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of the rebels and exiled other
Tibetan rebels. Manchu General Bandi sent a report to the Qing Qianlong emperor on 26 January 1751 on how he carried out the slicings and executions of the Tibetan rebels. The Tibetan rebels dBan-rgyas (Wang-chieh), Padma-sku-rje-c'os-a['el (Pa-t'e-ma-ku-erh-chi-ch'un-p'i-lo) and Tarqan Yasor (Ta-erh-han Ya-hsün) were sliced to death for injuring the Manchu ambans with arrows, bows and fowling pieces during the Lhasa riot when they assaulted the building the Manchu ambans (Labdon and Fucin) were in. Tibetan rebel Sacan Hasiha (Ch'e-ch'en-ha-shih-ha) was sliced to death for murder of multiple individuals. Tibetan rebels Ch'ui-mu-cha-t'e and Rab-brtan (A-la-pu-tan) were sliced to death for looting money and setting fire during the attack on the Ambans. Tibetan rebel Blo-bzan-bkra-sis, the mgron-gner was sliced to death for being the overall leader of the rebels who led the attack which looted money and killed the Manchu ambans. Two Tibetan rebels who had already died before the execution had their dead bodies beheaded, one died in jail, Lag-mgon-po (La-k'o-kun-pu) and the other killed himself since he was scared of the punishment, Pei-lung-sha-k'o-pa. Bandi sentenced to strangulation several rebel followers and bKra-sis-rab-brtan (Cha-shih-la-pu-tan) a messenger. He ordered the live beheadings of Man-chin Te-shih-nai and rDson-dpon dBan-rgyal (Ts'eng-pen Wang-cha-lo and P'yag-mdsod-pa Lha-skyabs (Shang-cho-t'e-pa La-cha-pu) for leading the attack on the building by being the first to go to on the staircase to the next floor and setting fire and carrying the straw to fuel the fire besides killing several men on orders from the rebel leader.
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emperors of the Song dynasty and the literati painters of the Ming dynasty. They were a mark of distinction for the work, and a visible sign of his rightful role as emperor. Most particular to the
Qianlong Emperor is another type of inscription, revealing a unique practice of dealing with works of art that he seems to have developed for himself. On certain fixed occasions over a long period he contemplated a number of paintings or works of calligraphy which possessed special meaning for him, inscribing each regularly with mostly private notes on the circumstances of enjoying them, using them almost as a diary." In particular, the Qianlong Emperor housed within the Hall of Three Rarities (Sanxitang), a small chamber within the
1951:
behaviour by
Muslims had to be reported by Muslim leaders to Qing authorities under these laws. This led to an inundation of anti-Muslim reports filing in Qing offices as the Qing court received information that Muslims were inherently violent and Muslim bandits were committing crimes as report after report were filed by local officials and Muslim crimes inundated court records. The Qing became even more anti-Muslim after receiving these reports about criminal behavior and started passing even more anti-Muslim laws one of them being that if any weapon was found in a group of 3 or more Muslims all of those Muslims would by sentenced as criminals by the Qing.
1105:
1634:
1955:
even more anti-Muslim, apprehensive of anti-Qing rebellion by
Muslims. This led to the execution of Ma Mingxin in 1781 and the rebellion and violence was compounded by lack of Qing intelligence. A Qing official who was tasked with ending the Jahriyya and Khafiyya communal violence mistakenly thought the people he were talking to were Khafiyya when they were in fact Jahriyya, and he told them that the Qing would massacre all Jahriyya adherents. This led to him being murdered by the Jahriyya mob, which led to the Qing sending Manchu Grand Secretary Agui on a full scale pacification crackdown campaign against the Jahriyya.
2279:, had identified China and the Qing Empire as the same, and in treaties and diplomatic papers the Qing Empire called itself "China". The Qianlong Emperor rejected earlier ideas that only Han could be subjects of China and only Han land could be considered as part of China, so he redefined China as multiethnic, saying in 1755 that "there exists a view of China according to which non-Han people cannot become China's subjects and their land cannot be integrated into the territory of China. This does not represent our dynasty's understanding of China, but is instead that of the earlier Han, Tang, Song, and Ming dynasties."
568:
2377:, and the whole of his countenance presents a perfect regularity of feature, which, by no means, announce the great age he is said to have attained; his person is attracting, and his deportment accompanied by an affability, which, without lessening the dignity of the prince, evinces the amiable character of the man. His dress consisted of a loose robe of yellow silk, a cap of black velvet with a red ball on the top, and adorned with a peacock's feather, which is the peculiar distinction of mandarins of the first class. He wore silk boots embroidered with gold, and a sash of blue girded his waist.
7468:
4108:
1947:
before the 1760s, to the violence between the Qing state and
Muslims after the 1760s, was due to progressive Qing involvement in the conflict between the Sufi orders Jahriyya and Khafiyya making it no longer possible for the Qing to keep up with the early rhetoric of Muslim equality. The Manchu court under Qianlong began approving and implementing Chen Hongmou's anti-Muslim laws that targeted Muslims for practicing their religion and the violence by the Qing state, the communal violence between Jahriyya and Khafiyya coincided with the Jahriyya's major expansion.
1642:
1304:
2189:
and urged Manchu
Bannermen to protect their cultural heritage, language and martial skills. The emperor redefined the identity of Han Bannermen by saying that they were to be regarded as of having the same culture and being of the same ancestral extraction as Han civilians Conversely, he emphasised the martial side of Manchu culture and reinstituted the practice of the annual imperial hunt as begun by his grandfather, leading contingents from the Manchu and Mongol banners to the Mulan hunting grounds each autumn to test and improve their skills.
1979:. The Qing government under Qianlong then ordered the extermination of the Sufi Jahriya "New Teaching" and banned adoption of non-Muslim children by Muslims, converting non-Muslims to Muslim and banning new mosques from being built. Some Sufi Khafiya "Old Teaching" Muslims still served in Qing forces in fighting against the Jahriya Sufi "New Teaching" Muslims despite the fact that those laws forbdding them from spreading their religion applied to them too. Li Shiyao was a member of the Qing Eight Banners and related to the Qing royal family.
1919:
dhikr faction, the
Silentist Khafiyya of Ma Laichi and gave it the status of orthodoxy while damning as heterodox the Aloudist Jahriyya of Ma Mingxin. Ma Mingxin ignored the order and kept proselytizing in Shaanxi, Ningxia and Xinjiang going to Guangchuan from Hezhou in 1769 after being kicked out and banned from Xunhua district. Turkic Salars in Xunhua followed his orders even after the Qing banned him from there and he continued to have further lawsuits and legal issues with the Khafiyya and Ma Laichi as the Qing backed the Khafiyya.
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2521:". However, after the publication in the 1990s of a fuller range of archival documents concerning the visit, these claims have been challenged. One historian characterized the emperor and his court as "clearly clever and competent political operators", and concluded that they acted within the formal Qing claims to universal rule; they reacted prudently to reports of British expansion in India by placating the British with unspecified promises in order to avoid military conflicts and loss of trade.
1619:), it was published in 36,000 volumes, containing about 3,450 complete works and employing as many as 15,000 copyists. It preserved numerous books, but was also intended as a way to ferret out and suppress political opponents, requiring the "careful examination of private libraries to assemble a list of around eleven thousand works from the past, of which about a third were chosen for publication. The works not included were either summarised or—in a good many cases—scheduled for destruction."
2545:, where your merchants may reside and goods be warehoused, arises from your desire to develop trade... Consider, moreover, that England is not the only barbarian land which wishes to establish... trade with our Empire: supposing that other nations were all to imitate your evil example and beseech me to present them each and all with a site for trading purposes, how could I possibly comply? This also is a flagrant infringement of the usage of my Empire and cannot possibly be entertained.
1910:, fast should be broken, not vice versa and this led to him getting many Naqshbandi converts from Hui and Turkic Salars. It came to court in 1731 when the Muslims arguing over how to break Ramadan fast filed lawsuits. The Muslim plaintiffs were told by the Qing authorities at the court to resolve them themselves, as the legal authorities who had no idea about Ramadan fasting. The dispute was not solved and continued to go on and was compounded by even more disputes like how to perform
2312:. Due to this, Han people farmed 500,000 hectares in Manchuria and tens of thousands of hectares in Inner Mongolia by the 1780s. The Qianlong Emperor allowed Han peasants suffering from drought to move into Manchuria despite him issuing edicts in favor of banning them from 1740 to 1776. Han tenant farmers rented or even claimed title to land from the "imperial estates" and Manchu Bannerlands in the area. Besides moving into the Liao area in southern Manchuria, the path linking
1123:
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1555:
formed a team of cultural advisers to help locate collections of merchant families who needed to sell or whose heirs had lost interest. He sometimes pressured or forced wealthy officials to surrender precious objects by offering to excuse shortcomings in their performance if they made a certain "gift". On several occasions he claimed that a painting could be secure from theft or fire only if it was taken into the
Forbidden City.
742:
1963:
exterminate them. He then pondered and said none of these could be why and kept asking why. To solve the issue of the 1784 revolt, northwestern China was put under military occupation by the Qing for 50 years until the
Taiping rebellion of southern China forced the Qing to move them away from northwest China leading to the massive 1860s and 1870s Muslim revolts in the northwest caused by growing violence.
4136:
2453:
1480:
1086:, and Hongxi and allowed their descendants to be recorded in the imperial genealogy. However, the emperor did not revoke the decrees depriving those princes of their titles. In 1783, when the imperial chronicles were commissioned, the historians were ordered to emphasise the role of the emperor in quelling the rebellion and to mention that "Hongxi and others wanted to usurp the throne".
1853:
Emperor said that Muslim and Han
Chinese were equal when people argued for Muslims to be treated differently. The Yongzheng Emperor held the opinion that "Islam was foolish, but he felt it did not pose a threat" when a judge in Shandong petitioned him to destroy mosques and ban Islam. Yongzheng then fired an official for demanding Muslims be punished more harshly than non-Muslims.
1352:
border areas of Yunnan for about one decade in an attempt to wage another war while imposing a ban on inter-border trade for two decades. When Burma and China resumed a diplomatic relationship in 1790, the Qing government unilaterally viewed the act as Burmese submission, and claimed victory. The Qianlong Emperor ordered Manchu general Eledeng'e (also spelled E'erdeng'e (
4150:
2247:(抚顺尼堪) backgrounds were moved into the Manchu banners in 1740 by order of the Qianlong Emperor. It was between 1618 and 1629 when the Han Chinese from Liaodong who later became the Fusi Nikan and Tai Nikan defected to the Jurchens (Manchus). These Han Chinese origin Manchu clans continued to use their original Han surnames and are marked as of Han origin on the
2560:, it is the same religion as that of other European nations. Ever since the beginning of history, sage Emperors and wise rulers have bestowed on China a moral system and inculcated a code, which from time immemorial has been religiously observed by the myriads of my subjects. There has been no hankering after heterodox doctrines. Even the European (
958:, and his father, the Yongzheng Emperor. Some historians argue that the main reason why the Kangxi Emperor appointed the Yongzheng Emperor as his successor was because Hongli was his favorite grandson. He felt that Hongli's mannerisms were very similar to his own. As a teenager, Hongli was capable in martial arts and possessed literary ability.
1923:
demanded by the armed followers of Su Forty-three. A Jahriyya rebellion all over northwest China ensued after Ma Mingxin was executed. In response, the Manchus in Beijing sent Manchu Grand Secretary Agui with a battalion to slaughter Jahriyya chiefs and exile the adherents of the Sufi order to the border regions.
2580:
Man of War, which a fortunate succession of able and vigilant officers have contrived to keep afloat for these hundred and fifty years past, and to overawe their neighbours merely by her bulk and appearance. But whenever an insufficient man happens to have the command on deck, adieu to the discipline
2537:
Yesterday your Ambassador petitioned my Ministers to memorialise me regarding your trade with China, but his proposal is not consistent with our dynastic usage and cannot be entertained. Hitherto, all European nations, including your own country's barbarian merchants, have carried on their trade with
2188:
categorised Manchu and Han ethnic identity within the Eight Banners based on culture, lifestyle and language, instead of ancestry or genealogy. Han Bannermen were an important part of the Banner System. The Qianlong Emperor changed this definition to one of descent, and demobilised many Han Bannermen
1881:
to the Hui, causing the Qianlong emperor to adopt this harsh attitude against Muslims in contrast to his grandfather and father. This led to larger connections between the Hui and the broader Islamic world from the west, as the Naqshbandiyya order came east to the Hui when Hui scholars in Suzhou were
1950:
Chen Hongmou's policies were implemented as laws in 1762 by the Qing government's Board of Punishments and the Qing Manchu Qianlong emperor leading to severe tensions with Muslims. State authorities were mandated to receive all reports of Muslim criminal behaviour by local officials and all criminal
1462:
At the end of the frontier wars, the Qing army had started to weaken significantly. In addition to a more lenient military system, warlords became satisfied with their lifestyles. Since most of the warring had already taken place, warlords no longer saw any reason to train their armies, resulting in
2647:. The hall had been conventionally dedicated for the exclusive use of the reigning sovereign, and in 1771 the emperor ordered the beginning of construction on what was ostensibly intended as his retirement residence in another part of the Forbidden City: a lavish, two-acre walled retreat called the
2524:
Macartney was granted an audience with the Qianlong Emperor on two days, the second of which coincided with the emperor's 82nd birthday. There is continued debate about the nature of the audience and what level of ceremonials were performed. Macartney wrote that he resisted demands that the British
2192:
The Qianlong Emperor's view of the Han Bannermen also differed from that of his grandfather in deciding that loyalty in itself was most important quality. He sponsored biographies which depicted Chinese Bannermen who defected from the Ming to the Qing as traitors and glorifying Ming loyalists. Some
1918:
While Ma Mingxin was in Yemen and away from China, all of Muslim Inner Asia was conquered by the "infidel" Qing dynasty giving even more relevance to his situation and views. Ma Laichi and Ma Mingxin again sued each other in court but this second time the Qing passed a verdict in favor of the quiet
1914:
in Sufism, in a jahri (vocal) as taught by Ma Mingxin, another Sufi who learned in the western Islamic lands like Bukhara, or khufi (silent) like what Ma Laichi did. The Zabid Naqshbandiyyas in Yemen taught Ma Mingxin for two decades. They taught vocal dhikr. Ma Mingxin was also affected by another
1801:
into Manchu. Court records and Tibetan language sources affirm his personal commitment. He learned to read Tibetan and studied Buddhist texts assiduously. His beliefs are reflected in the Tibetan Buddhist imagery of his tomb, perhaps the most personal and private expression of an emperor's life. He
1268:
during his father, the Yongzheng Emperor's reign. Six Tibetan rebel leaders plus Tibetan rebel leader Blo-bzan-bkra-sis were sliced to death. The rest of the Tibetan rebel leaders were strangled and beheaded and their heads were displayed to the Tibetan public on poles. The Qing seized the property
863:
and economy in the world and reached its greatest territorial extent. At the same time, years of exhaustive campaigns severely weakened the Qing military, which coupled with endemic corruption, wastefulness in his court and a stagnating civil society, ushered the gradual decline and ultimate demise
1946:
This continual build up of conflict between Muslims and the Qing court led to the 19th century full-scale wars with Muslim rebellions against the Qing in southern and northern China. The change in Manchu attitudes towards Muslims, from tolerating Muslims and regarding them as equal to Han Chinese,
2414:
However, due to numerous factors such as long term embezzlement and corruption by officials, frequent expeditions to the south, huge palace constructions, many war and rebellion campaigns as well as his own extravagant lifestyle, all of these cost the treasury a total of 150.2 million silver
1954:
A new criminal category or act, brawling (dou'ou) was designated by the Qing Manchu court of the Manchu Qianlong emperor in the 1770s especially as an anti-Muslim measure to arrest Muslims leading to even non-Jahriyya Muslims to join with Jahriyya against the Qing and leading the Qing court to be
1351:
redeployed his armies from Siam to the Chinese front. The fourth and largest invasion got bogged down at the frontier. With the Qing forces completely encircled, a truce was reached between the field commanders of the two sides in December 1769. The Qing forces kept a heavy military lineup in the
2634:
In October 1795, the Qianlong Emperor officially announced that in the spring of the following year he would voluntarily abdicate and pass the throne to his son. It was said that the Qianlong Emperor had made a promise during the year of his ascension not to rule longer than his grandfather, the
2303:
in addition to other Han people who rented land from Manchu landlords. Despite officially prohibiting Han settlement on the Manchu and Mongol lands, by the 18th century the Qing government decided to settle Han refugees from northern China who were suffering from famine, floods, and drought into
1852:
Qing policy on Muslims and Islam was changed during the reign of the Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong Emperors. While the Kangxi Emperor proclaimed Muslims and Han to be equal, his grandson, the Qianlong Emperor, endorsed Han officials harsh recommendations towards treatment of Muslims. The Kangxi
1962:
The Qianlong Emperor asked his minister what was going on as he was puzzled as to how the Muslims from many regions gathered together for revolt. He asked if the investigation of Muslim behavior by Li Shiyao got leaked leading to rebels to incite violence by telling Muslims the government would
1562:
with him on his travels to compare them with the actual landscapes, or to hang them in special rooms in palaces where he lodged, in order to inscribe them on every visit there. "He also regularly added poetic inscriptions to the paintings of the imperial collection, following the example of the
1554:
The Qianlong Emperor was a major patron and important "preserver and restorer" of Confucian culture. He had an insatiable appetite for collecting, and acquired much of China's "great private collections" by any means necessary, and "reintegrated their treasures into the imperial collection." He
1974:
More than 1000 Hui Muslim children and women from the Sufi Jahriya order in eastern Gansu were massacred by Qing Banner general Li Shiyao during a 1784 uprising by Hui Jahriyya Muslims Zhang Wenqing and Tian Wu, 3 years after an early 1781 rebellion by Salar Sufi Jahriyya members when the Qing
1922:
A violent battle where a Qing official and Khafiyya followers were among one hundred slaughtered by a Jahriyya assault headed by Su Forty-three, a supporter of Ma Mingxin in 1781 led to Ma Mingxin declared a rebel and taken to jail in Lanzhou. The Qing executed Ma Mingxin after his release was
1453:
because of the rape of Uyghur Muslim women for months by the Manchu official Sucheng and his son. The Manchu Qianlong Emperor ordered that the Uyghur rebel town be massacred, the Qing forces enslaved all the Uyghur children and women and slaughtered the Uyghur men. Manchu soldiers and Manchu
1865:
in 1762 then proceeded to implement his recommendation and had Muslim criminals punished severely more than Han Chinese ones. He also implemented the policy that the criminal deeds of Muslim congregants of Mosques ended up with their Imams being punished and held responsible for them. These
1745:(Turki or Modern Uyghur). However, he was even more concerned than his predecessors to preserve and promote the Manchu language among his followers, as he proclaimed that "the keystone for Manchus is language." He commissioned new Manchu dictionaries, and directed the preparation of the
2023:(or Yuanmingyuan; now known as the Old Summer Palace) originally built by his father. He eventually added two new villas, the "Garden of Eternal Spring" and the "Elegant Spring Garden". In time, the Old Summer Palace would encompass 860 acres (350 hectares), five times larger than the
1958:
The military victory of the Qing against the Jahriyya led to even more Jahriyya anger. Officials went overboard in massacring Muslims deemed as state enemies to impress the Qing court, leading to further growth in Jahriyya membership, leading in turn to the 1784 rebellion by Tian Wu.
