Muhammad Ali Jinnah

2609:, for which a ghost-written statement for him was released. Despite an increase in appetite (he then weighed just over 36 kilograms or 79 pounds), it was clear to his doctors that if he was to return to Karachi in life, he would have to do so very soon. Jinnah, however, was reluctant to go, not wishing his aides to see him as an invalid on a stretcher. By 9 September, Jinnah had also developed pneumonia. Doctors urged him to return to Karachi, where he could receive better care, and with his agreement, he was flown there on the morning of 11 September. Dr Ilahi Bux, his personal physician, believed that Jinnah's change of mind was caused by foreknowledge of death. The plane landed at Karachi that afternoon, to be met by Jinnah's limousine, and an ambulance into which Jinnah's stretcher was placed. The ambulance broke down on the road into town, and the Governor-General and those with him waited for another to arrive; he could not be placed in the car as he could not sit up. They waited by the roadside in oppressive heat as trucks and buses passed by, unsuitable for transporting the dying man and with their occupants not knowing of Jinnah's presence. After an hour, the replacement ambulance came, and transported Jinnah to Government House, arriving there over two hours after the landing. Jinnah died later that night at 10:20 pm at his home in Karachi on 11 September 1948 at the age of 71, just over a year after Pakistan's creation. 1860:, without consulting Indian political leaders, announced that India had entered the war along with Britain. There were widespread protests in India. After meeting with Jinnah and with Gandhi, Linlithgow announced that negotiations on self-government were suspended for the duration of the war. The Congress on 14 September demanded immediate independence with a constituent assembly to decide a constitution; when this was refused, its eight provincial governments resigned on 10 November and governors in those provinces thereafter ruled by decree for the remainder of the war. Jinnah, on the other hand, was more willing to accommodate the British, and they in turn increasingly recognised him and the League as the representatives of India's Muslims. Jinnah later stated, "after the war began, ... I was treated on the same basis as Mr Gandhi. I was wonderstruck why I was promoted and given a place side by side with Mr Gandhi." Although the League did not actively support the British war effort, neither did they try to obstruct it. 1889: 2613: 2177: 1718: 8595: 2106:

comprising substantially autonomous provinces, and called for "groups" of provinces formed on the basis of religion. Matters such as defence, external relations and communications would be handled by a central authority. Provinces would have the option of leaving the union entirely, and there would be an interim government with representation from the Congress and the League. Jinnah and his Working Committee accepted this plan in June, but it fell apart over the question of how many members of the interim government the Congress and the League would have, and over the Congress's desire to include a Muslim member in its representation. Before leaving India, the British ministers stated that they intended to inaugurate an interim government even if one of the major groups was unwilling to participate.

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noted a change in Jinnah's words: while he still advocated freedom of religion and protection of the minorities, the model he was now aspiring to was that of the Prophet Muhammad, rather than that of a secular politician. Ahmed further avers that those scholars who have painted the later Jinnah as secular have misread his speeches which, he argues, must be read in the context of Islamic history and culture. Accordingly, Jinnah's imagery of the Pakistan began to become clear that it was to have an Islamic nature. This change has been seen to last for the rest of Jinnah's life. He continued to borrow ideas "directly from Iqbal—including his thoughts on Muslim unity, on Islamic ideals of liberty, justice and equality, on economics, and even on practices such as prayers".

1527:, though with a majority of Conservatives, arrived in India in March 1928. They were met with a boycott by India's leaders, Muslim and Hindu alike, angered at the British refusal to include their representatives on the commission. A minority of Muslims, though, withdrew from the League, choosing to welcome the Simon Commission and repudiating Jinnah. Most members of the League's executive council remained loyal to Jinnah, attending the League meeting in December 1927 and January 1928 which confirmed him as the League's permanent president. At that session, Jinnah told the delegates that "A constitutional war has been declared on Great Britain. Negotiations for a settlement are not to come from our side ... By appointing an exclusively white Commission, 2046:, immediately ordered a review of the Indian situation. Jinnah had no comment on the change of government, but called a meeting of his Working Committee and issued a statement calling for new elections in India. The League held influence at the provincial level in the Muslim-majority states mostly by alliance, and Jinnah believed that, given the opportunity, the League would improve its electoral standing and lend added support to his claim to be the sole spokesman for the Muslims. Wavell returned to India in September after consultation with his new masters in London; elections, both for the centre and for the provinces, were announced soon after. The British indicated that formation of a constitution-making body would follow the votes. 1841: 1660: 2233: 1914: 2293:. Many on the "wrong side" of the lines fled or were murdered, or murdered others, hoping to make facts on the ground which would reverse the commission's verdict. Radcliffe wrote in his report that he knew that neither side would be happy with his award; he declined his fee for the work. Christopher Beaumont, Radcliffe's private secretary, later wrote that Mountbatten "must take the blame—though not the sole blame—for the massacres in the Punjab in which between 500,000 to a million men, women and children perished". Jinnah did what he could for the eight million people who migrated to Pakistan; although by now over 70 and frail from lung ailments, he travelled across 2086: 2541:; only his sister and a few others close to him were aware of his condition. Jinnah believed public knowledge of his lung ailments would hurt him politically. In a 1938 letter, he wrote to a supporter that "you must have read in the papers how during my tours ... I suffered, which was not because there was anything wrong with me, but the irregularities and over-strain told upon my health". Many years later, Mountbatten stated that if he had known Jinnah was so physically ill, he would have stalled, hoping Jinnah's death would avert partition. Fatima Jinnah later wrote, "even in his hour of triumph, the 2704: 2114:. The Congress wanted the Viceroy to immediately summon the constituent assembly and begin the work of writing a constitution and felt that the League ministers should either join in the request or resign from the government. Wavell attempted to save the situation by flying leaders such as Jinnah, Liaquat, and Jawaharlal Nehru to London in December 1946. At the end of the talks, participants issued a statement that the constitution would not be forced on any unwilling parts of India. On the way back from London, Jinnah and Liaquat stopped in Cairo for several days of pan-Islamic meetings. 2574: 1323:

India. In April 1913, he again went to Britain, with Gokhale, to meet with officials on behalf of the Congress. Gokhale, a Hindu, later stated that Jinnah "has true stuff in him, and that freedom from all sectarian prejudice which will make him the best ambassador of Hindu–Muslim Unity". Jinnah led another delegation of the Congress to London in 1914, but due to the start of the First World War in August 1914, found officials little interested in Indian reforms. By coincidence, he was in Britain at the same time as a man who would become his great political rival,

1671:, "the events of 1937 had a tremendous, almost a traumatic effect upon Jinnah". Despite his beliefs of twenty years that Muslims could protect their rights in a united India through separate electorates, provincial boundaries drawn to preserve Muslim majorities, and by other protections of minority rights, Muslim voters had failed to unite, with the issues Jinnah hoped to bring forward lost amid factional fighting. Singh notes the effect of the 1937 elections on Muslim political opinion, "when the Congress formed a government with almost all of the Muslim 9739: 2248:, that Jinnah be appointed Pakistan's first governor-general. This request angered Mountbatten, who had hoped to have that position in both dominions—he would be India's first post-independence governor-general—but Jinnah felt that Mountbatten would be likely to favour the new Hindu-majority state because of his closeness to Nehru. In addition, the governor-general would initially be a powerful figure, and Jinnah did not trust anyone else to take that office. Although the Boundary Commission, led by British lawyer Sir 8613: 1910:

future, and that no future settlement would be imposed over the objections of a large part of the population. This was satisfactory to neither the Congress nor the League, though Jinnah was pleased that the British had moved towards recognising Jinnah as the representative of the Muslim community's interests. Jinnah was reluctant to make specific proposals as to the boundaries of Pakistan, or its relationships with Britain and with the rest of the subcontinent, fearing that any precise plan would divide the League.

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front of us as our ideal and you will find that in course of time Hindus would cease to be Hindus and Muslims would cease to be Muslims, not in the religious sense, because that is the personal faith of each individual, but in the political sense as citizens of the State." On 14 August, Pakistan became independent; Jinnah led the celebrations in Karachi. One observer wrote, "here indeed is Pakistan's King Emperor, Archbishop of Canterbury, Speaker and Prime Minister concentrated into one formidable

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after his death, the lack of consensus on the distribution of political power and economic resources often turned controversial." According to Mohiuddin, "Jinnah's death deprived Pakistan of a leader who could have enhanced stability and democratic governance ... The rocky road to democracy in Pakistan and the relatively smooth one in India can in some measure be ascribed to Pakistan's tragedy of losing an incorruptible and highly revered leader so soon after independence."

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confederation. The Muslim League was far from certain of winning the legislative votes that would be required for mixed provinces such as Bengal and Punjab to secede, and Jinnah rejected the proposals as not sufficiently recognising Pakistan's right to exist. The Congress also rejected the Cripps plan, demanding immediate concessions which Cripps was not prepared to give. Despite the rejection, Jinnah and the League saw the Cripps proposal as recognising Pakistan in principle.

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stated in 1960, "the truth is that we were tired men and we were getting on in years ... The plan for partition offered a way out and we took it." Leaders of the Congress decided that having loosely tied Muslim-majority provinces as part of a future India was not worth the loss of the powerful government at the centre which they desired. However, the Congress insisted that if Pakistan were to become independent, Bengal and Punjab would have to be divided.

8604: 2050: 1466: 8306: 2530: 11599: 468: 74: 2748: 2144: 9800: 9633: 1864: 1806: 8330: 2252:, had not yet reported, there were already massive movements of populations between the nations-to-be, as well as sectarian violence. Jinnah arranged to sell his house in Bombay and procured a new one in Karachi. On 7 August, Jinnah, with his sister and close staff, flew from Delhi to Karachi in Mountbatten's plane, and as the plane taxied, he was heard to murmur, "That's the end of that." On 11 August, he presided over the new 2483:, issued at India's request for a plebiscite in Kashmir after the withdrawal of Pakistani forces, this has never occurred. In January 1948, the Indian government finally agreed to pay Pakistan its share of British India's assets on 15 January 1948. The partition violence stopped by 18 January following the fast by Mahatma Gandhi with religious rioters promising Gandhi to frown upon the violence. Only days later, on 30 January, 1872:

in February 1940 to set out terms of reference to a constitutional sub-committee. The Working Committee asked that the sub-committee return with a proposal that would result in "independent dominions in direct relationship with Great Britain" where Muslims were dominant. On 6 February, Jinnah informed the Viceroy that the Muslim League would be demanding partition instead of the federation contemplated in the 1935 Act. The

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government sought to save abandoned crops, establish security in a chaotic situation, and provide basic services. According to economist Yasmeen Niaz Mohiuddin in her study of Pakistan, "although Pakistan was born in bloodshed and turmoil, it survived in the initial and difficult months after partition only because of the tremendous sacrifices made by its people and the selfless efforts of its great leader."

8318: 2348:, Jinnah represented Pakistan's interests in the Division Council to appropriately divide public assets between India and Pakistan. Pakistan was supposed to receive one-sixth of the pre-independence government's assets, carefully divided by agreement, even specifying how many sheets of paper each side would receive. The new Indian state, however, was slow to deliver, hoping for the collapse of the nascent 2637: 489: 2732: 7873: 2862:, but the issue of its ownership has been disputed by the Government of Pakistan. Jinnah had personally requested Prime Minister Nehru to preserve the house, hoping one day he could return to Bombay. There are proposals for the house to be offered to the government of Pakistan to establish a consulate in the city as a goodwill gesture, but Dina Wadia had also staked a claim on the property. 2027:. He proposed a temporary government along the lines which Liaquat and Desai had agreed. However, Wavell was unwilling to guarantee that only the League's candidates would be placed in the seats reserved for Muslims. All other invited groups submitted lists of candidates to the Viceroy. Wavell cut the conference short in mid-July without further seeking an agreement; with a 1302:. He was a compromise candidate when two older, better-known Muslims who were seeking the post deadlocked. The council, which had been expanded to 60 members as part of reforms enacted by Minto, recommended legislation to the Viceroy. Only officials could vote in the council; non-official members, such as Jinnah, had no vote. Throughout his legal career, Jinnah practised 11587: 2173:, quipped "A rose between two thorns" which the Viceroy took, perhaps gratuitously, as evidence that the Muslim leader had pre-planned his joke but had expected the vicereine to stand in the middle. Mountbatten was not favourably impressed with Jinnah, repeatedly expressing frustration to his staff about Jinnah's insistence on Pakistan in the face of all argument. 1035:. Jinnah's mother and first wife both died during his absence in England. Although the apprenticeship in London was considered a great opportunity for Jinnah, one reason for sending him overseas was a legal proceeding against his father, which placed the family's property at risk of being sequestered by the court. In 1893, the Jinnahbhai family moved to Bombay. 2193:

Jinnah, and concluded, as he told Attlee and the Cabinet in May, that "it had become clear that the Muslim League would resort to arms if Pakistan in some form were not conceded." The Viceroy was also influenced by negative Muslim reaction to the constitutional report of the assembly, which envisioned broad powers for the post-independence central government.

1164:, left the post temporarily and Jinnah succeeded in getting the interim position. After his six-month appointment period, Jinnah was offered a permanent position on a 1,500 rupee per month salary. Jinnah politely declined the offer, stating that he planned to earn 1,500 rupees a day—a huge sum at that time—which he eventually did. Nevertheless, as 1818:, this began to change during Iqbal's final years prior to his death in 1938. Iqbal gradually succeeded in converting Jinnah over to his view, who eventually accepted Iqbal as his mentor. Ahmed comments that in his annotations to Iqbal's letters, Jinnah expressed solidarity with Iqbal's view: that Indian Muslims required a separate homeland. 2197:

also vote, both on the question of which assembly to join, and on the partition. A boundary commission would determine the final lines in the partitioned provinces. Plebiscites would take place in the North-West Frontier Province (which did not have a League government despite an overwhelmingly Muslim population), and in the majority-Muslim

1438:, who would be deprived of both offices following his nation's defeat in the First World War. Gandhi had achieved considerable popularity among Muslims because of his work during the war on behalf of killed or imprisoned Muslims. Unlike Jinnah and other leaders of the Congress, Gandhi did not wear western-style clothing, did his best to use 2880: 1613:, began to urge Jinnah to return and take up again his leadership of the Muslim League, an organisation which had fallen into inactivity. He remained titular president of the League, but declined to travel to India to preside over its 1933 session in April, writing that he could not possibly return there until the end of the year. 1055:. Jinnah's biographer Stanley Wolpert notes that there is no such inscription, but inside is a mural showing Muhammad and other lawgivers, and speculates that Jinnah may have edited the story in his own mind to avoid mentioning a pictorial depiction which would be offensive to many Muslims. Jinnah's legal education followed the 2784:). The former title was reportedly given to Jinnah at first by Mian Ferozuddin Ahmed. It became an official title by effect of a resolution passed on 11 August 1947 by Liaquat Ali Khan in the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. Within a few days of Pakistan's creation Jinnah's name was read in the sermon at mosques as 2966:(2009) caused controversy in India. The book was based on Jinnah's ideology and alleged that Nehru's desire for a powerful centre led to Partition. Upon the book release, Singh was expelled from his membership of Bharatiya Janata Party, to which he responded that BJP is "narrow-minded" and has "limited thoughts". 2221:" (Long live Pakistan), which was not in the script. Some listeners misunderstood his Urdu as "Pakistan's in the bag!". In the weeks which followed Punjab and Bengal cast the votes which resulted in partition. Sylhet and the N.W.F.P. voted to cast their lots with Pakistan, a decision joined by the assemblies in 2597:. Jinnah had always been reluctant to undergo medical treatment but realising his condition was getting worse, the Pakistani government sent the best doctors it could find to treat him. Tests confirmed tuberculosis, and also showed evidence of advanced lung cancer. He was treated with the new "miracle drug" of 2501:

life as these were 1300 years ago. Islam and its idealism have taught us democracy. It has taught equality of man, justice and fair play to everybody. We are the inheritors of these glorious traditions and are fully alive to our responsibilities and obligations as framers of the future constitution of Pakistan.

3020:) in an unflattering light, who seems to act out of jealousy of Gandhi. Padamsee later stated that his portrayal was not historically accurate. In a journal article on Pakistan's first governor-general, historian R. J. Moore wrote that Jinnah is universally recognised as central to the creation of Pakistan. 2285:, dividing Bengal and Punjab, completed its work and reported to Mountbatten on 12 August; the last Viceroy held the maps until the 17th, not wanting to spoil the independence celebrations in both nations. There had already been ethnically charged violence and movement of populations; publication of the 1792:

smack of communalism. This is sheer propaganda. These demands relate to the defence of our national existence.... The united front can be formed under the leadership of the Muslim League. And the Muslim League can succeed only on account of Jinnah. Now none but Jinnah is capable of leading the Muslims.

1215:, being a member of Legislative Assembly, Jinnah pleaded forcefully for rights of workers and struggled for getting a "living wage and fair conditions" for them. He also played an important role in enactment of Trade Union Act of 1926 which gave trade union movement legal cover to organise themselves. 2743:

According to Jaswant Singh, "With Jinnah's death Pakistan lost its moorings. In India there will not easily arrive another Gandhi, nor in Pakistan another Jinnah." Malik writes, "As long as Jinnah was alive, he could persuade and even pressure regional leaders toward greater mutual accommodation, but

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prior to independence, which would take at least a year. Mountbatten had hoped that the post-independence arrangements would include a common defence force, but Jinnah saw it as essential that a sovereign state should have its own forces. Mountbatten met with Liaquat the day of his final session with

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met, with Jinnah's approval, and agreed that after the war, the Congress and the League should form an interim government with the members of the Executive Council of the Viceroy to be nominated by the Congress and the League in equal numbers. When the Congress leadership were released from prison in

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until they did. The British promptly arrested most major leaders of the Congress and imprisoned them for the remainder of the war. Gandhi, however, was placed on house arrest in one of the Aga Khan's palaces prior to his release for health reasons in 1944. With the Congress leaders absent from the

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Events which separated the communities included the failed attempt to form a coalition government including the Congress and the League in the United Provinces following the 1937 election. According to historian Ian Talbot, "The provincial Congress governments made no effort to understand and respect

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from a prominent business family. When Jinnah urged Dina to marry a Muslim, she reminded him that he had married a woman not raised in his faith. Jinnah continued to correspond cordially with his daughter, but their personal relationship was strained, and she did not come to Pakistan in his lifetime,

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denied that Jinnah sought to enter the British Parliament, while Jaswant Singh deems Jinnah's time in Britain as a break or sabbatical from the Indian struggle. Bolitho called this period "Jinnah's years of order and contemplation, wedged in between the time of early struggle, and the final storm of

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favoured constituencies based on geography on the ground that being dependent on each other for election would bind the communities closer together. Jinnah, though he believed separate electorates, based on religion, necessary to ensure Muslims had a voice in the government, was willing to compromise

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was definitely not a Shia", which suggested that Jinnah was Sunni. According to the journalist Khaled Ahmed, Jinnah publicly had a non-sectarian stance and "was at pains to gather the Muslims of India under the banner of a general Muslim faith and not under a divisive sectarian identity." Liaquat H.

