618:
1025:
1063:
674:
845:
71:
993:
639:
691:
1047:
812:
1010:
657:
828:
779:
48:
795:
617:
1360:
Carrero, Christina; Jerome, Diana; Beckman, Emily; Byrne, Amy; Coombes, Allen J.; Deng, Min; González Rodríguez, Antonio; Sam, Hoang Van; Khoo, Eyen; Nguyen, Ngoc; Robiansyah, Iyan; Rodríguez Correa, Hernando; Sang, Julia; Song, Yi-Gang; Strijk, Joeri; Sugau, John; Sun, Weibang; Valencia-Ávalos,
768:
is distinctive, consisting of wrinkles or folds (rugulae). The acorns mature either annually or after two years. The cup of the acorn has triangular scales, usually thin and membranous. The toothed leaves are evergreen with spines or bristles at the ends of the teeth.
968:
is distinctive, consisting of scattered small bumps (verrucate). The cup of the acorn has narrowly triangular scales, thickened and with a keel and elongated recurved tips. The leaf is toothed, typically with bristle-like extensions to the teeth.
608:(the perianthopodium) has three to five distinct rings. The 'cup' (cupule) around the base of acorn also has distinct rings formed from thin membranes (lamellae), which also distinguishes the section from other oaks. The leaves are evergreen.
1024:
346:
occurs mainly in the
Americas (although some species are also found in Eurasia and North Africa), and may be called the New World clade or the high-latitude clade.
1362:
1241:
1062:
1300:"Comparative systematics and phylogeography of Quercus Section Cerris in western Eurasia: inferences from plastid and nuclear DNA variation"
1298:
Simeone, Marco Cosimo; Cardoni, Simone; Piredda, Roberta; Imperatori, Francesca; Avishai, Michael; Grimm, Guido W.; Denk, Thomas (2018).
673:
1160:"An Updated Infrageneric Classification of the Oaks: Review of Previous Taxonomic Schemes and Synthesis of Evolutionary Patterns"
365:
in 1867. However, his conception and that of later workers, who often reduced it to a section, was closer to the modern section
1031:
888:
1179:
1276:
566:
362:
17:
638:
1221:
542:
589:
690:
1112:
states that 69 are native to China of which 43 are endemic. China has the largest number of threatened oak species.
600:
is a distinguishing feature of the section: pollen grains have vertical folds (rugulae). The stalk that joins the
373:
that has resulted from molecular phylogenetic studies, in which the subgenus is one of two divisions of the genus
1203:
70:
868:
611:
The section contains about 90 species native to tropical and subtropical Asia including the southern
Himalayas.
715:
315:
evidence. The structure of the mature pollen is one feature that distinguishes the two subgenera: in subgenus
827:
1213:
992:
844:
577:
in 1880. It has also been treated as a subgenus. Members may be called cycle-cup oaks, or ring-cup oaks.
1388:
794:
1209:
370:
656:
1009:
319:, the small folds or wrinkles (rugulae) are visible or at most weakly obscured, whereas in subgenus
1533:
330:
The two subgenera are also distinguished to some extent by their different distributions. Subgenus
982:
for wine stoppers, among other uses. It is the only oak section with a centre of diversity in the
698:
592:
are arranged in groups of usually one to three, but sometimes up to seven, along the axis of the
312:
811:
1419:
574:
1240:
Denk, Thomas; Grimm, Guido W.; Manos, Paul S.; Deng, Min & Hipp, Andrew L. (2017-11-02),
1162:, in Gil-Pelegrín, Eustaquio; Peguero-Pina, José Javier & Sancho-Knapik, Domingo (eds.),
1101:
1046:
961:
761:
261:
851:
735:
680:
1166:, Tree Physiology, vol. 7, Cham.: Springer International Publishing, pp. 13–38,
8:
983:
389:
summarizes the relationships that Denk et al. used to draw up their 2017 classification:
1334:
1299:
1158:
Denk, Thomas; Grimm, Guido W.; Manos, Paul S.; Deng, Min & Hipp, Andrew L. (2017),
818:
778:
625:
65:
1339:
1321:
1175:
936:
802:
785:
646:
1392:
303:-like fruit in which a cup covers at least the base of the nut. Members of subgenus
1528:
1491:
1329:
1311:
1256:
1252:
1167:
268:
271:. It may be called the Old World clade or the mid-latitude clade; all species are
1217:
1164:
Oaks
Physiological Ecology. Exploring the Functional Diversity of Genus Quercus L
979:
663:
108:
1171:
1104:" category, representing the highest level of threat. A large number of section
972:
There are about 13 species in
Eurasia and North Africa, including the cork oak,
1446:
1053:
999:
605:
570:
272:
95:
56:
1159:
1088:
shows that within the species assessed across all eight sections of the genus
1522:
1325:
1070:
974:
593:
324:
342:, and may be called the Old World clade or the mid-latitude clade. Subgenus
311:
by few morphological features, their separation being largely determined by
1505:
1460:
1343:
835:
339:
280:
772:
The section contains about 40 species native to
Eurasia and North Africa.
