514:
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apex are largest; midrib and primary veins conspicuous. Lobes are often less deeply cut than most other oaks of the red oak group. Leaves emerge from the bud convolute, pink, covered with soft silky down above, coated with thick white tomentum below. When full grown are dark green and smooth, sometimes shining above, yellow green, smooth or hairy on the axils of the veins below. In autumn they turn a rich red, sometimes brown. Often the petiole and midvein are a rich red color in midsummer and early autumn, though this is not true of all red oaks. The acorns mature in about 18 months after
40:
538:
1019:
109:
283:
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918:
895:). The northern red oak is primarily found on the edges of woodland reserves in Europe, where light availability, tannin concentration, and animal dispersal are the most necessary component for the species' longevity and survival. The high influx of the species in Europe is primarily based on its economic productivity as a fast-growing source of
1651:
Haavik, L. J., Stephen, F. M., Fierke, M. K., Salisbury, V. B., Leavitt, S. W., & Billings, S. A. (2008). Dendrochronological parameters of northern red oak ( Quercus rubra L. (Fagaceae)) infested with red oak borer ( Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)). Forest
Ecology and
481:
Leaves and acorns: Alternate, seven to nine-lobed, oblong-ovate to oblong, five to ten inches long, four to six inches broad; seven to eleven lobes tapering gradually from broad bases, acute, and usually repandly dentate and terminating with long bristle-pointed teeth; the second pair of lobes from
750:
There has been a recent northern red oak decline in
Arkansas which is âunique in that it is associated with increases in red oak borerâ (Enaphalodes rufulus) which âis native to the eastern United States and usually occurs in mixed oak forestsâ. âIt damages the phloem, sapwood, and heartwood which
698:
Over the last few decades, the northern red oak has dealt with several environmental factors, mainly disease, predation by insects, and limited opportunities for dispersal. These stresses have impacted the species' ability to proliferate in both the
Northeast and Europe. The various environmental
764:
transport and photosynthetic activity has been observed, but only after multiple days of flooding, indicating that the northern red oak has adapted moderate resistance to excess water exposure. The northern red oak has also developed tolerance mechanisms for heat stress, particularly observed in
812:
weevils. Due to this, germination rates among the northern red oak acorns have decreased significantly and resulted in less seed dispersal by animals within Poland. In addition, limited opportunities for dispersal have become costly for the northern red oak in Europe. European animals known for
759:
Northern red oak seedlings have been known to have a high mortality rate in northeast regions prone to spring freeze, particularly in
Massachusetts. Acorns produced by oaks in this region are typically smaller in size as an adaptation to frost produced in high latitudes; however, the resulting
455:
develop on the tree for two growing seasons and are released from the tree in early
October, and leaf drop begins when day length falls under 11 hours. The timing of leafout and leaf drop can vary by as much as three weeks in the northern and southern US. Seedlings emerge in spring when soil
1089:â At over 250 years old, this tree is among the oldest in Toronto. The trunk has a circumference of 4.95 m (16 ft 3 in) and the canopy is over 24 m (79 ft) tall. The lot where the tree stands has been purchased by the City of Toronto to be turned into a public park.
718:
has become a major pathogen to the species over the last decade, causing leaf browning, bark cracking and bleeding, and high rates of tree mortality across the northeastern United States. The northern red oak is also characterized as one of the most susceptible species to plant fungi
460:
Bark: Dark reddish gray brown, with broad, thin, rounded ridges, scaly. On young trees and large stems, smooth and light gray. Rich in tannin. Branchlets slender, at first bright green, shining, then dark red, finally dark brown. Bark is brownish gray, becoming dark brown on old
385:). It is a native of North America, in the eastern and central United States and southeast and south-central Canada. It has been introduced to small areas in Western Europe, where it can frequently be seen cultivated in gardens and parks. It prefers good soil that is slightly
769:
activase activity that is directly correlated to acclimations with repeated exposure to heat waves. Consistent photosynthetic activity in the red oak has also been observed in the presence of high carbon dioxide levels that often occur as a result of elevated temperatures.
1034:, Connecticut. The tree has suffered falling limbs because of its great age. However, this tree is still a sight to behold; the trunk is 8 m (26 ft) in circumference and the root-knees are also particularly impressive. The oak is located on Giant Oak Lane off
1748:
Bauweraerts, Ingvar; Ameye, Maarten; Wertin, Timothy M.; McGuire, Mary Anne; Teskey, Robert O.; Steppe, Kathy (2014-07-01). "Acclimation effects of heat waves and elevated on gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) seedlings".