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activist, who claimed that Gandhi was pro-Muslim. After hearing about Gandhi's murder, Jinnah publicly made a brief statement of condolence, calling Gandhi "one of the greatest men produced by the Hindu community". In February 1948, in a radio talk broadcast addressed to the people of the US, Jinnah

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With the British and Muslims to some extent co-operating, the Viceroy asked Jinnah for an expression of the Muslim League's position on self-government, confident that it would differ greatly from that of the Congress. To come up with such a position, the League's Working Committee met for four days

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In a speech in 1940, two years after the death of Iqbal, Jinnah expressed his preference for implementing Iqbal's vision for an Islamic Pakistan even if it meant he himself would never lead a nation. Jinnah stated, "If I live to see the ideal of a Muslim state being achieved in India, and I was then

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Iqbal's influence also gave Jinnah a deeper appreciation for Muslim identity. The evidence of this influence began to be revealed from 1937 onwards. Jinnah not only began to echo Iqbal in his speeches, he started using Islamic symbolism and began directing his addresses to the underprivileged. Ahmed

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The well documented influence of Iqbal on Jinnah, with regard to taking the lead in creating Pakistan, has been described as "significant", "powerful" and even "unquestionable" by scholars. Iqbal has also been cited as an influential force in convincing Jinnah to end his self-imposed exile in London

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There is only one way out. Muslims should strengthen Jinnah's hands. They should join the Muslim League. Indian question, as is now being solved, can be countered by our united front against both the Hindus and the English. Without it, our demands are not going to be accepted. People say our demands

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sitting on the Opposition benches, non-Congress Muslims were suddenly faced with this stark reality of near-total political powerlessness. It was brought home to them, like a bolt of lightning, that even if the Congress did not win a single Muslim seat ... as long as it won an absolute majority

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joined her brother in England. From then on, Muhammad Ali Jinnah would receive personal care and support from her as he aged and began to suffer from the lung ailments which would eventually kill him. She lived and travelled with him, and became a close advisor. Muhammad Jinnah's daughter, Dina, was

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Jinnah's moderate faction in the Congress was undermined by the deaths of Mehta and Gokhale in 1915; he was further isolated by the fact that Naoroji was in London, where he remained until his death in 1917. Nevertheless, Jinnah worked to bring the Congress and League together. In 1916, with Jinnah

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Jinnah devoted much of his time to his law practice in the early 1900s, but remained politically involved. Jinnah began political life by attending the Congress's twentieth annual meeting, in Bombay in December 1904. He was a member of the moderate group in the Congress, favouring Hindu–Muslim unity

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at the high school. In his later years and especially after his death, a large number of stories about the boyhood of Pakistan's founder were circulated: that he spent all his spare time at the police court, listening to the proceedings, and that he studied his books by the glow of street lights for

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held shortly after the war, it won most of the seats reserved for Muslims. Ultimately, the Congress and the Muslim League could not reach a power-sharing formula that would allow the entirety of British India to be united as a single state following independence, leading all parties to agree instead

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drinking would weaken Jinnah's Islamic identity, and by extension, Pakistan's. Some sources allege he gave up alcohol near the end of his life. The professor Maya Tudor concluded that "Jinnah could not be described as a practicing Muslim" given his consumption of pork, use of alcohol, and usage of

2898:, it is not widely read outside the country and usually avoids even the slightest criticism of Jinnah. According to Ahmed, some books published about Jinnah outside Pakistan mention that he consumed alcohol, but this is omitted from books published inside Pakistan. Ahmed suggests that depicting the 2679:

by confession, though not a religiously observant man." In a 1970 legal challenge, Hussain Ali Ganji Walji claimed Jinnah had converted to Sunni Islam. Witness Syed Sharifuddin Pirzada stated in court that Jinnah converted to Sunni Islam in 1901 when his sisters married Sunnis. In 1970, Liaquat Ali

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had chosen Pakistan, resulting in staff shortages. Partition meant that for some farmers, the markets to sell their crops were on the other side of an international border. There were shortages of machinery, not all of which was made in Pakistan. In addition to the massive refugee problem, the new

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In December 1912, Jinnah addressed the annual meeting of the Muslim League although he was not yet a member. He joined the following year, although he remained a member of the Congress as well and stressed that League membership took second priority to the "greater national cause" of an independent

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One of Jinnah's fellow barristers from the Bombay High Court remembered that "Jinnah's faith in himself was incredible"; he recalled that on being admonished by a judge with "Mr. Jinnah, remember that you are not addressing a third-class magistrate", Jinnah shot back, "My Lord, allow me to warn you

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The Western world not only inspired Jinnah in his political life, but also greatly influenced his personal preferences, particularly when it came to dress. Jinnah abandoned local garb for Western-style clothing, and throughout his life he was always impeccably dressed in public. He came to own over

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In judging Jinnah, we must remember what he was up against. He had against him not only the wealth and brains of the Hindus, but also nearly the whole of British officialdom, and most of the Home politicians, who made the great mistake of refusing to take Pakistan seriously. Never was his position

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in the Pakistani view of Jinnah, in India he is viewed negatively. Ahmed deems Jinnah "the most maligned person in recent Indian history ... In India, many see him as the demon who divided the land." Even many Indian Muslims see Jinnah negatively, blaming him for their woes as a minority in

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stated upon Jinnah's death, "How shall we judge him? I have been very angry with him often during the past years. But now there is no bitterness in my thought of him, only a great sadness for all that has been ... he succeeded in his quest and gained his objective, but at what a cost and with

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On 2 June 1947, the final plan was given by the Viceroy to Indian leaders: on 15 August, the British would turn over power to two dominions. The provinces would vote on whether to continue in the existing constituent assembly or to have a new one, that is, to join Pakistan. Bengal and Punjab would

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and called for a union of the Muslim-majority provinces in the northwest of British India, with complete autonomy. Similar rights were to be granted to the Muslim-majority areas in the east, and unspecified protections given to Muslim minorities in other provinces. The resolution was passed by the

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Although many leaders of the Congress sought a strong central government for an Indian state, some Muslim politicians, including Jinnah, were unwilling to accept this without powerful protections for their community. Other Muslims supported the Congress, which officially advocated a secular state

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Validation Act to place Muslim religious trusts on a sound legal footing under British Indian law. Two years later, the measure passed, the first act sponsored by non-officials to pass the council and be enacted by the Viceroy. Jinnah was also appointed to a committee which helped to establish the

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200 suits, which he wore with heavily starched shirts with detachable collars, and as a barrister took pride in never wearing the same silk tie twice. Even when he was dying, he insisted on being formally dressed, "I will not travel in my pyjamas." In his later years he was usually seen wearing a

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The Constitution of Pakistan is yet to be framed by the Pakistan Constituent Assembly, I do not know what the ultimate shape of the constitution is going to be, but I am sure that it will be of a democratic type, embodying the essential principles of Islam. Today these are as applicable in actual

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asserts that Jinnah hoped for a plebiscite in Junagadh, knowing Pakistan would lose, in the hope the principle would be established for Kashmir. However, when Mountbatten proposed to Jinnah that, in all the princely States where the ruler did not accede to a Dominion corresponding to the majority

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them, "You are free; you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any other place of worship in this State of Pakistan ... You may belong to any religion or caste or creed—that has nothing to do with the business of the State ... I think we should keep that in

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On 20 February 1947, Attlee announced Mountbatten's appointment, and that Britain would transfer power in India not later than June 1948. Mountbatten took office as Viceroy on 24 March 1947, two days after his arrival in India. By then, the Congress had come around to the idea of partition. Nehru

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Following the failure of the London trip, Jinnah was in no hurry to reach an agreement, considering that time would allow him to gain the undivided provinces of Bengal and Punjab for Pakistan, but these wealthy, populous provinces had sizeable non-Muslim minorities, complicating a settlement. The

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The Congress endorsed the joint statement from the London conference over the angry dissent from some elements. The League refused to do so, and took no part in the constitutional discussions. Jinnah had been willing to consider some continued links to Hindustan (as the Hindu-majority state which

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gave considerable power to India's provinces, with a weak central parliament in New Delhi, which had no authority over such matters as foreign policy, defence, and much of the budget. Full power remained in the hands of the Viceroy, however, who could dissolve legislatures and rule by decree. The

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became the British prime minister, and in August offered both the Congress and the League a deal whereby in exchange for full support for the war, Linlithgow would allow Indian representation on his major war councils. The Viceroy promised a representative body after the war to determine India's

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suggests that Jinnah abandoned hope of reconciliation with the Congress as he "rediscover his own Islamic roots, his own sense of identity, of culture and history, which would come increasingly to the fore in the final years of his life". Jinnah also increasingly adopted Muslim dress in the late

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The Congress soon joined the new Indian ministry. The League was slower to do so, not entering until October 1946. In agreeing to have the League join the government, Jinnah abandoned his demands for parity with the Congress and a veto on matters concerning Muslims. The new ministry met amid a

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in January 1946, the League took 75% of the Muslim vote, an increase from 4.4% in 1937. According to his biographer Bolitho, "This was Jinnah's glorious hour: his arduous political campaigns, his robust beliefs and claims, were at last justified." Wolpert wrote that the League election showing

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The alliance between Gandhi and the Khilafat faction did not last long, and the campaign of resistance proved less effective than hoped, as India's institutions continued to function. Jinnah sought alternative political ideas, and contemplated organising a new political party as a rival to the

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to advocate for their community's interests, Jinnah was again opposed. The Aga Khan later wrote that it was "freakishly ironic" that Jinnah, who would lead the League to independence, "came out in bitter hostility toward all that I and my friends had done ... He said that our principle of

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At the age of 20, Jinnah began his practice in Bombay, the only Muslim barrister in the city. English had become his principal language and would remain so throughout his life. His first three years in the law, from 1897 to 1900, brought him few briefs. His first step towards a brighter career

1031:, offered young Jinnah a London apprenticeship with his firm, Graham's Shipping and Trading Company. He accepted the position despite the opposition of his mother, who before he left, had him enter an arranged marriage with his cousin, two years his junior from the ancestral village of Paneli, 2923:

assert that Jinnah never wanted the partition of India—it was the outcome of the Congress leaders being unwilling to share power with the Muslim League. They contend that Jinnah only used the Pakistan demand in an attempt to mobilise support to obtain significant political rights for Muslims.

1994:

in Bombay. Two weeks of talks between them followed, which resulted in no agreement. Jinnah insisted on Pakistan being conceded prior to the British departure and to come into being immediately, while Gandhi proposed that plebiscites on partition occur sometime after a united India gained its

1937:

to try to conciliate the Indians and cause them to fully back the war. Cripps proposed giving some provinces what was dubbed the "local option" to remain outside of an Indian central government either for a period of time or permanently, to become dominions on their own or be part of another

6224:

Speaking at a Students Brotherhood event, which he presided over in July in 1922, Jinnah spoke of direct action, something that would become synonymous with him in the Indian mind, owing to his famous direct action day call in 1946 - direct action meant bloodshed and independence would mean

2105:

included Cripps and Pethick-Lawrence. The highest-level delegation to try to break the deadlock, it arrived in New Delhi in late March. Little negotiation had been done since the previous October because of the elections in India. The British in May released a plan for a united Indian state

1624:. At Jinnah's request, Liaquat discussed the return with a large number of Muslim politicians and confirmed his recommendation to Jinnah. In early 1934, Jinnah relocated to the subcontinent, though he shuttled between London and India on business for the next few years, selling his house in 2168:

Mountbatten had been warned in his briefing papers that Jinnah would be his "toughest customer" who had proved a chronic nuisance because "no one in this country had so far gotten into Jinnah's mind". The men met over six days beginning on 5 April. The sessions began lightly when Jinnah,

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their Muslim populations' cultural and religious sensibilities. The Muslim League's claims that it alone could safeguard Muslim interests thus received a major boost. Significantly it was only after this period of Congress rule that it took up the demand for a Pakistan state ..."

2368:

were advised by the departing British to choose whether to join Pakistan or India. Most did so prior to independence, but the holdouts contributed to what have become lasting divisions between the two nations. Indian leaders were angered at Jinnah's attempts to convince the princes of

1456:

until India was independent. Jinnah did not attend the subsequent League meeting, held in the same city, which passed a similar resolution. Because of the action of the Congress in endorsing Gandhi's campaign, Jinnah resigned from it, leaving all positions except in the Muslim League.

3098:

is celebrated as 25 December 1876, there is reason to doubt that date. Karachi did not then issue birth certificates, no record was kept by his family (birth dates being of little importance to Muslims of the time), and his school records reflect a birth date of 20 October 1875. See

2009: 1442:

instead of English, and was deeply rooted in Indian culture. Gandhi's local style of leadership gained great popularity with the Indian people. Jinnah criticised Gandhi's Khilafat advocacy, which he saw as an endorsement of religious zealotry. Jinnah regarded Gandhi's proposed

1725:

Until the late 1930s, most Muslims of the British Raj expected, upon independence, to be part of a unitary state encompassing all of British India, as did the Hindus and others who advocated self-government. Despite this, other nationalist proposals were being made. In a

2465:

Some historians allege that Jinnah's courting the rulers of Hindu-majority states and his gambit with Junagadh are evidence of ill-intent towards India, as Jinnah had promoted separation by religion, yet tried to gain the accession of Hindu-majority states. In his book

808:

By 1940, Jinnah had come to believe that the Muslims of the subcontinent should have their own state to avoid the possible marginalised status they may might be reduced to in an independent Hindu–Muslim state. In that year, the Muslim League, led by Jinnah, passed the

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of a rupee), half of what it cost to join the Congress. He restructured the League along the lines of the Congress, putting most power in a Working Committee, which he appointed. By December 1939, Liaquat estimated that the League had three million two-anna members.

1200:

He was what God made him, a great pleader. He had a sixth sense: he could see around corners. That is where his talents lay ... he was a very clear thinker ... But he drove his points home—points chosen with exquisite selection—slow delivery, word by word.

1183:

out of the council. Jinnah gained great esteem from leading the case for Sir Pherozeshah, himself a noted barrister. It was after his case that Jinnah posted a successful record, becoming well known for his advocacy and legal logic. In 1908, his factional foe in the

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Khan and Fatima Jinnah's joint affidavit that Jinnah was Shia was rejected. But in 1976 the court rejected Walji's claim that Jinnah was Sunni; effectively implying that he was a Shia. In 1984 a high court bench reversed the 1976 verdict and maintained that "the

1543:

on this point, but talks between the two parties failed. He put forth proposals that he hoped might satisfy a broad range of Muslims and reunite the League, calling for mandatory representation for Muslims in legislatures and cabinets. These became known as his

2458:, refused the order, stating that he would not move into what he considered the territory of another nation without approval from higher authority, which was not forthcoming. Jinnah withdrew the order. This did not stop the violence there, which broke into the 2685:

Merchant, Jinnah's grandnephew, writes that "the Quaid was not a Shia; he was also not a Sunni, he was simply a Muslim". An eminent lawyer who practised in the Bombay High Court until 1940 testified that Jinnah used to pray as an orthodox Sunni. According to

1192:, was arrested for sedition. Before Tilak unsuccessfully represented himself at trial, he engaged Jinnah in an attempt to secure his release on bail. Jinnah did not succeed, but obtained an acquittal for Tilak when he was charged with sedition again in 1916. 1566:

followed over as many years, none of which resulted in a settlement. Jinnah was a delegate to the first two conferences, but was not invited to the last. He remained in Britain for most of the period 1930 through 1934, practising as a barrister before the

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separate electorates was dividing the nation against itself." In its earliest years, however, the League was not influential; Minto refused to consider it as the Muslim community's representative, and it was ineffective in preventing the 1911 repeal of the

980:. Jinnah was not fluent in Gujarati, his mother-tongue, nor in Urdu; he was more fluent in English. Except for Fatima, little is known of his siblings, where they settled or if they met with their brother as he advanced in his legal and political careers. 1950:

political scene, Jinnah warned against the threat of Hindu domination and maintained his Pakistan demand without going into great detail about what that would entail. Jinnah also worked to increase the League's political control at the provincial level.

2187:

Jinnah feared that at the end of the British presence in the subcontinent, they would turn control over to the Congress-dominated constituent assembly, putting Muslims at a disadvantage in attempting to win autonomy. He demanded that Mountbatten divide

1408:

Relations between Indians and British were strained in 1919 when the Imperial Legislative Council extended emergency wartime restrictions on civil liberties; Jinnah resigned from it when it did. There was unrest across India, which worsened after the

1004:, writing in 1954, interviewed surviving boyhood associates, and obtained a tale that the young Jinnah discouraged other children from playing marbles in the dust, urging them to rise up, keep their hands and clothes clean, and play cricket instead. 2317:. The referendum there in July 1947 had been tainted by low turnout as less than 10 per cent of the population were allowed to vote. On 22 August 1947, just after a week of becoming governor general, Jinnah dissolved the elected government of 2612: 845:, personally supervising the establishment of refugee camps. Jinnah died at age 71 in September 1948, just over a year after Pakistan gained independence from the United Kingdom. He left a deep and respected legacy in Pakistan. Several 1210:

Jinnah was also a supporter of working class causes and an active trade unionist. He was elected President of All India Postal Staff Union in 1925 whose membership was 70,000. According to All Pakistan Labour Federation's publication

1896:

Gandhi's reaction to the Lahore Resolution was muted; he called it "baffling", but told his disciples that Muslims, in common with other people of India, had the right to self-determination. Leaders of the Congress were more vocal;

2297:

and personally supervised the provision of aid. According to Ahmed, "What Pakistan needed desperately in those early months was a symbol of the state, one that would unify people and give them the courage and resolve to succeed."

1746:, with other names given to Muslim-majority areas elsewhere in India. Jinnah and Iqbal corresponded in 1936 and 1937; in subsequent years, Jinnah credited Iqbal as his mentor and used Iqbal's imagery and rhetoric in his speeches. 1333:, non-violent non-co-operation, while in South Africa. Jinnah attended a reception for Gandhi where the two men met and talked with each other for the first time. Shortly afterwards, Jinnah returned home to India in January 1915. 2126:

desired a rapid British departure from the subcontinent, but had little confidence in Wavell to achieve that end. Beginning in December 1946, British officials began looking for a viceregal successor to Wavell, and soon fixed on

1781:

1930s. In the wake of the 1937 balloting, Jinnah demanded that the question of power sharing be settled on an all-India basis, and that he, as president of the League, be accepted as the sole spokesman for the Muslim community.

1278:, to assure him of their loyalty and to ask for assurances that in any political reforms they would be protected from the "unsympathetic majority". Dissatisfied with this, Jinnah wrote a letter to the editor of the newspaper 1129:

Dissatisfied with the law, Jinnah briefly embarked on a stage career with a Shakespearean company, but resigned after receiving a stern letter from his father. In 1895, at age 19, he became the youngest British Indian to be

2945:, which resulted in bloodshed and communal violence that culminated in the partition of India and the creation of Pakistan. This incident and Jinnah's role, according to these authors, is viewed with contempt in India. 1447:

campaign as political anarchy, and believed that self-government should be secured through constitutional means. He opposed Gandhi, but the tide of Indian opinion was against him. At the 1920 session of the Congress in

1814:

and re-enter the politics of India. Initially, however, Iqbal and Jinnah were opponents, as Iqbal believed Jinnah did not care about the crises confronting the Muslim community during the British Raj. According to

2797:

includes an 'Order of Quaid-i-Azam'. The Jinnah Society also confers the 'Jinnah Award' annually to a person that renders outstanding and meritorious services to Pakistan and its people. Jinnah is depicted on all

2723:

is in the United States ... Pakistan owes its very existence to his drive, tenacity, and judgment ... Jinnah's importance in the creation of Pakistan was monumental and immeasurable." American historian

1249:

in 1885. Most founding members had been educated in Britain, and were content with the minimal reform efforts being made by the government. Muslims were not enthusiastic about calls for democratic institutions in

1038:

Soon after his arrival in London, Jinnah gave up the business apprenticeship in order to study law, enraging his father, who had, before his departure, given him enough money to live for three years. The aspiring

2549:

cigarettes at his desk, of which he had smoked 50 or more a day for the previous 30 years, as well as a box of Cuban cigars. As his health got worse, he took longer and longer rest breaks in the private wing of

1346:, setting quotas for Muslim and Hindu representation in the various provinces. Although the pact was never fully implemented, its signing ushered in a period of co-operation between the Congress and the League. 1349:

During the war, Jinnah joined other Indian moderates in supporting the British war effort, hoping that Indians would be rewarded with political freedoms. Jinnah played an important role in the founding of the

7687: 1421:

troops fired upon a protest meeting, killing hundreds. In the wake of Amritsar, Gandhi, who had returned to India and become a widely respected leader and highly influential in the Congress, called for

2082:"appeared to prove the universal appeal of Pakistan among Muslims of the subcontinent". The Congress dominated the central assembly nevertheless, though it lost four seats from its previous strength. 6344: 1389:

family of Bombay. There was great opposition to the marriage from Rattanbai's family and the Parsi community, as well as from some Muslim religious leaders. Rattanbai defied her family and nominally

2562:

saying, "you, along with the other Forces of Pakistan, are the custodians of the life, property and honour of the people of Pakistan." He returned to Karachi for the 1 July opening ceremony for the

968:

of Gondal; his mother was from the nearby village of Dhaffa. They had moved to Karachi in 1875, having married before their departure. Karachi was then enjoying an economic boom: the opening of the

1245:

against British rule. In the aftermath of the conflict, some Anglo-Indians, as well as Indians in Britain, called for greater self-government for the subcontinent, resulting in the founding of the

1366:

in the Empire similar to Canada, New Zealand and Australia, although, with the war, Britain's politicians were not interested in considering Indian constitutional reform. British Cabinet minister

3028:

Few individuals significantly alter the course of history. Fewer still modify the map of the world. Hardly anyone can be credited with creating a nation-state. Mohammad Ali Jinnah did all three.

2118:

would be formed on partition was sometimes referred to), such as a joint military or communications. However, by December 1946, he insisted on a fully sovereign Pakistan with dominion status.

