Hill in 1985. In 1992, the detachment became A Company of the 743rd Military Intelligence Battalion, 704th MI Brigade.
326:(NSA) personnel. In 2014, the number of American personnel was reduced as part of a streamlining of operations due to improvements in technology.
3926:
1934:
118:
1771:
84:
3891:
3735:
2657:
2037:
2666:
944:
653:
157:
2289:
3906:
3760:
1680:
1632:
1368:
869:
chief protagonists. They confirmed that Menwith Hill was "linked directly to the headquarters of the US National Security Agency (NSA) at
781:
units is based at Menwith Hill, providing armed officers who can be deployed regionally at short notice, to support wider MDP operations.
374:, North Yorkshire. The area purchased soon increased to 562 acres (227 hectares) and were made available by the British Government to the
3006:
785:
1806:"Report on the existence of a global system for the interception of private and commercial communications (ECHELON interception system)"
668:
NSA intercept specialists based at Menwith Hill attempted to target and decode the encrypted telephone calls of the Russian president
1390:
1282:
2309:
1576:
966:
3788:
3584:
3269:
2924:
2207:
2123:
3941:
1334:
546:' and now synonymous with the station) were installed in 1974, at which point around 800 personnel were believed to work there.
3057:
315:
1868:
1172:
778:
616:
2233:
2157:
1035:
707:
302:
181:
1423:
1309:
757:
In November 2017, the British Government advised that 1,205 personnel worked at the station, comprising 33 staff from the
286:, North Yorkshire, England, which provides communications and intelligence support services to the United Kingdom and the
3464:
2075:
1442:
934:
711:
587:
375:
306:
1461:
349:
knowledge around American, British and Australian interests. The Australian site is known as the Joint Defence Facility
3911:
2650:
939:
642:
638:
633:
July 2002, US Army INSCOM transferred responsibility for administrative and logistical support for Menwith Hill to the
410:
370:
purchased 246 acres (100 hectares) of land at Nessfield Farm, located approximately 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) west of
1907:
464:
The station initially comprised a headquarters building, barracks, dependent housing and support facilities such as a
3916:
3179:
3050:
1066:
567:
450:
3862:
3102:
3088:
2619:
2347:
1845:
924:
657:
279:
725:
421st Air Base Squadron provides Menwith Hill with base and mission support services. The squadron is part of the
3658:
2985:
3820:
3651:
3186:
334:
3679:
3172:
2643:
649:, Germany. On 16 October 2009, the battalion was re-designated as the 709th Military Intelligence Battalion.
1406:"Lifting the Lid on Menwith Hill: The Strategic Roles & Economic Impact of the US Spy Base in Yorkshire"
784:
On 1 April 2006, RAF Menwith Hill was designated as a protected site for the purposes of Section 128 of the
2614:
1841:
1767:
890:
815:
298:
and missile warning site. It has been described as the largest electronic monitoring station in the world.
3834:
3827:
3165:
3693:
3450:
3436:
3151:
3109:
2912:
774:
758:
715:
310:
2333:
1741:
1542:
445:, which at the time had its headquarters in the UK. Security at the station was provided by a US Army
3503:
3443:
3158:
3130:
2977:
2624:
730:
1487:
3429:
3415:
3376:
3235:
3095:
3073:
2970:
2876:
2836:
2609:
2045:
535:
531:
501:
323:
208:
480:
HF communications receivers were used to collect a vast range of signal in the HF band, including
3921:
3841:
1513:
1405:
789:
722:
665:
634:
453:. However, if the site was compromised during an invasion, three earth-covered bunkers contained
319:
198:
2635:
1691:
3665:
3362:
2513:
1624:
1360:
3348:
3207:
3116:
2861:
2815:
2706:
1598:
1046:
71:
3605:
2457:
1716:
897:
504:
379:
295:
2498:
1848:. European Parliament, Directorate General for Research, Directorate A, The STOA Programme
8:
3931:
3721:
3707:
3637:
3292:
3228:
3011:
2846:
2795:
2701:
2279:"Menwith Hill Station: A Case Study in Signal Intelligence Gathering During the Cold War"
1568:
970:
844:
754:(GCHQ) are integrated into both the operational and administrative elements of the site.
726:
563:
542:, designed to protect satellite receiver and transmission dishes (colloquially known as '
530:
In the 1960s, as a result of developments in digital technology and the increased use of
27:
534:
for signals intelligence, the specialist skills of engineers and technicians within the
3383:
3320:
3221:
2589:
2488:
2127:
765:
and 2 RAF), 85 UK contractors and 486 UK civilians (including those employed by GCHQ).
485:
2478:
900:
for a full debate about missile defence and Menwith Hill. Actions continue into 2006.