464:
Wood: Pale reddish brown, sapwood darker, heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained. Cracks in drying, but when carefully treated could be successfully used for furniture. Also used in construction and for interior finish of houses. Sp. gr., 0.6621; weight of cu. ft.,
450:
and will take place regardless of air temperature. As a consequence (see below), in cooler regions, northern red oaks often lose their flowers to late spring frosts, resulting in no seed crop for the year. The catkins and leaves emerge at the same time. The
858:
It was introduced to Europe in the 1700s and has naturalized throughout most of western and central Europe. Across western and central Europe, the northern red oak has become the fourth-most significant invasive species, colonizing several regions across
417:
grows straight and tall, to 28 metres (92 feet), exceptionally to 43 m (141 ft) tall, with a trunk of up to 50â100 centimetres (20â39 inches) in diameter. Open-grown trees do not get as tall, but can develop a stouter trunk, up to 2 m
963:
Red oak wood grain is so open that smoke can be blown through it from end-grain to end-grain on a flat-sawn board. For this reason, it is subject to moisture infiltration and is unsuitable for outdoor uses such as boatbuilding or exterior trim.
443:, which features ridges that appear to have shiny stripes down the center. A few other oaks have bark with this kind of appearance in the upper tree, but the northern red oak is the only tree with the striping all the way down the trunk.
635:). The red oak group as a whole are more abundant today than they were when European settlement of North America began as forest clearing and exploitation for lumber much reduced the population of the formerly dominant white oaks.
486:; solitary or in pairs, sessile or stalked; nut oblong-ovoid with broad flat base, full, with acute apex, one half to one and one-fourth of an inch long, first green, maturing nut-brown; cup, saucer-shaped and shallow, 2 cm (
1056:
with three leads. It was the state champion oak in
Maryland in 2002. The circumference at breast height is 6.7 m (22 ft 0 in), the height 41.5 m (136 ft 2 in) and the spread 29.9 m (98 ft
619:
It grows rapidly and is tolerant of many soils and varied situations, although it prefers the glacial drift and well-drained borders of streams. In the southeastern United States, it is frequently a part of the canopy in an
496: in) wide, usually covering only the base, sometimes one-fourth of the nut, thick, shallow, reddish brown, somewhat downy within, covered with thin imbricated reddish brown scales. Its kernel is white and very bitter.
1331:
Alexander, L., & Woeste, K. (2017). Pollen gene flow, male reproductive success, and genetic correlations among offspring in a northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) seed orchard. PloS One, 12(2), e0171598âe0171598.
760:
smaller seedlings have produced limited opportunities for animal consumption and dispersal. Flooding along the continental United States has been shown to be a major issue for the northern red oak, in which decreased
765:
deciduous forests in the
Southeastern United States, where, during summer heat waves, temperatures can exceed 40 °C (104 °F). The leaves of the northern red oak have been observed to have an acclimation to
435:
Under optimal conditions and full sun, northern red oak is fast growing and a 10-year-old tree can be 5â6 m (16â20 ft) tall. Trees may live up to 400 years; a living example of 326 years was noted in 2001.
1083:. The circumference at breast height is 6.4 m (21 ft 0 in), with the trunk reaching higher than 12 m (40 ft) before the branches begin and an estimated height of 40 m (130 ft).
740:
grow under warmer temperature conditions; as a result, northern red oak trees found in
California, France, and northern Spain all have a higher incidence of fungal infection. Oak Wilt caused by the fungus
549:
504:
and will not germinate without a minimum of three months' exposure to temperatures below 4 °C (40 °F). They also take two years of growing on the tree before development is completed.
1864:
Myczko, Ĺukasz; Dylewski, Ĺukasz; Chrzanowski, Artur; Sparks, Tim H. (2017-08-01). "Acorns of invasive
Northern Red Oak (Quercus rubra) in Europe are larval hosts of moths and beetles".
1079:. It is in the backyard of a house built in 1914 by architect Arthur Raymond Smith, who at one time worked for D.X. Murphy & Bros., famed architects that designed the twin spires at
703:
across several temperate environmental conditions have allowed for it to serve as a model organism for studying symbiotic relationships, dispersal, and habituation between tree species.
960:
and other species in the red oak group. Construction uses include flooring, veneer, interior trim, and furniture. It is also used for lumber, railroad ties, and fence posts.
2011:
2028:
Wagner, Viktoria; ChytrĂ˝, Milan; JimĂŠnez-Alfaro, Borja; Pergl, Jan; Hennekens, Stephan; Biurrun, Idoia; KnollovĂĄ, Ilona; Berg, Christian; Vassilev, Kiril (2017-09-01).