2385:

to accede to Pakistan—the latter three princely states did not border Pakistan. Jodhpur bordered it and had both a Hindu majority population and a Hindu ruler. The coastal princely state of

1513:, who strongly opposed self-government for India, and members hoped that by having the commission appointed early, the policies for India which they favoured would survive their government. 8594: 1059:(legal apprenticeship) system, which had been in force there for centuries. To gain knowledge of the law, he followed an established barrister and learned from what he did, as well as from 3112:

Jinnah was permanent president of the League from 1919 to 1930, when the position was abolished. He was also sessional president in 1916, 1920, and from 1924 until his death in 1948. See

2545:

was gravely ill ... He worked in a frenzy to consolidate Pakistan. And, of course, he totally neglected his health ..." Jinnah was a heavy smoker who worked with a tin of

1644:, and the League failed to win a majority even of the Muslim seats in any of the provinces where members of that faith held a majority. It did win a majority of the Muslim seats in 1534:

Birkenhead in 1928 challenged Indians to come up with their own proposal for constitutional change for India; in response, the Congress convened a committee under the leadership of

7708: 1971:

in the early 1940s in Delhi; it helped to spread the League's message and eventually became the major English-language newspaper of Pakistan. He also started living in Delhi on

1254:, as they constituted a quarter to a third of the population, outnumbered by the Hindus. Early meetings of the Congress contained a minority of Muslims, mostly from the elite. 11743: 11728: 11693: 9780: 1298:

Although Jinnah initially opposed separate electorates for Muslims, he used this means to gain his first elective office in 1909, as Bombay's Muslim representative on the

8113: 1562:

became prime minister. MacDonald desired a conference of Indian and British leaders in London to discuss India's future, a course of action supported by Jinnah. Three

1776:

in his journal article about Jinnah suggests that the Muslim League president, after the 1937 vote, turned to the idea of partition in "sheer desperation". Historian

9581: 1571:, where he dealt with a number of India-related cases. His biographers disagree over why he remained so long in Britain—Wolpert asserts that had Jinnah been made a 1282:, asking what right the members of the delegation had to speak for Indian Muslims, as they were unelected and self-appointed. When many of the same leaders met in 2907:. On the other hand, Yahya Bakhtiar, who observed Jinnah at close quarters, concluded that Jinnah was a "very sincere, deeply committed and dedicated Mussalman." 11748: 9536: 6449: 1888: 1547:. He could not secure adoption of the Fourteen Points, as the League meeting in Delhi at which he hoped to gain a vote instead dissolved into chaotic argument. 10148: 9934: 2094: 1098:. Naoroji had become the first British Member of Parliament of Indian extraction shortly before Jinnah's arrival, triumphing with a majority of three votes in 696: 2480: 2513:

alone should be the national language, believing a single language was needed for a nation to remain united. The Bengali-speaking people of East Pakistan

11457: 1275: 6317: 1929:

in December 1941 brought the United States into the war. In the following months, the Japanese advanced in Southeast Asia, and the British Cabinet sent

11803: 11673: 1393:, adopting (though never using) the name Maryam Jinnah, resulting in a permanent estrangement from her family and Parsi society. The couple resided at 1509:. The review began two years early as Baldwin feared he would lose the next election (which he did, in 1929). The Cabinet was influenced by minister 2151: 1683:

provincial governments in the central government in New Delhi ("the centre"). He worked to expand the League, reducing the cost of membership to two

964:

Jinnah was from a wealthy merchant background. His father was a merchant and was born to a family of textile weavers in the village of Paneli in the

7568: 2993:(1987), as she thought that Bolitho's book had failed to express the political aspects of Jinnah. The book received positive reception in Pakistan. 2558:, in the mountains of Balochistan, where the weather was cooler than in Karachi. He could not completely rest there, addressing the officers at the 11688: 11678: 9773: 9613: 9301: 8403: 7739: 6374: 2147: 2128: 1739: 11447: 6520: 1679:

In the next two years, Jinnah worked to build support among Muslims for the League. He secured the right to speak for the Muslim-led Bengali and

2415:

occupied the principality in November, forcing its former leaders, including Bhutto, to flee to Pakistan, beginning the politically influential

983:

As a boy, Jinnah lived for a time in Bombay with an aunt and may have attended the Gokal Das Tej Primary School there, later on studying at the

11658: 10398: 7935: 6261: 2698: 2226: 846: 656: 11778: 11703: 11668: 11462: 7820: 6020: 5979: 1099: 2479:

and Kashmir), the accession should be decided by an 'impartial reference to the will of the people', Jinnah rejected the offer. Despite the

1640:

League reluctantly accepted the scheme, though expressing reservations about the weak parliament. The Congress was much better prepared for

11663: 9789: 7780: 1653: 1486:, and continued to press demands for full responsible government. In 1925, as recognition for his legislative activities, he was offered a 833:

As the first governor-general of Pakistan, Jinnah worked to establish the new nation's government and policies, and to aid the millions of

154: 7062: 11713: 11432: 9831: 9766: 9529: 8381: 7857: 2484: 2447: 1086:. This political education included exposure to the idea of the democratic nation, and progressive politics. He became an admirer of the 814: 11442: 10656: 10141: 9927: 2870: 2399:, personally delivering the accession papers to Jinnah. But two of three vassal states that were subject to the suzerainty of Junagadh— 1672: 1266:, who sought quick action towards independence. In 1906, a delegation of Muslim leaders, known as the Simla Delegation, headed by the 1876:(sometimes called the "Pakistan Resolution", although it does not contain that name), based on the sub-committee's work, embraced the 1179:". This controversy arose out of Bombay municipal elections, which Indians alleged were rigged by a "caucus" of Europeans to keep Sir 11477: 8932: 8711: 8584: 8291: 8123: 7714: 3012:. The film was dedicated to Nehru and Mountbatten and was given considerable support by Nehru's daughter, the Indian prime minister, 2257: 689: 611: 560: 2176: 11808: 11482: 10460: 779:

between the Congress and the All-India Muslim League, in which Jinnah had also become prominent. Jinnah became a key leader in the

2273: 11502: 10661: 10600: 7205: 6545: 1857: 1568: 11763: 11738: 11698: 11452: 11405: 9522: 9266: 8285: 6868: 2962: 1107: 3854: 1717: 11773: 11768: 11753: 11683: 10707: 10134: 9920: 8269: 8088: 7692: 7659: 7639: 7619: 7599: 7578: 7557: 7512: 7414: 7390: 7369: 7330: 7311: 7266: 7246: 7215: 7194: 7126: 7108: 7042: 6997: 6976: 6931: 6907: 6844: 6823: 6799: 6778: 6686: 6575: 6217: 6071: 5931: 5915: 1491: 11733: 10165: 2647:

Jinnah was buried on 12 September 1948 amid official mourning in Pakistan; a million people gathered for his funeral led by

2450:; Indian troops were airlifted in. Jinnah objected to this action, and ordered that Pakistani troops move into Kashmir. The 767:, and took an interest in national politics, which eventually replaced his legal practice. Jinnah rose to prominence in the 11813: 9606: 9273: 9240: 8943: 8652: 8322: 6630: 2028: 1551: 682: 669: 302: 3609: 11533: 10178: 8133: 7087: 1905:

deemed Jinnah's views on partition "a sign of a diseased mentality". Linlithgow met with Jinnah in June 1940, soon after

1528: 1498: 717: 7463: 2019:

succeeded Linlithgow as Viceroy in 1943. In June 1945, following the release of the Congress leaders, Wavell called for

11708: 8259: 8143: 8048: 6955: 2559: 2431: 1826:

offered to make a choice between the works of Iqbal and the rulership of the Muslim state, I would prefer the former."

1766:

worried Congress-supporting Muslims. Nevertheless, the Congress enjoyed considerable Muslim support up to about 1937.

1676:

in the House, on the strength of the general seats, it could and would form a government entirely on its own ..."

988: 953:

Shi'a teachings. After his death, his relatives and other witnesses claimed that he had converted in later life to the

6696: 11793: 11427: 11422: 8662: 8018: 7813: 7452: 2016: 1641: 1610: 1401:, was born on 15 August 1919. The couple separated prior to Ruttie's death in 1929, and subsequently Jinnah's sister 1382: 11783: 11437: 10350: 8514: 2719:

Jinnah's legacy is Pakistan. According to Mohiuddin, "He was and continues to be as highly honored in Pakistan as

2517:

this policy, and in 1971 the official language issue was a factor in the region's secession to form the country of

2306: 2253: 2101:

In February 1946, the British Cabinet resolved to send a delegation to India to negotiate with leaders there. This

2078: 984: 822: 7728: 1426:

against the British. Gandhi's proposal gained broad Hindu support, and was also attractive to many Muslims of the

11798: 10590: 10580: 10545: 9599: 8640: 8499: 8374: 8108: 8053: 7943: 5842: 2245: 2232: 1840: 1659: 1563: 1040: 651: 5347: 2806:

of many Pakistani public institutions. The former Quaid-i-Azam International Airport in Karachi, now called the

11553: 9123: 8672: 8128: 8098: 1524: 1518: 1024: 467: 6352: 1575:, he would have stayed for life, and that Jinnah alternatively sought a parliamentary seat. Early biographer 11758: 11723: 11523: 11492: 9821: 9251: 9234: 9128: 8746: 8519: 8249: 7963: 6321: 2815: 2794: 2667:

Islamic law. This subsequently became part of the argument in Pakistan about Jinnah's religious affiliation.

2551: 2102: 2074: 1663:

Jinnah (front, left) with the Working Committee of the Muslim League after a meeting in Lucknow, October 1937

1559: 1196:

that you are not addressing a third-class pleader." Another of his fellow barristers described him, saying:

771:

in the first two decades of the 20th century. In these early years of his political career, Jinnah advocated

206: 8612: 1941:

The Congress followed the failed Cripps mission by demanding, in August 1942, that the British immediately "

11823: 11643: 11543: 11199: 10550: 10157: 9943: 9545: 9363: 9320: 9280: 9021: 8579: 8569: 8524: 8310: 8153: 8043: 8008: 7968: 7806: 7756: 2807: 2459: 2314: 2070: 2054: 1636: 1632: 1506: 1479: 1299: 1224: 1165: 1160:

of Bombay, John Molesworth MacPherson, invited Jinnah to work from his chambers. In 1900, P. H. Dastoor, a

733: 543: 89: 17: 6457: 1913: 1134:

in England. Although he returned to Karachi, he remained there only a short time before moving to Bombay.

1051:

was that over the main entrance to Lincoln's Inn were the names of the world's great lawgivers, including

11828: 11788: 11389: 10776: 10425: 9438: 9410: 9388: 9082: 8549: 8078: 2941:

Muhammad Ali Jinnah, according to Yasser Latif Hamdani and Eamon Murphy, is associated with his call for

2606: 2349: 2222: 1902: 1070:, like many other future Indian independence leaders. His main intellectual references were peoples like 872: 10585: 6921: 6715: 6378: 2085: 1370:

recalled Jinnah in his memoirs, "young, perfectly mannered, impressive-looking, armed to the teeth with

11577: 11124: 10676: 10393: 10388: 9219: 9184: 9179: 9067: 8911: 8866: 8449: 8367: 8183: 8163: 8063: 7504: 7361: 2566:, at which he spoke. A reception by the Canadian trade commissioner that evening in honour of Canada's 2043: 1621: 1572: 1351: 1292: 8334: 7723: 6528: 1758:) believed that an independent India should enact laws such as banning the killing of cows and making 11099: 10796: 10671: 10510: 10450: 9214: 9164: 8871: 8474: 8158: 7845: 7747: 2850:

government of Iran also released a stamp commemorating the centennial of Jinnah's birth in 1976. The

2554:

in Karachi, where only he, Fatima and the servants were allowed. In June 1948, he and Fatima flew to

2514: 1544: 1410: 976:. Jinnah was the second child; he had three brothers and three sisters, including his younger sister 784: 780: 565: 7478: 3197:"Mohammed Ali Jinnah | Biography, Accomplishments, Religion, Significance, & Facts | Britannica" 2389:, which had a majority-Hindu population, did accede to Pakistan in September 1947, with its ruler's 1588:

educated in England and India. Jinnah later became estranged from Dina after she decided to marry a

1161: 11384: 11359: 10896: 10595: 10575: 10435: 10295: 10253: 9975: 9965: 8901: 8896: 8806: 8574: 8424: 8138: 8103: 7993: 7988: 7973: 2365: 1763: 1246: 1185: 768: 598: 588: 570: 339: 326: 6269: 6030: 1656:(N.W.F.P.), where the League won no seats despite the fact that almost all residents were Muslim. 11818: 11104: 11074: 10811: 10791: 10626: 10535: 10258: 10248: 10238: 10228: 9204: 9112: 8981: 8630: 8559: 8193: 8173: 8068: 8003: 6966: 6427: 3061: 2000:

June 1945, they repudiated the agreement and censured Desai for acting without proper authority.

1972: 1312: 1287: 725: 593: 344: 31: 2894:

There is a considerable amount of scholarship on Jinnah which stems from Pakistan; according to

2703: 11718: 11329: 11239: 11234: 10475: 10414: 10306: 10233: 10223: 9816: 9758: 9353: 9224: 9159: 9092: 8821: 8647: 8226: 8168: 8028: 8023: 7998: 7948: 7925: 7895: 7790: 7070: 2953: 2590: 2578: 2563: 2318: 2244:

On 4 July 1947, Liaquat asked Mountbatten on Jinnah's behalf to recommend to the British king,

1926: 1680: 1631:

Muslims of Bombay elected Jinnah, though then absent in London, as their representative to the

1397:

in Bombay, and frequently travelled across India and Europe. The couple's only child, daughter

772: 199: 175: 7649: 6897: 5905: 2830:, New York was also named 'Muhammad Ali Jinnah Way' in honour of the founder of Pakistan. The 11528: 11467: 11294: 11079: 11024: 10856: 10816: 10621: 10540: 10485: 10470: 10420: 10408: 10285: 9881: 9826: 9622: 9566: 9097: 9062: 9046: 9016: 8776: 8544: 8198: 8058: 7953: 7629: 7256: 6626: 6565: 2443: 2357: 2065:

The Muslim League declared that they would campaign on a single issue: Pakistan. Speaking in

1987:. His house is now the Embassy of Netherlands in India and is known as Jinnah House by most. 1984: 1958: 1605:

The early 1930s saw a resurgence in Indian Muslim nationalism, which came to a head with the

1482:. He showed much skill as a parliamentarian, organising many Indian members to work with the 1259: 1095: 992: 795:. In 1920, however, Jinnah resigned from the Congress when it agreed to follow a campaign of 8603: 1990:

In September 1944, Jinnah hosted Gandhi, recently released from confinement, at his home on

716:; 25 December 1876 – 11 September 1948) was a barrister, politician, and the 11653: 11648: 11379: 11334: 11269: 11214: 11159: 11044: 10949: 10906: 10861: 10781: 10681: 10525: 10430: 10280: 9846: 9841: 9707: 9696: 9662: 9154: 8921: 8876: 8826: 8699: 8667: 8635: 8484: 8279: 8264: 8178: 8148: 8083: 7527: 6917: 6209: 3196: 3095: 3003: 2781: 2759: 2648: 2589:

On 6 July 1948, Jinnah returned to Quetta, but at the advice of doctors, soon journeyed to

2353: 2282: 1751: 1735: 1606: 1521: 1067: 946: 909:

Jinnah's given name at birth was Mahomedali Jinnahbhai, and he likely was born in 1876, to

868: 864: 729: 621: 264: 44: 2573: 1648:, but could not form a government anywhere, though it was part of the ruling coalition in 8: 11364: 11309: 11189: 11084: 11064: 10989: 10786: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10731: 10570: 10053: 9901: 9871: 9861: 9836: 9667: 9657: 9287: 9199: 9072: 9026: 8976: 8856: 8781: 8741: 8411: 8399: 8188: 5984: 2859: 2823: 2505:

In March, Jinnah, despite his declining health, made his only post-independence visit to

2189: 1849: 1418: 1189: 792: 1620:, who would be a major political associate of Jinnah in the years to come and the first 11548: 11394: 11314: 11244: 11229: 11139: 11129: 11039: 11029: 11014: 10999: 10979: 10954: 10826: 10771: 10495: 10465: 10360: 10340: 10290: 10188: 9851: 9642: 9571: 9561: 9209: 9169: 9149: 9077: 9052: 9031: 9011: 8986: 8886: 8846: 8554: 8529: 8419: 8254: 8118: 7766: 7547: 7285: 7169: 7161: 6607: 6401: 2999:(1984) by Stanley Wolpert is regarded as one of the best biographical books on Jinnah. 2995: 2949: 2181: 2170: 2159: 1930: 1494:, who was retiring from the Viceroyalty. He replied: "I prefer to be plain Mr Jinnah." 1439: 1390: 842: 834: 821:, the League gained strength while leaders of the Congress were imprisoned, and in the 626: 146: 6553: 3002:

The view of Jinnah in the West has been shaped to some extent by his portrayal in Sir

2728:, giving a speech in honour of Jinnah in 1998, deemed him Pakistan's greatest leader. 1381:("Ruttie"), 24 years his junior. She was the fashionable young daughter of his friend 11538: 11369: 11354: 11254: 11149: 11109: 11034: 10939: 10911: 10871: 10696: 10480: 10440: 10403: 10365: 10345: 10335: 10218: 10208: 10112: 9891: 9672: 9368: 9338: 9194: 9144: 8916: 8906: 8851: 8816: 8811: 8786: 8730: 8509: 8504: 8494: 8479: 8459: 8390: 8220: 8033: 7862: 7837: 7655: 7635: 7615: 7595: 7574: 7553: 7508: 7448: 7420: 7410: 7386: 7365: 7326: 7307: 7301: 7262: 7242: 7211: 7190: 7173: 7153: 7122: 7104: 7038: 6993: 6987: 6972: 6951: 6927: 6903: 6856: 6840: 6819: 6795: 6774: 6755: 6682: 6614: 6571: 6213: 5911: 5790: 3082: 3073: 2989: 2942: 2929: 2720: 2712: 2605:

of his people. He was moved to the lower altitude of Quetta on 13 August, the eve of

2408: 2396: 2370: 2345: 2338: 2322: 2216: 2111: 1906: 1877: 1873: 1835: 1755: 1727: 1707: 1649: 1510: 1431: 1427: 1228: 1180: 1028: 996: 922: 910: 903: 838: 810: 764: 575: 279: 9738: 6291: 2663:

After Jinnah died, his sister Fatima asked the court to execute Jinnah's will under

2301: 11591: 11558: 11472: 11349: 11319: 11299: 11274: 11264: 11204: 11114: 11059: 11054: 10944: 10866: 10691: 10646: 10631: 10555: 10530: 10500: 10263: 10203: 10104: 10045: 9970: 9876: 9728: 9713: 9701: 9466: 9348: 9328: 9259: 9189: 9174: 8996: 8991: 8831: 8801: 8771: 8751: 8677: 8564: 8464: 8439: 7905: 7523: 7145: 7037:. The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. 6701: 6675: 5957: 3858: 2810:, is Pakistan's busiest. One of the largest streets in the Turkish capital Ankara, 2763: 2708: 2668: 2629: 2509:. In a speech before a crowd estimated at 300,000, Jinnah stated (in English) that 2400: 2290: 2023:, and invited the leading figures from the various communities to meet with him at 2020: 1967: 1898: 1617: 1555: 1514: 1452:, Jinnah was shouted down by the delegates, who passed Gandhi's proposal, pledging 1271: 1157: 1091: 1075: 1066:

During his student years in England, Jinnah was influenced by 19th-century British

1044: 1016: 752: 439: 241: 122: 2975:, which was based on Jinnah's life and his struggle for the creation of Pakistan. 2496:

expressed his views regarding Pakistan's constitution to be in the following way:

2407:—declared their independence from Junagadh and acceded to India. In response, the 11627: 11603: 11507: 11497: 11399: 11304: 11249: 11164: 11144: 10964: 10934: 10929: 10886: 10876: 10841: 10836: 10801: 10726: 10651: 10490: 10213: 9866: 9718: 9378: 9308: 9229: 9133: 8956: 8836: 8720: 7703: 7609: 7589: 7543: 7500:

The Promise of Power: The Origins of Democracy in India and Autocracy in Pakistan

7442: 7380: 7236: 6945: 6834: 6813: 6789: 6768: 6743: 6586: 5348:"This too was Pakistan (1947–71): A response to Nadeem Paracha's "Also Pakistan"" 3021: 3017: 2976: 2847: 2799: 2736: 2725: 2476: 2471: 2454:

was still commanded by British officers, and the commanding officer, General Sir

2422: 2330: 2249: 2237: 2198: 2123: 2090: 2039: 1996: 1934: 1750:

upon independence, though the traditionalist wing (including politicians such as

1502: 1435: 1378: 1324: 1263: 1169: 1131: 1079: 1060: 876: 387: 9514: 2979:, who portrayed Jinnah, called his performance the best of his career. The 1954 2879: 1258:

in achieving self-government, and following such leaders as Mehta, Naoroji, and

11339: 11289: 11279: 11259: 11224: 11184: 11169: 10891: 10821: 10806: 10746: 10736: 10565: 10455: 10325: 10300: 10275: 10173: 10126: 10037: 10010: 9912: 9684: 9333: 9139: 9041: 8966: 8926: 8881: 8796: 8756: 8736: 8534: 8239: 8013: 7978: 7958: 7920: 2980: 2895: 2851: 2811: 2601:, but it did not help. Jinnah's condition continued to deteriorate despite the 2488: 2455: 2451: 2386: 2286: 2202: 2132: 2035: 1983:

stayed and Jinnah was neighbours with the wealthiest man in Delhi at the time,

1980: 1918: 1815: 1797: 1777: 1731: 1576: 1394: 1071: 1001: 965: 616: 7149: 6618: 6423: 1867:

Jinnah and Gandhi arguing after a meeting between them in Dehli, November 1939

1762:

a national language. The failure of the Congress leadership to disavow Hindu

1113: 11637: 11284: 11209: 11174: 11134: 11049: 11019: 11009: 10994: 10881: 10851: 10831: 10560: 10096: 10088: 10018: 9957: 9886: 9424: 9358: 9343: 9294: 9036: 9006: 9001: 8891: 8861: 8791: 8766: 8444: 8346: 8274: 8244: 8231: 8093: 7983: 7915: 7900: 7890: 7881: 7699: 7424: 7400: 7232: 7183:

The Making of Terrorism in Pakistan: Historical and Social Roots of Extremism

7157: 6941: 5980:"'Muhammad Ali Jinnah Way' unveiled in New York to honour Pakistan's founder" 3050: 3013: 3008: 2971: 2957: 2925: 2920: 2831: 2652: 2640: 2506: 2430:

The most contentious of the disputes was, and continues to be, that over the

2416: 2374: 2294: 2069:, Jinnah echoed this, "Pakistan is a matter of life or death for us." In the 1976: 1668: 1593: 1584: 1535: 1402: 1367: 1251: 1123: 1103: 1083: 1048: 1032: 977: 914: 893: 740: 728:

from 1913 until the inception of Pakistan on 14 August 1947, and then as the

646: 631: 520: 415: 362: 313: 7688:

Correspondence with the Muslim League – 1946 – UK Parliament Living Heritage

1233: 11615: 11487: 11374: 11004: 10969: 10959: 10901: 10701: 10605: 10515: 10505: 10270: 10198: 10183: 10069: 9690: 9678: 9396: 9373: 9102: 9087: 8971: 8961: 8951: 8725: 8489: 8469: 8454: 8073: 7851: 7297: 6809: 6706: 4797: 2948:

Jinnah has gained the admiration of Indian nationalist politicians such as

2911: 2855: 2839: 2819: 2676: 2598: 2538: 2382: 2378: 2210: 1991: 1853: 1743: 1539: 1483: 1386: 1355: 1343: 1267: 1242: 972:

in 1869 meant it was 200 nautical miles closer to Europe for shipping than

930: 818: 776: 664: 7404: 7382:

The Ardent Pilgrim: An Introduction to the Life and Work of Mohammed Iqbal

6923:

Pakistan at the crossroads : domestic dynamics and external pressures

6791:

Religious Politics and Secular States: Egypt, India, and the United States

2213:

made the formal announcement by radio. Jinnah concluded his address with "

1434:, which supplied spiritual leadership to many Muslims. The caliph was the 11094: 10974: 10666: 10445: 10193: 9896: 9856: 9591: 9452: 8539: 8214: 8038: 7008: 6815:

The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan

6561: 2915: 2751: 2686: 2412: 1953: 1773: 1684: 1303: 1176: 954: 926: 760: 530: 283: 11622: 7289: 6050: 6048: 2329:-dominated province despite him being a Kashmiri. On 12 August 1948 the 2205:, adjacent to eastern Bengal. On 3 June, Mountbatten, Nehru, Jinnah and 2049: 1465: 11344: 11119: 11069: 10984: 10636: 10520: 10355: 9652: 9117: 9057: 8841: 8684: 7910: 7729:

Address to the First Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on 11 August 1947

6759: 3695: 3693: 2602: 2567: 2518: 2439: 2404: 1942: 1487: 1398: 1329: 969: 797: 434: 426: 7798: 7165: 5846: 2529: 1306:(with many clients from India's nobility), and in 1911 introduced the 1175:

As a lawyer, Jinnah gained fame for his skilled handling of the 1908 "

11324: 11219: 11179: 11154: 11089: 10751: 10741: 10641: 9723: 9647: 9480: 9107: 8692: 7186: 6751: 6045: 6025: 5712: 5355: 2835: 2747: 2672: 2621: 2334: 2143: 2066: 2058: 1625: 1474:

Congress. In September 1923, Jinnah was elected as Muslim member for

1430:

faction. These Muslims, supported by Gandhi, sought retention of the

1371: 1359: 1342:

now president of the Muslim League, the two organisations signed the

1316: 1063:. During this period, he shortened his name to Muhammad Ali Jinnah. 1056: 934: 802: 748: 110: 8359: 7668: 7611:

BJP and the Evolution of Hindu Nationalism: From Periphery to Centre

7341: 3690: 2131:, a war leader popular among Conservatives as the great-grandson of 1863: 1805: 913:

and his wife Mithibai, in a rented apartment on the second floor of

10686: 10330: 9799: 9632: 9494: 8657: 8598:

The leaders of the Muslim League, 1940. Jinnah is seated at centre.

8429: 6653: 2904: 2827: 2803: 2546: 2492: 2435: 2326: 1844:

The leaders of the Muslim League, 1940. Jinnah is seated at centre.

1414: 1363: 1052: 830:-majority India, and for a predominantly Muslim state of Pakistan. 721: 7342:< "From Dawn's Archives: The Father of the Nation laid to rest" 7207:

The Shia Revival: How Conflicts Within Islam Will Shape the Future

6450:"Book Review: The nation was orphaned, forever —by Dr Irfan Zafar" 1147: 1047:, later stating that the reason he chose Lincoln's over the other 949:

Shia Muslim background from Gujarat, though he later followed the

849:

in Pakistan bear Jinnah's name. He is revered in Pakistan as the

10846: 10061: 8434: 7358:

Evacuee Cinema: Bombay and Lahore in Partition Transit, 1940–1960

6262:"Pakistan expresses shock over Advani's resignation as BJP chief" 2617: 2042:

later in July. Attlee and his Secretary of State for India, Lord

1012: 950: 938: 898: 788: 744: 275: 9788: 7872: 5207: 2616:

Special services and prayers were held in the Kwitang mosque of

2426:

Jinnah's arrival at Lahore to discuss the Kashmir crisis in 1948

2031:

imminent, Churchill's government did not feel it could proceed.

1652:. The Congress and its allies formed the government even in the 1505:, undertook a decennial review of Indian policy mandated by the 10370: 7718: 6992:(paperback ed.). New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. 2843: 2594: 2582: 2555: 2337:

occurred resulting in the death of 400 people aligned with the

2024: 1882: 1475: 1449: 973: 756: 7276:

Puri, Balraj (7 March 2008). "Clues to understanding Jinnah".

6567:

Jinnah, Pakistan, and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin

2846:, Andhra Pradesh, India, was built to commemorate Jinnah. The 2636: 2180:

Mountbatten meets Jinnah, Nehru and other leaders to plan the

2008: 488: 73: 6818:(paperback ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6345:"BJP expels Jaswant Singh over praise for Jinnah in his book" 3024:

summarises the profound effect that Jinnah had on the world:

2731: 2446:

in October 1947, aided by Pakistani irregulars, the maharaja

2442:, who stalled his decision on which nation to join. With the 2391: 2289:

dividing the new nations sparked mass migration, murder, and

1995:

independence. In early 1945, Liaquat and the Congress leader

1759: 1645: 1589: 1283: 1087: 958: 942: 918: 827: 5580: 2689:, Jinnah became a firm Sunni Muslim by the end of his life. 9983: 8114:

Quaid-e-Azam College of Engineering and Technology, Sahiwal

7468: 6836:

Secular Jinnah & Pakistan: What the Nation Doesn't Know

6736:

They Too Fought for India's Freedom: The Role of Minorities

5327: 4502: 3267: 2664: 2510: 2206: 1901:

referred to Lahore as "Jinnah's fantastic proposals" while

1307: 1168:, he would refuse to accept a large salary, fixing it at 1 50: 5474: 5472: 4934: 2277:

Jinnah during the oath taking ceremony as Governor General

1327:, a Hindu lawyer who had become well known for advocating 6295: 5508: 5445: 4442: 3475: 3473: 3471: 2952:, whose comments praising Jinnah caused an uproar in his 2888:

Jinnah's portraits on the stamps of Turkmenistan and Iran

2077:, the League won every seat reserved for Muslims. In the 2053:

Jinnah with Muslim League leaders in the corridor of the

1829: 1721:

Jinnah addresses the Muslim League session at Patna, 1938

1460: 1126:

which subsequently came to be known as the "Jinnah cap".

5628: 5520: 5423: 5421: 5185: 5183: 4975: 4973: 4754: 4070: 4068: 4005: 3897: 1213:

Productive Role of Trade Unions and Industrial Relations

27:

Founder and 1st Governor-General of Pakistan (1876–1948)

7464:"Karachi: Restoration of Church Mission School ordered" 7136:

Moore, R. J. (1983). "Jinnah and the Pakistan Demand".

6242: 6161: 6000: 5932:"Was Quaid-e Azam Jinnah the only founder of Pakistan?" 5885: 5822: 5688: 5664: 5652: 5544: 5496: 5469: 5433: 5406: 5267: 5255: 5243: 5168: 5120: 5108: 4718: 4432: 4430: 3855:"The Statesman: Jinnah's differences with the Congress" 3553: 3551: 3538: 3536: 3456: 3178: 3176: 1616:

Among those who met with Jinnah to seek his return was

5778: 5532: 4990: 4988: 4924: 4922: 4526: 4355: 4164: 4128: 4116: 4080: 3680: 3678: 3468: 3444: 2411:

militarily occupied the two states. Subsequently, the

1961:

at a party at Jinnah House, Aurangzeb Road, New Delhi.

1809:

Jinnah seated with Iqbal at the round table conference

11575: 7614:, Manohar Publishers & Distributors, p. 60, 6989:

The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan

6716:"'Pakistan's founder worked as a trade union leader'" 6484: 6230: 5768: 5766: 5727: 5676: 5418: 5231: 5219: 5180: 5144: 5132: 5012: 4970: 4958: 4946: 4895: 4859: 4835: 4823: 4811: 4778: 4634: 4598: 4490: 4466: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4065: 4041: 3764: 3762: 1000:

lack of other illumination. His official biographer,

11744:

Members of the Imperial Legislative Council of India

11729:

Members of the Central Legislative Assembly of India

11694:

Expatriates from British India in the United Kingdom

7521: 6113: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5796: 5279: 4550: 4538: 4454: 4427: 4029: 4017: 3993: 3981: 3945: 3909: 3885: 3873: 3798: 3786: 3568: 3566: 3548: 3533: 3485: 3420: 3173: 2313:

Among the restive regions of the new nation was the

2012:

Nehru (left) and Jinnah walk together at Simla, 1946

7669:"Special report: The Legacy of Mr Jinnah 1876–1948" 7303:

The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence

6496: 6472: 6173: 6072:"Muslim law doesn't apply to Jinnah, says daughter" 5739: 5640: 5616: 5568: 5556: 5484: 5457: 5394: 5370: 5291: 5195: 5096: 5072: 4985: 4919: 4907: 4883: 4742: 4706: 4682: 4670: 4658: 4646: 4622: 4586: 4562: 4514: 4478: 4415: 4321: 4319: 4258: 4256: 3957: 3737: 3735: 3720: 3675: 3408: 2675:claimed that Jinnah "was an Ismaili by birth and a 2651:. Today, Jinnah rests in a large marble mausoleum, 1137: 6855: 6674: 6606: 5763: 5382: 5060: 5048: 4367: 4292: 4241: 4224: 4212: 4200: 4188: 4152: 4104: 3933: 3921: 3759: 3396: 3372: 3360: 3350: 3348: 3335: 3333: 3238: 3226: 2822:was named "Mohammed Ali Jinnah Way". A section of 2785: 2775: 2768: 2577:Jinnah spent many of the last days of his life at 2434:. It had a Muslim-majority population and a Hindu 2214: 858: 851: 9544: 7009:"South Asia | Partitioning India over lunch" 6681:. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. 6598:Two Nations: The Philosophy of Muslim Nationalism 6399: 6185: 6125: 6101: 5873: 5861: 5805: 5751: 5700: 5315: 5303: 5084: 5024: 5000: 4871: 4847: 4766: 4730: 4694: 4610: 4574: 4403: 4140: 3822: 3774: 3747: 3708: 3663: 3651: 3639: 3627: 3563: 3384: 3320: 3318: 3303: 3291: 3279: 3257: 3255: 3253: 2987:prompted Fatima Jinnah to release a book, titled 2707:Jinnah and his sister Fatima. Wax statues in the 1734:called for a state for Muslims in British India. 1531:has declared our unfitness for self-government." 1262:. They were opposed by leaders such as Tilak and 11635: 10156: 9942: 6625: 6149: 6137: 6089: 5604: 5213: 5156: 4331: 4316: 4304: 4280: 4253: 4176: 4092: 4053: 3732: 3590: 3578: 3509: 3214: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3144: 2475:population (which would have included Junagadh, 2236:Jinnah announcing the creation of Pakistan over 1609:. In 1933, Indian Muslims, especially from the 1295:, an action seen as a blow to Muslim interests. 9303:Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever? 6442: 6424:"Christopher Lee talks about his favorite role" 5592: 5036: 4391: 4379: 4343: 4268: 3834: 3810: 3521: 3497: 3432: 3345: 3330: 2969:Jinnah was the central figure of the 1998 film 2138: 11749:Members of the Pakistan Philosophical Congress 8351: 7594:, HarperCollins Publishers India, p. 71, 6063: 3969: 3315: 3250: 2919:that state. Some historians such as Jalal and 2699:List of things named after Muhammad Ali Jinnah 2633:what a difference from what he had imagined." 1784: 10142: 9928: 9774: 9607: 9530: 8375: 7814: 7570:Pakistan: The Enigma of Political Development 6794:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 3156: 2838:, is among Karachi's notable landmarks. The " 2774:(meaning "Great Leader"). His other title is 2481:United Nations Security Council Resolution 47 1742:in 1933 advocating a state "Pakistan" in the 1712: 1374:, and insistent on the whole of his scheme". 879:, Jinnah remains Pakistan's greatest leader. 875:in the country. According to his biographer, 690: 219:15 December 1947 – 11 September 1948 30:"Jinnah" redirects here. For other uses, see 9790:Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan 7781:Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan 6375:"Jaswant Singh expelled over Jinnah remarks" 6318:"Nehru not Jinnah's polity led to partition" 6197: 3852: 1848:On 3 September 1939, British Prime Minister 7440: 6377:. Jai Bihar. 19 August 2009. Archived from 6012: 4508: 3138:Rare speeches and documents of Quaid-e-Azam 1628:and closing his legal practice in Britain. 1362:" for India—the status of a self-governing 167:11 August 1947 – 11 September 1948 102:14 August 1947 – 11 September 1948 10657:Hindustan Socialist Republican Association 10149: 10135: 9935: 9921: 9781: 9767: 9621: 9614: 9600: 9537: 9523: 8382: 8368: 7821: 7807: 7634:, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 61, 6940: 6773:. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. 6402:"Christopher Lee on the making of legends" 3853:Official website, Government of Pakistan. 3273: 3055: 2818:in Tehran, Iran. In Chicago, a portion of 2135:and among Labour for his political views. 1635:in October 1934. The British Parliament's 697: 683: 535: 72: 61: 59: 11804:Sindh Madressatul Islam University alumni 11674:Alumni of the Inns of Court School of Law 8292:List of properties of Muhammad Ali Jinnah 8124:Quaid-e-Azam Inter Provincial Youth Games 7654:, Rowman & Littlefield, p. 231, 7444:Global Encyclopaedia of Indian Philosophy 6916: 6889:The Frontier Gandhi: His Place in History 6853: 6336: 5834: 5345: 4448: 3846: 929:. Jinnah's paternal grandfather lived in 785:fourteen-point constitutional reform plan 7406:Jinnah: India-Partition and Independence 7355: 7098: 6733: 6595: 6248: 6069: 5526: 3462: 3450: 2790:, a traditional title of Muslim rulers. 2746: 2730: 2702: 2635: 2611: 2572: 2528: 2421: 2300: 2272: 2231: 2175: 2142: 2084: 2048: 2007: 1975:(now Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Road), near 1952: 1912: 1892:Jinnah makes a speech in New Delhi, 1943 1887: 1862: 1839: 1804: 1716: 1701: 1658: 1464: 1377:In 1918, Jinnah married his second wife 1232: 1146: 1112: 1011: 993:Christian Missionary Society High School 897: 11689:Converts to Sunni Islam from Shia Islam 11679:Cathedral and John Connon School alumni 7828: 7608:Partha Sarathy Ghosh (1 January 1999), 7441:Singh, Nagendra; Mishra, A. P. (2010). 7320: 7254: 7231: 7121:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. 7051: 6895: 6713: 6254: 6203: 6167: 6006: 5840: 5514: 5333: 3684: 3479: 3182: 3032: 2766:, in Pakistan. Jinnah earned the title 2570:was the last public event he attended. 1852:announced the commencement of war with 1497:In 1927, the British Government, under 1336: 1007: 887: 402: 1918; died 1929) 377: 1892; died 1893) 14: 11636: 9268:Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence 8329: 8286:Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence 7647: 7566: 7476: 7462:Sharif, Azizullah (20 February 2010). 7461: 7323:Partition of India: Legend and Reality 7180: 7086:Navid, Nurul Bashar (15 August 2013). 7006: 6964: 6899:The Origins of Conflict in Afghanistan 6886: 6869:"Iqbal and Quaid's Vision of Pakistan" 6697:"Dina seeks Jinnah House's possession" 6236: 6204:Hamdani, Yasser Latif (23 June 2020). 6018: 5562: 5376: 5297: 4532: 4472: 4235: 3366: 3135: 2963:Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence 2858:, Bombay, is in the possession of the 1830:Second World War and Lahore Resolution 1461:Wilderness years; interlude in England 1354:in 1916. Along with political leaders 11659:20th-century deaths from tuberculosis 10130: 9916: 9762: 9595: 9518: 8389: 8363: 8350: 7802: 7648:Ludwig W. Adamec (14 December 2016), 7627: 7607: 7587: 7552:. New York: Oxford University Press. 7496: 7431: 7378: 7284:(9). Bombay: Sameeksha Trust: 33–35. 7116: 7085: 7060: 7023: 6832: 6766: 6543: 6518: 6430:from the original on 14 November 2021 6400:Lindrea, Victoria (11 October 2004). 6119: 5903: 5891: 5828: 5772: 5538: 5451: 5412: 5388: 4784: 4544: 4496: 4460: 4421: 3963: 3309: 3297: 3285: 3220: 3150: 3081: 3060: 2692: 2537:From the 1930s, Jinnah suffered from 1600: 1286:in December of that year to form the 787:to safeguard the political rights of 724:. Jinnah served as the leader of the 11779:Pakistani people of Gujarati descent 11704:Indian National Congress politicians 11669:Alumni of City, University of London 9275:Notes on Afghanistan and Baluchistan 8317: 7356:Siddique, Salma (16 February 2023). 7339: 7203: 6866: 6695: 6652: 6584: 6284: 6054: 6019:Sekhar, A. Saye (7 September 2003). 5924: 5910:. Penguin Books India. p. 240. 5897: 5784: 5718: 4556: 4484: 4436: 3699: 3037: 2914:, while there is a tendency towards 2524: 837:who had emigrated from neighbouring 11664:All-India Muslim League politicians 8134:Quaid-e-Azam International Hospital 7591:Mughals, maharajas, and the Mahatma 7542: 7522:United News of India (9 May 1998). 7479:"Jinnah and the Making of Pakistan" 7409:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7210:. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. 7119:Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook 7103:, Palgrave Macmillan, p. 111, 7007:Lawson, Alastair (10 August 2007). 6891:. Karachi: Oxford University Press. 6787: 6742: 6604: 6502: 6342: 6179: 6070:Sitapati, Vinay (13 October 2008). 5745: 5694: 5670: 5658: 5646: 5634: 5622: 5586: 5574: 5550: 5502: 5490: 5478: 5463: 5439: 5400: 5273: 5261: 5249: 5201: 5174: 5126: 5114: 5102: 5078: 4994: 4928: 4913: 4889: 4760: 4724: 4676: 4664: 4568: 4373: 4361: 4218: 4206: 4194: 4170: 4158: 4134: 4122: 4110: 4086: 4074: 4047: 4035: 4011: 3999: 3987: 3951: 3915: 3903: 3891: 3879: 3828: 3804: 3792: 3780: 3753: 3714: 3669: 3657: 3645: 3633: 3572: 3557: 3542: 3515: 3491: 3426: 3414: 3402: 3378: 3244: 3100: 3054: 2352:, and reunion. Few members of the 2268: 1552:1929 British parliamentary election 995:. He gained his matriculation from 548:14 August 1947 – 11 September 1948 155:Speaker of the Constituent Assembly 24: 11714:Infectious disease deaths in Sindh 9798: 8611: 8602: 8593: 8260:Sindh Madressatul Islam University 8144:Quaid-e-Azam Law College Nawabshah 8049:Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre 7588:K. R. N. Swamy (1 December 1997), 7447:. Global Vision Publishing House. 7306:. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. 6714:Eleazar, Sarah (4 November 2017). 6544:Ahmed, Khaled (24 December 2010). 5843:"Lecture by Prof. Stanley Wolpert" 5841:Wolpert, Stanley (22 March 1998). 3194: 2325:was put in place by Jinnah in the 1945:", proclaiming a mass campaign of 1856:. The following day, the Viceroy, 1550:After Baldwin was defeated at the 813:, demanding a separate nation for 25: 11840: 8019:Jinnah Medical and Dental College 7681: 7434:Encyclopaedia on Jinnah: Volume 5 7399: 7135: 7032: 6808: 6672: 6560: 6490: 6478: 6292:"India state bans book on Jinnah" 6191: 6155: 6143: 6131: 6107: 6095: 5879: 5867: 5816: 5757: 5733: 5706: 5682: 5610: 5598: 5427: 5346:Nishapuri, Abdul (29 July 2012). 5321: 5309: 5237: 5225: 5189: 5150: 5138: 5090: 5030: 5018: 5006: 4979: 4964: 4952: 4940: 4901: 4877: 4865: 4853: 4841: 4829: 4817: 4772: 4748: 4736: 4712: 4700: 4688: 4652: 4640: 4628: 4616: 4604: 4592: 4580: 4520: 4409: 4397: 4349: 4337: 4325: 4310: 4298: 4286: 4274: 4262: 4247: 4182: 4146: 4098: 4059: 4023: 3975: 3939: 3927: 3840: 3816: 3768: 3741: 3726: 3596: 3584: 3527: 3503: 3438: 3354: 3339: 3261: 3232: 3167: 3113: 2129:Admiral Lord Mountbatten of Burma 1965:He helped to found the newspaper 1730:to a League session in 1930, Sir 1205: 1090:British Indian political leaders 847:universities and public buildings 657:List of things named after Jinnah 11621: 11609: 11597: 11585: 10351:Muslim nationalism in South Asia 9737: 9631: 9580: 8515:Muslim nationalism in South Asia 8328: 8316: 8305: 8304: 7871: 7296: 7275: 7117:Mohiuddin, Yasmeen Niaz (2007). 6985: 6416: 6393: 6367: 6310: 5972: 5958:"Projects of The Jinnah Society" 5950: 5339: 5285: 5162: 5066: 5054: 5042: 4790: 4385: 3390: 3324: 3062:[mʊɦəmːəd̪əlid͡ʒɪnɑː(ɦ)] 3016:. It portrays Jinnah (played by 2932:, in Jinnah's honour once said: 2878: 2869: 2814:, is named after him, as is the 2307:Constituent Assembly of Pakistan 2110:backdrop of rioting, especially 1642:the provincial elections in 1937 1405:looked after him and his child. 1241:In 1857, many Indians had risen 1218: 1138:Legal and early political career 985:Cathedral and John Connon School 921:, Pakistan, but then within the 663: 525: 487: 466: 11809:Tuberculosis deaths in Pakistan 10591:Provisional Government of India 9310:Causes of Indian Mutiny of 1857 8270:Jinnah's People's Memorial Hall 8089:Jinnah's People's Memorial Hall 8054:Jinnah Sindh Medical University 7944:Aiwan-e-Nawadrat-e-Quaid-i-Azam 7631:Culture and Customs of Pakistan 6862:. Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday. 6596:Banerjee, Anil Chandra (1981). 6546:"Was Jinnah a Shia or a Sunni?" 6511: 6343:Joy, Santosh (19 August 2009). 5845:. humsafar.info. Archived from 3602: 3106: 2169:photographed between Louis and 1102:. Jinnah listened to Naoroji's 652:Aiwan-e-Nawadrat-e-Quaid-i-Azam 399: 374: 9124:Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi 8129:Quaid-e-Azam International Cup 8099:Mohammad Ali Jinnah University 7724:Government of Pakistan Website 7651:Historical Dictionary of Islam 7628:Iftikhar Haider Malik (2006), 7261:. Cambridge University Press. 7238:The Kashmir Dispute, 1947–2012 7061:Moini, Qasim Abdallah (2003). 7026:The Transfer of Power in India 6902:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 6770:Concise Encyclopaedia of India 6673:Cohen, Stephen Philip (2004). 6654:"Quaid backed labour struggle" 3188: 3129: 3088: 3067: 3044: 2758:His birthday is observed as a 987:. In Karachi, he attended the 882: 759:, England. Upon his return to 207:President of the Muslim League 13: 1: 11764:Pakistani former Shia Muslims 11739:Members of the Fabian Society 11699:Governors-general of Pakistan 9546:Governors-general of Pakistan 9235:Muhammad Ibrahim Mir Sialkoti 9129:Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari 8250:Mohammad Ali Jenah Expressway 7964:Mohammad Ali Jenah Expressway 7740:The Earl Mountbatten of Burma 7693:Mohammad Ali Jinnah Biography 7524:"Was Jinnah a Shia or Sunni?" 7497:Tudor, Maya (14 March 2013). 7477:Talbot, Ian (February 1984). 7278:Economic and Political Weekly 7101:War and Peace in Modern India 6968:M.A. Jinnah Views and Reviews 6926:. Columbia University Press. 6734:Engineer, Asghar Ali (2006). 6705:. 25 May 2005. Archived from 6600:. Concept Publishing Company. 6519:Ahmed, Khaled (23 May 1998). 4798:"Nidhi Dalmia | Jinnah House" 3140:. Arif Mukati. p. 39-40. 3136:Bawany, Yahya Hashim (1987). 2816:Mohammad Ali Jenah Expressway 2754:in London dedicated to Jinnah 2256:for Pakistan at Karachi, and 2075:Constituent Assembly of India 2017:Field Marshal Viscount Wavell 902:Portrait of Jinnah's father, 11774:Pakistani newspaper founders 11754:National symbols of Pakistan 11684:Church Mission School alumni 11200:Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari 10476:Chauri Chaura incident, 1922 10158:Indian independence movement 9944:National symbols of Pakistan 9282:Pakistan: A Personal History 9022:Iftikhar Hussain Khan Mamdot 8807:Baba-e-Urdu Maulvi Abdul Haq 8154:Quaid-e-Azam Medical College 8044:Jinnah Polytechnic Institute 8009:Jinnah International Airport 7757:Governor-General of Pakistan 7052:Mehmood, Syed Qasim (1998). 6896:Roberts, Jeffrey J. (2003). 6867:Khan, Zamir (30 June 2010). 6021:"Tower of harmony in Guntur" 3123: 2808:Jinnah International Airport 2658: 2624:) after the death of Jinnah. 2315:North-West Frontier Province 2139:Mountbatten and independence 2055:Central Legislative Assembly 1654:North-West Frontier Province 1637:Government of India Act 1935 1633:Central Legislative Assembly 1507:Government of India Act 1919 1480:Central Legislative Assembly 1358:and Tilak, Jinnah demanded " 1300:Imperial Legislative Council 1225:Indian independence movement 1166:Governor-General of Pakistan 1162:Bombay presidency magistrate 1142: 1110:from the visitor's gallery. 775:, helping to shape the 1916 544:Governor-General of Pakistan 90:Governor-General of Pakistan 7: 11814:University of Mumbai alumni 11390:Virendranath Chattopadhyaya 10777:Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty 8079:Jinnah University for Women 7385:. Oxford University Press. 7325:. Oxford University Press. 7241:, Oxford University Press, 6971:. Oxford University Press. 6854:Kenworthy, Leonard (1968). 6767:Gupta, K. R. G. A. (2006). 6609:Jinnah: Creator of Pakistan 6320:. Jai Bihar. Archived from 2985:Jinnah: Creator of Pakistan 2786: 2776: 2769: 2641:Tomb of Muhammad Ali Jinnah 2215: 1903:Chakravarti Rajagopalachari 1785:Iqbal's influence on Jinnah 1385:, and was part of an elite 941:, India). He himself was a 859: 852: 10: 11845: 11125:Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi 10677:Indian Independence League 10394:Partition of Bengal (1947) 10389:Partition of Bengal (1905) 9751:indicate acting Presidents 9220:Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni 9185:Amir Habibullah Khan Saadi 9068:Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan 8867:Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan 8792:Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk Kamboh 8352:Articles related to Jinnah 8184:Quaid-e-Azam Tourist Lodge 8164:Quaid-e-Azam Public School 8109:Pakistan Muslim League (J) 8064:Jinnah Stadium, Gujranwala 7505:Cambridge University Press 7432:Singh, Prakash K. (2009). 7362:Cambridge University Press 7340:Dawn (11 September 2017). 7099:Raghavan, Srinath (2010), 7056:. Karachi: Qadir Printers. 7033:Malik, Iftikar H. (2008). 6738:. Hope India Publications. 3083:[mɑɦməd̪əlidʒʱiɳɑ] 2696: 2533:Jinnah smoking a cigarette 2157: 2044:Frederick Pethick-Lawrence 2003: 1833: 1713:Background to independence 1705: 1622:prime minister of Pakistan 1597:but only for his funeral. 1352:All India Home Rule League 1222: 1027:, a business associate of 891: 781:All-India Home Rule League 747:, Jinnah was trained as a 29: 11709:Indian newspaper founders 11516: 11415: 11300:Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi 11100:Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi 10920: 10797:Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar 10717: 10672:Indian Home Rule movement 10614: 10511:Fourteen Points of Jinnah 10451:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 10379: 10316: 10164: 10081: 10030: 9995: 9950: 9807: 9796: 9746: 9735: 9638: 9629: 9578: 9552: 9387: 9319: 9250: 9215:Amir Abdullah Khan Rokhri 8942: 8872:Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy 8710: 8623: 8591: 8475:Fourteen Points of Jinnah 8410: 8397: 8357: 8300: 8207: 8159:Quaid-e-Azam Police Medal 7969:Governor's House, Karachi 7934: 7880: 7869: 7846:Fourteen Points of Jinnah 7836: 7787: 7778: 7773: 7763: 7754: 7736: 7567:Ziring, Lawrence (1980). 7255:Pirbhai, M. Reza (2017). 7150:10.1017/S0026749X00011069 6585:Aziz, Qutubuddin (2001). 3077: 2956:(BJP). Indian politician 2560:Command and Staff College 2432:princely state of Kashmir 1921:in Bombay, September 1944 1728:speech given at Allahabad 1411:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 1156:occurred when the acting 826:to the independence of a 566:Fourteen Points of Jinnah 474: 462: 445: 433: 421: 410: 351: 333: 322: 309: 303:Federal Capital Territory 289: 256: 251: 247: 235: 223: 212: 205: 193: 181: 171: 160: 152: 140: 128: 116: 106: 95: 87: 83: 71: 60: 41: 11794:Politicians from Karachi 11769:Pakistani MNAs 1947–1954 11734:Members of Lincoln's Inn 11539:Indian annexation of Goa 11385:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 10897:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 10662:Indian National Congress 10461:Non-cooperation movement 9976:Faith, Unity, Discipline 9966:State emblem of Pakistan 9296:Pakistan: A Hard Country 9289:The Myth of Independence 8902:Muhammad Zafarullah Khan 8897:Mohammad Amir Ahmed Khan 8616:State emblem of Pakistan 8575:Constitution of Pakistan 8425:Indian Rebellion of 1857 8139:Quaid-e-Azam Law College 8104:Muhammad Ali Jinnah Road 7994:Jinnah Convention Centre 7989:Jinnah College for Women 7974:Jinnah Antarctic Station 7054:Encyclopedia Pakistanica 6950:. Quaid-i-Azam Academy. 6638:Mission With Mountbatten 5907:The Rediscovery of India 5589:, pp. 158–159, 343. 4943:, pp. 302, 303–308. 3610:"THE CAUCUS CASE – 1908" 2795:civil awards of Pakistan 2460:First India–Pakistan War 2366:princely states of India 2034:British voters returned 2029:British general election 1515:The resulting commission 1247:Indian National Congress 1186:Indian National Congress 843:two states' independence 769:Indian National Congress 589:Indian National Congress 571:Unity, Faith, Discipline 496:This article is part of 340:Indian National Congress 11784:Pakistani Sunni Muslims 11544:Indian Independence Act 11130:Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan 11105:Jatindra Mohan Sengupta 11075:Dukkipati Nageswara Rao 10812:Kandukuri Veeresalingam 10792:Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai 10627:All-India Muslim League 10581:Royal Air Force strikes 10546:Round table conferences 10536:Chittagong armoury raid 10426:Hindu–German Conspiracy 10409:Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy 10179:Porto Grande de Bengala 9205:Abdul Sattar Khan Niazi 9113:Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi 8982:Muhammad Shafi Deobandi 8912:Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan 8847:Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan 8525:Indian Independence Act 8500:Round Table Conferences 8404:timeline: 1947–present) 8194:Quaid-i-Azam University 8174:Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park 8069:Jinnah Stadium, Sialkot 8004:Jinnah Hospital, Lahore 7709:considered for deletion 7321:Seervai, H. M. (2005). 