1856:
This policy changed in the reign of the Qianlong Emperor. Chen Hongmou, a Qing official, said that Muslims needed to be brought to law and order by being punished more harshly and blaming Muslim leaders for criminal behavior of Muslims in a letter to the Board of Punishments called
1713:, describing its beauties and historical values. He describes the mountains and wildlife, using them to justify his belief that the dynasty would endure. A Manchu translation was then made. In 1748, he ordered a jubilee printing in both Chinese and Manchu, using some genuine pre-
1339:. Nonetheless, battle-hardened Burmese troops defeated the first two invasions of 1765–66 and 1766–67 at the border. The regional conflict now escalated to a major war that involved military manoeuvres nationwide in both countries. The third invasion (1767–1768) led by the elite
1550:
of Wisdom. He was also a poet and essayist. His collected writings, which he published in a tenfold series between 1749 and 1800, contain more than 40,000 poems and 1,300 prose texts, which if he had composed them all would make him one of the most prolific writers of all time.
2512:
Historians both in China and abroad long presented the failure of the mission to achieve its goals as a symbol of China's refusal to change and inability to modernize. They explain the refusal first on the fact that interaction with foreign kingdoms was limited to neighbouring
1833:
and Chinese, which said: "By patronizing the Yellow Church, we maintain peace among the Mongols. This being an important task we cannot but protect this (religion). (In doing so) we do not show any bias, nor do we wish to adulate the Tibetan priests (as it was done during the
1422:. It was also a very expensive enterprise; the funds in the Imperial Treasury were almost all put into military expeditions. Though the wars were successful, they were not overwhelmingly so. The Qing army declined noticeably and had a difficult time facing some enemies: the
1672:
The authority would judge any single character or any single sentence's neutrality; if the authority had decided these words, or sentence, were derogatory or cynical towards the rulers, then persecution would begin. In the Qianlong Emperor's time, there were 53 cases of
1001:. For many years, the Yongzheng Emperor did not designate any of his sons as the crown prince, but many officials speculated that he favoured Hongli. Hongli went on inspection trips to the south and was an able negotiator and enforcer. He was also appointed as the chief
2392:
As Heshen was the highest ranked minister and most favoured by the Qianlong Emperor at the time, the day-to-day governance of the country was left in his hands, while the emperor himself indulged in the arts, luxuries and literature. When Heshen was executed by the
1970:
in Islam that Mongol Buddhists had in the 18th century was caused by all these things, northwestern China right next to Mongolia getting militarized, the Qing government officially declaring Muslims to be anti-Qing and violent and revivalist Islam coming to China.
1458:
was preceded by another Manchu official, Binjing, who raped a Muslim daughter of the Kokan aqsaqal from 1818 to 1820. The Qing sought to cover up the rape of Uyghur women by Manchus to prevent anger against their rule from spreading among the Uyghurs.
2050:, beyond the Great Wall. Rehe eventually became effectively a third capital and it was at Rehe that the Qianlong Emperor held court with various Mongol nobles. The emperor also spent time at the Mulan hunting grounds north of Rehe, where he held the
1505:
heritage, which he saw as the basis of the moral character of the Manchus and thus of the dynasty's power. He ordered the compilation of Manchu language genealogies, histories, and ritual handbooks and in 1747 secretly ordered the compilation of the
2286:
was not part of China and that he should not conquer it, putting forth the view that China was multiethnic and did not just refer to Han. The Qianlong Emperor compared his achievements with that of the Han and Tang ventures into Central Asia.
1759:
translations which were put into new Manchu dictionaries. Manchu translations of Chinese works during his reign contrasted with supposedly Manchu books of the Kangxi Emperor's reign, which were simply Chinese texts written in Manchu script.
6981:
Our First Ambassador to China: An Account of the Life of George, Earl of Macartney with Extracts from His Letters, and the Narrative of His Experiences in China, as Told by Himself, 1737–1806, from Hitherto Unpublished Correspondence and
2625:
emissary in 1795 did not refuse to kowtow. In the year following Mccartney's rebuff, Titsingh and his colleagues were much feted by the Chinese because of what was construed as seemly compliance with conventional court etiquette.
2411:, even with further tax cuts, the treasury surplus still reached 73.9 million silver taels, a record unmatched by his predecessors, the Kangxi and Yongzheng emperors, both of whom had implemented remarkable tax cut policies.
2590:
A Dutch embassy arrived at the Qianlong Emperor's court in 1795, which would turn out to be the last time any European appeared before the Qing imperial court within the context of traditional Chinese imperial foreign relations.
1077:
and the princes were arrested. The rebels were tried; the most prominent conspirators were imprisoned, while lessor offenders were stripped of their titles or demoted. In 1778, the Qianlong Emperor restored the original names to
2480:
prompted them to begin shifting their trade north from 1755 to 1757. The Qianlong Emperor's attempt to discourage this through higher fees failed; in the winter of 1757, he declared that—effective the next year—Guangzhou (then
2552:
for residence and trade, and have been forbidden to encroach an inch beyond the limits assigned to that locality.... If these restrictions were withdrawn, friction would inevitably occur between the Chinese and your barbarian
1038:. In the hope of preventing a succession struggle from occurring, the Yongzheng Emperor wrote the name of his chosen successor on a piece of paper and placed it in a sealed box secured behind the tablet over the throne in the
8029:
1821:(Yonghe Palace) into a Tibetan Buddhist temple for Mongols. To explain the practical reasons for supporting the "Yellow Hats" Tibetan Buddhists and to deflect Han Chinese criticism, he had the "Lama Shuo" stele engraved in
2336:
was settled by Han people during the Qianlong Emperor's reign, and Han people were the majority in urban areas of Manchuria by 1800. To increase the Imperial Treasury's revenue, the Qing government sold lands along the
1399:, the second and most capable of the three Tây Sơn brothers. The Qing Empire no longer supported Lê Chiêu Thống, and his family were imprisoned in Vietnam. The Qing would not intervene in Vietnam for another 90 years.
1134:. His later campaigns greatly expanded the territory controlled by the Qing Empire. This was made possible not only by Qing military might, but also by the disunity and declining strength of the Inner Asian peoples.
1033:
and the favorite son of the Yongzheng Emperor; the Yongzheng Emperor had entrusted a number of important ritual tasks to Hongli while the latter was still a prince, and included him in important court discussions of
2500:
During the mid-18th century, European powers began to pressure for increases in the already burgeoning foreign trade and for outposts on the Chinese coast, demands which the aging Qianlong emperor resisted. In 1793
1283:
troops were sent near the frontier in Central Asia, war did not break out. A year later, Durrani sent an envoy to Beijing gifting four splendid horses to Qianlong, which became the subject of a series of paintings,
1391:(rebels who had captured all of Vietnam). The capital, Thăng Long, was conquered in 1788, but a few months later the Qing army was defeated, and the invasion turned into a debacle due to the surprise attack during
1890:, Muhammad Yusuf's son, also further spread Naqshbandi orders among Chinese Muslims like Tibetan Muslims, Salars, Hui and other Muslim ethnicities in Hezhou, Gansu (now Linxia) and Xining in Qinghai and Lanzhou.
1218:
in "brush-notes" style, where military expenditures of the Qianlong Emperor's reign were recorded. The Qianlong Emperor was praised as being the source of "eighteenth-century peace and prosperity" by Zhao Yi.
2651:(Ningshou Palace), which is today more commonly known as the "Qianlong Garden". The complex, completed in 1776, is currently undergoing a ten-year restoration led by the Palace Museum in Beijing and the
2415:
taels. This, coupled with his senior age and the lack of political reforms, ushered the beginning of the gradual decline and eventual demise of the Qing Empire, casting a shadow over his political life.
2236:) and the term "Bannermen" was becoming identical with "Manchu" in the general perception. The Qianlong Emperor referred to all Bannermen as Manchu, and Qing laws did not say "Manchu", but "Bannermen".
2509:, one of the country's most seasoned diplomats. The British sent a sample of trade goods that they intended to sell in China; this was misinterpreted as tribute that was adjudged to be of low quality.
1915:
series of events in the Middle Eastern Muslim world, revivalist movements among Muslims like the Saudis who allied with Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab. This renewal tajdid influenced Ma Mingxin in Yemen.
2662:
2680:(or Emperor Emeritus; 太上皇) even though he continued to hold on to power and the Jiaqing Emperor ruled only in name. He never moved into his retirement suites in the Qianlong Garden and died in 1799.
1188:, which also occurred during the Qianlong Emperor's reign. When victorious troops returned to Beijing, a celebratory hymn was sung in their honour. A Manchu version of the hymn was recorded by the
56:
1661:
was completed in about ten years; during these ten years, 3,100 titles (or works), about 150,000 copies of books were either burnt or banned. Of those volumes that had been categorised into the
2538:
our Celestial Empire at Canton. Such has been the procedure for many years, although our Celestial Empire possesses all things in prolific abundance and lacks no product within its own borders.
6278:
Our First Ambassador to China: An Account of the Life of George, Earl of Macartney, with Extracts from His Letters, and the Narrative of His Experiences in China, as Told by Himself, 1737–1806
2581:
and safety of the ship. She may, perhaps, not sink outright; she may drift some time as a wreck, and will then be dashed to pieces on the shore; but she can never be rebuilt on the old bottom.
1347:. However, the Manchu Bannermen of northern China could not cope with "unfamiliar tropical terrains and lethal endemic diseases", and were driven back with heavy losses. After the close-call,
1926:
Tian Wu led another Jahriyya rebellion 3 years after that, which was crushed by the Qing, and the Ma Datian, the Jahriyya's 3rd leader was exiled to Manchuria in 1818 by the Qing and died.
1173:
tribes, and 30% were killed by the Qing army, in what Michael Edmund Clarke described as "the complete destruction of not only the Zunghar state but of the Zunghars as a people." Historian
6897:. Vol. 1 of T'oung pao, archives concernant l'histoire, les langues, la géographie, l'ethnographie et les arts de l'Asie orientale. Monographie (illustrated ed.). Leiden: Brill.
1609:
One of his grandest projects was to assemble a team of scholars to assemble, edit, and print the largest collection ever made of Chinese philosophy, history, and literature. Known as the
6689:
2162:" in 1750, and the title was passed on for 12 generations in his family until the end of the Qing dynasty. However, it has been argued that Zhu Zhilian, in fact, had no relation to the
6449:
A Narrative of the British Embassy to China, in the Years 1792, 1793, and 1794; Containing the Various Circumstances of the Embassy, with Accounts of Customs and Manners of the Chinese
6068:
A Narrative of the British Embassy to China, in the Years 1792, 1793, and 1794; Containing the Various Circumstances of the Embassy, with Accounts of Customs and Manners of the Chinese
1586:
Most of the several thousand jade items in the imperial collection date from his reign. The Emperor was also particularly interested in collecting ancient bronzes, bronze mirrors and
7012:
Cologne China Studies Online – Working Papers on Chinese Politics, Economy and Society (Kölner China-Studien Online – Arbeitspapiere zu Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft Chinas)
2381:
In his later years, the Qianlong Emperor became spoiled with power and glory, disillusioned and complacent in his reign, and started placing his trust in corrupt officials such as
1402:
Despite setbacks in the south, overall the Qianlong Emperor's military expansion nearly doubled the area of the already vast Qing Empire, and unified many non-Han peoples—such as
1869:
7561:
5579:
Defending Christianity in China: The Jesuit Defense of Christianity in the "Lettres Edifiantes Et Curieuses" & "Ruijianlu" in Relation to the Yongzheng Proscription of 1724
2180:
The Qianlong Emperor instituted a policy of "Manchu-fying" the Eight Banner system, which was the basic military and social organisation of the dynasty. In the early Qing era,
1046:
in the presence of all senior ministers only upon the death of the emperor. When the Yongzheng Emperor died suddenly in 1735, the will was taken out and read before the entire
8009:
2618:
provided an alternate perspective and a useful counterpoint to other reports that were then circulating. Titsingh himself died before he could publish his version of events.
6486:
2239:
Select groups of Han Chinese bannermen were mass transferred into Manchu Banners by the Qing, changing their ethnicity from Han Chinese to Manchu. Han Chinese bannermen of
8148:
1765:
938:
8070:
1230:
and led a rebellion against the Qing Empire around the same time as the Dzungars. The Qing army crushed the rebellion and executed Chingünjav and his entire family.
2204:
The identification and interchangeability between "Manchu" and "Banner people" (Qiren) began in the 17th century. Banner people were differentiated from civilians (
8019:
1814:
of the Yellow Church. He also said it was "merely in pursuance of Our policy of extending Our affection to the weak" which led him to patronize the Yellow Church.
4074:
The conquest of the Miao-tse, an imperial poem ... entitled A choral song of harmony for the first part of the Spring [tr.] by S. Weston, from the Chinese
2263:
were ordered by the Qianlong Emperor to stop using rifles and instead practice traditional archery. The emperor issued an edict for silver taels to be issued for
8014:
5956:
5944:
5932:
2102:
1995:
4585:
1025:
Hongli's accession to the throne was already foreseen before he was officially proclaimed emperor before the assembled imperial court upon the death of the
2397:, the Qing government discovered that Heshen's personal fortune exceeded that of the Qing Empire's depleted treasury, amounting to 900 million silver
1755:
translated into Manchu, which was considered the "national language". He directed the elimination of loanwords taken from Chinese and replaced them with
1423:
1185:
2373:
The Emperor is about five feet ten inches in height, and of a slender but elegant form; his complexion is comparatively fair, though his eyes are dark;
844:, who ruled for 61 years, so as to avoid usurping him as the longest-reigning Qing emperor. He was succeeded by his son, who ascended the throne as the
798:. He reigned officially from 1735 until his abdication in 1796, but retained ultimate power subsequently until his death in 1799, making him one of the
7084:
Zhao, Gang (January 2006). "Reinventing China Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century".