1803:; Potts, M.; Zacharias, E.; Bazzaz, F. A. (2000-12-01). "Consequences of CO2 and light interactions for leaf phenology, growth, and senescence in Quercus rubra".
513:
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that coil at the base of the oak trunk. The fungi, which eventually proliferate at the stumps of deciduous trees, have been found to be host-specific to both
1959:
Dickie, Ian A.; Koide, Roger T.; Steiner, Kim C. (2002). "Influences of
Established Trees on Mycorrhizas, Nutrition, and Growth of Quercus rubra Seedlings".
1060:
1041:
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relationships that have been correlated with increased growth rates. Northern red oak trees have been shown to increase growth in the presence of various
1003:
967:
The acorns can be collected in autumn, shelled, tied up in a cloth, and leached to remove bitterness. They can then be eaten whole or ground into meal.
501:
1086:
782:, a biochemical classified as a predator deterrent, which has limited appeal for consumption among animals. Despite this, the acorns are eaten by
2477:
2565:
1027:
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and quickly becomes difficult to transplant, however modern growing pots have made starting seedlings with taproots easier than in the past.
2078:
2763:
1999:
1303:
2663:
2425:
2490:
2438:
1701:"Reduced translocation of current photosynthate precedes changes in gas exchange forQuercus rubraseedlings under flooding stress"
940:. Other related oaks are also cut and marketed as red oak, although their wood is not always of as high a quality. These include
1601:
2588:
2531:
2239:
2159:
1602:"Modelling the influence of winter frosts on the development of the stem canker of red oak, caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi"
525:
446:
As with most other deciduous oaks, leafout takes place in spring when day length has reached 13 hoursâit is tied entirely to
899:; however, it has been linked to lower percentages of trace elements and minerals found in the surrounding soil and reduced
2793:
2642:
2495:
1468:"Susceptibility of the Quercus rubra root system to Phytophthora cinnamomi; comparison with chestnut and other oak species"
1409:"Climate Influences the Content and Chemical Composition of Foliar Tannins in Green and Senesced Tissues of Quercus rubra"
2768:
2783:
2389:
432: ft) in diameter. It has stout branches growing at right angles to the stem, forming a narrow round-topped head.
2778:
1570:
1391:
936:
production in North America. Quality red oak is of high value as lumber and veneer, while defective logs are used as
1641:. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, State and Private Forestry, Northeastern Area. 2002. pp. 2â.
1467:
108:
2570:
2464:
93:
537:
2788:
2593:
1917:"Removal of acorns of the alien oak Quercus rubra on the ground by scatter-hoarding animals in Belgian forests"
1153:
2681:
1518:"Simulation of potential range expansion of oak disease caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi under climate change"
1517:
2552:
2417:
1667:"Effects of acorn size on seedling survival and growth in Quercus rubra following simulated sporing freeze"
1233:
978:
is grown in parks and large gardens as a specimen tree. It is not planted as often as the closely related
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1251:
682:
577:
2332:
2676:
2443:
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2526:
1247:
1064:
687:
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1825:
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Northern red oak is the most common species of oak in the northeastern US after the closely related
2217:
1131:
995:
2544:
1346:
1185:
2308:
1800:
2727:
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1063:â This majestic red oak tree is located on Shelby Street in the South Frankfort neighborhood in
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230:
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1322:. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, North Carolina Division of Parks and Recreation.
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means the ability for growth and repair is attacked as well as the stability of the treeâ.
727:
663:
585:
2183:
8:
2627:
2151:
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1072:
1045:
691:
53:
2105:"The negative impact of intentionally introduced Quercus rubra L. on a forest community"
2045:
1916:
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1498:
1486:
1443:
1408:
796:
713:
290:
103:
2079:"Invasiveness and ecological effects of red oak (Quercus rubra) in Lithuanian forests"
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2059:
1889:
1838:
1834:
1774:
1730:
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1387:
1246:. Vol. 3. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org,
1209:
1108:
941:
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which have caused severe, red-black cankers in the trunk region of the species. Both
556:
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Winter buds: Dark chestnut brown (reddish brown), ovate, acute, generally 6 mm (
1942:
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1407:
Top, Sara M.; Preston, Caroline M.; Dukes, Jeffrey S.; Tharayil, Nishanth (2017).
39:
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2601:
2518:
1993:
1569:
Davidson, J. M.; Werres, S.; Garbelotto, M.; Hansen, E. M.; Rizzo, D. M. (2003).