3848:
3390:
3341:
3032:
2963:
2851:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2584:
2563:
2508:
2493:
2452:
2437:
2417:
2412:
2387:
2379:
2342:
2270:
1338:
1251:
1062:
984:
929:
894:
641:, was re-designated as the 307th Military Intelligence Battalion, subordinate to the
571:
559:
66:
2528:
2473:
2377:
893:
have led to demonstrators storming the perimeter fence, and to demands in 2007 from
3714:
3556:
3496:
3242:
3144:
2831:
2826:
2800:
788:. The effect of the act was to make it a specific criminal offence for a person to
2523:
656:
produced a 65-page report called "Lifting the Lid on Menwith Hill", funded by the
341:, locally referred to as "the golf balls", and is alleged to be an element of the
3869:
3369:
3334:
3306:
3285:
2990:
2568:
2432:
2402:
2337:
2237:
2098:
1959:
911:
883:
829:
686:
Planning permission was granted in August 2019 for the construction of three new
669:
612:
488:. Within the operations centre was the communications centre which was manned by
473:
446:
442:
399:
276:
193:
153:
3855:
3813:
3563:
3123:
2919:
2907:
2886:
2881:
2841:
2790:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2553:
2503:
2483:
2447:
2442:
1985:
1742:"The Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 (Designated Sites) Order 2005"
738:
469:
387:
383:
291:
907:, was prosecuted, over a protracted period, under a number of different laws.
861:
In 1996 author and investigative journalist, Nicky Hager in his book entitled
558:
published an article which suggested that the station was the world's largest
337:, on behalf of the NSA, with antennas contained in numerous distinctive white
3885:
3577:
3531:
3397:
3355:
2856:
2711:
2696:
2538:
1779:
820:
734:
554:
465:
287:
133:
120:
2310:"The Billion Dollar Phone Tap – America's Big Ear in the Heart of Yorkshire"
51:
3700:
3299:
3278:
3042:
2871:
2721:
2716:
2543:
2533:
1911:
904:
493:
489:
481:
438:
391:
710:(MOD). Although designated as an RAF station, it is made available to the
461:
charges which could be used to destroy classified equipment and material.
3619:
3612:
3482:
3313:
2866:
2726:
2558:
2518:
818:
revealed, in an article entitled "Somebody's listening" and published in
403:
395:
1885:
750:
from other parts of the DOD also present. UK personnel from the MOD and
693:
Extension of the site means that it now covers 605 acres (245 ha).
552:
Menwith Hill came to public attention in 1980 when British magazine the
3137:
2805:
870:
762:
514:
497:
454:
441:, whereas for logistical support it was attached to the US Air Force's
367:
1935:"From Greenham to Menwith: The women's peace campaign at Menwith Hill"
1819:
519:
433:
Operationally, Menwith Hill was assigned to the USASA Headquarters in
3767:
3728:
3598:
3489:
3327:
3214:
2891:
2763:
2012:"Why has the US base at Menwith Hill created such a political storm?"
646:
575:
543:
434:
371:
330:
283:
38:
1443:"GCHQ intercepted foreign politicians' communications at G20 summit"
3753:
3672:
3644:
3193:
508:
458:
350:
675:
The 451st Intelligence Squadron, was inactivated on 24 June 2015.
476:
that could detect signals from around the globe. Over two-hundred
3897:
Military installations of the United States in the United Kingdom
3795:
3774:
3570:
3524:
2665:
1870:
Secret Power: New Zealand's Role in the International Spy Network
863:
Secret Power: New Zealand's Role in the International Spy Network
825:
801:
342:
42:
1203:
1191:
496:
equipment, however a large amount of the signals collected were
3781:
3517:
851:
833:
806:
687:
539:
524:
477:
338:
56:
678:
In November 2017, the site had 627 US staff and 578 UK staff.
378:. The site was considered by the US as suitable for gathering
3686:
3510:
2181:"Veteran peace protester sent to jail despite prisons crisis"
1424:"Menwith Hill eavesdropping base undergoes massive expansion"
1227:
1215:
1012:"Unknown territory: America's secret archipelago of UK bases"
579:
2330:
915:
never happened outside of the fringe elements of society."
751:
203:
1036:"Technology led to decision to cut Menwith Hill personnel"
421:
on 1 January 1957 and again renamed on 1 January 1959, as
761:, 344 US contractors, 250 US civilians, 7 UK military (5
1140:
1138:
2208:"Protest camp looks to raise awareness of Menwith Hill"
361:
2384:
United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa
2038:"Keighley grandmothers arrested over spy base protest"
1799:
1797:
1335:"BT condemned for listing cables to US sigint station"
838:
Temporary Committee on the ECHELON Interception System
1760:
1391:"Spanning the Globe...Misawa to Menwith Hill: Part 1"
1155:
1153:
1135:
603:
2236:. Occupy Menwith Hill. 19 April 2012. Archived from
1256:
United States Army Intelligence and Security Command
1096:
1094:
1092:
1079:
1077:
1075:
515:
Transfer to the National Security Agency (1966–1996)
1794:
910:In April 2012 activists affiliated with the global
1150:
329:The site acts as a ground station for a number of
2308:Campbell, Duncan; Melvern, Linda (18 July 1980).
1543:"Spy base plans for extra radar antenna shelters"
1089:
1072:
3883:
500:before being forwarded for processing to the US
2307:
1986:"Menwith Hill protests continue for second day"
1440:
1233:
1221:
1209:
1197:
701:
3550:Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)
1488:"Spy base 'golf ball' radar shelters approved"
1441:MacAskill, Ewen; Davies, Nick (16 June 2013).