7063:"Remembering the Quaid" 7035:The History of Pakistan 6833:Karim, Saleena (2010). 6788:Hibbard, Scott (1994). 6640:. Aico Publishing House 6613:. London: John Murray. 6605:Bolith, Hector (1954). 6521:"The secular Mussalman" 5904:Desai, Meghnad (2009). 4509:Singh & Mishra 2010 2910:According to historian 2485:Gandhi was assassinated 2344:Along with Liaquat and 2305:Jinnah speaking at the 2071:December 1945 elections 1564:Round Table Conferences 1313:Indian Military Academy 1288:All-India Muslim League 989:Sindh Madressatul Islam 801:, which he regarded as 726:All-India Muslim League 673:: Picture, Sound, Video 594:All-India Muslim League 345:All-India Muslim League 32:Jinnah (disambiguation) 11799:Presidents of Pakistan 11330:Syama Prasad Mukherjee 11235:Purushottam Das Tandon 10601:Praja Mandala movement 10415:The Indian Sociologist 10022:(Mother of the Nation) 10006:(Father of the Nation) 9817:Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan 9803: 9623:Presidents of Pakistan 9225:Sardar Aurang Zeb Khan 9160:Muhammad Ismail Zabeeh 9093:Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum 9083:Sheikh Sir Abdul Qadir 8822:Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman 8668:Philosophical Congress 8617: 8608: 8599: 8280:Governor General House 8169:Quaid-e-Azam Residency 8029:Jinnah Memorial Mosque 8024:Jinnah Medical College 7999:Jinnah Hospital, Kabul 7949:Bagh-e-Jinnah, Karachi 7926:Quaid-e-Azam Residency 7791:Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan 7181:Murphy, Eamon (2013). 7024:Lumby, Esmond (1954). 6986:Khan, Yasmin (2008) . 6858:Leaders of New Nations 6631:"The Great Acceptance" 6627:Campbell-Johnson, Alan 5960:. jinnahsociety.org.pk 3614:bombayhighcourt.nic.in 3030: 2954:Bharatiya Janata Party 2939: 2755: 2740: 2716: 2644: 2628:Indian prime minister 2625: 2591:an even higher retreat 2586: 2579:Quaid-e-Azam Residency 2564:State Bank of Pakistan 2534: 2503: 2427: 2319:Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan 2310: 2278: 2241: 2184: 2155: 2148:Lord Louis Mountbatten 2098: 2062: 2013: 1962: 1927:attack on Pearl Harbor 1922: 1893: 1868: 1845: 1810: 1794: 1722: 1664: 1470: 1238: 1203: 1152: 1118: 1020: 906: 871:is also observed as a 841:to Pakistan after the 617:Jinnah Mansion, Mumbai 599:Pakistan Muslim League 200:Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan 176:Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan 11554:Political integration 11295:Shyamji Krishna Varma 11080:Gopal Krishna Gokhale 11025:Bhupendra Kumar Datta 10857:Rettamalai Srinivasan 10817:Mahadev Govind Ranade 10622:All India Kisan Sabha 10586:Coup d'état of Yanaon 10486:Qissa Khwani massacre 10471:Coolie-Begar movement 10286:Second Anglo-Sikh War 9882:Chaudhry Amir Hussain 9827:Fazlul Qadir Chaudhry 9802: 9136:(Pir of Manki Sharif) 9098:Jalaludin Abdur Rahim 9063:Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas 9058:Hakeem Mohammad Saeed 9047:Abu Bakr Ahmad Haleem 9017:Shahnawaz Khan Mamdot 8777:Sadeq Mohammad Khan V 8615: 8606: 8597: 8545:Objectives Resolution 8485:Now or Never pamphlet 8199:Tamgha-e-Quaid-e-Azam 8059:Jinnah Sports Stadium 7954:Bagh-e-Jinnah, Lahore 7436:. Indiana University. 7379:Singh, Iqbal (1951). 7028:. G. Allen and Unwin. 6918:Jaffrelot, Christophe 6570:. London: Routledge. 5352:Let Us Build Pakistan 5214:Campbell-Johnson 1951 4014:, pp. 74–76, 87. 3906:, pp. 38, 46–49. 3026: 2934: 2802:currency, and is the 2750: 2734: 2706: 2639: 2615: 2576: 2532: 2498: 2425: 2358:Indian Police Service 2304: 2276: 2235: 2179: 2146: 2088: 2052: 2038:and his Labour Party 2011: 1956: 1916: 1891: 1866: 1843: 1808: 1789: 1720: 1702:Struggle for Pakistan 1662: 1468: 1260:Gopal Krishna Gokhale 1236: 1223:Further information: 1198: 1151:Jinnah as a barrister 1150: 1117:Jinnah wearing a suit 1116: 1096:Sir Pherozeshah Mehta 1025:Frederick Leigh Croft 1015: 917:near Karachi, now in 901: 857:("Great Leader") and 763:, he enrolled at the 714:Mahomedali Jinnahbhai 261:Mahomedali Jinnahbhai 11759:Pakistani barristers 11724:Lawyers from Karachi 11380:Veeran Sundaralingam 11335:Tara Rani Srivastava 11270:Sahajanand Saraswati 11160:Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi 11045:Chandra Shekhar Azad 10950:Alluri Sitarama Raju 10907:Vitthal Ramji Shinde 10862:Sahajanand Saraswati 10782:Gopal Ganesh Agarkar 10682:Indian National Army 10526:Dharasana Satyagraha 10431:Champaran Satyagraha 10281:First Anglo-Sikh War 9847:Sahibzada Farooq Ali 9842:Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry 9155:Lady Abdullah Haroon 8922:Shabbir Ahmad Usmani 8877:Jogendra Nath Mandal 8827:Choudhary Rahmat Ali 8265:Quaid-i-Azam Academy 8179:Quaid-e-Azam Stadium 8149:Quaid-e-Azam Library 8084:Jinnah-class frigate 7528:United News of India 7138:Modern Asian Studies 6887:Korejo, M.S (1993). 6839:. Checkpoint Press. 6677:The Idea of Pakistan 6556:on 17 November 2011. 6438:– via YouTube. 6210:Macmillan Publishers 5849:on 29 September 2018 5798:United News of India 5637:, pp. 343, 367. 4763:, pp. 208, 229. 3033:References and notes 3004:Richard Attenborough 2782:Father of the Nation 2735:Statue of Jinnah at 2649:Shabbir Ahmad Usmani 2444:population in revolt 2354:Indian Civil Service 2350:Pakistani government 2283:Radcliffe Commission 2254:constituent assembly 2079:provincial elections 1752:Madan Mohan Malaviya 1736:Choudhary Rahmat Ali 1607:Pakistan Declaration 1337:Farewell to Congress 1008:Education in England 888:Family and childhood 865:Father of the Nation 823:provincial elections 817:Muslims. During the 730:Republic of Pakistan 622:Jinnah House, Lahore 230:Position established 188:Position established 135:Position established 11824:People from Karachi 11644:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 11365:V. K. Krishna Menon 11310:Subhas Chandra Bose 11195:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 11190:Mohammad Ali Jauhar 11085:Govind Ballabh Pant 11065:Dayananda Saraswati 10990:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 10787:Gopal Hari Deshmukh 10767:Dhondo Keshav Karve 10762:Dayananda Saraswati 10757:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 10732:A. Vaidyanatha Iyer 10245:Anglo-Maratha Wars 10054:Jasminum officinale 10003:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 9987:(national language) 9902:Raja Pervaiz Ashraf 9872:Yousaf Raza Gillani 9862:Hamid Nasir Chattha 9837:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 9812:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 9200:Fatima Sughra Begum 9073:Sardar Ibrahim Khan 9027:Sikandar Hayat Khan 8977:Adamjee Haji Dawood 8857:Ghulam Bhik Nairang 8782:Mian Muhammad Shafi 8762:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 8747:Maulana Shaukat Ali 8742:Mohammad Ali Jauhar 8663:Renaissance Society 8653:Student Federations 8450:Partition of Bengal 8400:History of Pakistan 8189:Quaid-e-Azam Trophy 7830:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 7715:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 7204:Nasr, Vali (2006). 7088:"پښتونخوا کالم: زه 6965:Kazimi, M. (2005). 6709:on 29 October 2010. 6588:Jinnah and Pakistan 6493:, pp. 529–569. 6355:on 15 December 2018 5985:The Express Tribune 5736:, pp. 406–407. 5697:, pp. 369–370. 5685:, pp. 402–405. 5673:, pp. 366–368. 5661:, pp. 361–362. 5553:, pp. 357–358. 5505:, pp. 435–436. 5481:, pp. 347–351. 5454:, pp. 237–238. 5442:, pp. 407–408. 5430:, pp. 131–132. 5336:, pp. 108–109. 5288:, pp. 124–127. 5276:, pp. 341–342. 5264:, pp. 337–339. 5252:, pp. 333–336. 5240:, pp. 290–293. 5228:, pp. 393–396. 5192:, pp. 287–290. 5177:, pp. 327–329. 5153:, pp. 261–262. 5141:, pp. 249–259. 5129:, pp. 319–325. 5117:, pp. 318–319. 5021:, pp. 246–256. 4982:, pp. 229–231. 4967:, pp. 221–225. 4955:, pp. 308–322. 4904:, pp. 171–172. 4868:, pp. 301–302. 4844:, pp. 289–297. 4832:, pp. 280–283. 4820:, pp. 266–280. 4727:, pp. 196–201. 4643:, pp. 232–233. 4607:, pp. 225–226. 4364:, pp. 121–124. 4173:, pp. 104–106. 4137:, pp. 370–371. 4125:, pp. 101–102. 4089:, pp. 119–130. 4026:, pp. 130–131. 2928:, the last British 2860:Government of India 2824:Coney Island Avenue 2154:with Jinnah in 1947 1850:Neville Chamberlain 1419:British Indian Army 1395:South Court Mansion 1293:partition of Bengal 1190:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 793:Indian subcontinent 710:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 505:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 56:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 11829:People from Mumbai 11789:Partition of India 11549:Partition of India 11395:Yashwantrao Holkar 11360:V. O. Chidamabaram 11315:Subramania Bharati 11245:Rahul Sankrityayan 11230:Pritilata Waddedar 11140:Shri Krishna Singh 11040:C. Rajagopalachari 11030:Bidhan Chandra Roy 11015:Bhavabhushan Mitra 11000:Begum Hazrat Mahal 10955:Annapurna Maharana 10827:Muthulakshmi Reddy 10772:G. Subramania Iyer 10466:Christmas Day Plot 10341:Indian nationalism 10291:Sannyasi rebellion 10189:East India Company 9852:Malik Meraj Khalid 9804: 9210:Viqar-un-Nisa Noon 9170:Naseer Ahmad Malhi 9150:Jahanara Shahnawaz 9078:Fida Mohammad Khan 9053:Ghulam Rasool Mehr 9032:Shaukat Hayat Khan 9012:Mian Iftikharuddin 8987:Zafar Ahmad Usmani 8887:Khawaja Nazimuddin 8733:(Nawab Salimullah) 8618: 8609: 8600: 8555:Pakistani monarchy 8530:Partition of India 8420:East India Company 8255:Quaid-i-Azam House 8119:Quaid-e-Azam House 7858:11th August Speech 7767:Khawaja Nazimuddin 7549:Jinnah of Pakistan 6525:The Indian Express 6460:on 18 October 2013 6076:The Indian Express 4077:, pp. 99–100. 4050:, pp. 96–105. 3861:on 27 January 2006 3729:, pp. 18, 24. 3201:www.britannica.com 2996:Jinnah of Pakistan 2950:Lal Krishna Advani 2756: 2741: 2717: 2693:Legacy and honours 2645: 2626: 2587: 2535: 2428: 2311: 2279: 2242: 2185: 2182:Partition of India 2171:Edwina Mountbatten 2160:Partition of India 2156: 2152:Edwina Mountbatten 2099: 2063: 2014: 1963: 1923: 1894: 1885:on 23 March 1940. 1881:League session in 1869: 1846: 1811: 1723: 1665: 1601:Return to politics 1471: 1440:an Indian language 1391:converted to Islam 1270:called on the new 1239: 1153: 1119: 1021: 937:peninsula (now in 907: 773:Hindu–Muslim unity 627:Quaid-e-Azam House 147:Khawaja Nazimuddin 11573: 11572: 11567: 11566: 11534:Republic of India 11370:Vallabhbhai Patel 11355:Ubaidullah Sindhi 11255:Ram Prasad Bismil 11150:M. Bhaktavatsalam 11110:Jatindra Nath Das 11035:Bipin Chandra Pal 10970:Babu Kunwar Singh 10940:Achyut Patwardhan 10697:Khudai Khidmatgar 10541:Gandhi–Irwin Pact 10481:Kakori conspiracy 10441:Rowlatt Committee 10404:Direct Action Day 10366:Swadeshi movement 10346:Khilafat Movement 10336:Hindu nationalism 10296:Rebellion of 1857 10219:Anglo-Mysore Wars 10209:Battle of Plassey 10124: 10123: 10113:Pakistan Monument 10073:(national animal) 10065:(national animal) 10057:(national flower) 9961:(national anthem) 9910: 9909: 9892:Sardar Ayaz Sadiq 9832:Abdul Jabbar Khan 9756: 9755: 9673:Ghulam Ishaq Khan 9589: 9588: 9512: 9511: 9504: 9490: 9476: 9462: 9448: 9434: 9420: 9406: 9369:Deena Public Hall 9339:Pakistan Monument 9195:Sharif al Mujahid 9145:Hafeez Jalandhari 8917:Ashraf Ali Thanwi 8907:Qazi Mohammad Isa 8852:Jafar Khan Jamali 8817:Abdur Rab Nishtar 8812:Abdul Qayyum Khan 8787:Mian Abdul Rashid 8731:Khwaja Salimullah 8510:Direct Action Day 8505:Lahore Resolution 8495:Two nation theory 8480:Allahabad Address 8460:Khilafat Movement 8430:Deobandi Movement 8391:Pakistan Movement 8344: 8343: 8034:Jinnah Naval Base 7884:and personal life 7863:Two nation theory 7838:Pakistan Movement 7797: 7796: 7788:Succeeded by 7764:Succeeded by 7752: 7661:978-1-4422-7724-3 7641:978-0-313-33126-8 7621:978-8-17-304253-9 7601:978-8-17-223280-1 7580:978-0-7129-0954-9 7559:978-0-19-503412-7 7514:978-1-107-32873-0 7416:978-0-19-547927-0 7392:978-0-19-563979-7 7371:978-1-009-15120-7 7332:978-0-19-597719-6 7313:978-0-393-04594-9 7268:978-1-107-19276-8 7248:978-0-19-940018-8 7217:978-0-393-32968-1 7196:978-0-415-56526-4 7128:978-1-85109-801-9 7110:978-1-137-00737-7 7073:on 7 October 2008 7044:978-0-313-34137-3 6999:978-0-300-12078-3 6978:978-0-19-597979-4 6933:978-0-231-54025-4 6909:978-0-275-97878-5 6846:978-1-906628-22-2 6825:978-0-521-45850-4 6801:978-0-8018-9669-9 6780:978-81-269-0639-0 6688:978-0-8157-1503-0 6660:. 27 October 2003 6577:978-1-134-75022-1 6481:, pp. 28–29. 6426:. 21 March 2002. 6381:on 21 August 2009 6324:on 22 August 2009 6219:978-93-89109-64-1 5988:. 9 February 2019 5936:The Milli Gazette 5917:978-0-670-08300-8 5894:, pp. 81–82. 5831:, pp. 74–75. 5787:, pp. 88–90. 5517:, pp. 13–14. 5415:, pp. 78–79. 5069:, pp. 85–86. 5057:, pp. 85–87. 4751:, pp. 82–84. 4715:, pp. 71–81. 4691:, pp. 62–63. 4655:, pp. 54–58. 4631:, pp. 51–55. 4595:, pp. 47–49. 4523:, pp. 62–73. 4301:, pp. 39–41. 4250:, pp. 15–34. 4038:, pp. 89–90. 4002:, pp. 71–72. 3990:, pp. 84–85. 3954:, pp. 61–71. 3942:, pp. 90–93. 3930:, pp. 11–15. 3918:, pp. 61–70. 3894:, pp. 35–37. 3882:, pp. 34–35. 3807:, pp. 24–26. 3795:, pp. 20–23. 3771:, pp. 41–42. 3560:, pp. 14–17. 3545:, pp. 14–15. 3494:, pp. 10–12. 3429:, pp. 12–13. 3393:, pp. 95–96. 3276:, pp. 48–49. 3235:, pp. 30–33. 3096:Jinnah's birthday 3038:Explanatory notes 2943:Direct Action Day 2930:governor of Sindh 2721:George Washington 2713:Pakistan Monument 2525:Illness and death 2409:Nawab of Junagarh 2397:Shah Nawaz Bhutto 2346:Abdur Rab Nishtar 2339:Khudai Khidmatgar 2323:Abdul Qayyum Khan 2309:on 14 August 1947 2217:Pakistan Zindabad 1907:Winston Churchill 1878:two-nation theory 1874:Lahore Resolution 1836:Lahore Resolution 1756:Vallabhbhai Patel 1708:Pakistan Movement 1511:Winston Churchill 1469:Jinnah's passport 1432:Ottoman caliphate 1383:Sir Dinshaw Petit 1229:Pakistan movement 1181:Pherozeshah Mehta 1132:called to the bar 1061:studying lawbooks 1029:Jinnahbhai Poonja 997:Bombay University 923:Bombay Presidency 911:Jinnahbhai Poonja 904:Jinnahbhai Poonja 811:Lahore Resolution 803:political anarchy 783:, and proposed a 765:Bombay High Court 736:until his death. 707: 706: 576:Two nation theory 513: 512: 478: 477: 294:11 September 1948 280:Bombay Presidency 16:(Redirected from 11836: 11626: 11625: 11614: 11613: 11612: 11602: 11601: 11600: 11590: 11589: 11588: 11581: 11559:Simla Conference 11350:Tiruppur Kumaran 11320:Subramaniya Siva 11275:Sangolli Rayanna 11265:Rash Behari Bose 11205:Nagnath Naikwadi 11115:Jawaharlal Nehru 11060:Dadabhai Naoroji 11055:Chittaranjan Das 10945:A. K. Fazlul Huq 10867:Savitribai Phule 10692:Khaksar movement 10647:Berlin Committee 10632:Anushilan Samiti 10596:Independence Day 10556:Aundh Experiment 10531:Vedaranyam March 10436:Kheda Satyagraha 10421:Singapore Mutiny 10204:Portuguese India 10151: 10144: 10137: 10128: 10127: 10117: 10109: 10105:Minar-e-Pakistan 10101: 10093: 10074: 10066: 10058: 10050: 10046:Chukar partridge 10042: 10023: 10015: 10007: 9988: 9980: 9971:Flag of Pakistan 9962: 9937: 9930: 9923: 9914: 9913: 9877:Elahi Bux Soomro 9822:Abdul Wahab Khan 9783: 9776: 9769: 9760: 9759: 9741: 9635: 9616: 9609: 9602: 9593: 9592: 9584: 9567:Ghulam Muhammad 9539: 9532: 9525: 9516: 9515: 9498: 9484: 9470: 9456: 9442: 9428: 9414: 9400: 9364:National Library 9349:Ziarat Residency 9329:Minar-e-Pakistan 9261:Idea of Pakistan 9190:Habib Rahimtoola 9175:Ahmed Saeed Nagi 8997:Malik Barkat Ali 8992:Ahmed Ali Lahori 8832:A. K. Fazlul Huq 8802:Bahadur Yar Jung 8772:Liaquat Ali Khan 8752:Hakim Ajmal Khan 8607:Flag of Pakistan 8585:Protestant Islam 8580:British heritage 8570:National symbols 8565:Kashmir conflict 8465:Shuddhi movement 8440:Aligarh Movement 8435:Barelvi Movement 8384: 8377: 8370: 8361: 8360: 8348: 8347: 8332: 8331: 8320: 8319: 8308: 8307: 7875: 7823: 7816: 7809: 7800: 7799: 7748:Viceroy of India 7743: 7737:Preceded by 7734: 7733: 7712: 7676: 7664: 7644: 7624: 7604: 7584: 7563: 7544:Wolpert, Stanley 7539: 7537: 7535: 7518: 7493: 7491: 7489: 7473: 7458: 7437: 7428: 7396: 7375: 7352: 7350: 7348: 7336: 7317: 7293: 7272: 7251: 7228: 7226: 7224: 7200: 7177: 7132: 7113: 7095: 7082: 7080: 7078: 7069:. Archived from 7057: 7048: 7029: 7020: 7018: 7016: 7003: 6982: 6961: 6937: 6913: 6892: 6883: 6873: 6863: 6861: 6850: 6829: 6805: 6784: 6763: 6744:Gandhi, Rajmohan 6739: 6730: 6728: 6726: 6710: 6692: 6680: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6635: 6622: 6612: 6601: 6592: 6581: 6557: 6552:. 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Archived from 3850: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3802: 3796: 3790: 3784: 3778: 3772: 3766: 3757: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3697: 3688: 3682: 3673: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3570: 3561: 3555: 3546: 3540: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3417:, pp. 9–10. 3412: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3343: 3337: 3328: 3322: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3195:Husain, Mahmud. 3192: 3186: 3180: 3171: 3165: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3133: 3117: 3110: 3104: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3079: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3048: 2937:really examined. 2882: 2873: 2789: 2779: 2772: 2764:Quaid-e-Azam Day 2760:national holiday 2709:Lok Virsa Museum 2669:Iranian-American 2630:Jawaharlal Nehru 2607:Independence Day 2552:Government House 2515:strongly opposed 2448:acceded to India 2291:ethnic cleansing 2269:Governor-General 2220: 2095:Pethick-Lawrence 1899:Jawaharlal Nehru 1801: 1696: 1695: 1691: 1618:Liaquat Ali Khan 1611:United Provinces 1556:Ramsay MacDonald 1272:Viceroy of India 1158:Advocate General 1108:House of Commons 1100:Finsbury Central 1092:Dadabhai Naoroji 873:national holiday 862: 855: 819:Second World War 734:governor-general 699: 692: 685: 667: 561:11 August Speech 536:Political career 509: 508: 506: 499: 491: 484: 483: 480: 479: 470: 403: 401: 378: 376: 299: 297: 272:25 December 1876 271: 269: 252:Personal details 242:Liaquat Ali Khan 238: 226: 217: 196: 184: 165: 143: 131: 123:Liaquat Ali Khan 119: 100: 76: 66: 65: 64: 63: 39: 38: 21: 11844: 11843: 11839: 11838: 11837: 11835: 11834: 11833: 11634: 11633: 11632: 11620: 11610: 11608: 11598: 11596: 11586: 11584: 11576: 11574: 11569: 11568: 11563: 11524:Cabinet Mission 11512: 11416:British leaders 11411: 11400:Yogendra Shukla 11305:Siraj ud-Daulah 11260:Rani Lakshmibai 11250:Rajendra Prasad 11240:R. Venkataraman 11185:Mithuben Petit‎ 11165:Mahadaji Shinde 11145:Lala Lajpat Rai 10980:Bahadur Shah II 10965:Ashfaqulla Khan 10935:Accamma Cherian 10930:Abul Kalam Azad 10922: 10916: 10887:Syed Ahmad Khan 10877:Sister Nivedita 10842:Pandita Ramabai 10837:Niralamba Swami 10802:J. B. Kripalani 10727:Ashfaqulla Khan 10719: 10713: 10652:Ghadar Movement 10610: 10491:Flag Satyagraha 10399:Revolutionaries 10381: 10375: 10318: 10312: 10214:Battle of Buxar 10160: 10155: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10107: 10099: 10091: 10077: 10072: 10064: 10056: 10049:(national bird) 10048: 10041:(national tree) 10040: 10026: 10021: 10014:(National poet) 10013: 10005: 9991: 9986: 9978: 9960: 9946: 9941: 9911: 9906: 9867:Gohar Ayub Khan 9805: 9792: 9787: 9757: 9752: 9742: 9733: 9636: 9625: 9620: 9590: 9585: 9576: 9548: 9543: 9513: 9508: 9398:Youm-e-Pakistan 9383: 9379:Jinnah Terminal 9315: 9246: 9230:Abdullah Ropari 9134:Amin ul-Hasanat 8957:Abdullah Haroon 8938: 8837:Jamaat Ali Shah 8721:Syed Ahmad Khan 8706: 8619: 8610: 8601: 8589: 8520:Cabinet Mission 8406: 8393: 8388: 8353: 8345: 8340: 8296: 8203: 7930: 7876: 7867: 7832: 7827: 7793: 7784: 7769: 7760: 7742: 7697: 7684: 7679: 7667: 7662: 7642: 7622: 7602: 7581: 7560: 7533: 7531: 7515: 7487: 7485: 7455: 7417: 7393: 7372: 7346: 7344: 7333: 7314: 7269: 7249: 7222: 7220: 7218: 7197: 7129: 7111: 7076: 7074: 7045: 7014: 7012: 7000: 6979: 6958: 6934: 6910: 6871: 6847: 6826: 6802: 6781: 6724: 6722: 6689: 6663: 6661: 6643: 6641: 6633: 6578: 6562:Ahmed, Akbar S. 6534: 6532: 6514: 6509: 6501: 6497: 6489: 6485: 6477: 6473: 6463: 6461: 6448: 6447: 6443: 6433: 6431: 6422: 6421: 6417: 6407: 6405: 6398: 6394: 6384: 6382: 6373: 6372: 6368: 6358: 6356: 6341: 6337: 6327: 6325: 6316: 6315: 6311: 6301: 6299: 6290: 6289: 6285: 6275: 6273: 6266:Hindustan Times 6260: 6259: 6255: 6247: 6243: 6235: 6231: 6220: 6202: 6198: 6190: 6186: 6178: 6174: 6166: 6162: 6154: 6150: 6142: 6138: 6130: 6126: 6118: 6114: 6106: 6102: 6094: 6090: 6080: 6078: 6068: 6064: 6053: 6046: 6036: 6034: 6017: 6013: 6005: 6001: 5991: 5989: 5978: 5977: 5973: 5963: 5961: 5956: 5955: 5951: 5941: 5939: 5930: 5929: 5925: 5918: 5902: 5898: 5890: 5886: 5878: 5874: 5866: 5862: 5852: 5850: 5839: 5835: 5827: 5823: 5815: 5806: 5795: 5791: 5783: 5779: 5771: 5764: 5756: 5752: 5744: 5740: 5732: 5728: 5717: 5713: 5705: 5701: 5693: 5689: 5681: 5677: 5669: 5665: 5657: 5653: 5645: 5641: 5633: 5629: 5621: 5617: 5609: 5605: 5597: 5593: 5585: 5581: 5573: 5569: 5561: 5557: 5549: 5545: 5541:, p. 1035. 