2610:, whose detailed description of this embassy to the Qing court was soon after published in the United States and Europe. Titsingh's French translator,
5551:
1507:
7604:
5152:
961:
7592:
7525:
1438:
1203:
5527:
5511:
5495:
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1929:
2606:
in 1794–95 for celebrations of the 60th anniversary of the Qianlong Emperor's reign. The Titsingh delegation also included the Dutch-American
1463:
a rapid military decline by the end of the Qianlong Emperor's reign. This was the main reason for the Qing military's failure to suppress the
1793:
The Qianlong Emperor showed a personal belief in Tibetan Buddhism, following the tradition of Manchu rulers associating with the Bodhisattva
7557:
7055:
6997:
2198:
6138:"The Qianlong Emperor's Letter to George III and the Early Twentieth Century Origins of Ideas About Traditional China's Foreign Relations"
2193:
of the Qianlong Emperor's inclusions and omissions on the list of traitors were political in nature. Some of these actions were including
1653:
Some 2,300 works were listed for total suppression and another 350 for partial suppression. The aim was to destroy the writings that were
5892:
1902:
where he was taught by Mawlana Makhdum. This brought him prestige among Chinese Muslims. In an argument over the breaking of fast during
1454:
officials regularly having sex with or raping Uyghur women caused massive hatred and anger against Manchu rule among Uyghur Muslims. The
1214:(Pingding Zhunge'er fanglue). Poems glorifying the Qing conquest and genocide of the Dzungar Mongols were written by Zhao, who wrote the
8209:
8128:
7894:
7222:
6420:
6085:
1149:
was conquered and garrisoned. The incorporation of Xinjiang into the Qing Empire resulted from the final defeat and destruction of the
7039:
An authentic account of the embassy of the Dutch East-India company, to the court of the emperor of China, in the years 1974 and 1795,
2569:
The letter was unknown to the public until 1914, when it was translated, then later used as a symbol of China's refusal to modernize.
1657:
or rebellious, that insulted previous "barbarian" dynasties, or that dealt with frontier or defence problems. The full editing of the
7884:
6494:(Doctoral thesis). Brisbane, QLD, Australia: Dept. of International Business & Asian Studies, Griffith University. Archived from
6362:
An authentic account of the embassy of the Dutch East-India company, to the court of the emperor of China, in the years 1974 and 1795
2357:
567:
8219:
1595:
7031:
Voyage de l'ambassade de la Compagnie des Indes Orientales hollandaises vers l'empereur de la Chine, dans les années 1794 et 1795.
8224:
8138:
8133:
7889:
7337:
7217:
6495:
6357:
Voyage de l'ambassade de la Compagnie des Indes Orientales hollandaises vers l'empereur de la Chine, dans les années 1794 et 1795
5046:
4210:
1611:
1512:
1332:
2670:
The Qianlong Emperor relinquished the throne at the age of 85, after almost 61 years on the throne, to his son, the 36-year-old
8204:
7026:
6351:
4173:
3956:
2607:
2461:
2404:
The Qianlong Emperor began his reign with about 33.95 million silver taels in Treasury surplus. At the peak of his reign,
1434:) later took control of the situation. The battle with the Dzungars was closely fought, and caused heavy losses on both sides.
1323:
ended in complete failure. He initially believed that it would be an easy victory against a barbarian tribe, and sent only the
7242:
5184:
1130:
The Qianlong Emperor was a successful military leader. Immediately after ascending the throne, he sent armies to suppress the
8239:
7541:
7196:
7074:
6925:
6881:
6851:
6823:
6795:
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6666:
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6619:
6545:
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6200:
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5586:
5443:
5136:
4990:
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4077:. Translated by Stephen Weston. London, England: Printed & Sold by C. & R. Baldwin, New Bridge Street, Black Friars.
2067:
1484:
1115:
62:
8244:
5242:"The Historical Information of the Decorative Polychrome Painting in the Hall of Mental Cultivation Complex, Forbidden City"
8169:
7513:
7509:
7346:
7293:
5631:
2506:
2003:
70:
7005:"Minorities, Majorities and National Expansion: The History and Politics of Population Development in Manchuria 1610–1993"
2076:, or Western-style mansion, to satisfy his taste for exotic buildings and objects. He also commissioned the French Jesuit
1069:
with five other princes to overthrow Qianlong and replace him with Hongxi. They planned to initiate their coup during an
827:. Domestically, Qianlong was a major patron of the arts as well as a prolific writer. He sponsored the compilation of the
8143:
7585:
7501:
4225:
759:
6942:
Reardon-Anderson, James (October 2000). "Land Use and Society in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty".
6676:
5870:
2611:
2532:
Qianlong gave Macartney a letter for the British king stating the reasons that he would not grant Macartney's requests:
2142:
In 1725, the Yongzheng Emperor bestowed an hereditary marquis title on a descendant of Zhu Zhilian, a descendant of the
8214:
7927:
7047:
6989:
6249:
4056:
2529:
and debate continues as to what exactly occurred, differing opinions recorded by Qing courtiers and British delegates.
2517:. Furthermore, the worldviews on the two sides were incompatible, China holding entrenched beliefs that China was the "
859:, which marked the height of the dynasty's power, influence, and prosperity. During his long reign, the empire had the
2019:
The Qianlong Emperor was an aggressive builder. In the hills northwest of Beijing, he expanded the villa known as the
8123:
7467:
7176:
7157:
7138:
7037:
6979:
6902:
6563:
6355:
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5029:
4899:
4220:
2051:
1070:
925:
899:
386:
371:
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5537:
5521:
5505:
4757:. Harvard East Asian monographs. Vol. 287 (Illustrated ed.). Harvard University Asia Center. p. 435.
4684:
4646:
4612:
907:
7505:
7497:
5717:[A Study on the Debate of the Descendants of the Imperial Family of the Ming Dynasty in the Qing Dynasty].
4718:
1146:
381:
1536:. In order to present himself in Buddhist terms for appeasing the Mongols and Tibetan subjects, he commissioned a
8234:
6488:
In the Eye of Power: China and Xinjiang from the Qing Conquest to the 'New Great Game' for Central Asia 1759–2004
4867:
From Frontier Policy to Foreign Policy: The Question of India and the Transformation of Geopolitics in Qing China
3026:
2134:
who submitted to the Qing Empire as a vassal in order to obtain assistance from the Qing to fight the Dzunghars.
1594:, metal work and lacquer work, which flourished during his reign; a substantial part of his collection is in the
1449:
occurred after Uyghur women were gang raped by the servants and son of Manchu official Sucheng. It was said that
17:
7652:
1501:
The Qianlong Emperor, like his predecessors, took his cultural role seriously. First, he worked to preserve the
1265:
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8075:
7578:
7004:
6142:
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2974:
2961:
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903:
684:
588:
347:
1369:
1178:
7537:
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2906:
2870:
2456:
Illustration depicting the last European delegation to be received at the Qianlong Emperor's court in 1795 –
602:
755:
6894:
China and Tibet in the Early Xviiith Century: History of the Establishment of Chinese Protectorate in Tibet
6066:
5915:
3095:
2648:
2088:
complete with underground machinery and pipes, for the amusement of the imperial family. The French Jesuit
1844:
concludes that these actions delivered political benefits but "meshed seamlessly with his personal faith."
1246:
6656:
1709:
in classical style, as a poem of praise to Mukden, at that point a general term for what was later called
1455:
7330:
6137:
5127:
4030:
3069:
2786:
2724:
1576:
1308:
1104:
376:
366:
1628:
6447:
5160:
4752:
4043:
3266:
3196:
2640:
2469:
1633:
1599:
1564:
1331:, which borders Burma. The Qing invasion came as the majority of Burmese forces were deployed in their
1290:. However, the Afghan envoy failed to make a good impression to Qianlong after refusing to perform the
1099:
966:
824:
4373:汉光武帝刘秀百谜/中国帝王百谜系列/ "Enigma of the Emperor Guang of Han Liu Xiubai/100 Secrets of the Chinese Emperors"
2505:
sent a large-scale delegation to present their requests directly to the emperor in Beijing, headed by
2093:
8189:
4720:
War Finance and Logistics in Late Imperial China: A Study of the Second Jinchuan Campaign (1771–1776)
4554:
War Finance and Logistics in Late Imperial China: A Study of the Second Jinchuan Campaign (1771–1776)
3119:
2159:
1939:
1572:
1372:
in 1768 because Eledeng'i was not able to help flank Mingrui when he did not arrive at a rendezvous.
1233:
Throughout this period there were continued Mongol interventions in Tibet and a reciprocal spread of
1039:
840:
In 1796, Qianlong abdicated after 60 years on the throne out of respect towards his grandfather, the
799:
7489:
6571:
5324:
2622:
2595:
1841:
1467:, which started towards the end of the Qianlong Emperor's reign and extended into the reign of the
1383:, fled from Vietnam and formally requested to be restored to his throne in Thăng Long (present-day
888:
942:
Figurine of the three-year-old Qianlong Emperor having a bath. Artefact in Yonghe Temple, Beijing.
8055:
8024:
7863:
7481:
7044:
6986:
4235:
4163:
4008:
3240:
3177:
2482:
2445:
2346:
2295:
Han Chinese farmers were resettled from north China by the Qing government in the area along the
2043:
1580:
1529:
1376:
1357:
1353:
1343:
nearly succeeded, penetrating deep into central Burma within a few days' march from the capital,
1192:
1018:
892:
860:
8107:
5683:
1249:
and garrison to preserve Qing presence. Further afield, military campaigns against Nepalese and
1073:
on the Mulan hunting grounds. Hongxi was proclaimed Emperor, but the plot was exposed by Prince
993:). Like his many uncles, Hongli entered into a battle of succession with his elder half-brother
8060:
7920:
7553:
7549:
7545:
7533:
7529:
7521:
7485:
7323:
5636:
4190:
3134:
1798:
1752:
1525:
5900:
5431:
7778:
7701:
7570:
7517:
7493:
7477:
5714:
5489:
5477:
5465:
5019:
4552:
4416:
4338:
3973:
3816:
3566:
3154:
2548:
Hitherto, the barbarian merchants of Europe have had a definite locality assigned to them at
2028:
1769:(欽定西域同文志; "Imperial Western Regions Thesaurus") which was a thesaurus of geographic names in
1464:
1189:
951:
544:
7211:
6428:
6093:
1866:
anti-Muslim policies by the governor general received endorsement from the Qianlong Emperor.
8199:
8194:
7969:
7848:
7206:
6107:
Shi Zhihong (2006), "China's Overseas Trade Policy and Its Historical Results: 1522–1840",
5253:
5218:
4954:
3999:
3990:
2911:
2695:
2652:
2264:
2248:
1883:
1862:
1747:
1674:
1388:
1153:(or Zunghars), a coalition of Western Mongol tribes. The Qianlong Emperor then ordered the
1043:
834:
512:
207:
6843:
The Empire And the Khanate: A Political History of Qing Relations With Khoqand C.1760-1860
6306:
Missed Opportunities: Late 18th century Chinese Relations with England and the Netherlands
8:
8050:
7818:
7798:
7783:
7753:
7748:
7706:
6395:
6172:
5617:
Yonghegong: Imperial Universalism and the Art And Architecture of Beijing's "Lama Temple"
5021:
The Empire And the Khanate: A Political History of Qing Relations With Khoqand C1760-1860
4829:
The Empire And the Khanate: A Political History of Qing Relations With Khoqand C1760-1860
3651:
3077:
2485:
as "Canton") was to be the only Chinese port permitted to foreign traders, beginning the
2097:
1654:
1491:
1324:
1095:
810:
316:
5257:
2345:'s reign, and Han people filled up most of Manchuria's towns by the 1840s, according to
1987:
The persecution of Christians by Yongzheng became even worse during the Qianlong reign.
1894:
was the leader of one of these orders and he personally studied in the Islamic world in
1641:
30:
This article is about the Chinese emperor. For the sauropodomorph dinosaur species, see
7858:
7666:
7109:
7101:
6967:
6959:
6596:
6588:
6208:
For a discussion on Hevia's book, see exchange between Hevia and Joseph W. Esherick in
6133:
5676:
5306:
4963:
4302:
3107:
2987:
2918:
2779:
2494:
2089:
1877:
Great changes happening to Chinese Muslims, like the introduction of a Sufi order, the
1797:. He continued their patronage of Tibetan Buddhist art and ordered translations of the
1734:
1559:
1303:
1296:. Qianlong later refused to intervene in the Durrani Empire's killing of the Sultan of
1286:
1276:
1257:
1238:
1177:
has argued that the decimation of the Dzungars was the result of an explicit policy of
997:, who had the support of a large faction of officials in the imperial court as well as
833:, the largest collection ever made of Chinese history, while also overseeing extensive
720:
712:
435:
307:
302:
257:
189:
7879:
5289:
Huichun, Yu (2009). "Qianlong's Divine Treasures: The Bells in Rhyming-the-Old Hall".
5061:
5047:"Between the "Ummah" and "China":The Qing Dynasty's Rule over Xinjiang Uyghur Society"
2448:(1718–1793) was the official translator of Western languages for the Qianlong Emperor.
1751:
which gave equivalents for Manchu terms in Mongolian, Tibetan and Turkic, and had the
8165:
7994:
7913:
7843:
7788:
7773:
7696:
7671:
7661:
7624:
7422:
7286:
7192:
7172:
7153:
7134:
7113:
7070:
6971:
6921:
6898:
6877:
6870:
6847:
6846:. Vol. 16 of Brill's Inner Asian Library (illustrated ed.). Leiden: Brill.
6819:
6791:
6763:
6735:
6714:
6695:
6662:
6641:
6615:
6600:
6541:
6513:
6464:
6196:
6177:
6114:
5687:
5582:
5557:
5439:
5298:
5271:
5132:
5025:
4986:
4952:
Yingcong Dai (2004). "A Disguised Defeat: The Myanmar Campaign of the Qing Dynasty".
4923:
4895:
4870:
4833:
4758:
4754:
A Court on Horseback: Imperial Touring & the Construction of Qing Rule, 1680–1785
4724:
4690:
4656:
4618:
4558:
4230:
4215:
4078:
3592:
3182:
3041:
2956:
2939:
2564:) officials in my capital are forbidden to hold intercourse with Chinese subjects...
2424:
2366:
2341:
which were previously exclusively for Manchus to Han Chinese at the beginning of the
2063:
2020:
1822:
1742:
1738:
1336:
1035:
1026:
947:
819:
806:
668:
660:
534:
343:
338:
281:
88:
7152:. Harvard East Asian Series. Vol. 59. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
6914:
5657:"A Victory Banquet Given by the Emperor for the Distinguished Officers and Soldiers"
5550:
LIPMAN, JONATHAN N. (1997). "4 / Strategies of Resistance Integration by Violence".
5434:. In Millward, James A.; Dunnell, Ruth W.; Elliot, Mark C.; Forêt, Philippe (eds.).
8097:
7963:
7936:
7758:
7691:
7639:
7616:
7442:
7437:
7387:
changed the dynastic name to "Great Qing" in 1636 and claimed the title of emperor.
7297:
7093:
6951:
6580:
6333:
6319:
6176:. Translated by Rotschild, Jon. New York City: Knopf, distributed by Random House.
6151:
5261:
5210:
5188:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4155:
3943:
2639:, who had reigned for 61 years. The Qianlong Emperor anticipated moving out of the
2442:
2342:
2221:
2205:
1826:
1730:
1365:
1320:
1234:
1154:
1112:
1051:
809:, Qianlong ascended the throne in 1735. A highly ambitious military leader, he led
787:
625:
561:
5832:
2429:
2011:
1558:
The Emperor's massive art collection became an intimate part of his life; he took
1042:(Qianqing Palace). The name in the box was to be revealed to other members of the
7634:
7452:
7447:
7432:
7412:
7390:
7307:
6841:
6813:
6785:
6757:
6729:
6609:
6535:
6507:
6458:
6108:
5122:
4827:
4072:
3508:
3291:
2823:
2671:
2514:
2394:
2276:
2229:
2213:
1830:
1726:
1591:
1468:
1174:
1138:
1058:
845:
814:
763:
749:
490:
467:
457:
Fatian Longyun Zhicheng Xianjue Tiyuan Liji Fuwen Fenwu Qinming Xiaoci Shensheng
447:
426:
407:
352:
98:
31:
6876:. Cambridge, Mass.; London, England: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
5641:
4648:
Harmony Garden: The Life, Literary Criticism, and Poetry of Yuan Mei (1716-1798)
4265:
1806:) to "maintain peace among the Mongols" since the Mongols were followers of the
1785:
1387:). The Qianlong Emperor agreed and sent a large army into Vietnam to remove the
8065:
7743:
7417:
7315:
6787:
Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864
6534:
Dunnell, Ruth W.; Elliott, Mark C.; Forêt, Philippe; Millward, James A (2004).