1173:"Menwith Hill Station (Hansard, 12 July 1995)"
843:On 5 July 2000, the European Union set up the
795:
3058:
2667:United States Air Force in the United Kingdom
2651:
2363:
1514:"Report on Planning Application 19/02389/FUL"
1421:
945:United States Air Force in the United Kingdom
409:Construction of the station on behalf of the
3072:
1655:"RAF Menwith Hill:Written question - 112002"
1453:
3937:Buildings and structures in North Yorkshire
3007:Strategic Air Command in the United Kingdom
2096:
1908:"Menwith Hill - The Campaign of Opposition"
1877:
1804:Schmid, Rapporteur Gerhard (11 July 2001).
786:Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005
733:, both of which have their headquarters at
290:. The site contains an extensive satellite
3065:
3051:
2958:United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE)
2658:
2644:
2370:
2356:
1434:
1117:"Interception Of Communications - Hansard"
828:surveillance program, an extension of the
428:
16:Royal Air Force base in Yorkshire, England
1860:
1748:. The National Archives. 14 December 2005
1459:
1403:
1310:"RAF Menwith Hill (Hansard, 13 May 1996)"
706:RAF Menwith Hill is owned by the British
598:US Army Intelligence and Security Command
3902:Telecommunications in the United Kingdom
3585:NSA warrantless surveillance controversy
1840:
1766:
805:
588:704th Military Intelligence (MI) Brigade
518:
91:
2178:
1883:
1422:Norton-Taylor, Richard (1 March 2012).
3927:Organisations based in North Yorkshire
3884:
2099:"Can Asbos curb the right to protest?"
1932:
1803:
1307:
1051:
752:Government Communications Headquarters
696:
316:Government Communications Headquarters
204:Government Communications Headquarters
3892:Royal Air Force stations in Yorkshire
3046:
2639:
2351:
2074:. London. 17 May 2005. Archived from
1866:
1579:from the original on 14 November 2017
1277:
1275:
1273:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1009:
961:
959:
2331:Menwith Hill Accountability Campaign
2276:
2205:
1625:"RAF Menwith Hill – Primary Mission"
1460:Lancaster, Mark (13 November 2017).
1287:Air Force Historical Research Agency
1159:
1144:
1111:
1109:
1100:
1083:
362:Establishment of station (1954–1959)
305:(MoD), but made available to the US
3907:National Security Agency facilities
1939:The f Word Contemporary UK Feminism
1884:Bomford, Andrew (3 November 1999).
1822:. Federation of American Scientists
985:"UK agrees missile defence request"
935:Menwith Hill Elementary/High School
712:United States Department of Defense
376:United States Department of Defense
13:
3423:Information Warfare Support Center
3028:United States Air Forces in Europe
2277:Bird, Kenneth L. (February 1997).
2097:Smith-Spark, Laura (17 May 2005).
2068:"Who are you calling anti-social?"
1933:MacKay, Finn (19 September 2003).
1337:. 4 September 1997. Archived from
1270:
1239:
956:
940:United States Air Forces in Europe
814:In 1988, investigative journalist
643:66th Military Intelligence Brigade
604:RAF Menwith Hill (1996 to present)
566:microwave relay network known as '
411:United States Army Security Agency
314:provided by around 400 staff from
14:
3953:
3180:Misawa Security Operations Center
2324:
2156:. 20 January 2009. Archived from
1635:from the original on 5 April 2017
1569:"RAF Menwith Hill – Introduction"
1371:from the original on 3 March 2017
1361:"The History of RAF Menwith Hill"
1283:"451 Intelligence Squadron (ACC)"
1106:
969:. Royal Air Force. Archived from
876:
773:Site security is provided by the
301:RAF Menwith Hill is owned by the
3863:Vulnerabilities Equities Process
3259:
3103:Consolidated Intelligence Center
3089:Alaska Mission Operations Center
3031:
2620:435th Air Ground Operations Wing
2416:
2411:
2386:
2378:
2288:. pp. 16–19. Archived from
2265: This article incorporates
2260:
2179:Herbert, Ian (29 January 2007).
1846:"Interception Capabilities 2000"
1308:Soames, Nicholas (13 May 1996).
1010:Milmo, Cahal (24 January 2014).
925:List of Royal Air Force stations
658:Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust
90:
83:
70:
65:
50:
26:
3504:Secure Terminal Equipment (STE)
2986:Headquarters Air Command Europe
2226:
2199:
2172:
2150:"Peace protest at Menwith Hill"
2142:
2116:
2090:
2060:
2030:
2004:
1978:
1952:
1926:
1900:
1834:
1812:
1734:
1709:
1673:
1647:
1617:
1591:
1561:
1535:
1506:
1480:
1415:
1404:Schofield, Steve (March 2012).
1397:
1383:
1353:
1327:
1301:
1289:. US Air Force. 26 January 2015
1165:
903:One particular local activist,
832:on global signals intelligence
810:Aerial view of RAF Menwith Hill
3942:1959 establishments in England
3821:Institute for Defense Analyses
3187:Multiprogram Research Facility
2044:. 6 April 2006. Archived from
1886:"Echelon spy network revealed"
1867:Hager, Nicky (1 August 1996).