1381:
1307:
1299:
The Natural Communities of Virginia Classification of Ecological Community Groups
1080:
1035:
892:
884:
846:
802:
146:
2717:
2557:
1586:
1320:
Classification of the natural communities of North Carolina: third approximation
747:
is a major pathogen found in eastern North America that can kill trees quickly.
686:
Mossy trunk of a large, old-growth individual surrounded by hemlocks within the
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273:
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20:
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LamontâDoherty Earth Observatory and Columbia University, Eastern US oldlist
778:
Northern red oak kernels have highly concentrated amounts of bitter-tasting
282:
2707:
1734:
1452:
814:
794:. In Europe, the acorns are consumed by several moth species, particularly
2147:
Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods
2145:
2121:
2104:
806:, which increases their niche breadths and reduces their competition with
2539:
2451:
2302:
2012:"Figure 1. The distribution of Q. Rubra in Europe (Based on NOBANIS data"
1571:"Sudden Oak Death and Associated Diseases Caused by Phytophthora ramorum"
953:
945:
667:
589:
581:
483:
447:
2606:
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1285:
County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA)
2430:
1980:
1301:(Version 2.3), Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, 2010
999:
837:
818:
659:
401:), also known as the Spanish oak. Northern red oak is sometimes called
2054:
2029:
1699:
Sloan, Joshua L.; Islam, M. Anisul; Jacobs, Douglass F. (2016-01-01).
2456:
2376:
888:
872:
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1972:
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1258:
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192:
159:
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1799:
2103:
Woziwoda, Beata; KopeÄ, Dominik; Witkowski, Janusz (2014-03-18).
1053:
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880:
864:
860:
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651:
628:
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386:
374:
182:
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1071:, and is the largest red oak tree in the oldest neighborhood in
2327:
2027:
1863:
933:
917:
896:
876:
779:
761:
605:
172:
16:
Species of flowering plant in the beech and oak family Fagaceae
1568:
1466:
MarÄais, B.; Dupuis, F.; Desprez-Loustau, M. L. (1996-06-01).
1747:
821:, have been found to be more attracted to local oak species.
791:
674:
and acorn maturation occur during the second growing season.
452:
120:
1465:
1044:â This forest tree is located on a very rich steep slope in
555:
An old-growth northern red oak during winter in Glen Abbey,
1100:
932:
The northern red oak is one of the most important oaks for
783:
370:
202:
1406:
1240:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
2102:
393:, northern red oak is so named to distinguish it from
624:, but generally not as important as some other oaks.
1106:
500:
Red oak acorns, unlike the white oak group, display
2242:
Toronto city council votes to save historic red oak
1210:
United States Department of Agriculture Plant Guide
1958:
1921:Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society, and Environment
1038:. There are several other large oaks in the area.
2755:
1698:
1287:. Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
2211:
2209:
1380:Smith, Sally E.; Read, David J. (2010-07-26).
1184:. New Roak: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp.
1132:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T194226A2305058.en
2144:Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) .
2030:"Alien plant invasions in European woodlands"
850:and primarily promote growth upon infection.
439:Northern red oak is easy to recognize by its
2143:
1654:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.11.005
1334:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171598
1243:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
576:The species grows from the north end of the
456:temperatures reach 21 °C (70 °F).
2206:
2000:European Forest Genetic Resources Programme
571:
281:
84:
62:
38:
2237:
2120:
2053:
1932:
1824:
1716:
1620:
1442:
1424:
1379:
1318:Schafale, M. P. and A. S. Weakley. 1990.
1181:Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them
1130:
853:
1987:
1914:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1017:
916:
681:
670:occurs in the first growing season, but
1599:
2756:
2238:Cotterill, Madigan (3 December 2020).
2215:
2076:
1564:
1562:
1515:
1344:
1199:Arbor Day Foundation, Northern Red Oak
1177:
2269:
2268:
2219:Great Eastern Trees, Past and Present
2023:
2021:
1954:
1952:
1664:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1166:
706:
2581:ad1757be-4e4f-4ff3-9ec3-5dec46dbe392
2109:Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae
1475:European Journal of Forest Pathology
2764:IUCN Red List least concern species
1559:
1345:Cecich, Robert A. (February 1997).
1118:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1030:â A very large Northern Red Oak in
1013:
813:dispersing tendencies, such as the
754:
13:
2216:Rucker, Colby B. (February 2004),
2018:
1949:
1487:10.1111/j.1439-0329.1996.tb00718.x
1214:
14:
2805:
970:
903:among native oak species such as
2682:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:296701-1
1835:10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00361.x
1609:Annales des Sciences Forestières
1545:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00824.x
694:in Columbia County, Pennsylvania
548:
536:
524:
512:
107:
2231:
2176:
2137:
2096:
2070:
2004:
1908:
1857:
1793:
1741:
1692:
1658:
1652:Management, 255(5), 1501â1509.