6237:
4184:
4141:
4038:
3534:
3139:
3013:
2676:
2644:
2636:
2599:
2518:
2457:
2309:
2077:
2024:
1934:
1774:
1665:, many were subjected to deletion and modification. Books published during the
1603:
1280:
1207:
1166:
1150:
1066:
1030:
955:
849:
841:
646:
173:
105:
7905:
1717:
forms and Manchu styles which had to be invented and which could not be read.
1050:
imperial court, after which Hongli became the new emperor. Hongli adopted the
8183:
8092:
7999:
7686:
7097:
6324:
6193:
Cherishing Men from Afar: Qing Guest Ritual and the Macartney Embassy of 1793
6113:, Studies in the Modern History of Asia, Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 9–10,
5878:
5302:
5275:
4586:"Manchu hymn chanted at the occasion of the victory over the Jinchuan Rebels"
4178:
4168:
4127:
2802:
2486:
2374:
2338:
2175:
2155:
2047:
2032:
1818:
1587:
1521:
1502:
1446:
1411:
1340:
856:
151:
6611:
The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China
6337:
6155:
2299:
in order to restore the land to cultivation. Wasteland was reclaimed by Han
1380:
1223:
8003:
7727:
7676:
7601:
7398:
7394:
7380:
7350:
7131:
Splendors of China's Forbidden City: The Glorious Reign of Emperor Qianlong
6537:
New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde
6322:(January 1938). "The Last Dutch Embassy to the Chinese Court (1794–1795)".
5436:
New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde
4113:
3938:
3215:
2746:
2260:
2197:(out of his dislike for Li Yongfang's descendant, Li Shiyao) and excluding
2163:
2147:
2143:
2115:
2081:
2036:
1835:
1811:
1666:
1517:
1319:'s request for military aid against the attacking forces of Burma, but the
1122:
1047:
1013:
829:
795:
791:
632:
524:
232:
7808:
7210:
7150:
Monarchy in the Emperor's Eyes: Image and Reality in the Ch'ien-Lung Reign
6365:
6282:
2923:
2761:(永璂), Prince of the Third Rank (貝勒; 7 June 1752 – 17 March 1776), 12th son
311:
7989:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7793:
7711:
7257:
4051:
3314:
3189:
3100:
3082:
3003:
2887:
2842:
2656:
2382:
2194:
1861:
that he wrote in 1751. Although the Board of Punishment did nothing, the
1714:
1705:
1547:
1427:
1396:
1348:
1316:
1273:
1241:, the Qianlong Emperor sent armies into Tibet and firmly established the
776:
481:
361:
329:
320:
293:
7105:
5310:
2401:, the total of 12 years of Treasury surplus of the Qing imperial court.
775:(25 September 1711 – 7 February 1799), also known by his
8102:
7853:
7813:
7407:
7384:
7371:
6963:
6592:
6564:"The Limits of Tartary: Manchuria in Imperial and National Geographies"
6460:
Empire of Emptiness: Buddhist Art and Political Authority in Qing China
5266:
5241:
4967:
2577:
2561:
2502:
2333:
2296:
2185:
2151:
2123:
2072:
1976:
1887:
1878:
1807:
1568:
1516:. He further solidified the dynasty's cultural and religious claims in
1297:
1242:
813:
into Inner Asia, Burma, Nepal and Vietnam and suppressed rebellions in
6168:
For a conventional European perspective of the audience question, see
5852:
2783:(孝儀純皇后) of the Weigiya clan (魏佳氏; 23 October 1727 – 28 February 1775)
7823:
7768:
7763:
7681:
4985:(2nd ed.). Boston & New York: Houghton Mifflin. p. 35.
4892:
Asian Borderlands: The Transformation of Qing China's Yunnan Frontier
4652:
4292:
Her maiden clan is a matter of debate, either Ula-Nara or Hoifa-Nara.
4025:
4017:
3226:
2982:
2882:
2875:
2752:
2700:
2659:(Juanqinzhai) began an exhibition tour of the United States in 2010.
2477:
2329:
2325:
2305:
2300:
2150:. Zhu was also paid by the Qing government to perform rituals at the
1891:
1794:
1710:
1543:
1206:
at the Military Archives Office, in their capacity as members of the
677:
298:
289:
6955:
6584:
6509:
A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology
5615:
2655:(WMF). The first of the restored apartments, the Qianlong Emperor's
2137:
1699:), the Qianlong Emperor used Chinese to write his "Ode to Mukden", (
1253:
forced the emperor into stalemate where both parties had to submit.
877:
5656:
4499:
4283:
She is the only Qing Empress who did not receive a posthumous name.
3964:
3951:
3927:
3162:
2998:
2934:
2741:
of the First Rank (哲親王; 27 May 1746 – 29 January 1748), seventh son
2713:
2542:
2437:
2317:
2283:
2085:
1770:
1696:
1692:
1279:
because of Qing China's expansions in Central Asia. While Qing and
1227:
1162:
1158:
1142:
698:
554:
424:
Qianlong (Ch'ien-lung; 乾隆): 12 February 1736 – 8 February 1796
334:
325:
7133:. London: Merrell, in association with The Field Museum, Chicago.
4510:]. Military history of the Qing Dynasty, vol.4. (in Chinese).
2282:
The Qianlong Emperor rejected the views of Han officials who said
2035:(or Qingyiyuan; now known as the Summer Palace) dredged, named it
1683:), or having their corpses mutilated (if they were already dead).
1677:, resulting in the victims executed by beheading or slow slicing (
1451:
Ush Muslims had long wanted to sleep on hides and eat their flesh
1375:
The circumstances in Vietnam were not successful either. In 1787,
7366:
7237:
7189:
The Emperor's Private Paradise: Treasures from the Forbidden City
6916:
The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions
4686:
The Poet Zheng Zhen (1806-1864) and the Rise of Chinese Modernity
3985:
3296:
3271:
3112:
2837:
2603:
2369:
to the Qing court in 1793 described Qianlong in his later years:
2321:
2313:
2270:
2181:
2127:
1903:
1895:
1679:
1538:
1533:
1442:
1431:
1419:
1407:
1403:
1392:
1361:
1261:
1199:
1170:
1083:
1062:
994:
519:
507:
357:
177:
155:
4785:
Dabringhaus, Sabine (2011). "Staatsmann, Feldherr und Dichter".
2468:
Legal trade in the South China Sea was resumed in 1727, but the
817:
and Taiwan. During his lifetime, he was given the deified title
8045:
7976:
6046:
6034:
6022:
5998:
5986:
5974:
5211:"Portrait of an Emperor, Qianlong: Ruler, Connoisseur, Scholar"
4922:(3rd ed.). Hutchinson University Library. pp. 27–29.
4787:
4240:
3324:
3159:
3073:(愉貴妃) of the Keliyete clan (珂里葉特氏; 15 June 1714 – 9 July 1792)
2526:
2490:
2473:
2386:
2131:
2119:
2096:
was also a court painter. He co-designed, with Castiglione and
1907:
1756:
1646:
1567:, three calligraphy works: "Timely Clearing After Snowfall" by
1415:
1328:
1292:
1250:
1074:
1002:
973:
7600:
7051:
6993:
1590:," in addition to pottery, [ceramics and applied arts such as
7803:
7069:. Vol. 9. Cambridge University Press. pp. 230–309.
5837:
5153:"The Qianlong Emperor as Manjusri, the Bodhisattva of Wisdom"
3020:(和碩和嘉公主; 24 December 1745 – 29 October 1767), fourth daughter
2614:, published his own account of the Titsingh mission in 1808.
2557:
2549:
2452:
1967:
1911:
1899:
1803:
1622:
1479:
1426:
took 2 to 3 years—at first the Qing army were mauled, though
1384:
1079:
998:
5873:[The Complete List of Concise Manchu Surnames (4)].
3123:(婉貴妃) of the Chen clan (陳氏; 1 February 1717 – 10 March 1807)
3045:(忻貴妃) of the Daigiya clan (戴佳氏; 26 June 1737 – 28 May 1764)
3030:(慶恭皇貴妃) of the Lu clan (陸氏; 12 August 1724 – 21 August 1774)
2793:(固倫和靜公主; 10 August 1756 – 9 February 1775), seventh daughter
7457:
6731:
Unity and Diversity: Local Cultures and Identities in China
6533:
5813:
5553:
Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China
5103:
2809:(和碩和恪公主; 17 August 1758 – 14 December 1780), ninth daughter
2572:
Macartney's conclusions in his memoirs were widely quoted:
2398:
1344:
1256:
On 23 January 1751, Tibetan rebels who participated in the
972:
After his father's enthronement in 1722, Hongli was made a
6762:(reprint, revised ed.). University of Chicago Press.
5741:
5372:
3203:(固倫和孝公主; 2 February 1775 – 13 October 1823), 10th daughter
2866:(慧賢皇貴妃) of the Gaogiya clan (高佳氏; 1711 – 25 February 1745)
2731:(固倫和敬公主; 31 July 1731 – 30 September 1792), third daughter
2039:, and renovated a villa on the eastern shore of the lake.
5729:
5413:
5411:
3193:(惇妃) of the Wang clan (汪氏; 27 March 1746 – 6 March 1806)
1141:
was incorporated into the Qing Empire's rule and renamed
717:
703:
689:
6872:
China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia
2978:(純惠皇貴妃) of the Su clan (蘇氏; 13 June 1713 – 2 June 1760)
2621:
In contrast to Macartney, Isaac Titsingh, the Dutch and
1272:
In 1762 the Qianlong Emperor came close to war with the
1017:
Inauguration Portraits of Emperor Qianlong and Empress,
1005:
on occasions when his father was away from the capital.
7361:
Later Jin rulers posthumously regarded as Qing emperors
6713:(3rd ed.). London: Hutchinson University Library.
6256:
5801:
5765:
5753:
5595:
5342:
5091:
5079:
4999:
4472:
The art of weaving in the Qing. Chunfeng Cultural Press
2674:, in 1796. For the next three years, he held the title
2066:, the Qianlong Emperor commissioned the Italian Jesuit
1777:, Manchu, Chinese, Tibetan, and Turki (Modern Uyghur).
848:
but ruled only in name as Qianlong held on to power as
6759:
Prisoners of Shangri-La: Tibetan Buddhism and the West
5962:
5408:
4791:(in German). Vol. 43, no. 1. pp. 16–24.
3219:(芳妃) of the Chen clan (陳氏; ? – 20 September 1801)
1725:
In his childhood, the Qianlong Emperor was tutored in
1691:
In 1743, after his first visit to Mukden (present-day
1109:
The Qianlong Emperor in Ceremonial Armour on Horseback
5789:
5634:[Wang Zhicheng and Qianlong archery screen].
5396:
4807:
4795:
3333:(白貴人) of the Bo clan (柏氏; 17 June 1730 – 26 May 1803)
3244:(儀嬪) of the Huang clan (黄氏; ? – 1 November 1736)
2946:(仪慎亲王; 31 August 1746 – 1 September 1832), eighth son
2721:(端慧皇太子; 9 August 1730 – 23 November 1738), second son
2275:
The Qianlong Emperor and his predecessors, since the
665:
651:
637:
6463:(illustrated ed.). University of Hawaii Press.
6350:
5855:[A complete collection of Manchu surnames].
5556:. University of Washington Press. pp. 112–114.
5384:
4846:
4103:
2827:(嘉慶帝; 13 November 1760 – 2 September 1820), 15th son
1637:
A visit by the Emperor to the tombs of his ancestors
1606:
also have collections of art from the Qianlong era.
1210:, to compile works on the Dzungar campaign, such as
1186:
extermination of the Jinchuan Tibetan people in 1776
1029:. The young Hongli was the favorite grandson of the
6818:(illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press.
6790:(illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press.
5024:(illustrated ed.). Leiden: Brill. p. 39.
4981:Schirokauer, Conrad & Clark, Donald N. (2008).
3250:(怡嬪) of the Bo clan (柏氏; 1 May 1721 – 30 June 1757)
2930:(履端親王; 21 February 1739 – 5 April 1777), fourth son
2201:(out of concern for his son Ma Xiongzhen's image).
2154:and induct the Chinese Plain White Banner into the
1184:The Dzungar genocide has been compared to the Qing
6913:
6869:
6281:. London: John Murray. p. 386. Archived from
6240:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1914. pp. 322–331
5675:
5325:"Top 10 calligraphy masterpieces of ancient China"
4274:) seal used for calligraphy and handwritten works.
3256:(慎嬪) of the Bai'ergesi clan (拜爾葛斯氏; ? – 1765)
2773:(永璟; 22 January 1756 – 7 September 1757), 13th son
1802:supported the Yellow Church (the Tibetan Buddhist
1266:what happened to Tibetan rebels on 1 November 1728
7036:Van Braam Houckgeest, Andreas Everardus. (1798).
6638:Emperor Qianlong: Son of Heaven, Man of the World
6080:
6078:
4403:10 great writers of China. Cao Xueqin / 中国十大文豪曹雪芹
3010:(質莊親王; 28 January 1744 – 13 June 1790), sixth son
2138:Descendants of the Ming dynasty's imperial family
954:. Hongli was adored by both his grandfather, the
837:that led to the suppression of some 3,100 works.
8181:
7345:
6941:
6052:
6040:
6028:
6004:
5992:
5980:
4980:
4064:
3262:(恂嬪) of the Huoshuote clan (霍碩特氏; ? – 1761)
3089:(榮純親王; 23 March 1741 – 16 April 1766), fifth son
3061:Obstructed labour or miscarriage at eight months
2027:. To celebrate the 60th birthday of his mother,
802:in history as well as one of the longest-lived.
7935:
7169:Soulstealers: The Chinese Sorcery Scare of 1768
5895:[The origin of the family name "Yan"].
2994:(循郡王; 15 July 1735 – 26 August 1760), third son
2015:The Qianlong Emperor watching a wrestling match
1483:The Qianlong Emperor in his study, painting by
6075:
5899:(in Chinese). 16 December 2009. Archived from
5131:(3rd ed.). New York: Norton. p. 98.
2894:(定安親王; 5 July 1728 – 21 April 1750), first son
2849:(慶僖親王; 17 June 1766 – 25 April 1820), 17th son
2271:Chinese political identity and frontier policy
1118:(known as Lang Shining in Chinese) (1688–1766)
7921:
7586:
7331:
5877:(in Chinese). 14 October 2006. Archived from
4263:
3165:(博爾濟吉特氏; 12 February 1730 – 31 January 1774)
2968:(成哲親王; 22 March 1752 – 10 May 1823), 11th son
2952:(永瑜; 2 August 1748 – 11 June 1749), ninth son
2031:, the Qianlong Emperor ordered a lake at the
1999:Consorts and children of the Qianlong Emperor
1360:)) to be sliced to death after his commander
1315:The Qianlong Emperor responded to the vassal
1212:Strategy for the pacification of the Dzungars
1161:, 40% of the 600,000 Dzungars were killed by
607:
593:
45:
6382:, Vol. I (1798 English edition) pp. 283–288.
5240:Yang, Hong; Xie, Jiawei; Ji, Lifang (2018).
5178:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5170:
4951:
4913:
4911:
2914:(金佳氏; 14 September 1713 – 17 December 1755)
1054:"Qianlong", which means "Lasting Eminence".
7171:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
6978:Robbins, Helen Henrietta Macartney (1908).
5432:"The Qianlong Emperor and Tibetan Buddhism"
5208:
5187:. The Royal Academy of Arts. Archived from
4869:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
4784:
4332:
4330:
3400:(裕常在) of the Zhang clan (张氏; ? – 1745)
3103:(伊爾根覺羅氏; 29 October 1758 – 10 January 1798)
2799:(永璐; 31 August 1757 – 3 May 1760), 14th son
2472:'s discovery that the prices and duties at
906:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
7928:
7914:
7593:
7579:
7338:
7324:
7129:Ho, Chuimei & Bronson, Bennet (2004).