1040:
1029:
1003:
977:
856:Interception Capabilities 2000
335:National Reconnaissance Office
1:
2255:
1717:"Central Support Group (CSG)"
1690:. August 2019. Archived from
858:for the European Parliament.
850:In 1999 he wrote a report on
729:which in turn is part of the
681:
2615:406th Air Expeditionary Wing
2343:Yorkshire CND – Menwith Hill
2042:Yorkshire Dales Country News
891:Strategic Defense Initiative
702:Ownership and administration
586:A detachment of the US Army
474:directional rhombic antennas
269:Royal Air Force Menwith Hill
7:
3835:National Cryptologic School
3828:National Cryptologic Museum
3166:Interagency Training Center
3124:European Cryptologic Center
3096:Colorado Cryptologic Center
2206:Cook, Tim (18 April 2012).
1468:. UK Parliament. UIN 112002
1234:Campbell & Melvern 1980
1222:Campbell & Melvern 1980
1210:Campbell & Melvern 1980
1198:Campbell & Melvern 1980
918:
796:ECHELON Interception System
768:
449:detachment and the British
382:from the northern parts of
104:Location in North Yorkshire
10:
3958:
3694:Real Time Regional Gateway
3437:Special Collection Service
3152:Georgia Cryptologic Center
2126:. cndyorks. Archived from
1820:"National Security Agency"
1721:Ministry of Defence Police
1688:Ministry of Defence Police
799:
775:Ministry of Defence Police
744:
716:Status of Forces Agreement
714:(DOD) under the 1951 NATO
611:During a 1997 court case,
502:National Security Agency's
356:
311:Status of Forces Agreement
41:, North Yorkshire in
3912:Earth stations in England
3805:
3745:
3629:
3541:
3474:
3407:
3268:
3257:
3159:Hawaii Cryptologic Center
3131:European Technical Center
3080:
3024:
2999:
2978:501st Combat Support Wing
2950:
2943:
2900:
2814:
2783:
2776:
2750:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2625:501st Combat Support Wing
2577:
2466:
2425:
2409:
2395:
1603:501st Combat Support Wing
1599:"421st Air Base Squadron"
1521:Harrogate Borough Council
731:501st Combat Support Wing
451:Air Ministry Constabulary
258:
253:
245:
229:
224:
216:
187:
177:
172:
164:
149:
112:
78:
64:
49:
35:
23:
3917:UKUSA listening stations
3250:Pacific Technical Center
3236:Texas Cryptologic Center
3074:National Security Agency
2971:100th Air Refueling Wing
2610:100th Air Refueling Wing
950:
777:(MDP). One of three MDP
536:National Security Agency
419:13th USASA Field Station
402:low level of background
324:National Security Agency
296:communications intercept
209:National Security Agency
3842:National Vigilance Park
2336:28 October 2020 at the
1960:"The Battle of Menwith"
1681:"MDP Station Locations"
824:, the existence of the
666:2009 G-20 London Summit
429:Early years (1960–1966)
417:, the site was renamed
320:United States Air Force
318:(GCHQ), in addition to
262:421st Air Base Squadron
199:United States Air Force
168:605 acres (245 ha)
3666:Insider Threat Program
3363:John Michael McConnell
2514:Kleine Brogel Air Base
2489:Câmpia Turzii Air Base
2267:public domain material
1808:. European Parliament.
1772:"Somebody's Listening"
1746:www.legislation.gov.uk
811:
527:
3349:William Eldridge Odom
2862:RAF Little Rissington
2707:RAF Blenheim Crescent
1992:. London. 4 July 2001
973:on 11 September 2008.
809:
800:Further information:
779:Central Support Group
564:General Post Office's
522:
484:, voice signals, and
366:In 1954, the British
309:(DoD) under the NATO
307:Department of Defense
3606:Thomas Andrews Drake
2458:Spangdahlem Air Base
2154:Harrogate Advertiser
1252:"709th MI Battalion"
727:423rd Air Base Group
423:Menwith Hill Station
380:signals intelligence
254:Garrison information
134:54.00806°N 1.69000°W
3638:Boundless Informant
3293:Laurence Hugh Frost
3012:Sixteenth Air Force
2847:RAF Greenham Common
2796:RAF Shepherds Grove
2702:RAF Barford St John
1914:on 17 December 2008
1341:on 11 November 2001
845:European Parliament
708:Ministry of Defence
697:Role and operations
486:burst transmissions
394:and its associated
390:, specifically the
333:operated by the US
303:Ministry of Defence
182:Ministry of Defence
130: /
59:at RAF Menwith Hill
3384:Keith B. Alexander
3321:Samuel C. Phillips
2837:RAF Bruntingthorpe
2590:39th Air Base Wing
2467:Support facilities
2271:United States Army
1770:(12 August 1988).
1661:. 13 November 2017
1462:"RAF Menwith Hill"
1393:. 22 October 2003.
967:"RAF Menwith Hill"
889:Objections to the
812:
792:into the station.