1645:
1629:
1593:
1509:
1459:
1400:
1373:
1338:
1325:
1312:
1107:Wenzell, K.; Kenny, L. (2015).
638:
1347:"Notes: Pollen Tube Growth in
1291:
1269:
1203:
1192:
1146:
408:
1:
2194:. Royal Horticultural Society
1093:
543:Sapling in Hohenlohe, Germany
7:
2794:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2034:Diversity and Distributions
1587:10.1094/php-2003-0707-01-dg
1252:Harvard University Herbaria
1178:Keeler, Harriet L. (1900).
47:Northern red oak in autumn
10:
2810:
2769:NatureServe secure species
1915:Merceron, Natalie (2017).
1674:Canadian Journal of Botany
1413:Frontiers in Plant Science
989:
773:
677:
18:
2784:Trees of Northern America
2277:
2077:Riepas, Edvardas (2008).
1886:10.1007/s10530-017-1452-y
1771:10.1007/s11258-014-0352-9
1248:Missouri Botanical Garden
688:Jakey Hollow Natural Area
296:
289:
280:
263:
256:
104:Scientific classification
102:
82:
60:
51:
46:
37:
30:
2779:Plants described in 1753
1934:10.25518/1780-4507.13613
1600:Marcais, B (June 1995).
1306:January 5, 2011, at the
1232:Nixon, Kevin C. (1997).
925:'s fourteen-volume work
824:
572:Distribution and habitat
19:Not to be confused with
1718:10.1093/treephys/tpv122
1665:Aizen, Marcelo (1996).
1622:10.1051/forest:19960219
1516:Bergot, Magali (2004).
1426:10.3389/fpls.2017.00423
1022:The Shera-Blair red oak
912:
1250:, St. Louis, MO &
1154:"NatureServe Explorer"
1023:
929:
854:Invasiveness in Europe
722:Phytophthora cinnamomi
699:responses observed in
695:
389:. Often simply called
2789:Symbols of New Jersey
2122:10.5586/asbp.2013.035
1961:Ecological Monographs
1805:Global Change Biology
1575:Plant Health Progress
1525:Global Change Biology
1383:Mycorrhizal Symbiosis
1125:: e.T194226A2305058.
1052:. It is a high-stump
1021:
920:
744:Bretziella fagacearum
685:
531:Detail of mature bark
1866:Biological Invasions
1008:Prince Edward Island
728:Phytophthora ramorum
300:Erythrobalanus rubra
2248:Canadian Geographic
2046:2017DivDi..23..969W
1878:2017BiInv..19.2419M
1817:2000GCBio...6..877C
1763:2014PlEco.215..733B
1537:2004GCBio..10.1539B
1061:Shera-Blair Red Oak
1046:Anne Arundel County
1042:Chase Creek Red Oak
692:Weiser State Forest
643:âNorthern red oak (
54:Conservation status
1801:Cavender-Bares, J.
1386:. Academic Press.
1024:
930:
927:The American Woods
797:Cydia fagiglandana
714:Diplodia corticola
707:Pests and diseases
696:
584:, south as far as
316:Quercus angulizana
2751:
2750:
2615:Open Tree of Life
2271:Taxon identifiers
2161:978-1-4027-6715-9
2055:10.1111/ddi.12592
982:as it develops a
942:eastern black oak
923:Romeyn Beck Hough
711:Canker pathogen,
664:self-incompatible
633:Q. palustris
413:In many forests,
358:
357:
352:
344:
336:
328:
320:
312:
304:
97:
77:
2801:
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2743:
2731:
2730:
2721:
2720:
2711:
2710:
2698:
2697:
2685:
2684:
2672:
2671:
2659:
2658:
2646:
2645:
2636:
2635:
2623:
2622:
2610:
2609:
2597:
2596:
2584:
2583:
2574:
2573:
2561:
2560:
2558:NBNSYS0000011916
2548:
2547:
2535:
2534:
2522:
2521:
2512:
2511:
2499:
2498:
2486:
2485:
2473:
2472:
2460:
2459:
2447:
2446:
2434:
2433:
2421:
2420:
2408:
2407:
2398:
2397:
2385:
2384:
2372:
2371:
2359:
2358:
2346:
2345:
2336:
2335:
2323:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2266:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2213:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2124:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2083:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2057:
2025:
2016:
2015:
2008:
2002:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1956:
1947:
1946:
1936:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1872:(8): 2419â2425.