1316:
891:
in 1829. It has been treated as a section under other names, including
630:
386:
1413:
1500:
1485:
1455:
1440:
601:
251:
154:
121:
1242:"Appendix 2.1: An updated infrageneric classification of the oaks"
1194:
335:
276:
144:
47:
738:
in 1838. It has also been treated as a subgenus, under the name
1297:
965:
765:
597:
134:
1391:, in Wu, Zhengyi; Raven, Peter H. & Hong, Deyuan (eds.),
300:
82:
1387:
Huang, Chengjiu; Zhang, Yongtian & Bartholomew, Bruce,
569:
in 1867. It was first reduced from a genus to a section by
964:
have four to six stamens. The ornamentation of the mature
764:
have four to six stamens. The ornamentation of the mature
1359:
256:
164:
1100:
have the largest proportions of species put into the "
749:, and as subsection. Members may be called ilex oaks.
260:
was divided in a 2017 classification (the other being
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
267:). It contains about 140 species divided among three
1355:
1353:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1239:
1157:
1386:
1350:
1122:
1520:
960:are trees or shrubs with acorn-like fruit. The
760:are trees or shrubs with acorn-like fruit. The
588:are trees or shrubs with acorn-like fruit. The
1187:
307:are distinguished from members of subgenus
1233:
533:
46:
1333:
1315:
1268:
14:
1521:
1361:Susana & Westwood, Murphy (2020),
1418:
1417:
1274:
561:was first established, as the genus
1222:Australian National Botanic Gardens
949:Members may be called cerris oaks.
889:Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier
24:
1380:
596:. The ornamentation of the mature
25:
1545:
1370:, Lisle, IL: The Morton Arboretum
859:
1074:, the cork oak, after harvesting
1061:
1045:
1023:
1008:
991:
843:
826:
810:
793:
777:
689:
672:
655:
637:
616:
69:
1204:International Plant Names Index
1079:
706:
377:, and includes three sections.
1291:
1257:10.6084/m9.figshare.5547622.v1
323:, the rugulae are obscured by
286:
13:
1:
1115:
27:Subgenus of the genus Quercus
1108:species occur in China: the
380:
7:
1214:Harvard University Herbaria
1172:10.1007/978-3-319-69099-5_2
349:
10:
1550:
1210:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
866:
713:
540:
1471:
1426:
1364:The Red List of Oaks 2020
1281:, Halliday Wine Companion
978:, an important source of
887:was first established by
734:was first established by
480:
464:
457:
441:
434:
423:
407:
400:
361:was first established by
299:are trees or shrubs with
197:
192:
66:Scientific classification
64:
54:
45:
34:
684:in cultivation in France
338:, with a few species in
699:Quercus stenophylloides
833:Leaves and catkins of
575:William Jackson Hooker
313:molecular phylogenetic
1102:critically endangered
933:(Reichenb.) O.Schwarz
696:Leaves and acorns of
254:into which the genus
1278:Wine bottle closures
1033:Quercus ithaburensis
952:Like all species of
852:Quercus rotundifolia
752:Like all species of
736:John Claudius Loudon
681:Quercus sessilifolia
580:Like all species of
567:Anders Sandøe Ørsted
363:Anders Sandøe Ørsted
295:, those of subgenus
291:Like all species of
18:Quercus sect. Cerris
956:, those of section
756:, those of section
584:, those of section
1317:10.7717/peerj.5793
984:Western Palearctic
819:Quercus floribunda
626:Quercus championii
250:is one of the two
1516:
1515:
1420:Taxon identifiers
1389:"Cyclobalanopsis"
1275:Halliday, James,
1181:978-3-319-69099-5
1040:, the valonia oak
962:staminate flowers
948:
937:illegitimate name
934:
923:
912:
901:
897:Erythrobalanopsis
803:Quercus coccifera
786:Quercus alnifolia
762:staminate flowers
748:
647:Quercus lamellosa
590:staminate flowers
530:
529:
521:
520:
512:
511:
503:
502:
494:
493:
239:
238:
233:
221:
209:
188:
16:(Redirected from
1541:
1509:
1508:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1476:
1464:
1463:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1431:
1415:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1369:
1357:
1348:
1347:
1337:
1319:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1246:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1155:
1086:Red List of Oaks
1065:
1049:
1027:
1012:
995:
946:
932:
921:
910:
899:
873:species#Section
847:
830:
814:
797:
781:
746:
720:species#Section
693:
676:
659:
644:Illustration of
641:
620:
547:species#Section
460:
459:
437:
436:
426:
425:
403:
402:
393:
392:
231:
219:
207:
186:
181:
74:
73:
50:
39:
32:
31:
21:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1534:Plant subgenera
1519:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1504:
1499:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1474:
1467:
1459:
1454:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1429:
1422:
1412:
1411:
1403:
1401:
1394:Flora of China
1385:
1381:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1358:
1351:
1296:
1292:
1284:
1282:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1259:
1244:
1238:
1234:
1226:
1224:
1197:Cyclobalanopsis
1193:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1156:
1123:
1118:
1106:Cyclobalanopsis
1094:Cyclobalanopsis
1092:, the sections
1082:
1075:
1066:
1057:
1050:
1041:
1028:
1019:
1013:
1004:
996:
878:
865:
855:
848:
839:
831:
822:
815:
806:
798:
789:
782:
725:
712:
702:
694:
685:
677:
668:
664:Quercus miyagii
660:
651:
642:
633:
621:
586:Cyclobalanopsis
563:Cyclobalanopsis
559:Cyclobalanopsis
552:
549:Cyclobalanopsis
539:
536:Cyclobalanopsis
531:
522:
513:
504:
495:
445:Cyclobalanopsis
383:
371:circumscription
369:than the wider
352:
289:
205:Cyclobalanopsis
185:
179:
68:
60:(type species)
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1547:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1497:
1481:
1479:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1452:
1436:
1434:
1424:
1423:
1410:
1409:
1379:
1349:
1290:
1267:
1232:
1186:
1180:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1110:Flora of China
1081:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1067:
1060:
1058:
1054:Quercus libani
1051:
1044:
1042:
1029:
1022:
1020:
1017:Quercus cerris
1014:
1007:
1005:
1000:Quercus cerris
997:
990:
864:
858:
857:
856:
849:
842:
840:
832:
825:
823:
816:
809:
807:
799:
792:
790:
783:
776:
711:
705:
704:
703:
695:
688:
686:
678:
671:
669:
661:
654:
652:
643:
636:
634:
622:
615:
571:George Bentham
538:
532:
528:
527:
524:
523:
519:
518:
515:
514:
510:
509:
506:
505:
501:
500:
497:
496:
492:
491:
488:
487:
479:
476:
475:
472:
471:
463:
458:
456:
453:
452:
449:
448:
440:
435:
433:
424:
422:
419:
418:
415:
414:
406:
401:
399:
391:
385:The following
382:
379:
351:
348:
288:
285:
237:
236:
235:
234:
222:
210:
195:
194:
190:
189:
174:
170:
169:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
132:
125:
124:
119:
112:
111:
106:
99:
98:
93:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
62:
61:
57:Quercus cerris
52:
51:
43:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1546:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1470:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1400:, eFloras.org
1399:
1398:
1395:
1390:
1383:
1366:
1365:
1356:
1354:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1280:
1279:
1271:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1190:
1183:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1121:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1073:
1072:
1071:Quercus suber
1064:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1026:
1021:
1018:
1011:
1006:
1002:
1001:
994:
989:
988:
987:
985:
981:
977:
976:
975:Quercus suber
970:
967:
963:
959:
955:
950:
945:
941:
938:
931:
927:
920:
916:
909:
908:Castaneifolia
905:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
877:
876:
872:
863:
854:
853:
846:
841:
838:
837:
829:
824:
821:
820:
813:
808:
805:
804:
796:
791:
788:
787:
780:
775:
774:
773:
770:
767:
763:
759:
755:
750:
745:
744:Heterobalanus
741:
737:
733:
729:
724:
723:
719:
710:
701:
700:
692:
687:
683:
682:
675:
670:
666:
665:
658:
653:
649:
648:
640:
635:
632:
628:
627:
619:
614:
613:
612:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
594:inflorescence
591:
587:
583:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
551:
550:
546:
537:
526:
525:
517:
516:
508:
507:
499:
498:
490:
489:
486:
485:
478:
477:
474:
473:
470:
469:
462:
461:
455:
454:
451:
450:
447:
446:
439:
438:
432:
428:
427:
421:
420:
417:
416:
413:
412:
405:
404:
398:
395:
394:
390:
388:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
347:
345:
341:
337:
334:is primarily
333:
328:
326:
325:sporopollenin
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
265:
259:
258:
253:
249:
248:
244:
230:
226:
223:
218:
214:
211:
206:
202:
199:
198:
196:
191:
184:
183:
175:
172:
171:
168:
167:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
96:Tracheophytes
94:
91:
88:
87:
84:
81:
78:
77:
72:
67:
63:
59:
58:
53:
49:
44:
41:
33:
30:
19:
1472:
1427:
1402:, retrieved
1397:
1393:
1382:
1372:, retrieved
1363:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1283:, retrieved
1277:
1270:
1260:, retrieved
1248:
1235:
1225:, retrieved
1202:
1196:
1189:
1163:
1109:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1080:Conservation
1069:
1052:
1036:
1032:
1016:
998:
973:
971:
957:
953:
951:
943:
939:
929:
925:
918:
914:
907:
903:
896:
892:
884:
880:
879:
874:
870:
861:
850:
836:Quercus ilex
834:
817:
801:
784:
771:
757:
753:
751:
743:
739:
731:
727:
726:
721:
717:
708:
697:
679:
662:
645:
624:
610:
585:
581:
579:
562:
558:
554:
553:
548:
544:
535:
483:
481:
467:
465:
444:
442:
430:
410:
408:
396:
384:
374:
366:
358:
354:
353:
343:
340:North Africa
331:
329:
320:
316:
308:
304:
296:
292:
290:
281:North Africa
263:
255:
246:
242:
241:
240:
228:
224:
216:
212:
204:
200:
177:
176:
165:
128:
115:
102:
89:
55:
35:
29:
650:with acorns
623:Catkins of
429:subg.