639:lieutenant colonel
528:
415:Field Station 8613
158:US Visiting Forces
139:54.00806; -1.69000
3879:
3878:
3849:NSA Hall of Honor
3391:Michael S. Rogers
3342:Lincoln D. Faurer
3040:
3039:
3020:
3019:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2964:48th Fighter Wing
2939:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2928:
2916:
2852:RAF Upper Heyford
2772:
2771:
2633:
2632:
2605:86th Airlift Wing
2600:52nd Fighter Wing
2595:48th Fighter Wing
2585:31st Fighter Wing
2564:Stuttgart Airport
2509:Izmir Air Station
2499:Chièvres Air Base
2494:Chabelley Airport
2453:Ramstein Air Base
2438:Incirlik Air Base
2319:. pp. 10–14.
2016:Belfast Telegraph
1212:, pp. 10–11.
1200:, pp. 11–12.
1147:, pp. 18–19.
930:Listening station
645:headquartered at
572:mass interception
266:
265:
3949:
3872:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3557:Church Committee
3552:
3534:
3527:
3520:
3513:
3506:
3499:
3492:
3485:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3316:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3263:
3262:
3252:
3245:
3243:Utah Data Center
3238:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3201:RAF Menwith Hill
3196:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3147:
3145:Friendship Annex
3140:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3044:
3043:
3035:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2948:
2947:
2922:
2910:
2832:RAF Brize Norton
2827:RAF Bassingbourn
2801:RAF Wethersfield
2781:
2780:
2758:RAF Menwith Hill
2685:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2637:
2636:
2549:RAF Menwith Hill
2420:
2415:
2390:
2382:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2349:
2348:
2320:
2314:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2294:
2286:Monitoring Times
2283:
2264:
2263:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2130:on 15 April 2002
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2078:on 27 April 2009
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2048:on 26 April 2009
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1910:. Archived from
1904:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1842:Campbell, Duncan
1838:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1801:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1776:
1768:Campbell, Duncan
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1696:
1685:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1523:. 13 August 2019
1518:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1494:. 14 August 2019
1484:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1466:House of Commons
1457:
1451:
1450:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1411:. natowatch.org.
1410:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1279:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1248:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1148:
1142:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1113:
1104:
1098:
1087:
1081:
1070:
1057:Bamford, James.
1055:
1049:
1047:NRO-FOIA request
1044:
1038:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
996:
981:
975:
974:
963:
632:
625:
400:Yorkshire Dales'
273:RAF Menwith Hill
240:
238:
173:Site information
145:
144:
142:
141:
140:
135:
131:
128:
127:
126:
123:
98:RAF Menwith Hill
94:
93:
87:
74:
69:
54:
45:
30:
24:RAF Menwith Hill
21:
20:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3870:Zendian Problem
3868:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3812:
3801:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3752:
3741:
3734:
3727:
3720:
3713:
3706:
3699:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3625:
3618:
3611:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3470:
3463:
3456:
3449:
3442:
3435:
3428:
3421:
3414:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3370:Kenneth Minihan
3368:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3335:Bobby Ray Inman
3333:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3307:Marshall Carter
3305:
3298:
3291:
3286:John A. Samford
3284:
3277:
3264:
3260:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3076:
3071:
3041:
3036:
3016:
2995:
2991:Third Air Force
2931:
2896:
2819:
2810:
2768:
2746:
2669:
2664:
2634:
2629:
2573:
2569:Volkel Air Base
2479:Büchel Air Base
2462:
2433:Aviano Air Base
2421:
2407:
2391:
2376:
2338:Wayback Machine
2327:
2312:
2298:
2296:
2295:on 14 July 2019
2292:
2281:
2261:
2258:
2253:
2243:
2241:
2240:on 4 April 2012
2232:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2188:
2185:The Independent
2177:
2173:
2163:
2161:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2133:
2131:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2107:
2105:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2079:
2072:The Independent
2066:
2065:
2061:
2051:
2049:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2021:
2019:
2018:. 3 August 2007
2010:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1931:
1927:
1917:
1915:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1891:
1889:
1882:
1878:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1849:
1839:
1835:
1825:
1823:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1802:
1795:
1785:
1783:
1774:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1725:
1723:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1700:
1698:
1697:on 27 June 2020
1694:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1664:
1662:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1638:
1636:
1629:Royal Air Force
1623:
1622:
1618:
1608:
1606:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1580:
1573:Royal Air Force
1567:
1566:
1562:
1552:
1550:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1495:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1471:
1469:
1458:
1454:
1439:
1435:
1420:
1416:
1408:
1402:
1398:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1374:
1372:
1365:Royal Air Force
1359:
1358:
1354:
1344:
1342:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1318:
1316:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1281:
1280:
1271:
1261:
1259:
1250:
1249:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1151:
1143:
1136:
1126:
1124:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1099:
1090:
1082:
1073:
1059:Body of Secrets
1056:
1052:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1030:
1020:
1018:
1008:
1004:
994:
992:
983:
982:
978:
965:
964:
957:
953:
921:
912:Occupy Movement
884:Greenham Common
879:
830:UKUSA Agreement
816:Duncan Campbell
804:
798:
771:
747:
704:
699:
684:
670:Dmitry Medvedev
630:
623:
613:British Telecom
606:
523:A Menwith Hill
517:
447:military police
443:Third Air Force
431:
398:countries. The
364:
359:
277:Royal Air Force
236:
234:
194:Royal Air Force
138:
136:
132:
129:
124:
121:
119:
117:
116:
108:
107:
106:
105:
102:
101:
100:
99:
95:
60:
36:
31:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3955:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3922:Military domes
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3873:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3814:Dundee Society
3809:
3807:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3616:
3609:
3602:
3595:
3592:Pike Committee
3588:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3564:Edward Snowden
3560:
3553:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3426:
3419:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3380:
3377:Michael Hayden
3373:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3274:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3070:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3047:
3038:
3037:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2954:
2952:
2945:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2920:RAF Chicksands
2917:
2908:RAF Burtonwood
2904:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2887:RAF Woodbridge
2884:
2882:RAF Waddington
2879:
2877:RAF Sculthorpe
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2842:RAF Chelveston
2839:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2791:RAF Bentwaters
2787:
2785:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2742:RAF Mildenhall
2739:
2737:RAF Molesworth
2734:
2732:RAF Lakenheath
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2693:
2691:
2682:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2663:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2640:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2554:RAF Molesworth
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2529:Morón Air Base
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2504:Ghedi Air Base
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2484:Camp Lemonnier
2481:
2476:
2474:Ämari Air Base
2470:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2448:RAF Mildenhall
2445:
2443:RAF Lakenheath
2440:
2435:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2403:Third (Europe)
2399:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2375:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2326:
2325:External links
2323:
2322:
2321:
2305:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2225:
2212:Harrogate News
2198:
2171:
2141:
2115:
2089:
2059:
2029:
2003:
1977:
1951:
1925:
1899:
1876:
1859:
1844:(April 1999).
1833:
1811:
1793:
1759:
1733:
1708:
1672:
1646:
1616:
1605:. US Air Force
1590:
1560:
1534:
1505:
1479:
1452:
1433:
1414:
1396:
1382:
1352:
1326:
1300:
1269:
1238:
1226:
1214:
1202:
1190:
1179:. 12 July 1995
1164:
1149:
1134:
1123:. 14 July 1997
1105:
1088:
1071:
1050:
1039:
1028:
1002:
991:. 25 July 2007
976:
954:
952:
949:
948:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
920:
917:
878:
877:Demonstrations
875:
873:in Maryland."
797:
794:
770:
767:
746:
743:
739:Cambridgeshire
723:US Air Force's
703:
700:
698:
695:
683:
680:
617:Hunters Stones
605:
602:
516:
513:
490:cryptographers
478:Collins R-390A
470:high frequency
430:
427:
388:Eastern Europe
384:Western Europe
363:
360:
358:
355:
322:(USAF) and US
292:ground station
264:
263:
260:
256:
255:
251:
250:
247:
243:
242:
231:
227:
226:
222:
221:
218:
214:
213:
212:
211:
206:
201:
196:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
170:
169:
166:
162:
161:
151:
147:
146:
114:
110:
109:
103:
97:
96:
89:
88:
82:
81:
80:
79:
76:
75:
62:
61:
55:
47:
46:
33:
32:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3954:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3871:
3867:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3818:
3815:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3737:
3733:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3705:
3702:
3698:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3621:
3617:
3614:
3610:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3578:James Bamford
3575:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3551:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3533:
3532:WARRIOR PRIDE
3529:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3399:
3398:Paul Nakasone
3395:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3356:Bill Studeman
3353:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3208:Roaring Creek
3205:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3068:
3063:
3061:
3056:
3054:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3034:
3029:
3023:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2944:organizations
2942:
2926:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2857:RAF Daws Hill
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2712:RAF Croughton
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2697:RAF Alconbury
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2656:
2654:
2649:
2647:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2539:RAF Alconbury
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2524:Łask Air Base
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2373:
2368:
2366:
2361:
2359:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2318:
2317:New Statesman
2311:
2306:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2269:from the
2268:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2160:on 8 May 2009
2159:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2017:
2013:
2007:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1966:. 4 July 2001
1965:
1961:
1955:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1887:
1880:
1872:
1871:
1863:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1821:
1815:
1807:
1800:
1798:
1782:
1781:
1780:New Statesman
1773:
1769:
1763:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1676:
1660:
1659:UK Parliament
1656:
1650:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1549:. 9 July 2019
1548:
1544:
1538:
1522:
1515:
1509:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1407:
1400:
1392:
1386:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1315:
1314:UK Parliament
1311:
1304:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1236:, p. 14.
1235:
1230:
1224:, p. 12.
1223:
1218:
1211:
1206:
1199:
1194:
1178:
1177:UK Parliament
1174:
1168:
1162:, p. 19.
1161:
1156:
1154:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1122:
1121:UK Parliament
1118:
1112:
1110:
1103:, p. 18.
1102:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1086:, p. 17.