7033:Philadelphia: M.L.E. Moreau de Saint-Méry.
6815:Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang
6681:Voyage a Pékin, Manille et l'Ile de France
6675:
6303:
6169:
5667:
4617:. Stanford University Press. p. 180.
4610:
3148:(永玥; 12 June 1751 – 7 July 1753), 10th son
2657:Studio of Exhaustion From Diligent Service
2616:Voyage a Pékin, Manille et l'Ile de France
2158:. Zhu was posthumously awarded the title "
1906:Ma Laichi said that before praying in the
1623:Burning of books and modification of texts
1424:campaign against the Jinchuan hill peoples
1008:
965:The young Qianlong Emperor as Prince Bao,
852:until his death in 1799 at the age of 87.
55:
7128:
7043:London : R. Phillips. [digitized by
7002:
6985:London : John Murray. [digitized by
6694:. Harvard University Press. p. 167.
6654:
6364:]. London: J. Debrett. Archived from
6318:
6230:Annals and Memoirs of the Court of Peking
5613:
5576:
5533:
5517:
5501:
5265:
5239:
5182:
5167:
4908:
4522:
4520:
2460:(seated European with hat, far left) and
2114:During the Qianlong Emperor's reign, the
1859:Covenant to Instruct and Admonish Muslims
1264:by Qing Manchu general Bandi, similar to
926:Learn how and when to remove this message
794:and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over
7223:United States Government Printing Office
7186:
7060:
6811:
6783:
6727:
6505:
6445:
6262:
6132:
6064:
5968:
5819:
5807:
5771:
5759:
5735:
5348:
5109:
5097:
5085:
5005:
4894:. Harvard University Press. p. 68.
4852:
4716:
4550:
4498:
4454:
4400:
4327:
3345:(壽貴人) of the Bo clan (柏氏; ? – 1809)
3339:(祿貴人) of the Lu clan (陸氏; ? – 1788)
2661:
2525:trade ambassadors kneel and perform the
2451:
2436:
2428:
2356:
2010:
2002:
1994:
1928:
1868:
1784:
1640:
1632:
1629:Literary inquisition § Qing dynasty
1490:
1478:
1474:
1302:
1157:. According to the Qing dynasty scholar
1137:Under the Qianlong Emperor's reign, the
1121:
1103:
1012:
960:
937:
6635:
6607:
6561:
6390:
6388:
6352:van Braam Houckgeest, Andreas Everardus
6274:
5795:
5783:
5747:
5682:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
5581:. pp. 29, 33, 136, 240 & 265.
5438:. London: Routledge. pp. 123–124.
5417:
5402:
5390:
5378:
5288:
5204:
5202:
5200:
5198:
4889:
4682:
4644:
4512:計數十萬戶中,先痘死者十之四,繼竄入俄羅斯哈薩克者十之二,卒殲於大兵者十之三。
4211:Military of Macau under Portuguese rule
4071:Ch'ien Lung (emperor of China) (1810).
3363:(贵人) of the Wu clan (武氏; ? – 1781)
2556:Regarding your nation's worship of the
2092:also became a painter for the emperor.
2042:The Qianlong Emperor also expanded the
1663:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
1659:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
1612:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
1542:, or sacred painting, depicting him as
1513:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
1061:(son of Kangxi's deposed crown prince,
830:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
760:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
272: 1745; died 1775)
247: 1734; died 1766)
222: 1727; died 1748)
14:
8182:
7662:Prince Li ** Prince Xun ** Prince Kang
7205:
6911:
6890:
6867:
6484:
6456:
6110:Intra-Asian Trade and the World Market
5913:
5673:
5654:
5601:
5549:
5429:
5183:Holzworth, Gerald (12 November 2005).
5121:
5060:. Kobe University: 204. Archived from
4813:
4801:
4538:
4526:
4517:
4336:
4174:Family tree of Chinese monarchs (late)
3722:
3718:
3708:
3609:
3499:
3495:
2755:(那拉氏; 11 March 1718 – 19 August 1766)
2608:Andreas Everardus van Braam Houckgeest
2576:The Empire of China is an old, crazy,
1763:The Qianlong Emperor commissioned the
1496:The Qianlong Emperor Viewing Paintings
719:
667:
7909:
7574:
7319:
7061:Woodside, Alexander (December 2002).
6839:
6755:
6220:
6218:
6190:
5209:Spence, Jonathan (Winter 2003–2004).
5185:"China: The Three Emperors 1662–1795"
5017:
4864:
4825:
4819:
4750:
4370:
3920:
3877:
3874:
3864:
3851:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3821:
3815:
3805:
3792:
3782:
3778:
3766:
3763:
3753:
3740:
3730:
3726:
3705:
3695:
3682:
3672:
3668:
3656:
3650:
3640:
3627:
3617:
3613:
3597:
3591:
3581:
3565:
3555:
3551:
3539:
3533:
3523:
3507:
3503:
2541:Your request for a small island near
2109:
1520:by ordering a replica of the Tibetan
7721:Demoted but non-downgrading peerages
7218:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
7191:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
7166:
7147:
7083:
6708:
6661:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
6385:
5195:
5044:
4917:
3932:The Adventures Of Emperor Chien Lung
3280:(恭嬪) of the Lin clan (林氏; 1733–1805)
3185:(和卓氏; 10 October 1734 – 24 May 1788)
3051:(24 August 1755 – 27 September 1758)
2709:(3 November 1728 – 14 February 1730)
2703:(富察氏; 28 March 1712 – 8 April 1748)
2418:
2254:
1528:, to be built on the grounds of the
1307:A soldier from the Qianlong era, by
1226:had plotted with the Dzungar leader
904:adding citations to reliable sources
871:
805:The fourth and favourite son of the
106:Emperor Emeritus of the Qing dynasty
8134:Expedition to Chiangmai (1774–1775)
8108:Phraya Rachasetthi Yuan (Mo Shilin)
6728:Liu, Tao Tao; Faure, David (1996).
6687:
6658:Buddhism And Islam on the Silk Road
6396:"Juanqizhai in the Qianlong Garden"
6106:
4890:Giersch, Charles Patterson (2006).
4388:三春爭及初春景/Fight in the spring scenery
4385:
4355:
4337:Jacobs, Andrew (31 December 2008).
3115:(巴鄰氏; 7 March 1731 – 14 March 1800)
2585:
2476:were both much lower than those at
2361:The Qianlong Emperor in his old age
1780:
1701:Shengjing fu/Mukden-i fujurun bithe
1379:, the last ruler of the Vietnamese
24:
8129:Siamese–Vietnamese War (1771–1773)
7122:
6920:. University of California Press.
6512:. University of California Press.
6250:Internet Modern History Sourcebook
6226:"Qianlong's Letter to King George"
6215:
6071:. London: J. Debrett. p. 262.
4417:"Qianlong Reign|The Palace Museum"
3142:(葉赫那拉; 7 July 1728 – 4 July 1777)
2265:guns turned over to the government
2057:
1933:Emperor Qianlong, aged 65, in the
1898:to learn Sufism, and Yemen and in
1847:
1789:Qianlong Emperor on a hunting trip
1300:, who was a vassal of Qing China.
1181:launched by the Qianlong Emperor.
330:Prince Zhizhuang of the First Rank
27:Emperor of China from 1735 to 1796
25:
8256:
8210:Anti-Christian sentiment in China
7230:
7065:. In Peterson, Willard J. (ed.).
6677:de Guignes, Chrétien-Louis-Joseph
6195:. Durham: Duke University Press.
5678:A History of Chinese Civilization
5655:Le Bas, Jacques-Philippe (1770).
5577:Marinescu, Jocelyn M. N. (2008).
4983:Modern East Asia: A Brief History
4264:
4221:British Forces Overseas Hong Kong
3979:Yanxi Palace: Princess Adventures
2290:
1873:Engraving of the Qianlong Emperor
1686:
946:Hongli was the fourth son of the
387:Princess Hexiao of the First Rank
377:Princess Hejing of the First Rank
372:Princess Hejia of the Second Rank
367:Princess Hejing of the First Rank
348:Prince Chengzhe of the First Rank
321:Prince Rongchun of the First Rank
115:9 February 1796 – 7 February 1799
80:18 October 1735 – 9 February 1796
8170:Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)
7466:
7236:
6413:
6372:
6344:
6312:
6308:(PhD). University of Washington.
6297:
5054:Journal of Intercultural Studies
4469:
4339:"Dusting Off a Serene Jewel Box"
4295:
4286:
4277:
4226:Mao Zedong's cult of personality
4148:
4134:
4120:
4106:
3357:(慎貴人; ? – 9 September 1777)
3057:(16 January 1758 – 17 June 1767)
2612:Chrétien-Louis-Joseph de Guignes
2169:
2007:Consorts of the Qianlong Emperor
1089:
876:
740:
566:
382:Princess Heke of the Second Rank
294:Prince Ding'an of the First Rank
8220:Chinese critics of Christianity
8139:Burmese–Siamese War (1775–1776)
6485:Clarke, Michael Edmund (2004).
6268:
6162:
6126:
6100:
6058:
6010:
5950:
5938:
5926:
5907:
5885:
5863:
5845:
5825:
5707:
5674:Gernet, Jacques (31 May 1996).
5648:
5624:
5607:
5570:
5543:
5483:
5471:
5459:
5423:
5363:
5354:
5317:
5282:
5233:
5145:
5115:
5038:
5011:
4974:
4945:
4936:
4883:
4858:
4778:
4744:
4710:
4676:
4638:
4604:
4578:
4544:
4532:
4492:
4478:
4463:
4455:Chen (陈), Jiexian (捷先) (2010).
4375:. Shaanxi: 陕西旅游出版社. p. 30.
4057:Ruyi's Royal Love in the Palace
3027:Imperial Noble Consort Qinggong
2878:(富察氏; ? – 20 August 1735)
1982:
718:
704:
690:
362:Prince Qingxi of the First Rank
339:Prince Yishen of the First Rank
312:Prince Lüduan of the First Rank
269:
244:
219:
8225:Chinese emperors who abdicated
8124:Taksin's reunification of Siam
8076:Phraya Rachasetthi (Chen Lian)
8046:Chaophraya Chakri (Thongduang)
7995:Queen Mother Phithak Thephamat
7687:Prince Chengze (Prince Zhuang)
7067:The Cambridge History of China
6734:. Hong Kong University Press.
6506:Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2000).
6143:The American Historical Review
5914:Porter, David (9 March 2013).
5841:(in Chinese). 1 February 2009.
5620:(DPhil). University of Kansas.
4689:. Leiden: Brill. p. 394.
4448:
4434:
4409:
4394:
4379:
4364:
4349:
4253:
3997:Portrayed by Chiu Hsinchih in
3299:(鈕祜祿氏; 3 January 1748 – 1790)
2975:Imperial Noble Consort Chunhui
2900:(1 June 1731 – 6 January 1732)
2863:Imperial Noble Consort Huixian
2833:(13 January 1763 – 6 May 1765)
2433:Lord Macartney's embassy, 1793
2352:
2080:, to design a series of timed
1882:converted to Naqshbandiyya by
1863:Shaanxi-Gansu Governor-General
1669:suffered the greatest damage.
1245:as the ruler of Tibet, with a
989:
984:
867:
666:
652:
638:
608:
594:
46:
13:
1:
8205:18th-century Chinese monarchs
8166:Ayutthaya Kingdom (1351–1767)
7526:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
7056:"China Through Western Eyes."
7029:, Andreas Everardus. (1797).
6998:"China Through Western Eyes."
6688:Guy, R. Kent (October 1987).
6640:. New York: Pearson Longman.
6614:. Stanford University Press.
6457:Berger, Patricia Ann (2003).
5663:(in French). Xinjiang, China.
4723:. Leiden: Brill. p. 32.
4557:. Leiden: Brill. p. 21.
4401:Dong (董), Yiqiu (一秋) (2003).
4316:
4065:Works by the Qianlong Emperor
3425:(祥答应; ? – 28 March 1773)
3327:(索取羅氏; ? – 26 June 1765)
2907:Imperial Noble Consort Shujia
2871:Imperial Noble Consort Zhemin
2629:
2464:(seated European without hat)
2405:
303:Prince Xun of the Second Rank
8240:Emperors of the Qing dynasty
6691:The Emperor's Four Treasures
6427:(in Chinese). Archived from
6304:O'Neil, Patricia O. (1995).
6092:(in Chinese). Archived from
5640:(in Chinese). Archived from
4390:. 生活・讀書・新知三联书店. p. 686.
4371:Hui/惠, Huanzhang/焕章 (2004).
4321:
4006:Portrayed by Wang Wenjie in
3706:Qianlong Emperor (1711–1799)
3423:Second Class Attendant Xiang
3274:(鈕祜祿氏; ? – 29 May 1784)
2767:(23 July 1753 – 1 June 1755)
2666:Tomb of the Qianlong Emperor
2649:Palace of Tranquil Longevity
2070:for the construction of the
2021:Garden of Perfect Brightness
1937:, Beijing in 1761 (winter).
1737:, arranged to be tutored in
1720:
1579:, and "Letter to Boyuan" by
1222:Khalkha Mongol rebels under
981:Prince Bao of the First Rank
405:Aisin-Gioro Hongli (愛新覺羅·弘曆)
120:Prince Bao of the First Rank
7:
8144:Lao–Siamese War (1778–1779)
8000:Prince Inthraphithak (Chui)
7937:Thonburi Period (1767–1782)
7294:Emperor of the Qing dynasty
6812:Millward, James A. (2007).
6784:Millward, James A. (1998).
5128:The Search for Modern China
4099:
4031:Palace 3: The Lost Daughter
3485:
3468:(格格; ? – 30 July 1731)
3462:(格格; ? – October 1729)
3394:(揆常在; ? – 26 May 1756)
2813:Miscarriage at eight months
2375:his nose is rather aquiline
1966:The sudden questions about
71:Emperor of the Qing dynasty
10:
8261:
7677:Prince Zheng (Prince Jian)
7003:Scharping, Thomas (1998).
6912:Rawski, Evelyn S. (1998).
6438:
6275:Robbins, Helen H. (1908).
6170:Peyrefitte, Alain (1992).
5430:Benard, Elisabeth (2004).
4865:Mosca, Matthew W. (2013).
4751:Chang, Michael G. (2007).
4683:Schmidt, Jerry D. (2013).
3720:
3603:
3497:
3441:Second Class Attendant Cai
3435:Second Class Attendant Wan
3410:First Class Attendant Ning
3404:First Class Attendant Ping
2641:Hall of Mental Cultivation
2422:
2367:British diplomatic mission
2365:A valet who accompanied a
2249:Qing lists of Manchu clans
2173:
1990:
1645:Qianlong Emperor entering
1626:
1600:Victoria and Albert Museum
1575:, "Mid-Autumn" by his son
1565:Hall of Mental Cultivation
1456:invasion by Jahangir Khoja
1100:Qing dynasty in Inner Asia
1093:
967:Metropolitan Museum of Art
430:
29:
8215:Chinese Buddhist monarchs
8162:
8051:Chaophraya Surasi (Bunma)
7943:
7872:
7736:
7720:
7648:
7614:
7475:
7464:
7357:
7304:
7291:
7283:
7278:
7251:
6868:Perdue, Peter C. (2005).
6756:Lopez, Donald S. (1999).
6655:Elverskog, Johan (2010).
6562:Elliott, Mark C. (2000).
6086:"Qianlong Emperor (乾隆皇帝)"
5916:"Gun Control, Qing Style"
5614:Greenwood, Kevin (2013).
4717:Theobald, Ulrich (2013).
4611:Man-Cheong, Iona (2004).
4551:Theobald, Ulrich (2013).
3858:
3839:
3835:
3827:
3799:
3780:
3772:
3747:
3728:
3724:
3689:
3670:
3662:
3634:
3615:
3611:
3575:
3553:
3545:
3517:
3501:
3429:Second Class Attendant Na
3392:First Class Attendant Kui
2683:
2462:A.E. van Braam Houckgeest
2160:Marquis of Extended Grace
2029:Empress Dowager Chongqing
1766:Qin ding Xiyu Tongwen Zhi
1596:Percival David Foundation
1510:, published later in the
1395:(Vietnamese New Year) by
1040:Palace of Heavenly Purity
800:longest-reigning monarchs
732:
711:
697:
683:
676:
659:
645:
631:
624:
619:
615:
601:
587:
583:
578:
560:
550:
540:
530:
518:
506:
487:
480:
453:
446:
423:
418:
404:
399:
395:
280:
196:
183:
161:
136:
132:
124:
119:
111:
104:
94:
84:
76:
69:
54:
41:
8245:Yongzheng Emperor's sons
8066:Phraya Phichai (Thongdi)
7649:Non-downgrading peerages
7187:Berliner, Nancy (2010).