287:Description
109:Angiosperms
1523:Categories
1492:Q116858648
1404:2023-02-24
1374:2023-02-24
1285:2023-02-24
1262:2023-02-17
1227:2023-02-24
1116:References
1037:macrolepis
1015:Acorns of
867:See also:
800:Acorns of
714:See also:
667:in habitat
541:See also:
173:Subgenus:
1326:2167-8359
1310:: e5793.
1218:Libraries
1084:The 2020
1068:Trunk of
1030:Acorn of
1003:in autumn
922:O.Schwarz
911:O.Schwarz
631:Hong Kong
387:cladogram
381:Phylogeny
357:subgenus
262:subgenus
252:subgenera
245:subgenus
193:Sections
79:Kingdom:
1506:50162017
1501:Tropicos
1486:Wikidata
1473:Quercus
1461:50162008
1456:Tropicos
1447:Q6123078
1441:Wikidata
1428:Quercus
1396:(online)
1344:30356975
1249:figshare
944:Eucerris
935:and the
930:Aegilops
919:Vallonea
883:section
869:List of
860:Section
716:List of
707:Section
602:perianth
543:List of
534:Section
350:Taxonomy
336:Eurasian
269:sections
178:Quercus
155:Fagaceae
151:Family:
122:Eudicots
36:Quercus
1529:Quercus
1335:6195796
1199:Oerst."
1090:Quercus
1035:subsp.
954:Quercus
940:Quercus
926:Quercus
915:Quercus
904:Quercus
893:Quercus
881:Quercus
871:Quercus
754:Quercus
740:Quercus
728:Quercus
718:Quercus
604:to the
582:Quercus
555:Quercus
545:Quercus
411:Quercus
397:Quercus
375:Quercus
355:Quercus
344:Quercus
321:Quercus
309:Quercus
293:Quercus
277:Eurasia
264:Quercus
257:Quercus
243:Quercus
232:Dumort.
225:Quercus
213:Quercus
201:Quercus
166:Quercus
161:Genus:
145:Fagales
141:Order:
83:Plantae
1432:Cerris
1342:
1332:
1324:
1216:&
1206:(IPNI)
1178:
966:pollen
958:Cerris
947:Oerst.
942:sect.
928:sect.
917:sect.
906:sect.
900:Oerst.
895:sect.
885:Cerris
875:Cerris
862:Cerris
766:pollen
747:Oerst.
742:subg.
730:sect.
598:pollen
557:sect.
484:Cerris
482:sect.
466:sect.
443:sect.
431:Cerris
409:subg.
367:Cerris
359:Cerris
332:Cerris
317:Cerris
305:Cerris
297:Cerris
273:native
247:Cerris
229:Cerris
227:sect.
220:Loudon
215:sect.
208:Oerst.
203:sect.
187:Oerst.
182:Cerris
135:Rosids
40:Cerris
1475:sect.
1430:sect.
1368:(PDF)
1304:PeerJ
1245:(xls)
606:ovary
565:, by
301:acorn
180:subg.
129:Clade
116:Clade
103:Clade
90:Clade
38:subg.
1477:Ilex
1340:PMID
1322:ISSN
1176:ISBN
1098:Ilex
1096:and
980:cork
758:Ilex
732:Ilex
722:Ilex
709:Ilex
573:and
468:Ilex
279:and
217:Ilex
1330:PMC
1312:doi
1253:doi
1168:doi
629:in
275:to
1525::
1503::
1488::
1458::
1443::
1352:^
1338:.
1328:.
1320:.
1306:.
1302:.
1251:,
1247:,
1220:;
1212:;
1208:,
1201:,
1174:,
1124:^
986:.
924:,
913:,
902:,
327:.
283:.
131::
118::
105::
92::
1346:.
1314::
1308:6
1255::
1195:"
1170::
20:)
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