1861:
1855:
1854:
1828:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1720:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1671:
1662:
1656:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1638:Sudden Oak Death
1633:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1615:(2â3): 369â382.
1606:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1566:
1557:
1556:
1531:(9): 1539â1552.
1522:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1472:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1446:
1428:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1342:
1336:
1329:
1323:
1316:
1310:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1273:
1267:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1254:, Cambridge, MA.
1229:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1175:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1134:
1104:
1014:Famous specimens
958:southern red oak
755:Abiotic stresses
649:
622:oak-heath forest
552:
540:
528:
516:
502:epigeal dormancy
495:
494:
490:
477:
476:
472:
431:
430:
426:
423:
395:southern red oak
367:northern red oak
350:
342:
334:
326:
324:Quercus borealis
318:
310:
302:
285:
269:
235:
219:
112:
111:
91:
88:
87:
71:
66:
65:
42:
28:
27:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2739:
2734:
2726:
2724:
2716:
2714:
2706:
2701:
2693:
2688:
2680:
2675:
2667:
2662:
2654:
2649:
2641:
2639:
2631:
2626:
2618:
2613:
2605:
2602:Observation.org
2600:
2592:
2587:
2579:
2577:
2569:
2564:
2556:
2551:
2543:
2538:
2530:
2525:
2517:
2516:MichiganFlora:
2515:
2507:
2502:
2494:
2489:
2481:
2476:
2468:
2463:
2455:
2450:
2442:
2437:
2429:
2424:
2416:
2411:
2403:
2401:
2393:
2388:
2380:
2375:
2367:
2362:
2354:
2349:
2341:
2339:
2331:
2326:
2318:
2316:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2273:
2263:
2262:
2252:
2250:
2236:
2232:
2224:
2222:
2214:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2162:
2154:. p. 233.
2142:
2138:
2101:
2097:
2086:Baltic Forestry
2081:
2075:
2071:
2026:
2019:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1992:
1988:
1973:10.2307/3100054
1957:
1950:
1913:
1909:
1862:
1858:
1826:10.1.1.337.1253
1798:
1794:
1746:
1742:
1705:Tree Physiology
1697:
1693:
1686:10.1139/b96-037
1669:
1663:
1659:
1650:
1646:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1604:
1598:
1594:
1567:
1560:
1520:
1514:
1510:
1470:
1464:
1460:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1378:
1374:
1364:
1362:
1343:
1339:
1330:
1326:
1317:
1313:
1308:Wayback Machine
1296:
1292:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1259:
1230:
1215:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1193:
1176:
1167:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1135:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1081:Churchill Downs
1065:Franklin County
1036:U.S. Highway 44
1016:
1004:provincial tree
992:
973:
915:
893:Western Siberia
885:European Russia
856:
847:Quercus montana
834:ectomycorrhizal
827:
803:Cydia splendana
776:
757:
709:
680:
660:wind-pollinated
647:
641:
574:
569:
568:
567:
564:
553:
544:
541:
532:
529:
520:
517:
492:
488:
487:
474:
470:
469:
465:41.25 lbs.
428:
424:
421:
419:
411:
399:Q. falcata
343:(Marshall) Ashe
332:Quercus cuneata
308:Quercus ambigua
276:
271:
265:
252:
233:
217:
106:
98:
89:
85:
78:
67:
63:
56:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2807:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2741:wfo-0000293006
2732:
2722:
2712:
2699:
2686:
2673:
2660:
2647:
2637:
2624:
2611:
2598:
2585:
2575:
2562:
2549:
2536:
2523:
2513:
2500:
2487:
2474:
2461:
2448:
2435:
2422:
2409:
2399:
2386:
2373:
2360:
2347:
2337:
2324:
2314:
2299:
2283:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2261:
2260:
2230:
2205:
2175:
2160:
2136:
2095:
2069:
2040:(9): 969â981.
2017:
2003:
1986:
1967:(4): 505â521.
1948:
1907:
1856:
1811:(8): 877â887.
1792:
1757:(7): 733â746.
1740:
1691:
1680:(2): 308â314.
1657:
1644:
1628:
1592:
1558:
1508:
1481:(3): 133â143.