7167:Kuhn, Philip A. (1990).
7148:Kahn, Harold L. (1971).
7098:10.1177/0097700405282349
6891:Petech, Luciano (1972).
6572:Journal of Asian Studies
6446:Anderson, Æneas (1795).
6421:"Jiaqing Emperor (嘉庆皇帝)"
6191:Hevia, James L. (1995).
6065:Anderson, Æneas (1795).
4246:
4015:Portrayed by Chen Xu in
3398:First Class Attendant Yu
2596:Dutch East India Company
1975:executed Jahriya leader
1126:Qianlong Emperor hunting
589:Traditional Chinese
8071:Chaophraya Phichairacha
8056:Chaophraya Chakri (Mud)
8010:Prince Anurak Songkhram
7682:Prince Su (Prince Xian)
7063:"The Ch'ien-Lung Reign"
7045:University of Hong Kong
6987:University of Hong Kong
6636:—— (2009).
6608:—— (2001).
6380:An authentic account...
6338:10.1163/156853238X00027
5833:"我姓阎,满族正黄旗,请问我的满姓可能是什么"
4645:Schmidt, J. D. (2013).
4405:. Beijing Book Co. Inc.
4164:Jean Joseph Marie Amiot
4009:Empresses in the Palace
2594:Representing Dutch and
2446:Jean Joseph Marie Amiot
2094:Jean-Damascène Sallusti
2033:Garden of Clear Ripples
1277:Emir Ahmad Shah Durrani
1237:in Mongolia. After the
1019:Cleveland Museum of Art
1009:Accession to the throne
825:Qing's Tibetan subjects
780:Emperor Gaozong of Qing
603:Simplified Chinese
470:: Yongkiyaha hūwangdi (
461:(法天隆運至誠先覺體元立極敷文奮武欽明孝慈神聖
419:Era name and dates
8235:Qing dynasty Buddhists
8149:Phraya San's Rebellion
8061:Chaophraya Nakhon (Nu)
7608:s (first-rank princes)
7241:Quotations related to
6425:Palace Museum, Beijing
6212:Vol. 24, no. 2 (1998).
6090:Palace Museum, Beijing
5637:Palace Museum, Beijing
4191:Putuo Zongcheng Temple
3447:Second Class Attendant
3417:Second Class Attendant
3317:(西林覺羅氏; ? – 1808)
2856:Imperial Noble Consort
2667:
2583:
2567:
2465:
2449:
2434:
2379:
2362:
2044:imperial summer palace
2016:
2008:
2000:
1943:
1874:
1817:In 1744 he turned the
1790:
1650:
1638:
1530:imperial summer palace
1526:Putuo Zongcheng Temple
1498:
1488:
1312:
1260:against the Qing were
1198:The Qing Empire hired
1127:
1119:
1022:
969:
943:
748:This article contains
8230:Genocide perpetrators
7379:Enthroned in 1626 as
7207:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
6944:Environmental History
6840:Newby, L. J. (2005).
6709:Hall, D.G.E. (1960).
6452:. London: J. Debrett.
6156:10.1093/ahr/122.3.680
6053:Reardon-Anderson 2000
6041:Reardon-Anderson 2000
6029:Reardon-Anderson 2000
6005:Reardon-Anderson 2000
5993:Reardon-Anderson 2000
5981:Reardon-Anderson 2000
5661:World Digital Library
5018:Newby, L. J. (2005).
4918:Hall, D.G.E. (1960).
4826:Newby, L. J. (2005).
3974:Story of Yanxi Palace
3817:Empress Xiaoshengxian
3567:Empress Xiaokangzhang
3386:First Class Attendant
2665:
2643:(Yangxindian) in the
2574:
2534:
2455:
2440:
2432:
2371:
2360:
2014:
2006:
1998:
1932:
1872:
1788:
1644:
1636:
1494:
1482:
1475:Cultural achievements
1465:White Lotus Rebellion
1306:
1145:, while to the west,
1125:
1107:
1016:
964:
941:
855:Qianlong oversaw the
835:literary inquisitions
811:a series of campaigns
545:Empress Xiaoshengxian
152:Prince Yong's Mansion
7737:Downgrading peerages
7258:House of Aisin-Gioro
7027:van Braam Houckgeest
6400:World Monuments Fund
6368:on 15 February 2009.
6189:For a critique, see
5920:Manchu Studies Group
5644:on 25 February 2014.
5219:World Monuments Fund
5191:on 12 December 2005.
4955:Modern Asian Studies
4590:Manchu Studies Group
4000:New My Fair Princess
3991:My Fair Princess III
3412:(寧常在; ? – 1781)
3406:(平常在; ? – 1778)
3381:(福貴人; ? – 1764)
3375:(新貴人; ? – 1775)
3369:(金貴人; ? – 1778)
3351:(秀貴人; ? – 1745)
3229:(富察氏; ? – 1822)
2696:Empress Xiaoxianchun
2653:World Monuments Fund
2103:Battle Copper Prints
2068:Giuseppe Castiglione
1884:Muhammad Yusuf Khoja
1748:Pentaglot Dictionary
1675:Literary Inquisition
1485:Giuseppe Castiglione
1445:Muslims against the
1364:was defeated at the
1116:Giuseppe Castiglione
1057:In 1739, the Prince
900:improve this section
864:of the Qing empire.
208:Empress Xiaoxianchun
63:Giuseppe Castiglione
7393:began to rule over
7052:Digital Initiatives
6994:Digital Initiatives
6683:(in French). Paris.
6431:on 22 October 2008.
6173:The Immobile Empire
6134:Harrison, Henrietta
5822:, pp. 103–105.
5750:, pp. 184–186.
5369:Guy (1987), p. 166.
5360:Guy (1987), p. 167.
5258:2018BuHer...2...19Y
5123:Spence, Jonathan D.
5112:, pp. 206–207.
4459:. 遠流出版. p. 62.
3764:Lingzhu (1664–1754)
3652:Empress Xiaogongren
2717:(永璉), Crown Prince
2098:Ignatius Sichelbart
1649:and the Grand Canal
1560:landscape paintings
1325:Green Standard Army
1195:and sent to Paris.
1096:Ten Great Campaigns
977:(first-rank prince)
7653:"iron-cap" princes
5381:, p. 615-617.
5267:10.1186/BF03545700
5163:on 16 August 2014.
4592:. 18 December 2012
4386:Gao, Yang (2001).
4343:The New York Times
4309:) is based on her.
4303:Fragrant Concubine
3921:In popular culture
3108:Noble Consort Ying
3018:of the Second Rank
2992:of the Second Rank
2815:(13 November 1759)
2807:of the Second Rank
2780:Empress Xiaoyichun
2668:
2495:Thirteen Factories
2470:East India Company
2466:
2450:
2435:
2363:
2347:Évariste Régis Huc
2110:Other architecture
2090:Jean Denis Attiret
2017:
2009:
2001:
1944:
1875:
1791:
1651:
1639:
1499:
1489:
1313:
1287:Four Afghan Steeds
1258:Lhasa riot of 1750
1239:Lhasa riot of 1750
1165:, 20% fled to the
1128:
1120:
1023:
999:Yunsi, Prince Lian
990:Héshuò Bǎo Qīnwáng
970:
944:
861:largest population
438:: Тэнгэр тэтгэгч (
429:: Abkai wehiyehe (
258:Empress Xiaoyichun
190:Eastern Qing tombs
8177:
8176:
8157:
8156:
7979:(Borommaracha IV)
7903:
7902:
7873:Posthumous titles
7568:
7567:
7314:
7313:
7305:Succeeded by
7287:Yongzheng Emperor
7266:25 September 1711
7253:Qianlong Emperor
7198:978-0-87577-221-9
7076:978-0-521-24334-6
6927:978-0-520-92679-0
6883:978-0-674-01684-2
6853:978-90-04-14550-4
6825:978-0-231-13924-3
6797:978-0-8047-2933-8
6769:978-0-226-49311-4
6741:978-962-209-402-4
6720:978-1-4067-3503-1
6701:978-0-674-25115-1
6668:978-0-8122-4237-9
6647:978-0-321-08444-6
6621:978-0-8047-4684-7
6547:978-1-134-36222-6
6519:978-0-520-92884-8
6470:978-0-8248-2563-8
6320:Duyvendak, J.J.L.
6285:on 6 October 2018
6202:978-0-8223-9628-4
6183:978-0-39458-654-0
6120:978-1-134-19408-7
6096:on 24 April 2008.
5853:"满族姓氏寻根大全·满族老姓全录"
5738:, pp. 55–56.
5693:978-0-521-49781-7
5604:, pp. 23–24.
5588:978-0-549-59712-4
5445:978-1-13436-222-6
5138:978-0-39393-451-9
5045:Wang, Ke (2017).
4992:978-0-618-92070-9
4929:978-1-4067-3503-1
4876:978-0-80478-538-9
4839:978-9-00414-550-4
4832:. Leiden: Brill.
4764:978-0-67402-454-0
4730:978-9-00425-567-8
4696:978-9-00425-229-5
4662:978-1-13686-225-0
4624:978-0-80476-713-2
4564:978-9-00425-567-8
4488:. Vol. 1048.
4356:Hua, Bin (2018).
4231:Macartney Embassy
4216:British Hong Kong
4084:978-1-02-237186-6
3917:
3916:
3593:Yongzheng Emperor
3201:of the First Rank
3120:Noble Consort Wan
3096:Noble Consort Xun
3087:of the First Rank
3042:Noble Consort Xin
3008:of the First Rank
2966:of the First Rank
2944:of the First Rank
2928:of the First Rank
2892:of the First Rank
2847:of the First Rank
2791:of the First Rank
2729:of the First Rank
2425:Macartney Embassy
2419:Macartney Embassy
2255:Anti-gun measures
2064:Old Summer Palace
1819:Palace of Harmony
1430:(a descendant of
1337:Ayutthaya Kingdom
1309:William Alexander
1224:Prince Chingünjav
1036:military strategy
1027:Yongzheng Emperor
979:under the title "
948:Yongzheng Emperor
936:
935:
928:
820:Emperor Manjushri
807:Yongzheng Emperor
756:rendering support
736:
735:
728:
727:
685:Yale Romanization
626:Standard Mandarin
574:
573:
535:Yongzheng Emperor
502:
501:
147:25 September 1711
89:Yongzheng Emperor
16:(Redirected from
8252:
8190:Qianlong Emperor
8098:Maha Thiha Thura
8088:Qianlong Emperor
8015:Prince Ramphubet
7964:Thonburi dynasty
7946:
7945:
7930:
7923:
7916:
7907:
7906:
7759:Prince Duanzhong
7692:Prince Shuncheng
7595:
7588:
7581:
7572:
7571:
7470:
7403:
7397:, replacing the
7363:
7340:
7333:
7326:
7317:
7316:
7298:Emperor of China
7284:Preceded by
7274:
7267:
7249:
7248:
7243:Qianlong Emperor
7240:
7226:
7214:
7202:
7182:
7163:
7144:
7117:
7080:
7023:
7021:
7019:
7009:
6975:
6938:
6936:
6934:
6919:
6908:
6887:
6875:
6864:
6862:
6860:
6836:
6834:
6832:
6808:
6806:
6804:
6780:
6778:
6776:
6752:
6750:
6748:
6724:
6705:
6684:
6672:
6651:
6632:
6630:
6628:
6604:
6568:
6558:
6556:
6554:
6530:
6528:
6526:
6502:
6500:
6493:
6481:
6479:
6477:
6453:
6433:
6432:
6417:
6411:
6410:
6408:
6406:
6392:
6383:
6376:
6370:
6369:
6348:
6342:
6341:
6316:
6310:
6309:
6301:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6290:
6272:
6266:
6260:
6254:
6253:
6247:
6245:
6234:Edmund Backhouse
6232:. Translated by
6222:
6213:
6206:
6187:
6166:
6160:
6159:
6130:
6124:
6123:
6104:
6098:
6097:
6082:
6073:
6072:
6062:
6056:
6050:
6044:
6038:
6032:
6026:
6020:
6014:
6008:
6002:
5996:
5990:
5984:
5978:
5972:
5966:
5960:
5954:
5948:
5942:
5936:
5930:
5924:
5923:
5911:
5905:
5904:
5889:
5883:
5882:
5881:on 4 April 2019.
5867:
5861:
5860:
5849:
5843:
5842:
5829:
5823:
5817:
5811:
5805:
5799:
5793:
5787:
5781:
5775:
5769:
5763:
5757:
5751:
5745:
5739:
5733:
5727:
5726:
5715:"清代延恩侯明朝皇族后裔辩伪考"
5711:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5700:
5681:
5671:
5665:
5664:
5652:
5646:
5645:
5628:
5622:
5621:
5611:
5605:
5599:
5593:
5592:
5574:
5568:
5567:
5547:
5541:
5531:
5525:
5515:
5509:
5499:
5493:
5487:
5481:
5475:
5469:
5463:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5452:
5427:
5421:
5415:
5406:
5400:
5394:
5388:
5382:
5376:
5370:
5367:
5361:
5358:
5352:
5346:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5335:
5321:
5315:
5314:
5286:
5280:
5279:
5269:
5237:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5226:
5221:. pp. 24–30
5206:
5193:
5192:
5180:
5165:
5164:
5159:. Archived from
5149:
5143:
5142:
5119:
5113:
5107:
5101:
5095:
5089:
5083:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5072:
5066:
5051:
5042:
5036:
5035:
5015:
5009:
5003:
4997:
4996:
4978:
4972:
4971:
4949:
4943:
4940:
4934:
4933:
4915:
4906:
4905:
4887:
4881:
4880:
4862:
4856:
4850:
4844:
4843:
4823:
4817:
4811:
4805:
4799:
4793:
4792:
4782:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4714:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4680:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4642:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4548:
4542:
4536:
4530:
4524:
4515:
4514:
4496:
4490:
4489:
4482:
4476:
4475:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4444:. Vol. 106.
4438:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4334:
4310:
4299:
4293:
4290:
4284:
4281:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4257:
4206:Portuguese Macau
4201:Qianlong Tongbao
4196:Qianlong Dynasty
4158:
4156:Biography portal
4153:
4152:
4151:
4144:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4130:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4116:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4095:
4093:
4091:
3957:Happy Ever After
3944:My Fair Princess
3491:
3490:
3315:Sirin-Gioro clan
3101:Irgen-Gioro clan
3070:Noble Consort Yu
2586:Titsingh Embassy
2515:tributary states
2507:George Macartney
2410:
2407:
2343:Daoguang Emperor
1781:Tibetan Buddhism
1370:Sino-Burmese war
1366:Battle of Maymyo
1349:King Hsinbyushin
1341:Manchu Bannermen
1321:Sino-Burmese War
1235:Tibetan Buddhism
1155:Dzungar genocide
991:
986:
952:Noble Consort Xi
950:and was born to
931:
924:
920:
917:
911:
880:
872:
850:Emperor Emeritus
786:, was the sixth
782:, personal name
773:Qianlong Emperor
762: instead of
744:
743:
724:
723:
722:
707:
706:
693:
692:
672:
671:
670:
655:
654:
641:
640:
617:
616:
611:
610:
597:
596:
579:Qianlong Emperor
576:
575:
570:
496:
475:
441:
432:
413:
397:
396:
273:
271:
248:
246:
223:
221:
168:
146:
144:
59:
50:
49:
48:
42:Qianlong Emperor
39:
38:
21:
8260:
8259:
8255:
8254:
8253:
8251:
8250:
8249:
8180:
8179:
8178:
8173:
8158:
8153:
8112:
8034:
8030:Prince Thong-in
8020:Princess Samlee
7967:
7939:
7934:
7904:
7899:
7868:
7799:Prince Chun (淳)
7784:Prince Chun (純)
7754:Prince Ying (英)
7749:Prince Ying (穎)
7732:
7716:
7650:
7644:
7610:
7599:
7569:
7564:
7471:
7462:
7391:Shunzhi Emperor
7388:
7377:
7359:
7353:
7344:
7310:
7308:Jiaqing Emperor
7301:
7296:
7289:
7273:7 February 1799
7268:
7262:
7261:
7254:
7233:
7212:"Hung-li"
7199:
7179:
7160:
7141:
7125:
7123:Further reading
7120:
7077:
7017:
7015:
7007:
6956:10.2307/3985584
6932:
6930:
6928:
6905:
6884:
6858:
6856:
6854:
6830:
6828:
6826:
6802:
6800:
6798:
6774:
6772:
6770:
6746:
6744:
6742:
6721:
6702:
6669:
6648:
6626:
6624:
6622:
6585:10.2307/2658945
6566:
6552:
6550:
6548:
6524:
6522:
6520:
6501:on 6 July 2011.