5537: 5533: 5525: 5521: 5513: 5509: 5501: 5497: 5489: 5485: 5477: 5470: 5462: 5458: 5450: 5446: 5438: 5434: 5426: 5419: 5411: 5407: 5399: 5395: 5387: 5383: 5375: 5371: 5361: 5359: 5344: 5340: 5332: 5328: 5320: 5316: 5308: 5304: 5296: 5292: 5284: 5280: 5272: 5268: 5260: 5256: 5248: 5244: 5236: 5232: 5224: 5220: 5212: 5208: 5200: 5196: 5188: 5181: 5173: 5169: 5165:, pp. 2–4. 5161: 5157: 5149: 5145: 5137: 5133: 5125: 5121: 5113: 5109: 5101: 5097: 5089: 5085: 5077: 5073: 5065: 5061: 5053: 5049: 5041: 5037: 5029: 5025: 5017: 5013: 5005: 5001: 4993: 4986: 4978: 4971: 4963: 4959: 4951: 4947: 4939: 4935: 4927: 4920: 4912: 4908: 4900: 4896: 4888: 4884: 4876: 4872: 4864: 4860: 4852: 4848: 4840: 4836: 4828: 4824: 4816: 4812: 4802: 4800: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4783: 4779: 4771: 4767: 4759: 4755: 4747: 4743: 4735: 4731: 4723: 4719: 4711: 4707: 4699: 4695: 4687: 4683: 4675: 4671: 4663: 4659: 4651: 4647: 4639: 4635: 4627: 4623: 4615: 4611: 4603: 4599: 4591: 4587: 4579: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4555: 4551: 4543: 4539: 4531: 4527: 4519: 4515: 4507: 4503: 4495: 4491: 4483: 4479: 4471: 4467: 4459: 4455: 4447: 4443: 4435: 4428: 4420: 4416: 4408: 4404: 4396: 4392: 4384: 4380: 4372: 4368: 4360: 4356: 4348: 4344: 4336: 4332: 4324: 4317: 4309: 4305: 4297: 4293: 4285: 4281: 4273: 4269: 4261: 4254: 4246: 4242: 4234: 4225: 4217: 4213: 4205: 4201: 4193: 4189: 4181: 4177: 4169: 4165: 4157: 4153: 4145: 4141: 4133: 4129: 4121: 4117: 4109: 4105: 4097: 4093: 4085: 4081: 4073: 4066: 4058: 4054: 4046: 4042: 4034: 4030: 4022: 4018: 4010: 4006: 3998: 3994: 3986: 3982: 3974: 3970: 3962: 3958: 3950: 3946: 3938: 3934: 3926: 3922: 3914: 3910: 3902: 3898: 3890: 3886: 3878: 3874: 3864: 3862: 3851: 3847: 3839: 3835: 3827: 3823: 3815: 3811: 3803: 3799: 3791: 3787: 3779: 3775: 3767: 3760: 3752: 3748: 3740: 3733: 3725: 3721: 3713: 3709: 3698: 3691: 3683: 3676: 3668: 3664: 3656: 3652: 3644: 3640: 3632: 3628: 3618: 3616: 3608: 3607: 3603: 3595: 3591: 3587:, pp. 4–5. 3583: 3579: 3571: 3564: 3556: 3549: 3541: 3534: 3526: 3522: 3514: 3510: 3502: 3498: 3490: 3486: 3478: 3469: 3461: 3457: 3449: 3445: 3437: 3433: 3425: 3421: 3413: 3409: 3405:, pp. 8–9. 3401: 3397: 3389: 3385: 3381:, pp. 5–7. 3377: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3353: 3346: 3338: 3331: 3323: 3316: 3308: 3304: 3296: 3292: 3284: 3280: 3272: 3268: 3260: 3251: 3247:, pp. 3–5. 3243: 3239: 3231: 3227: 3219: 3215: 3205: 3203: 3193: 3189: 3181: 3174: 3166: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3120: 3111: 3107: 3093: 3089: 3072: 3068: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3022:Stanley Wolpert 3018:Alyque Padamsee 2977:Christopher Lee 2892: 2891: 2890: 2889: 2885: 2884: 2883: 2875: 2874: 2800:Pakistani rupee 2737:York University 2726:Stanley Wolpert 2701: 2695: 2661: 2527: 2472:Rajmohan Gandhi 2331:Babrra massacre 2271: 2250:Cyril Radcliffe 2238:All India Radio 2199:Sylhet district 2162: 2141: 2124:Attlee ministry 2103:Cabinet Mission 2091:Stafford Cripps 2006: 1997:Bhulabhai Desai 1985:Sir Sobha Singh 1959:Sir Sobha Singh 1935:Stafford Cripps 1858:Lord Linlithgow 1838: 1832: 1803: 1796: 1787: 1715: 1710: 1704: 1693: 1689: 1688: 1603: 1545:Fourteen Points 1529:Lord Birkenhead 1503:Stanley Baldwin 1501:Prime Minister 1463: 1436:Ottoman Emperor 1379:Rattanbai Petit 1339: 1325:Mohandas Gandhi 1264:Lala Lajpat Rai 1231: 1221: 1208: 1145: 1140: 1010: 947:Nizari Isma'ili 896: 890: 885: 877:Stanley Wolpert 835:Muslim migrants 703: 661: 638: 603: 580: 554:Political views 550: 547: 540: 504: 502: 501: 500: 497: 495: 458: 406: 405: 397: 393: 390: 388:Rattanbai Petit 380: 372: 368: 365: 343: 335: 334:Other political 323:Political party 318:Sindh, Pakistan 317: 300: 295: 293: 274: 267: 265: 263: 262: 236: 224: 218: 213: 194: 182: 166: 161: 141: 129: 117: 101: 96: 79: 67: 58: 57: 54: 48: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11842: 11832: 11831: 11826: 11821: 11819:Muhajir people 11816: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11796: 11791: 11786: 11781: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11761: 11756: 11751: 11746: 11741: 11736: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11716: 11711: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11631: 11630: 11618: 11606: 11594: 11571: 11570: 11565: 11564: 11562: 11561: 11556: 11551: 11546: 11541: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11520: 11518: 11514: 11513: 11511: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11495: 11490: 11485: 11480: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11419: 11417: 11413: 11412: 11410: 11409: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11382: 11377: 11372: 11367: 11362: 11357: 11352: 11347: 11342: 11340:Tarak Nath Das 11337: 11332: 11327: 11322: 11317: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11292: 11290:Shuja-ud-Daula 11287: 11282: 11280:Sarojini Naidu 11277: 11272: 11267: 11262: 11257: 11252: 11247: 11242: 11237: 11232: 11227: 11225:Prafulla Chaki 11222: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11197: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11177: 11172: 11170:Mahatma Gandhi 11167: 11162: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11137: 11132: 11127: 11122: 11117: 11112: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11067: 11062: 11057: 11052: 11047: 11042: 11037: 11032: 11027: 11022: 11017: 11012: 11007: 11002: 10997: 10992: 10987: 10982: 10977: 10972: 10967: 10962: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10942: 10937: 10932: 10926: 10924: 10918: 10917: 10915: 10914: 10909: 10904: 10899: 10894: 10892:Vakkom Moulavi 10889: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10869: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10824: 10822:Mahatma Gandhi 10819: 10814: 10809: 10807:Jyotirao Phule 10804: 10799: 10794: 10789: 10784: 10779: 10774: 10769: 10764: 10759: 10754: 10749: 10747:B. R. Ambedkar 10744: 10739: 10737:Ayya Vaikundar 10734: 10729: 10723: 10721: 10715: 10714: 10712: 10711: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10664: 10659: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10624: 10618: 10616: 10612: 10611: 10609: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10566:Cripps Mission 10563: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10456:Noakhali riots 10453: 10448: 10443: 10438: 10433: 10428: 10423: 10418: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10385: 10383: 10377: 10376: 10374: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10322: 10320: 10319:and ideologies 10314: 10313: 10311: 10310: 10303: 10301:Radcliffe Line 10298: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10276:Vellore Mutiny 10273: 10268: 10267: 10266: 10261: 10256: 10251: 10243: 10242: 10241: 10236: 10231: 10226: 10216: 10211: 10206: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10170: 10168: 10162: 10161: 10154: 10153: 10146: 10139: 10131: 10122: 10121: 10119: 10118: 10110: 10102: 10094: 10085: 10083: 10079: 10078: 10076: 10075: 10067: 10059: 10051: 10043: 10038:Cedrus deodara 10034: 10032: 10028: 10027: 10025: 10024: 10016: 10011:Muhammad Iqbal 10008: 9999: 9997: 9993: 9992: 9990: 9989: 9981: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9954: 9952: 9948: 9947: 9940: 9939: 9932: 9925: 9917: 9908: 9907: 9905: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9854: 9849: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9808: 9806: 9797: 9794: 9793: 9786: 9785: 9778: 9771: 9763: 9754: 9753: 9747: 9744: 9743: 9736: 9734: 9732: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9687: 9682: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9639: 9637: 9630: 9627: 9626: 9619: 9618: 9611: 9604: 9596: 9587: 9586: 9579: 9577: 9575: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9553: 9550: 9549: 9542: 9541: 9534: 9527: 9519: 9510: 9509: 9507: 9506: 9496:Youm-e-Viladat 9492: 9478: 9464: 9450: 9436: 9422: 9408: 9393: 9391: 9385: 9384: 9382: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9334:Bab-e-Pakistan 9331: 9325: 9323: 9317: 9316: 9314: 9313: 9306: 9299: 9292: 9285: 9278: 9271: 9264: 9256: 9254: 9248: 9247: 9245: 9244: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9140:Syed Wajid Ali 9137: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9049: 9044: 9042:Ziauddin Ahmad 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8967:Mahmoud Haroon 8964: 8959: 8954: 8948: 8946: 8940: 8939: 8937: 8936: 8929: 8927:Zafar Ali Khan 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8882:K. H. Khurshid 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8797:Mohsin-ul-Mulk 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8757:Muhammad Iqbal 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8737:Syed Ameer Ali 8734: 8728: 8723: 8716: 8714: 8708: 8707: 8705: 8704: 8697: 8690: 8682: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8644: 8643: 8638: 8627: 8625: 8621: 8620: 8592: 8590: 8588: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8535:Radcliffe Line 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8416: 8414: 8408: 8407: 8398: 8395: 8394: 8387: 8386: 8379: 8372: 8364: 8358: 8355: 8354: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8338: 8326: 8314: 8301: 8298: 8297: 8295: 8294: 8289: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8240:Cinnah Caddesi 8237: 8229: 8224: 8217: 8211: 8209: 8205: 8204: 8202: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8014:Jinnah Mansion 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7979:Jinnah Barrage 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7959:Cinnah Caddesi 7956: 7951: 7946: 7940: 7938: 7932: 7931: 7929: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7896:Shireen Jinnah 7893: 7887: 7885: 7878: 7877: 7870: 7868: 7866: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7848: 7842: 7840: 7834: 7833: 7826: 7825: 7818: 7811: 7803: 7795: 7794: 7789: 7786: 7777: 7771: 7770: 7765: 7762: 7753: 7738: 7732: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7695: 7690: 7683: 7682:External links 7680: 7678: 7677: 7665: 7660: 7645: 7640: 7625: 7620: 7605: 7600: 7585: 7579: 7564: 7558: 7540: 7530:via rediff.com 7519: 7513: 7494: 7474: 7459: 7453: 7438: 7429: 7415: 7401:Singh, Jaswant 7397: 7391: 7376: 7370: 7353: 7337: 7331: 7318: 7312: 7294: 7273: 7267: 7252: 7247: 7233:Noorani, A. G. 7229: 7216: 7201: 7195: 7178: 7144:(4): 529–561. 7133: 7127: 7114: 7109: 7096: 7083: 7058: 7049: 7043: 7030: 7021: 7004: 6998: 6983: 6977: 6962: 6957:978-9694130361 6956: 6942:Jinnah, Fatima 6938: 6932: 6914: 6908: 6893: 6884: 6864: 6851: 6845: 6830: 6824: 6806: 6800: 6785: 6779: 6764: 6740: 6731: 6711: 6693: 6687: 6670: 6650: 6623: 6602: 6593: 6582: 6576: 6558: 6541: 6531:on 15 May 2013 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6507: 6505:, p. vii. 6495: 6483: 6471: 6441: 6415: 6392: 6366: 6335: 6309: 6283: 6272:on 9 June 2005 6253: 6241: 6229: 6218: 6206:Jinnah: A Life 6196: 6194:, p. 126. 6184: 6182:, p. 208. 6172: 6170:, p. 127. 6160: 6148: 6136: 6134:, p. 221. 6124: 6112: 6110:, p. 200. 6100: 6088: 6062: 6044: 6011: 6009:, p. 869. 5999: 5971: 5949: 5923: 5916: 5896: 5884: 5882:, p. 134. 5872: 5870:, p. 406. 5860: 5833: 5821: 5819:, p. 195. 5804: 5789: 5777: 5762: 5760:, p. 205. 5750: 5748:, p. 370. 5738: 5726: 5711: 5709:, p. 407. 5699: 5687: 5675: 5663: 5651: 5649:, p. 361. 5639: 5627: 5625:, p. 343. 5615: 5603: 5591: 5579: 5577:, p. 359. 5567: 5555: 5543: 5531: 5529:, p. 111. 5519: 5507: 5495: 5493:, p. 435. 5483: 5468: 5466:, p. 347. 5456: 5444: 5432: 5417: 5405: 5403:, p. 416. 5393: 5381: 5369: 5338: 5326: 5324:, p. 145. 5314: 5312:, p. 131. 5302: 5290: 5278: 5266: 5254: 5242: 5230: 5218: 5216:, p. 125. 5206: 5204:, p. 187. 5194: 5179: 5167: 5155: 5143: 5131: 5119: 5107: 5105:, p. 317. 5095: 5093:, p. 250. 5083: 5081:, p. 312. 5071: 5059: 5047: 5035: 5033:, p. 237. 5023: 5011: 5009:, p. 557. 4999: 4997:, p. 305. 4984: 4969: 4957: 4945: 4933: 4931:, p. 254. 4918: 4916:, p. 158. 4906: 4894: 4892:, p. 251. 4882: 4880:, p. 302. 4870: 4858: 4856:, p. 132. 4846: 4834: 4822: 4810: 4789: 4787:, p. 316. 4777: 4775:, p. 107. 4765: 4753: 4741: 4739:, p. 553. 4729: 4717: 4705: 4703:, p. 551. 4693: 4681: 4679:, p. 189. 4669: 4667:, p. 185. 4657: 4645: 4633: 4621: 4619:, p. 225. 4609: 4597: 4585: 4583:, p. 223. 4573: 4571:, p. 123. 4561: 4559:, p. 152. 4549: 4537: 4535:, p. 114. 4525: 4513: 4511:, p. 342. 4501: 4499:, p. 153. 4489: 4477: 4465: 4453: 4451:, p. 230. 4449:Kenworthy 1968 4441: 4439:, p. 151. 4426: 4414: 4412:, p. 200. 4402: 4390: 4378: 4376:, p. 124. 4366: 4354: 4342: 4340:, p. 121. 4330: 4328:, p. 532. 4315: 4313:, p. 548. 4303: 4291: 4289:, p. 198. 4279: 4267: 4265:, p. 188. 4252: 4240: 4223: 4221:, p. 136. 4211: 4209:, p. 134. 4199: 4197:, p. 106. 4187: 4185:, p. 130. 4175: 4163: 4161:, p. 133. 4151: 4139: 4127: 4115: 4113:, p. 102. 4103: 4101:, p. 172. 4091: 4079: 4064: 4062:, p. 170. 4052: 4040: 4028: 4016: 4004: 3992: 3980: 3968: 3956: 3944: 3932: 3920: 3908: 3896: 3884: 3872: 3845: 3833: 3821: 3809: 3797: 3785: 3773: 3758: 3746: 3744:, p. 120. 3731: 3719: 3707: 3689: 3674: 3662: 3650: 3638: 3626: 3601: 3599:, p. 212. 3589: 3577: 3562: 3547: 3532: 3520: 3508: 3496: 3484: 3482:, p. 725. 3467: 3465:, p. 219. 3455: 3443: 3431: 3419: 3407: 3395: 3383: 3371: 3359: 3344: 3329: 3314: 3302: 3290: 3278: 3274:Jinnah, Fatima 3266: 3249: 3237: 3225: 3213: 3187: 3172: 3155: 3143: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3118: 3105: 3087: 3078:માહમદ અલી ઝીણા 3066: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3006:'s 1982 film, 2981:Hector Bolitho 2896:Akbar S. Ahmed 2887: 2886: 2877: 2876: 2868: 2867: 2866: 2865: 2864: 2852:Jinnah Mansion 2812:Cinnah Caddesi 2787:Amir ul-Millat 2694: 2691: 2660: 2657: 2655:, in Karachi. 2526: 2523: 2489:Nathuram Godse 2456:Douglas Gracey 2452:Pakistani Army 2287:Radcliffe Line 2270: 2267: 2240:on 3 June 1947 2158:Main article: 2140: 2137: 2133:Queen Victoria 2036:Clement Attlee 2005: 2002: 1981:Mahatma Gandhi 1973:Aurangzeb Road 1919:Mahatma Gandhi 1834:Main article: 1831: 1828: 1816:Akbar S. Ahmed 1798:Muhammad Iqbal 1788: 1786: 1783: 1778:Akbar S. Ahmed 1732:Muhammad Iqbal 1714: 1711: 1706:Main article: 1703: 1700: 1602: 1599: 1577:Hector Bolitho 1462: 1459: 1338: 1335: 1237:Jinnah in 1910 1220: 1217: 1207: 1206:Trade unionist 1204: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1019:, seen in 2006 1009: 1006: 1002:Hector Bolitho 966:princely state 889: 886: 884: 881: 705: 704: 702: 701: 694: 687: 679: 676: 675: 660: 659: 654: 649: 637: 636: 635: 634: 629: 624: 619: 602: 601: 596: 591: 579: 578: 573: 568: 563: 557: 556: 539: 538: 533: 528: 523: 515: 514: 511: 510: 498:a series about 494: 492: 476: 475: 472: 471: 464: 460: 459: 457: 456: 453: 449: 447: 443: 442: 437: 431: 430: 423: 419: 418: 412: 408: 407: 395: 391: 386: 385: 384: 383: 370: 366: 361: 360: 359: 358: 355: 353: 349: 348: 337: 331: 330: 324: 320: 319: 311: 307: 306: 298:(aged 71) 291: 287: 286: 260: 258: 254: 253: 249: 248: 245: 244: 239: 233: 232: 227: 221: 220: 210: 209: 203: 202: 197: 191: 190: 185: 179: 178: 173: 169: 168: 158: 157: 150: 149: 144: 138: 137: 132: 126: 125: 120: 118:Prime Minister 114: 113: 108: 104: 103: 93: 92: 85: 84: 81: 80: 78:Jinnah in 1945 77: 69: 68: 55: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11841: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11719:Jinnah family 11717: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11641: 11639: 11629: 11624: 11619: 11617: 11607: 11605: 11595: 11593: 11583: 11582: 11579: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11521: 11519: 11515: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11420: 11418: 11414: 11408: 11407: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11285:Satyapal Dang 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11210:Nana Fadnavis 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11175:Mangal Pandey 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11135:Khudiram Bose 11133: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11050:Chetram Jatav 11048: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11020:Bhikaiji Cama 11018: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11010:Bharathidasan 11008: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10995:Basawon Singh 10993: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10927: 10925: 10919: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10882:Sri Aurobindo 10880: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10852:Ram Mohan Roy 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10832:Narayana Guru 10830: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10760: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10724: 10722: 10716: 10710: 10709: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10619: 10617: 10615:Organisations 10613: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10576:Bombay Mutiny 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10561:Indian Legion 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10501:1928 Protests 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10446:Rowlatt Bills 10444: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10416: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10386: 10384: 10378: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10323: 10321: 10315: 10309: 10308: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10246: 10244: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10225: 10222: 10221: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10171: 10169: 10167: 10163: 10159: 10152: 10147: 10145: 10140: 10138: 10133: 10132: 10129: 10114: 10111: 10106: 10103: 10098: 10097:Mazar-e-Quaid 10095: 10090: 10089:Faisal Mosque 10087: 10086: 10084: 10080: 10071: 10068: 10063: 10060: 10055: 10052: 10047: 10044: 10039: 10036: 10035: 10033: 10031:Other symbols 10029: 10020: 10019:Fatima Jinnah 10017: 10012: 10009: 10004: 10001: 10000: 9998: 9994: 9985: 9982: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9959: 9958:Qaumi Taranah 9956: 9955: 9953: 9949: 9945: 9938: 9933: 9931: 9926: 9924: 9919: 9918: 9915: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9887:Fahmida Mirza 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9809: 9801: 9795: 9791: 9784: 9779: 9777: 9772: 9770: 9765: 9764: 9761: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9709: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9692: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9680: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9640: 9634: 9628: 9624: 9617: 9612: 9610: 9605: 9603: 9598: 9597: 9594: 9583: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9554: 9551: 9547: 9540: 9535: 9533: 9528: 9526: 9521: 9520: 9517: 9505: 9502: 9497: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9483: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9469: 9468:Youm-e-Tasees 9465: 9463: 9460: 9455: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9441: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9427: 9426:Youm-e-Takbir 9423: 9421: 9418: 9413: 9412:Youm-e-Dastur 9409: 9407: 9404: 9399: 9395: 9394: 9392: 9390: 9386: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9359:Wazir Mansion 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9344:Mazar-e-Quaid 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9326: 9324: 9322: 9318: 9312: 9311: 9307: 9305: 