1085:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1068:
1067:0-385-49908-6
1064:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1043:
1037:
1032:
1017:
1013:
1006:
990:
986:
980:
972:
968:
962:
960:
955:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
922:
916:
913:
908:
906:
901:
899:
896:
892:
887:
885:
874:
872:
866:
864:
859:
857:
853:
848:
846:
841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
822:
821:New Statesman
817:
808:
803:
793:
791:
787:
782:
780:
776:
766:
764:
760:
755:
753:
742:
740:
736:
735:RAF Alconbury
732:
728:
724:
719:
717:
713:
709:
694:
691:
689:
679:
676:
673:
671:
667:
662:
659:
655:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
627:
620:
618:
614:
609:
601:
599:
596:In 1995, the
594:
591:
589:
584:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
560:phone tapping
557:
556:
555:New Statesman
550:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
526:
521:
512:
510:
506:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
482:carrier waves
479:
475:
471:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
354:
352:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
327:
325:
321:
317:
312:
308:
304:
299:
297:
293:
289:
288:United States
285:
281:
278:
274:
270:
261:
257:
252:
248:
244:
232:
228:
223:
219:
215:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
191:
190:
186:
183:
180:
176:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
152:
148:
143:
115:
111:
86:
77:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
44:
40:
34:
29:
22:
19:
3736:Epic Shelter
3701:Stellar Wind
3300:Gordon Blake
3279:Ralph Canine
3200:
3026:Part of the
2872:RAF Scampton
2757:
2722:RAF Feltwell
2717:RAF Fairford
2548:
2544:RAF Fairford
2534:RAF Akrotiri
2316:
2297:. Retrieved
2290:the original
2285:
2259:
2242:. Retrieved
2238:the original
2228:
2216:. Retrieved
2211:
2201:
2189:. Retrieved
2184:
2174:
2162:. Retrieved
2158:the original
2153:
2144:
2132:. Retrieved
2128:the original
2118:
2106:. Retrieved
2102:
2092:
2080:. Retrieved
2076:the original
2071:
2062:
2050:. Retrieved
2046:the original
2041:
2032:
2020:. Retrieved
2015:
2006:
1994:. Retrieved
1990:The Guardian
1989:
1980:
1968:. Retrieved
1963:
1954:
1942:. Retrieved
1938:
1928:
1916:. Retrieved
1912:the original
1902:
1890:. Retrieved
1879:
1869:
1862:
1850:. Retrieved
1836:
1824:. Retrieved
1814:
1784:. Retrieved
1778:
1762:
1750:. Retrieved
1745:
1736:
1724:. Retrieved
1720:
1711:
1699:. Retrieved
1692:the original
1687:
1675:
1663:. Retrieved
1658:
1649:
1637:. Retrieved
1628:
1619:
1607:. Retrieved
1602:
1593:
1581:. Retrieved
1572:
1563:
1551:. Retrieved
1546:
1537:
1525:. Retrieved
1520:
1508:
1496:. Retrieved
1491:
1482:
1470:. Retrieved
1465:
1455:
1447:The Guardian
1446:
1436:
1428:The Guardian
1427:
1417:
1399:
1385:
1373:. Retrieved
1364:
1355:
1343:. Retrieved
1339:the original
1329:
1317:. Retrieved
1313:
1303:
1291:. Retrieved
1286:
1260:. Retrieved
1255:
1229:
1217:
1205:
1193:
1181:. Retrieved
1176:
1167:
1125:. Retrieved
1120:
1058:
1053:
1042:
1031:
1019:. Retrieved
1015:
1005:
993:. Retrieved
988:
979:
971:the original
909:
905:Lindis Percy
902:
888:
880:
867:
862:
860:
855:
849:
842:
819:
813:
783:
772:
756:
748:
720:
705:
692:
685:
677:
674:
663:
651:
635:US Air Force
628:
626:April 2007.
621:
610:
607:
595:
592:
585:
574:of civilian
553:
551:
548:
529:
507:facility in
463:
439:West Germany
432:
422:
418:
414:
408:
392:Soviet Union
365:
347:
328:
300:
272:
268:
267:
249:1959–present
225:Site history
18:
3708:TRAILBLAZER
3620:Matthew Aid
3613:Thomas Tamm
3542:Controversy
3483:ANT catalog
3314:Noel Gayler
3229:Sugar Grove
3173:Kent Island
3117:Dorsey Road
2867:RAF Manston
2727:RAF Welford
2578:Major units
2559:RAF Welford
2519:Lajes Field
2214:. Harrogate
2191:24 February
2164:14 February
2134:24 February
2124:"Courtnews"
2108:14 February
2052:14 February
2022:14 February
1970:14 February
1752:26 February
1726:26 February
1701:26 February
1665:13 November
1609:29 February
1527:26 February
1498:26 February
1472:11 December
1345:3 September
1319:27 February
1183:29 February
1021:13 November
1016:Independent
759:US military
664:During the
494:deciphering
404:radio noise
396:Warsaw Pact
246:In use
220:Operational
137: /
125:001°41′24″W
113:Coordinates
3932:Nidderdale
3886:Categories
3761:Interquake
3715:Turbulence
3475:Technology
3222:Salt Creek
3138:Fort Meade
2806:RAF Upwood
2396:Air Forces
2256:References
1944:14 January
1918:14 January
1061:, Anchor,
871:Fort Meade
763:Royal Navy
682:Facilities
544:golf balls
532:satellites
505:Fort Meade
455:ammunition
368:War Office
331:satellites
122:54°00′29″N
3768:Main Core
3746:Databases
3729:XKeyscore
3599:Russ Tice
3490:FROSTBURG
3408:Divisions
3328:Lew Allen
3215:Room 641A
3081:Locations
2892:RAF Wyton
2764:RAF Digby
1826:9 January
1449:. London.