6498:
6491:
6475:
6473:
6471:
6441:
6436:
6419:
6418:
6414:
6404:
6402:
6394:
6393:
6386:
6377:
6373:
6349:
6345:
6317:
6313:
6302:
6298:
6288:
6286:
6273:
6269:
6263:Harrison (2017)
6261:
6257:
6243:
6241:
6224:
6223:
6216:
6207:
6203:
6188:
6184:
6167:
6163:
6131:
6127:
6121:
6105:
6101:
6084:
6083:
6076:
6063:
6059:
6051:
6047:
6039:
6035:
6027:
6023:
6015:
6011:
6003:
5999:
5991:
5987:
5979:
5975:
5967:
5963:
5955:
5951:
5943:
5939:
5931:
5927:
5912:
5908:
5903:on 2 July 2019.
5891:
5890:
5886:
5869:
5868:
5864:
5851:
5850:
5846:
5831:
5830:
5826:
5818:
5814:
5806:
5802:
5794:
5790:
5782:
5778:
5770:
5766:
5758:
5754:
5746:
5742:
5734:
5730:
5713:
5712:
5708:
5698:
5696:
5694:
5672:
5668:
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5630:
5629:
5625:
5612:
5608:
5600:
5596:
5589:
5575:
5571:
5564:
5548:
5544:
5532:
5528:
5516:
5512:
5500:
5496:
5488:
5484:
5476:
5472:
5464:
5460:
5450:
5448:
5446:
5428:
5424:
5416:
5409:
5401:
5397:
5389:
5385:
5377:
5373:
5368:
5364:
5359:
5355:
5349:Woodside (2002)
5347:
5343:
5333:
5331:
5323:
5322:
5318:
5287:
5283:
5238:
5234:
5224:
5222:
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5168:
5151:
5150:
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5039:
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5016:
5012:
5004:
5000:
4993:
4979:
4975:
4950:
4946:
4941:
4937:
4930:
4916:
4909:
4902:
4888:
4884:
4877:
4863:
4859:
4851:
4847:
4840:
4824:
4820:
4812:
4808:
4800:
4796:
4783:
4779:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4749:
4745:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4715:
4711:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4681:
4677:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4655:. p. 444.
4643:
4639:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4609:
4605:
4595:
4593:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4549:
4545:
4537:
4533:
4525:
4518:
4497:
4493:
4484:
4483:
4479:
4474:. p. 1065.
4470:Feng, Jingzhi.
4468:
4464:
4457:"Real Qianlong"
4453:
4449:
4440:
4439:
4435:
4425:
4423:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4399:
4395:
4384:
4380:
4369:
4365:
4354:
4350:
4335:
4328:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4313:
4300:
4296:
4291:
4287:
4282:
4278:
4258:
4254:
4249:
4154:
4149:
4147:
4140:
4135:
4133:
4126:
4121:
4119:
4112:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4070:
4067:
3923:
3918:
3509:Shunzhi Emperor
3488:
3479:Lady-in-waiting
3473:Lady-in-waiting
3355:Noble Lady Shen
3343:Noble Lady Shou
3292:Noble Lady Shun
3267:Concubine Cheng
3055:Eighth daughter
2910:(淑嘉皇貴妃) of the
2898:Second daughter
2874:(哲憫皇貴妃) of the
2824:Jiaqing Emperor
2699:(孝賢純皇后) of the
2686:
2672:Jiaqing Emperor
2632:
2588:
2566:
2555:
2554:
2547:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2519:central kingdom
2503:King George III
2427:
2421:
2408:
2395:Jiaqing Emperor
2355:
2293:
2277:Shunzhi Emperor
2273:
2257:
2178:
2172:
2164:imperial family
2144:imperial family
2140:
2122:to commemorate
2112:
2060:
2058:European styles
1993:
1985:
1850:
1848:Anti-Islam laws
1783:
1723:
1689:
1631:
1625:
1598:in London. The
1477:
1469:Jiaqing Emperor
1335:of the Siamese
1333:latest invasion
1262:sliced to death
1139:Dzungar Khanate
1102:
1092:
1044:imperial family
1011:
932:
921:
915:
912:
897:
881:
870:
846:Jiaqing Emperor
769:
768:
767:
764:Manchu alphabet
754:Without proper
745:
741:
705:Kin4-lung4 Dai3
498:
494:
489:
473:
471:
466:
448:Posthumous name
439:
434:
425:
411:
406:
391:
353:Jiaqing Emperor
276:
275:
267:
263:
260:
250:
242:
238:
235:
225:
217:
213:
210:
192:
172:
170:
166:
165:7 February 1799
150:
148:
142:
140:
99:Jiaqing Emperor
65:
44:
43:
35:
32:Qianlong shouhu
28:
23:
22:
18:Qianlong period
15:
12:
11:
5:
8258:
8248:
8247:
8242:
8237:
8232:
8227:
8222:
8217:
8212:
8207:
8202:
8197:
8192:
8175:
8174:
8163:
8160:
8159:
8155:
8154:
8152:
8151:
8146:
8141:
8136:
8131:
8126:
8115:
8113:
8111:
8110:
8105:
8100:
8095:
8090:
8079:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8037:
8035:
8033:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8007:
7997:
7992:
7981:
7980:
7960:
7957:
7956:
7953:
7950:
7944:
7941:
7940:
7933:
7932:
7925:
7918:
7910:
7901:
7900:
7898:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7876:
7874:
7870:
7869:
7867:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7744:Prince Jingjin
7740:
7738:
7734:
7733:
7731:
7730:
7724:
7722:
7718:
7717:
7715:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7658:
7656:
7646:
7645:
7643:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7621:
7619:
7615:Absorbed into
7612:
7611:
7598:
7597:
7590:
7583:
7575:
7566:
7565:
7476:
7473:
7472:
7465:
7463:
7461:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7375:
7374:
7369:
7358:
7355:
7354:
7343:
7342:
7335:
7328:
7320:
7312:
7311:
7306:
7303:
7290:
7285:
7281:
7280:
7279:Regnal titles
7276:
7275:
7255:
7252:
7247:
7246:
7232:
7231:External links
7229:
7228:
7227:
7209:, ed. (1943).
7203:
7197:
7184:
7177:
7164:
7158:
7145:
7139:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7118:
7081:
7075:
7058:
7034:
7024:
7000:
6976:
6950:(4): 503–530.
6939:
6926:
6909:
6903:
6888:
6882:
6865:
6852:
6837:
6824:
6809:
6796:
6781:
6768:
6753:
6740:
6725:
6719:
6706:
6700:
6685:
6673:
6667:
6652:
6646:
6633:
6620:
6605:
6579:(3): 603–646.
6559:
6546:
6531:
6518:
6503:
6482:
6469:
6454:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6434:
6412:
6384:
6371:
6343:
6311:
6296:
6267:
6265:, p. 690.
6255:
6238:J. O. P. Bland
6214:
6201:
6182:
6161:
6150:(3): 680–701.
6125:
6119:
6099:
6074:
6057:
6055:, p. 509.
6045:
6043:, p. 508.
6033:
6031:, p. 507.
6021:
6017:Scharping 1998
6009:
6007:, p. 506.
5997:
5995:, p. 505.
5985:
5983:, p. 504.
5973:
5961:
5949:
5937:
5925:
5906:
5884:
5862:
5844:
5824:
5812:
5810:, p. 128.
5800:
5788:
5776:
5774:, p. 293.
5764:
5762:, p. 291.
5752:
5748:Elliott (2001)
5740:
5728:
5721:(in Chinese).
5706:
5692:
5666:
5647:
5623:
5606:
5594:
5587:
5569:
5562:
5542:
5534:Elverskog 2010
5526:
5518:Elverskog 2010
5510:
5502:Elverskog 2010
5494:
5482:
5470:
5458:
5444:
5422:
5420:, p. 145.
5418:Elliott (2009)
5407:
5403:Elliott (2009)
5395:
5391:Elliott (2009)
5383:
5379:Elliott (2000)
5371:
5362:
5353:
5351:, p. 290.
5341:
5316:
5297:(2): 121–144.
5281:
5246:Built Heritage
5232:
5194:
5166:
5144:
5137:
5114:
5102:
5100:, p. 109.
5090:
5088:, p. 108.
5078:
5067:on 1 June 2019
5037:
5030:
5010:
5008:, p. 124.
4998:
4991:
4973:
4944:
4935:
4928:
4907:
4900:
4882:
4875:
4857:
4845:
4838:
4818:
4816:, p. 256.
4806:
4804:, p. 207.
4794:
4777:
4763:
4743:
4729:
4709:
4695:
4675:
4661:
4637:
4623:
4603:
4577:
4563:
4543:
4531:
4529:, p. 287.
4516:
4491:
4477:
4462:
4447:
4433:
4408:
4393:
4378:
4363:
4360:. 千華駐科技出版有限公司.
4348:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4301:The fictional
4294:
4285:
4276:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4185:Manwen Laodang
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4145:
4142:History portal
4131:
4117:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4083:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4048:
4044:Succession War
4039:Zhang Guoqiang
4035:
4022:
4013:
4004:
3995:
3982:
3961:
3948:
3935:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
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3870:
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3863:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3847:
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3843:
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3840:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3826:
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3822:
3820:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3795:
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3784:
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3574:
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3560:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3535:Kangxi Emperor
3532:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3498:
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3494:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3470:
3469:
3463:
3451:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3426:
3414:
3413:
3407:
3401:
3395:
3383:
3382:
3376:
3373:Noble Lady Xin
3370:
3367:Noble Lady Jin
3364:
3358:
3352:
3349:Noble Lady Xiu
3346:
3340:
3334:
3331:Noble Lady Bai
3328:
3321:Noble Lady Rui
3318:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3282:
3281:
3278:Concubine Gong
3275:
3263:
3257:
3254:Concubine Shen
3251:
3245:
3231:
3230:
3220:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3209:(1777 or 1778)
3204:
3186:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3171:(1759 or 1760)
3151:
3150:
3149:
3140:Yehe-Nara clan
3125:
3124:
3116:
3104:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3049:Sixth daughter
3032:
3031:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3011:
2995:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2953:
2947:
2931:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2895:
2867:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2834:
2828:
2816:
2810:
2800:
2794:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2768:
2765:Fifth daughter
2762:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2732:
2722:
2710:
2707:First daughter
2685:
2682:
2677:Taishang Huang
2645:Forbidden City
2637:Kangxi Emperor
2631:
2628:
2600:Isaac Titsingh
2587:
2584:
2558:Lord of Heaven
2535:
2458:Isaac Titsingh
2423:Main article:
2420:
2417:
2354:
2351:
2310:Inner Mongolia
2292:
2291:Han settlement
2289:
2272:
2269:
2256:
2253:
2174:Main article:
2171:
2168:
2139:
2136:
2111:
2108:
2078:Michel Benoist
2059:
2056:
2025:Forbidden City
1992:
1989:
1984:
1981:
1935:Forbidden City
1849:
1846:
1799:Buddhist canon
1782:
1779:
1753:Buddhist canon
1722:
1719:
1688:
1687:Literary works
1685:
1627:Main article:
1624:
1621:
1604:British Museum
1487:, 18th century
1476:
1473:
1377:Lê Chiêu Thống
1356:, or possibly
1281:Durrani Empire
1208:Hanlin Academy
1167:Russian Empire
1132:Miao rebellion
1091:
1088:
1031:Kangxi Emperor
1010:
1007:
956:Kangxi Emperor
934:
933:
884:
882:
875:
869:
866:
842:Kangxi Emperor
758:, you may see
746:
739:
738:
737:
734:
733:
730:
729:
726:
725:
715:
709:
708:
701:
695:
694:
687:
681:
680:
678:Yue: Cantonese
674:
673:
663:
657:
656:
649:
643:
642:
635:
629:
628:
622:
621:
620:Transcriptions
613:
612:
605:
599:
598:
591:
585:
584:
581:
580:
572:
571:
564:
558:
557:
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538:
537:
532:
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516:
515:
510:
504:
503:
500:
499:
485:
484:
478:
477:
451:
450:
444:
443:
431:ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᠸᡝᡥᡳᠶᡝᡥᡝ
421:
420:
416:
415:
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401:
393:
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188:Yu Mausoleum,
187:
185:
181:
180:
174:Forbidden City
169:(aged 87)
163:
159:
158:
149:(康熙五十年 八月 十三日)
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2:
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8119:
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8104:
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8099:
8096:
8094:
8093:Francis Light
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7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7405:
7404:
7402:
7400:
7396:
7392:
7389:In 1644, the
7386:
7382:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7364:
7362:
7356:
7352:
7348:
7341:
7336:
7334:
7329:
7327:
7322:
7321:
7318:
7309:
7300:
7299:
7295:
7288:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7265:
7260:
7259:
7250:
7244:
7239:
7235:
7234:
7224:
7220:
7219:
7213:
7208:
7204:
7200:
7194:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7178:0-674-82151-3
7174:
7170:
7165:
7161:
7159:0-674-58230-6
7155:
7151:
7146:
7142:
7140:1-85894-203-9
7136:
7132:
7127:
7126:
7115:
7111:
7107:
7103:
7099:
7095:
7091:
7087:
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7059:
7057:
7053:
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7035:
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7028:
7025:
7013:
7006:
7001:
6999:
6995:
6991:
6988:
6984:
6983:
6977:
6973:
6969:
6965:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6940:
6929:
6923:
6918:
6917:
6910:
6906:
6904:90-04-03442-0
6900:
6896:
6895:
6889:
6885:
6879:
6874:
6873:
6866:
6855:
6849:
6845:
6844:
6838:
6827:
6821:
6817:
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6810:
6799:
6793:
6789:
6788:
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6754:
6743:
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6712:
6707:
6703:
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6674:
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6613:
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6606:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6574:
6573:
6565:
6560:
6549:
6543:
6540:. Routledge.
6539:
6538:
6532:
6521:
6515:
6511:
6510:
6504:
6497:
6490:
6489:
6483:
6472:
6466:
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6430:
6426:
6422:
6416:
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6397:
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6389:
6381:
6375:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6358:
6353:
6347:
6339:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6326:
6321:
6315:
6307:
6300:
6284:
6280:
6279:
6271:
6264:
6259:
6251:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6221:
6219:
6211:
6204:
6198:
6194:
6185:
6179:
6175:
6174:
6165:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6145:
6144:
6139:
6135:
6129:
6122:
6116:
6112:
6111:
6103:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6081:
6079:
6070:
6069:
6061:
6054:
6049:
6042:
6037:
6030:
6025:
6018:
6013:
6006:
6001:
5994:
5989:
5982:
5977:
5971:, p. 25.
5970:
5969:Millward 1998
5965:
5958:
5953:
5946:
5941:
5934:
5929:
5921:
5917:
5910:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5888:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5871:"简明满族姓氏全录(四)"
5866:
5859:(in Chinese).
5858:
5854:
5848:
5840:
5839:
5834:
5828:
5821:
5820:Crossley 2000
5816:
5809:
5808:Crossley 2000
5804:
5798:, p. 84.
5797:
5792:
5785:
5780:
5773:
5772:Crossley 2000
5768:
5761:
5760:Crossley 2000
5756:
5749:
5744:
5737:
5736:Crossley 2000
5732:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5710:
5695:
5689:
5685:
5680:
5679:
5670:
5662:
5658:
5651:
5643:
5639:
5638:
5633:
5627:
5619:
5618:
5610:
5603:
5598:
5590:
5584:
5580:
5573:
5565:
5563:0-295-97644-6
5559:
5555:
5554:
5546:
5539:
5535:
5530:
5523:
5519:
5514:
5507:
5503:
5498:
5491:
5486:
5479:
5474:
5467:
5462:
5447:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5426:
5419:
5414:
5412:
5405:, p. 57.