9304: 9300: 9298: 9297: 9293: 9291: 9290: 9286: 9284: 9283: 9279: 9277: 9276: 9272: 9270: 9269: 9265: 9263: 9262: 9258: 9257: 9255: 9253: 9249: 9243: 9242: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9180:Niaz Ali Khan 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9037:Muhammad Asad 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9007:Yusuf Khattak 9005: 9003: 9002:Aslam Khattak 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8949: 8947: 8945: 8941: 8935: 8934: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8892:Mahmud Husain 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8862:Hasrat Mohani 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8767:Fatima Jinnah 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8718: 8717: 8715: 8713: 8709: 8703: 8702: 8698: 8696: 8695: 8691: 8689: 8688: 8683: 8681: 8680: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8642: 8641:Bengal Branch 8639: 8637: 8636:Punjab Branch 8634: 8633: 8632: 8631:Muslim League 8629: 8628: 8626: 8624:Organisations 8622: 8614: 8605: 8596: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8445:Urdu movement 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8413: 8409: 8405: 8401: 8396: 8392: 8385: 8380: 8378: 8373: 8371: 8366: 8365: 8362: 8356: 8349: 8337: 8336: 8327: 8325: 8324: 8315: 8313: 8312: 8303: 8302: 8299: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8287: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8245:Mazar-e-Quaid 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8234: 8230: 8228: 8227:Bagh-e-Jinnah 8225: 8223: 8222: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8212: 8210: 8206: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8094:Mazar-e-Quaid 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7984:Jinnah Bridge 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7941: 7939: 7937: 7933: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7916:Wazir Mansion 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7906:Maryam Jinnah 7904: 7902: 7901:Emibai Jinnah 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7891:Fatima Jinnah 7889: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7879: 7874: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7853: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7843: 7841: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7824: 7819: 7817: 7812: 7810: 7805: 7804: 7801: 7792: 7783: 7782: 7776: 7772: 7768: 7759: 7758: 7751: 7750: 7749: 7741: 7735: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7716: 7710: 7706: 7705: 7701: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7685: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7663: 7657: 7653: 7652: 7646: 7643: 7637: 7633: 7632: 7626: 7623: 7617: 7613: 7612: 7606: 7603: 7597: 7593: 7592: 7586: 7582: 7576: 7572: 7571: 7565: 7561: 7555: 7551: 7550: 7545: 7541: 7529: 7525: 7520: 7516: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7501: 7495: 7484: 7483:History Today 7480: 7475: 7471: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7456: 7454:9788182202948 7450: 7446: 7445: 7439: 7435: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7412: 7408: 7407: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7388: 7384: 7383: 7377: 7373: 7367: 7363: 7359: 7354: 7343: 7338: 7334: 7328: 7324: 7319: 7315: 7309: 7305: 7304: 7299: 7298:Read, Anthony 7295: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7274: 7270: 7264: 7260: 7259: 7258:Fatima Jinnah 7253: 7250: 7244: 7240: 7239: 7234: 7230: 7219: 7213: 7209: 7208: 7202: 7198: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7134: 7130: 7124: 7120: 7115: 7112: 7106: 7102: 7097: 7094:. BBC Pashto. 7093: 7091: 7084: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7059: 7055: 7050: 7046: 7040: 7036: 7031: 7027: 7022: 7010: 7005: 7001: 6995: 6991: 6990: 6984: 6980: 6974: 6970: 6969: 6963: 6959: 6953: 6949: 6948: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6929: 6925: 6924: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6905: 6901: 6900: 6894: 6890: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6859: 6852: 6848: 6842: 6838: 6837: 6831: 6827: 6821: 6817: 6816: 6811: 6810:Jalal, Ayesha 6807: 6803: 6797: 6793: 6792: 6786: 6782: 6776: 6772: 6771: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6754:: Navajivan. 6753: 6749: 6748:Patel: A Life 6745: 6741: 6737: 6732: 6721: 6717: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6703: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6684: 6679: 6678: 6671: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6639: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6611: 6610: 6603: 6599: 6594: 6590: 6589: 6583: 6579: 6573: 6569: 6568: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6542: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6517: 6516: 6504: 6499: 6492: 6487: 6480: 6475: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6445: 6429: 6425: 6419: 6403: 6396: 6380: 6376: 6370: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6339: 6323: 6319: 6313: 6297: 6293: 6287: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6257: 6251:, p. 88. 6250: 6249:Siddique 2023 6245: 6239:, p. 37. 6238: 6233: 6226: 6221: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6200: 6193: 6188: 6181: 6176: 6169: 6164: 6158:, p. 28. 6157: 6152: 6146:, p. 27. 6145: 6140: 6133: 6128: 6122:, p. 95. 6121: 6116: 6109: 6104: 6098:, p. 31. 6097: 6092: 6077: 6073: 6066: 6059: 6057: 6051: 6049: 6033:on 3 May 2009 6032: 6028: 6027: 6022: 6015: 6008: 6003: 5987: 5986: 5981: 5975: 5959: 5953: 5937: 5933: 5927: 5919: 5913: 5909: 5908: 5900: 5893: 5888: 5881: 5876: 5869: 5864: 5848: 5844: 5837: 5830: 5825: 5818: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5801: 5799: 5793: 5786: 5781: 5774: 5769: 5767: 5759: 5754: 5747: 5742: 5735: 5730: 5723: 5721: 5715: 5708: 5703: 5696: 5691: 5684: 5679: 5672: 5667: 5660: 5655: 5648: 5643: 5636: 5631: 5624: 5619: 5613:, p. 10. 5612: 5607: 5600: 5595: 5588: 5583: 5576: 5571: 5564: 5559: 5552: 5547: 5540: 5535: 5528: 5527:Raghavan 2010 5523: 5516: 5511: 5504: 5499: 5492: 5487: 5480: 5475: 5473: 5465: 5460: 5453: 5448: 5441: 5436: 5429: 5424: 5422: 5414: 5409: 5402: 5397: 5390: 5385: 5378: 5373: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5342: 5335: 5330: 5323: 5318: 5311: 5306: 5299: 5294: 5287: 5282: 5275: 5270: 5263: 5258: 5251: 5246: 5239: 5234: 5227: 5222: 5215: 5210: 5203: 5198: 5191: 5186: 5184: 5176: 5171: 5164: 5159: 5152: 5147: 5140: 5135: 5128: 5123: 5116: 5111: 5104: 5099: 5092: 5087: 5080: 5075: 5068: 5063: 5056: 5051: 5045:, p. 87. 5044: 5039: 5032: 5027: 5020: 5015: 5008: 5003: 4996: 4991: 4989: 4981: 4976: 4974: 4966: 4961: 4954: 4949: 4942: 4937: 4930: 4925: 4923: 4915: 4910: 4903: 4898: 4891: 4886: 4879: 4874: 4867: 4862: 4855: 4850: 4843: 4838: 4831: 4826: 4819: 4814: 4799: 4793: 4786: 4781: 4774: 4769: 4762: 4757: 4750: 4745: 4738: 4733: 4726: 4721: 4714: 4709: 4702: 4697: 4690: 4685: 4678: 4673: 4666: 4661: 4654: 4649: 4642: 4637: 4630: 4625: 4618: 4613: 4606: 4601: 4594: 4589: 4582: 4577: 4570: 4565: 4558: 4553: 4547:, p. 26. 4546: 4541: 4534: 4529: 4522: 4517: 4510: 4505: 4498: 4493: 4487:, p. 98. 4486: 4481: 4475:, p. 67. 4474: 4469: 4463:, p. 25. 4462: 4457: 4450: 4445: 4438: 4433: 4431: 4423: 4418: 4411: 4406: 4399: 4394: 4388:, p. 35. 4387: 4382: 4375: 4370: 4363: 4358: 4352:, p. 80. 4351: 4346: 4339: 4334: 4327: 4322: 4320: 4312: 4307: 4300: 4295: 4288: 4283: 4277:, p. 35. 4276: 4271: 4264: 4259: 4257: 4249: 4244: 4237: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4220: 4215: 4208: 4203: 4196: 4191: 4184: 4179: 4172: 4167: 4160: 4155: 4148: 4143: 4136: 4131: 4124: 4119: 4112: 4107: 4100: 4095: 4088: 4083: 4076: 4071: 4069: 4061: 4056: 4049: 4044: 4037: 4032: 4025: 4020: 4013: 4008: 4001: 3996: 3989: 3984: 3977: 3972: 3966:, p. 61. 3965: 3960: 3953: 3948: 3941: 3936: 3929: 3924: 3917: 3912: 3905: 3900: 3893: 3888: 3881: 3876: 3860: 3856: 3849: 3843:, p. 75. 3842: 3837: 3831:, p. 33. 3830: 3825: 3819:, p. 47. 3818: 3813: 3806: 3801: 3794: 3789: 3783:, p. 28. 3782: 3777: 3770: 3765: 3763: 3756:, p. 20. 3755: 3750: 3743: 3738: 3736: 3728: 3723: 3717:, p. 23. 3716: 3711: 3704: 3702: 3696: 3694: 3686: 3681: 3679: 3672:, p. 19. 3671: 3666: 3660:, p. 17. 3659: 3654: 3648:, p. 29. 3647: 3642: 3636:, p. 20. 3635: 3630: 3615: 3611: 3605: 3598: 3593: 3586: 3581: 3575:, p. 17. 3574: 3569: 3567: 3559: 3554: 3552: 3544: 3539: 3537: 3530:, p. 85. 3529: 3524: 3517: 3512: 3506:, p. 55. 3505: 3500: 3493: 3488: 3481: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3464: 3463:Banerjee 1981 3459: 3453:, p. 72. 3452: 3451:Engineer 2006 3447: 3441:, p. 56. 3440: 3435: 3428: 3423: 3416: 3411: 3404: 3399: 3392: 3387: 3380: 3375: 3368: 3363: 3357:, p. 26. 3356: 3351: 3349: 3342:, p. 54. 3341: 3336: 3334: 3327:, p. 34. 3326: 3321: 3319: 3311: 3306: 3299: 3294: 3287: 3282: 3275: 3270: 3263: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3246: 3241: 3234: 3229: 3222: 3217: 3202: 3198: 3191: 3185:, p. 25. 3184: 3179: 3177: 3169: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3152: 3147: 3139: 3132: 3128: 3116:, p. 36. 3115: 3109: 3102: 3097: 3091: 3084: 3075: 3070: 3063: 3056:محمد علی جناح 3052: 3047: 3043: 3029: 3025: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3014:Indira Gandhi 3011: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2998: 2997: 2992: 2991: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2973: 2967: 2965: 2964: 2959: 2958:Jaswant Singh 2955: 2951: 2946: 2944: 2938: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2926:Francis Mudie 2922: 2921:H. M. Seervai 2917: 2913: 2908: 2906: 2901: 2897: 2881: 2872: 2863: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2832:Mazar-e-Quaid 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2771: 2765: 2761: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2727: 2722: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2690: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2656: 2654: 2653:Mazar-e-Quaid 2650: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2631: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2531: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2507:East Pakistan 2502: 2497: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2469: 2468:Patel: A Life 2463: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2424: 2420: 2418: 2417:Bhutto family 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2393: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2308: 2303: 2299: 2296: 2295:West Pakistan 2292: 2288: 2284: 2275: 2266: 2264: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2239: 2234: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2219: 2218: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2194: 2191: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2172: 2166: 2161: 2153: 2150:and his wife 2149: 2145: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2119: 2115: 2113: 2107: 2104: 2096: 2092: 2087: 2083: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2060: 2056: 2051: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2040:to government 2037: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2010: 2001: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1969: 1960: 1955: 1951: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1925:The Japanese 1920: 1915: 1911: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1890: 1886: 1884: 1879: 1875: 1865: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1842: 1837: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1817: 1807: 1802: 1799: 1793: 1782: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1719: 1709: 1699: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1674: 1670: 1669:Jaswant Singh 1667:According to 1661: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1634: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1598: 1595: 1594:Neville Wadia 1591: 1586: 1585:Fatima Jinnah 1581: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1569:Privy Council 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1546: 1541: 1537: 1536:Motilal Nehru 1532: 1530: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1467: 1458: 1455: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1368:Edwin Montagu 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1347: 1345: 1334: 1332: 1331: 1326: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1294: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1255: 1253: 1252:British India 1248: 1244: 1235: 1230: 1226: 1219:Rising leader 1216: 1214: 1202: 1197: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1149: 1135: 1133: 1127: 1125: 1115: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1104:maiden speech 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1049:Inns of Court 1046: 1045:Lincoln's Inn 1042: 1036: 1034: 1033:Emibai Jinnah 1030: 1026: 1023:In 1892, Sir 1018: 1017:Lincoln's Inn 1014: 1005: 1003: 998: 994: 990: 986: 981: 979: 978:Fatima Jinnah 975: 971: 967: 962: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 927:British India 924: 920: 916: 915:Wazir Mansion 912: 905: 900: 895: 894:Jinnah family 880: 878: 874: 870: 866: 861: 856: 854: 848: 844: 840: 836: 831: 829: 824: 820: 816: 812: 806: 804: 800: 799: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 753:Lincoln's Inn 750: 746: 742: 741:Wazir Mansion 737: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 700: 695: 693: 688: 686: 681: 680: 678: 677: 674: 672: 668: 666: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 647:Mazar-e-Quaid 645: 644: 643: 642: 633: 632:Wazir Mansion 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 614: 613: 610: 609: 608: 607: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 586: 585: 584: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 558: 555: 552: 551: 549: 546: 545: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 521:Jinnah family 519: 518: 517: 516: 507: 493: 490: 486: 485: 482: 481: 473: 469: 465: 461: 454: 451: 450: 448: 444: 441: 440:Lincoln's Inn 438: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 417: 416:Jinnah family 413: 409: 389: 382: 381: 364: 363:Emibai Jinnah 357: 356: 354: 350: 346: 341: 338: 332: 328: 327:Muslim League 325: 321: 315: 314:Mazar-e-Quaid 312: 310:Resting place 308: 304: 292: 288: 285: 284:British India 281: 277: 273: 259: 255: 250: 246: 243: 240: 234: 231: 228: 222: 216: 211: 208: 204: 201: 198: 192: 189: 186: 180: 177: 174: 170: 164: 159: 156: 151: 148: 145: 139: 136: 133: 127: 124: 121: 115: 112: 109: 105: 99: 94: 91: 86: 82: 75: 70: 62:محمد علی جناح 53: 52: 47: 46: 40: 37: 33: 19: 11529:Constitution 11517:Independence 11404: 11375:Vanchinathan 11194: 11005:Bhagat Singh 10960:Annie Besant 10921:Independence 10902:Vinoba Bhave 10706: 10702:Swaraj Party 10606:Lucknow Pact 10516:Purna Swaraj 10506:Nehru Report 10413: 10317:Philosophies 10305: 10271:Polygar Wars 10199:French India 10184:Dutch Bengal 10174:Colonisation 10070:Snow leopard 10002: 9951:Main symbols 9811: 9748: 9706: 9689: 9677: 9556: 9500: 9495: 9486: 9482:Youm-e-Iqbal 9481: 9472: 9467: 9458: 9454:Youm-e-Difah 9453: 9444: 9440:Youm-e-Azadi 9439: 9430: 9425: 9416: 9411: 9402: 9397: 9374:Bab-e-Khyber 9354:Iqbal's Tom' 9321:Architecture 9309: 9302: 9295: 9288: 9281: 9274: 9267: 9260: 9239: 9165:Fatima Begum 9103:Z. A. Suleri 9088:M. M. Sharif 8972:Altaf Husain 8962:Yusuf Haroon 8952:Hamid Nizami 8931: 8761: 8726:Aga Khan III 8700: 8693: 8686: 8678: 8560:Republic Day 8550:Independence 8490:World War II 8470:Nehru Report 8455:Lucknow Pact 8333: 8321: 8309: 8284: 8232: 8219: 8074:Jinnah Tower 7852:Lucknow Pact 7850: 7829: 7779: 7774: 7755: 7745: 7744: 7702: 7672: 7650: 7630: 7610: 7590: 7569: 7548: 7532:. Retrieved 7499: 7486:. Retrieved 7482: 7467: 7443: 7433: 7405: 7381: 7357: 7345:. Retrieved 7322: 7302: 7281: 7277: 7257: 7237: 7221:. Retrieved 7206: 7182: 7141: 7137: 7118: 7100: 7089: 7075:. Retrieved 7071:the original 7066: 7053: 7034: 7025: 7013:. Retrieved 6988: 6967: 6946: 6922: 6898: 6888: 6879: 6876:The Dialogue 6875: 6857: 6835: 6814: 6790: 6769: 6747: 6735: 6725:10 September 6723:. Retrieved 6719: 6707:the original 6700: 6676: 6664:10 September 6662:. Retrieved 6657: 6642:. Retrieved 6637: 6608: 6597: 6587: 6566: 6554:the original 6549: 6533:. 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Later on, 2312: 2280: 2263:Quaid-e-Azam 2262: 2243: 2211:Baldev Singh 2195: 2186: 2167: 2163: 2120: 2116: 2108: 2100: 2093:(right) and 2089:Jinnah with 2064: 2033: 2021:a conference 2015: 1992:Malabar Hill 1989: 1966: 1964: 1946: 1940: 1924: 1917:Jinnah with 1895: 1870: 1854:Nazi Germany 1847: 1824: 1820: 1812: 1795: 1790: 1772: 1768: 1764:communalists 1748: 1744:Indus Valley 1724: 1678: 1666: 1630: 1615: 1604: 1582: 1560:Labour Party 1549: 1540:Nehru Report 1533: 1499:Conservative 1496: 1492:Lord Reading 1484:Swaraj Party 1472: 1453: 1444: 1423: 1407: 1376: 1356:Annie Besant 1348: 1344:Lucknow Pact 1340: 1328: 1321: 1297: 1279: 1256: 1240: 1212: 1209: 1199: 1194: 1174: 1154: 1128: 1120: 1065: 1037: 1022: 982: 963: 931:Gondal state 908: 869:His birthday 853:Quaid-e-Azam 850: 832: 807: 796: 777:Lucknow Pact 738: 713: 709: 708: 670: 662: 640: 639: 605: 604: 582: 581: 553: 542: 541: 503: 336:affiliations 296:(1948-09-11) 237:Succeeded by 229: 214: 195:Succeeded by 187: 162: 142:Succeeded by 134: 97: 51:Quaid-e-Azam 49: 43: 36: 18:Quaid-e-Azam 11654:1948 deaths 11649:1876 births 11473:Mountbatten 11095:Hemu Kalani 10975:Bagha Jatin 10912:Vivekananda 10667:India House 10551:Act of 1935 10326:Ambedkarism 10194:British Raj 10100:(mausoleum) 9897:Asad Qaiser 9857:Fakhar Imam 9501:25 December 9459:6 September 8694:Nawa-i-Waqt 8673:Print media 8540:Durand Line 8215:Caucus Case 8039:Jinnah Park 7921:South Court 7534:15 November 7223:15 November 6454:Daily Times 6237:Murphy 2013 5964:7 September 5563:Adamec 2016 5377:Korejo 1993 5298:Lawson 2007 4533:Kazimi 2005 4473:Ziring 1980 4236:Talbot 1984 3367:Sharif 2010 2916:hagiography 2834:, Jinnah's 2777:Baba-e-Qawm 2752:Blue Plaque 2687:Akbar Ahmed 2603:Eid prayers 2585:, Pakistan. 2413:Indian Army 2227:Baluchistan 2112:in Calcutta 1977:Birla House 1957:Jinnah and 1933:led by Sir 1774:Balraj Puri 1580:conquest". 1478:in the new 1417:, in which 1304:probate law 1177:Caucus Case 1172:per month. 1124:Karakul hat 883:Early years 860:Baba-e-Qaum 531:Caucus Case 347:(1913–1947) 342:(1906–1920) 329:(1947–1948) 225:Preceded by 183:Preceded by 130:Preceded by 45:Baba-e-Qaum 11638:Categories 11503:Linlithgow 11443:Chelmsford 11433:Cornwallis 11345:Tatya Tope 11215:Nana Saheb 11120:K. Kamaraj 11070:Dhan Singh 10985:Bakht Khan 10637:Arya Samaj 10571:Quit India 10521:Salt March 10380:Events and 10356:Satyagraha 10116:(monument) 10108:(monument) 10082:Structures 9668:Zia-ul-Haq 9653:Yahya Khan 9562:Nazimuddin 9487:9 November 9473:24 October 9252:Literature 9118:Jalal Baba 8842:G. M. Syed 8701:Contractor 8335:Wikiquotes 8275:Jinnah Cap 8221:My Brother 7911:Dina Wadia 7775:New office 7573:. Dawson. 7488:26 October 7011:. BBC News 6947:My Brother 6760:B0006EYQ0A 6644:12 January 6619:1001456192 6464:8 February 6408:5 November 6225:bloodshed. 6120:Tudor 2013 6037:28 October 5992:9 February 5942:3 February 5773:Ahmed 1998 5539:Gupta 2006 5452:Lumby 1954 5389:Navid 2013 5362:28 October 4785:Singh 2009 4545:Karim 2010 4497:Singh 1951 4461:Karim 2010 4422:Singh 2009 3619:13 January 3310:Malik 2006 3298:Ghosh 1999 3286:Swamy 1997 3221:Ahmed 2010 3151:Moini 2003 2990:My Brother 2739:in Toronto 2697:See also: 2643:in Karachi 2547:Craven "A" 2519:Bangladesh 2440:Hari Singh 2405:Babariawad 2341:movement. 1947:satyagraha 1943:Quit India 1740:a pamphlet 1738:published 1525:John Simon 1488:knighthood 1454:satyagraha 1445:satyagraha 1424:satyagraha 1372:dialectics 1330:satyagraha 1276:Lord Minto 1068:liberalism 970:Suez Canal 892:See also: 798:satyagraha 606:Properties 526:Early life 455:politician 446:Profession 435:Alma mater 427:Dina Wadia 316:, Karachi, 305:, Pakistan 268:1876-12-25 11592:Biography 11478:Wellesley 11463:Dalhousie 11325:Surya Sen 11220:P. Kakkan 11180:Mir Qasim 11155:M. N. Roy 11090:Har Dayal 10923:activists 10752:Baba Amte 10742:Ayyankali 10720:reformers 10642:Azad Hind 10382:movements 10361:Socialism 9702:Musharraf 9648:Ayub Khan 9445:14 August 9389:In Memory 9108:G. 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Muhammad Ali Jinnah

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