1430:. London.
1258:. US Army
1160:Bird 1997
1145:Bird 1997
1101:Bird 1997
1084:Bird 1997
854:entitled
647:Wiesbaden
576:telephone
498:encrypted
435:Frankfurt
372:Harrogate
294:and is a
284:Harrogate
217:Condition
156:station (
39:Harrogate
3754:DISHFIRE
3722:Upstream
3673:MUSCULAR
3659:Fairview
3645:Dropmire
3630:Programs
3194:Pine Gap
3030:(USAFE)
2777:inactive
2334:Archived
2299:30 April
2244:19 April
2218:19 April
2187:. London
2103:BBC News
1964:BBC News
1639:19 April
1633:Archived
1583:19 April
1577:Archived
1547:BBC News
1492:BBC News
1375:19 April
1369:Archived
1293:19 April
1262:18 April
1127:18 April
989:BBC News
919:See also
882:such as
790:trespass
769:Security
568:Backbone
509:Maryland
459:thermite
351:Pine Gap
345:system.
259:Garrison
188:Operator
3796:PINWALE
3775:MAINWAY
3652:ECHELON
3571:LOVEINT
3525:STU-III
3497:HARVEST
3270:Leaders
2760:(AFISR)
1852:19 June
1786:19 June
826:ECHELON
802:ECHELON
745:Mission
688:radomes
540:radomes
357:History
343:ECHELON
339:radomes
280:station
275:) is a
235: (
57:Radomes
43:England
3856:VENONA
3789:Nymrod
3782:MARINA
3680:MYSTIC
3518:STU-II
3000:former
2951:active
2925:USAFSS
2681:active
2234:"Why?"
2082:22 May
1996:22 May
1892:7 June
1553:9 July
1069:; 2002
1065:
995:22 May
895:Labour
852:COMINT
834:Sigint
631:
624:
525:radome
492:using
466:cinema
241:– 1959
3806:Other
3687:PRISM
3511:STU-I
2901:other
2820:USAFE
2784:USAFE
2751:other
2689:USAFE
2674:bases
2426:Bases
2313:(PDF)
2293:(PDF)
2282:(PDF)
1888:. BBC
1775:(PDF)
1695:(PDF)
1684:(PDF)
1517:(PDF)
1409:(PDF)
951:Notes
654:BASIC
629:On 19
580:telex
472:(HF)
282:near
230:Built
178:Owner
37:Near
3465:NSOC
3458:NTOC
3110:CSSG
2913:AFMC
2301:2009
2246:2012
2220:2012
2193:2009
2166:2009
2136:2009
2110:2009
2084:2010
2054:2009
2024:2009
1998:2010
1972:2009
1946:2009
1920:2009
1894:2013
1854:2007
1828:2022
1788:2007
1754:2020
1728:2020
1703:2020
1667:2017
1641:2020
1611:2020
1585:2020
1555:2019
1529:2020
1500:2020
1474:2023
1377:2020
1347:2015
1321:2020
1295:2020
1264:2020
1185:2020
1129:2020
1063:ISBN
1023:2017
997:2010
721:The
578:and
457:and
386:and
237:1956
233:1956
165:Area
150:Type
3451:TAO
3444:SSO
3430:ROC
3416:CSS
2816:SAC
898:MPs
737:in
154:RAF
3888::
2315:.
2284:.
2210:.
2183:.
2152:.
2101:.
2070:.
2040:.
2014:.
1988:.
1962:.
1937:.
1796:^
1777:.
1744:.
1719:.
1686:.
1657:.
1631:.
1627:.
1601:.
1575:.
1571:.
1545:.
1519:.
1490:.
1464:.
1445:.
1426:.
1367:.
1363:.
1312:.
1285:.
1272:^
1254:.
1241:^
1175:.
1152:^
1137:^
1119:.
1108:^
1091:^
1074:^
1014:.
987:.
958:^
886:.
840:.
741:.
672:.
511:.
437:,
353:.
3066:e
3059:t
3052:v
2927:)
2923:(
2915:)
2911:(
2818:/
2659:e
2652:t
2645:v
2371:e
2364:t
2357:v
2303:.
2248:.
2222:.
2195:.
2168:.
2138:.
2112:.
2086:.
2056:.
2026:.
2000:.
1974:.
1948:.
1922:.
1896:.
1873:.
1856:.
1830:.
1790:.
1756:.
1730:.
1705:.
1669:.
1643:.
1613:.
1587:.
1557:.
1531:.
1502:.
1476:.
1379:.
1349:.
1323:.
1297:.
1266:.
1187:.
1131:.
1025:.
999:.
271:(
239:)
160:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)