1458:
1399:
1392:
1372:
1355:Forest Science
1337:
1324:
1311:
1290:
1268:
1257:
1213:
1202:
1191:
1165:
1145:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1084:
1058:
1039:
1015:
1012:
991:
988:
972:
971:Ornamental use
969:
914:
911:
869:Northern Italy
855:
852:
832:has effective
826:
823:
775:
772:
756:
753:
708:
705:
679:
676:
640:
637:
600:, and west to
573:
570:
566:
565:
554:
547:
545:
542:
535:
533:
530:
523:
521:
519:Autumn foliage
518:
511:
508:
507:
506:
498:
497:
479:
478: in) long
466:
462:
410:
407:
356:
355:
354:
353:
345:
340:Quercus maxima
337:
329:
321:
313:
305:
303:(L.) O.Schwarz
294:
293:
287:
286:
278:
277:
272:
261:
260:
254:
253:
246:
244:
240:
239:
228:
224:
223:
212:
208:
207:
200:
196:
195:
190:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
170:
163:
162:
157:
150:
149:
144:
137:
136:
131:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
100:
99:
83:
80:
79:
61:
58:
57:
52:
49:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2806:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2634:
2633:Quercus rubra
2629:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2334:
2333:quercus-rubra
2329:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2310:
2309:Quercus rubra
2304:
2300:
2295:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2279:Quercus rubra
2276:
2272:
2267:
2249:
2245:
2243:
2234:
2221:
2220:
2212:
2210:
2193:
2192:RHS Gardening
2189:
2187:
2186:Quercus rubra
2179:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2140:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2022:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1995:Quercus rubra
1990:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1953:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1751:Plant Ecology
1744:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1655:
1648:
1640:
1639:
1632:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1563:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1395:
1393:9780080559346
1389:
1385:
1384:
1376:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1350:
1341:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1279:Quercus rubra
1272:
1266:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1236:Quercus rubra
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1211:
1206:
1200:
1195:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1155:
1149:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1111:Quercus rubra
1103:
1099:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
987:
985:
981:
977:
976:Quercus rubra
968:
965:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
928:
924:
919:
910:
908:
907:
906:Quercus robur
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
851:
849:
848:
843:
842:Quercus rubra
839:
835:
831:
830:Quercus rubra
822:
820:
816:
811:
810:
805:
804:
799:
798:
793:
789:
785:
781:
771:
768:
763:
752:
748:
746:
745:
739:
735:
731:
729:
724:
723:
717:
715:
704:
702:
701:Quercus rubra
693:
689:
684:
675:
673:
672:fertilization
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
646:
645:Quercus rubra
636:
634:
630:
625:
623:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
562:
558:
551:
546:
539:
534:
527:
522:
515:
510:
509:
505:
503:
485:
480:
467:
463:
459:
458:
457:
454:
449:
444:
442:
437:
433:
416:
415:Quercus rubra
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
363:
362:Quercus rubra
349:
346:
341:
338:
333:
330:
325:
322:
317:
314:
309:
306:
301:
298:
297:
295:
292:
288:
284:
279:
275:
270:
268:
267:Quercus rubra
262:
259:
258:Binomial name
255:
251:
250:
249:Q. rubra
245:
242:
241:
238:
237:
229:
226:
225:
222:
221:
213:
210:
209:
206:
205:
201:
198:
197:
194:
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
134:Tracheophytes
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
110:
105:
101:
95:
81:
75:
70:
69:Least Concern
59:
55:
50:
45:
41:
36:
33:
32:Quercus rubra
29:
26:
22:
21:Quercus robur
2278:
2251:. Retrieved
2247:
2241:
2233:
2223:, retrieved
2218:
2196:. Retrieved
2191:
2185:
2178:
2150:. New York:
2146:
2139:
2115:(1): 39â49.
2112:
2108:
2098:
2089:
2085:
2072:
2037:
2033:
2006:
1994:
1989:
1964:
1960:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1808:
1804:
1795:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1711:(1): 54â62.
1708:
1704:
1694:
1677:
1673:
1660:
1647:
1637:
1631:
1612:
1608:
1595:
1578:
1574:
1528:
1524:
1511:
1478:
1474:
1461:
1416:
1412:
1402:
1382:
1375:
1363:. Retrieved
1361:(1): 140â146
1358:
1354:
1348:
1340:
1327:
1319:
1314:
1298:
1293:
1284:
1278:
1271:
1260:
1242:
1235:
1205:
1194:
1180:
1157:. Retrieved
1148:
1136:. Retrieved
1122:
1116:
1110:
1102:
993:
975:
974:
966:
962:
931:
926:
904:
857:
845:
841:
829:
828:
815:European jay
807:
801:
795:
777:
758:
749:
743:
737:
734:P. cinnamomi
733:
726:
720:
712:
710:
700:
697:
644:
642:
639:Reproduction
632:
626:
618:
575:
499:
445:
438:
434:
414:
412:
403:champion oak
402:
398:
390:
382:
378:
373:tree in the
366:
361:
360:
359:
348:Quercus sada
347:
339:
331:
323:
315:
307:
299:
266:
264:
248:
247:
231:
215:
203:
166:
153:
140:
127:
31:
25:
2540:NatureServe
2452:iNaturalist
2303:Wikispecies
1927:: 127â130.
1365:17 December
1138:19 November
1028:Ashford Oak
954:Shumard oak
946:scarlet oak
921:Wood; from
838:ascomycetes
668:Pollination
656:dichogamous
590:Mississippi
582:Nova Scotia
578:Great Lakes
484:pollination
448:photoperiod
409:Description
147:Angiosperms
94:NatureServe
2758:Categories
2725:WisFlora:
2656:kew-174902
2651:Plant List
2225:2007-05-05
2092:: 122â130.
1159:2021-05-06
1094:References
1057:1 in)
1000:New Jersey
996:state tree
994:It is the
819:wood mouse
738:P. ramorum
652:monoecious
580:, east to
211:Subgenus:
2418:233501079
2170:244766414
2131:2083-9480
2064:1472-4642
1894:1387-3547
1843:1365-2486
1821:CiteSeerX
1779:1385-0237
1727:0829-318X
1495:1439-0329
1435:1664-462X
1073:Frankfort
889:the Urals
873:Lithuania
788:squirrels
614:Minnesota
598:Louisiana
243:Species:
227:Section:
117:Kingdom:
2715:VASCAN:
2708:13100118
2703:Tropicos
2545:2.155953
2483:10980480
2470:296701-1
2340:BioLib:
2288:Wikidata
2152:Sterling
1943:90139551
1851:15753586
1787:14230195
1735:26655380
1553:85844009
1503:83704321
1453:28559896
1304:Archived
1077:Kentucky
1069:Kentucky
1050:Maryland
1002:and the
938:firewood
901:richness
809:Curculio
610:Nebraska
602:Oklahoma
557:Oakville
381:section
369:, is an
327:F.Michx.
311:F.Michx.
291:Synonyms
232:Quercus
216:Quercus
193:Fagaceae
189:Family:
160:Eudicots
74:IUCN 3.1
2774:Quercus
2527:MoBotPF
2431:2880539
2369:1151317
2294:Q147525
2198:27 June
2042:Bibcode
1981:3100054
1902:9609205
1874:Bibcode
1813:Bibcode
1759:Bibcode
1533:Bibcode
1444:5432568
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1349:Quercus
1087:Zhelevo
1054:coppice
1032:Ashford
990:Culture
984:taproot
980:pin oak
950:pin oak
881:Ukraine
865:Germany
861:Belgium
774:Animals
767:Rubisco
678:Ecology
629:pin oak
594:Alabama
586:Georgia
561:Ontario
491:⁄
473:⁄
427:⁄
391:red oak
383:Lobatae
379:Quercus
377:group (
375:red oak
236:Lobatae
220:Quercus
204:Quercus
199:Genus:
183:Fagales
179:Order:
121:Plantae
92: (
90:Secure
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2664:PLANTS
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2578:NZOR:
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2328:ARKive
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877:Poland
780:tannin
762:phloem
662:, and
612:, and
606:Kansas
596:, and
461:trees.
453:acorns
387:acidic
365:, the
335:Dippel
173:Rosids
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2589:NZPCN
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2478:IRMNG
2457:49005
2444:30744
2390:EUNIS
2382:QUERU
2356:4R5Z8
2317:APA:
2082:(PDF)
1977:JSTOR
1939:S2CID
1898:S2CID
1847:S2CID
1783:S2CID
1670:(PDF)
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234:sect.
218:subg.
167:Clade
154:Clade
141:Clade
128:Clade
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2669:QURU
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2607:7287
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2571:3512
2566:NCBI
2519:1383
2504:IUCN
2491:ITIS
2465:IPNI
2439:GRIN
2426:GBIF
2377:EPPO
2343:3456
2320:2181
2255:2021
2200:2013
2166:OCLC
2156:ISBN
2127:ISSN
2060:ISSN
1890:ISSN
1839:ISSN
1775:ISSN
1731:PMID
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1491:ISSN
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1123:2015
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891:and
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817:and
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725:and
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2736:WFO
2690:RHS
2643:261
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2364:EoL
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2117:doi
2050:doi
1969:doi
1929:doi
1882:doi
1831:doi
1767:doi
1755:215
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1682:doi
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