5404:
5399:
5392:
5387:
5380:
5375:
5366:
5357:
5350:
5345:
5330:
5326:
5320:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5285:
5277:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5236:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5199:
5190:
5186:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5171:
5162:
5158:
5157:Freer Sackler
5154:
5148:
5140:
5134:
5130:
5129:
5124:
5118:
5111:
5110:Millward 1998
5106:
5099:
5098:Millward 2007
5094:
5087:
5086:Millward 2007
5082:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5048:
5041:
5033:
5031:90-04-14550-8
5027:
5023:
5022:
5014:
5007:
5006:Millward 1998
5002:
4994:
4988:
4984:
4977:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4956:
4948:
4939:
4931:
4925:
4921:
4914:
4912:
4903:
4901:0-674-02171-1
4897:
4893:
4886:
4878:
4872:
4868:
4861:
4854:
4853:Millward 2007
4849:
4841:
4835:
4831:
4830:
4822:
4815:
4810:
4803:
4798:
4790:
4789:
4781:
4766:
4760:
4756:
4755:
4747:
4732:
4726:
4722:
4721:
4713:
4698:
4692:
4688:
4687:
4679:
4664:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4649:
4641:
4626:
4620:
4616:
4615:
4614:Class of 1761
4607:
4591:
4587:
4581:
4566:
4560:
4556:
4555:
4547:
4541:, p. 37.
4540:
4535:
4528:
4523:
4521:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4495:
4487:
4481:
4473:
4466:
4458:
4451:
4443:
4437:
4422:
4421:en.dpm.org.cn
4418:
4412:
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4397:
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4382:
4374:
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4326:
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4289:
4280:
4273:
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4261:
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4229:
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4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4182:
4180:
4179:Long Corridor
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4169:Canton System
4167:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4146:
4143:
4132:
4129:
4128:Taiwan portal
4118:
4115:
4104:
4086:
4080:
4076:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4050:Portrayed by
4049:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4037:Portrayed by
4036:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4024:Portrayed by
4023:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3984:Portrayed by
3983:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3969:World Granary
3966:
3963:Portrayed by
3962:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3950:Portrayed by
3949:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3937:Portrayed by
3936:
3933:
3929:
3926:Portrayed by
3925:
3924:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3903:
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3899:
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3411:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3380:
3379:Noble Lady Fu
3377:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3337:Noble Lady Lu
3335:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3323:(瑞貴人) of the
3322:
3319:
3316:
3313:(鄂貴人) of the
3312:
3309:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3295:(順貴人) of the
3294:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3260:Concubine Xun
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3228:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:Borjigin clan
3161:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3111:(穎貴妃) of the
3110:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3099:(循貴妃) of the
3098:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3063:(28 May 1764)
3062:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3035:Noble Consort
3029:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3017:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2848:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2737:(永琮), Prince
2736:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2664:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2627:
2624:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2582:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2551:
2544:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2487:Canton System
2484:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2447:
2444:
2439:
2431:
2426:
2416:
2412:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2370:
2368:
2359:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2339:Songhua River
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2176:Eight Banners
2170:Banner system
2167:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2156:Eight Banners
2153:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2118:was built in
2117:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2052:imperial hunt
2049:
2048:Rehe Province
2045:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2013:
2005:
1997:
1988:
1980:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1879:Naqshbandiyya
1871:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1787:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1648:
1643:
1635:
1630:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1522:Potala Palace
1519:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1508:Shamanic Code
1504:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1481:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1439:Ush rebellion
1435:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1288:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1247:Qing resident
1244:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1204:Jiang Yongzhi
1201:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1124:
1117:
1114:
1111:, by Italian
1110:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1090:Frontier wars
1087:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1071:imperial hunt
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1015:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
982:
978:
976:
968:
963:
959:
957:
953:
949:
940:
930:
927:
919:
909:
905:
901:
895:
894:
890:
885:This section
883:
879:
874:
873:
865:
862:
858:
857:High Qing era
853:
851:
847:
843:
838:
836:
832:
831:
826:
822:
821:
816:
812:
808:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
778:
774:
765:
761:
757:
753:
751:
731:
721:
716:
714:
710:
702:
700:
696:
691:Kìhnlùhng Dai
688:
686:
682:
679:
675:
669:
664:
662:
658:
653:Chʻienlung Ti
650:
648:
644:
636:
634:
630:
627:
623:
618:
614:
606:
604:
600:
592:
590:
586:
582:
577:
569:
565:
563:
559:
556:
553:
549:
546:
543:
539:
536:
533:
529:
526:
523:
521:
517:
514:
511:
509:
505:
493:: G'aodzung (
492:
486:
483:
479:
469:
464:
460:
456:
452:
449:
445:
440:ᠲᠩᠷᠢ ᠲᠡᠳᠬᠦᠭᠴᠢ
437:
428:
422:
417:
409:
403:
398:
394:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
345:
342:
340:
336:
333:
331:
327:
324:
322:
318:
315:
313:
309:
306:
304:
300:
297:
295:
291:
288:
287:
285:
283:
279:
259:
252:
251:
234:
227:
226:
209:
202:
201:
199:
195:
191:
186:
182:
179:
175:
164:
160:
157:
153:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
118:
114:
110:
107:
103:
100:
97:
93:
90:
87:
83:
79:
75:
72:
68:
64:
58:
53:
40:
37:
33:
19:
8117:
8116:
8087:
8081:
8080:
8039:
8038:
8004:Front Palace
7983:
7982:
7968:
7962:
7961:
7849:Prince Cheng
7769:Prince Xiang
7728:Prince Cheng
7629:
7605:
7602:Qing dynasty
7514:N. Dynasties
7510:S. Dynasties
7427:
7399:Ming dynasty
7395:China proper
7378:
7376:
7360:
7351:Qing dynasty
7292:
7270:
7263:
7256:
7245:at Wikiquote
7216:
7188:
7183:(alk. paper)
7168:
7149:
7130:
7089:
7086:Modern China
7085:
7066:
7038:
7030:
7016:. Retrieved
7011:
6980:
6947:
6943:
6931:. Retrieved
6915:
6893:
6871:
6857:. Retrieved
6842:
6829:. Retrieved
6814:
6801:. Retrieved
6786:
6773:. Retrieved
6758:
6745:. Retrieved
6730:
6710:
6690:
6680:
6657:
6637:
6625:. Retrieved
6610:
6576:
6570:
6551:. Retrieved
6536:
6523:. Retrieved
6508:
6496:the original
6487:
6474:. Retrieved
6459:
6448:
6429:the original
6424:
6415:
6403:. Retrieved
6399:
6379:
6374:
6366:the original
6361:
6356:
6346:
6332:(1): 1–137.
6329:
6323:
6314:
6305:
6299:
6287:. Retrieved
6283:the original
6277:
6270:
6258:
6248:– via
6242:. Retrieved
6229:
6210:Modern China
6209:
6192:
6171:
6164:
6147:
6141:
6128:
6109:
6102:
6094:the original
6089:
6067:
6060:
6048:
6036:
6024:
6012:
6000:
5988:
5976:
5964:
5959:, pp. 11–12.
5952:
5940:
5928:
5919:
5909:
5901:the original
5896:
5887:
5879:the original
5874:
5865:
5856:
5847:
5836:
5827:
5815:
5803:
5796:Elliott 2001
5791:
5784:Elliott 2001
5779:
5767:
5755:
5743:
5731:
5722:
5718:
5709:
5697:. Retrieved
5677:
5669:
5660:
5650:
5642:the original
5635:
5626:
5616:
5609:
5597:
5578:
5572:
5552:
5545:
5529:
5513:
5497:
5485:
5473:
5461:
5449:. Retrieved
5435:
5425:
5398:
5393:, p. 5.
5386:
5374:
5365:
5356:
5344:
5332:. Retrieved
5329:China.org.cn
5328:
5319:
5294:
5290:
5284:
5252:(1): 19–38.
5249:
5245:
5235:
5223:. Retrieved
5214:
5189:the original
5161:the original
5156:
5147:
5126:
5117:
5105:
5093:
5081:
5069:. Retrieved
5062:the original
5057:
5053:
5040:
5020:
5013:
5001:
4982:
4976:
4959:
4953:
4947:
4938:
4919:
4891:
4885:
4866:
4860:
4848:
4828:
4821:
4809:
4797:
4786:
4780:
4768:. Retrieved
4753:
4746:
4734:. Retrieved
4719:
4712:
4700:. Retrieved
4685:
4678:
4666:. Retrieved
4647:
4640:
4628:. Retrieved
4613:
4606:
4594:. Retrieved
4589:
4580:
4568:. Retrieved
4553:
4546:
4534:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4494:
4485:
4480:
4471:
4465:
4456:
4450:
4441:
4436:
4424:. Retrieved
4420:
4411:
4402:
4396:
4387:
4381:
4372:
4366:
4357:
4351:
4342:
4306:
4297:
4288:
4279:
4271:
4259:
4255:
4183:
4114:China portal
4088:. Retrieved
4073:
4055:
4042:
4029:
4016:
4007:
3998:
3989:
3978:
3972:
3968:
3955:
3942:
3939:Zhang Tielin
3931:
3683:Lady Saiheli
3478:
3472:
3471:
3465:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3446:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3409:
3403:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3348:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3320:
3311:Noble Lady E
3310:
3302:
3297:Niohuru clan
3290:
3284:
3283:
3277:
3272:Niohuru clan
3270:(誠嬪) of the
3265:
3259:
3253:
3248:Concubine Yi
3247:
3241:Concubine Yi
3239:
3233:
3232:
3225:(晉妃) of the
3222:
3216:Consort Fang
3214:
3206:
3198:
3188:
3181:(容妃) of the
3178:Consort Rong
3176:
3168:
3158:(豫妃) of the
3153:
3145:
3138:(舒妃) of the
3133:
3127:
3126:
3118:
3106:
3094:
3084:
3076:
3068:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3025:
3015:
3005:
2997:
2989:
2981:
2973:
2963:
2955:
2949:
2941:
2933:
2925:
2917:
2912:Gingiya clan
2905:
2897:
2889:
2881:
2869:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2844:
2836:
2830:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2804:
2796:
2788:
2778:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2751:(皇后) of the
2747:
2738:
2734:
2726:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2675:
2669:
2633:
2620:
2615:
2602:traveled to
2593:
2589:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2536:
2531:
2523:
2511:
2499:
2467:
2413:
2403:
2391:
2380:
2372:
2364:
2294:
2281:
2274:
2258:
2244:
2240:
2238:
2233:
2225:
2217:
2209:
2203:
2191:
2179:
2148:Ming dynasty
2141:
2130:leader from
2116:Emin Minaret
2113:
2101:
2071:
2061:
2041:
2037:Kunming Lake
2018:
1986:
1983:Christianity
1973:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1876:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1842:Mark Elliott
1840:
1836:Yuan dynasty
1816:
1812:Panchen Lama
1792:
1775:Oirat Mongol
1764:
1762:
1746:
1741:, and spoke
1724:
1704:
1700:
1690:
1678:
1671:
1667:Ming dynasty
1662:
1658:
1652:
1617:Siku Quanshu
1616:
1610:
1608:
1585:
1577:Wang Xianzhi
1557:
1553:
1537:
1518:Central Asia
1511:
1500:
1495:
1461:
1450:
1436:
1401:
1374:
1314:
1291:
1285:
1271:
1255:
1232:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1197:
1183:
1175:Peter Perdue
1136:
1129:
1108:
1065:) plotted a
1056:
1024:
988:
980:
974:
971:
945:
922:
913:
898:Please help
886:
854:
839:
828:
818:
804:
796:China proper
792:Qing dynasty
783:
779:
772:
770:
747:
633:Hanyu Pinyin
488:Gāozōng (高宗)
462:
458:
454:
233:Empress Nara
171:(嘉慶四年 正月 三日)
167:(1799-02-07)
61:Portrait by
36:
8200:1799 deaths
8195:1711 births
7990:Yong Saetae
7952:Individuals
7890:Prince Huai
7885:Prince Duan
7880:Prince Rong
7834:Prince Rong
7829:Prince Ding
7819:Prince Xian
7804:Prince Lian
7794:Prince Heng
7779:Prince Gong
7712:Prince Qing
7707:Prince Chun
7702:Prince Gong
7625:Prince Yong
7506:16 Kingdoms
7092:(1): 3–30.
6378:van Braam,
5893:""闫"姓一支的来历"
5786:, p. .
5632:"王致诚乾隆射箭图屏"
5602:Rawski 1998
5536:, pp.
5520:, pp.
5504:, pp.
5490:Berger 2003
5466:Berger 2003
4814:Petech 1972
4802:Petech 1972
4596:19 February
4539:Clarke 2004
4527:Perdue 2005
4508:Sheng Wu Ji
4426:13 February
4052:Wallace Huo
3977:(2018) and
3819:(1692–1777)
3654:(1660–1723)
3595:(1678–1735)
3569:(1638–1663)
3537:(1654–1722)
3511:(1638–1661)
3325:Socoro clan
3303:Miscarriage
3223:Consort Jin
3207:Miscarriage
3190:Consort Dun
3183:Hezhuo clan
3169:Miscarriage
3135:Consort Shu
3113:Baarin clan
2598:interests,
2553:subjects...
2489:, with its
2441:The French
2409: 1775
2383:Yu Minzhong
2353:Later years
2195:Li Yongfang
2054:each year.
1573:Jin dynasty
1571:, from the
1548:Bodhisattva
1441:in 1765 by
1428:Yue Zhongqi
1317:Shan States
868:Early years
777:temple name
639:Qiánlóng Dì
513:Aisin-Gioro
482:Temple name
410:: Hung li (
85:Predecessor
8184:Categories
8118:Key events
8103:Ang Non II
8082:Foreigners
8025:Prince Noi
7955:Key events
7895:Prince Zhe
7864:Prince Hui
7859:Prince Rui
7854:Prince Dun
7839:Prince Zhi
7814:Prince Guo
7667:Prince Rui
7640:Prince Zhi
7635:Prince Jia
7630:Prince Bao
7498:3 Kingdoms
7385:Hong Taiji
7302:1735–1796
6982:Documents.
6325:T'oung Pao
6289:25 October
6244:28 January
5725:(1). 2012.
5478:Lopez 1999
5291:Asia Major
4962:(1): 178.
4942:Dai, p.145
4317:References
3361:Noble Lady
3285:Noble Lady
3155:Consort Yu
2821:(永琰), the
2630:Abdication
2578:first-rate
2562:missionary
2297:Liao River
2245:Fusi Nikan
2243:(台尼堪) and
2199:Ma Mingpei
2186:Hong Taiji
2152:Ming tombs
2124:Emin Khoja
2082:waterworks
2073:Xiyang Lou
1977:Ma Mingxin
1888:Afaq Khoja
1808:Dalai Lama
1804:Gelug sect
1569:Wang Xizhi
1397:Nguyễn Huệ
1381:Lê dynasty
1298:Badakhshan
1243:Dalai Lama
1216:Yanpu zaji
1094:See also:
647:Wade–Giles
472:ᠶᠣᠩᡴᡳᠶᠠᡥᠠ
143:1711-09-25
7844:Prince Yi
7824:Prince He
7809:Prince Lü
7789:Prince Li
7774:Prince Yu
7764:Prince An
7697:Prince Yi
7672:Prince Yu
7617:the Crown
7423:Yongzheng
7114:144587815
7048:Libraries
7018:14 August
6990:Libraries
6972:143541438
6601:162684575
5957:Zhao 2006
5945:Zhao 2006
5933:Zhao 2006
5857:51cto.com
5303:0004-4482
5276:2662-6802
5225:7 October
4653:Routledge
4486:《高宗純皇帝實錄》
4442:《高宗純皇帝實錄》
4358:大清高宗純皇帝乾隆
4322:Citations
4307:Xiang Fei
4026:Kent Tong
4018:Palace II
3875:Lady Peng
3793:Lady Qiao
3234:Concubine
3227:Fuca clan
3197:Princess
3014:Princess
3006:Zhizhuang
2983:Yongzhang
2919:Yongcheng
2883:Yonghuang
2876:Fuca clan
2803:Princess
2787:Princess
2753:Nara clan
2725:Princess
2701:Fuca clan
2483:romanized
2478:Guangzhou
2326:Changchun
2306:Manchuria
2301:squatters
2241:Tai Nikan
2086:fountains
1892:Ma Laichi
1795:Manjushri
1735:Mongolian
1721:Languages
1711:Manchuria
1655:anti-Qing
1592:enameling
1544:Manjushri
1327:based in
887:does not
436:Mongolian
308:Yongcheng
299:Yongzhang
290:Yonghuang
128:1733–1735
95:Successor
7949:Monarchs
7458:Xuantong
7443:Xianfeng
7438:Daoguang
7428:Qianlong
7347:Emperors
7106:20062627
6933:10 March
6859:10 March
6831:10 March
6803:10 March
6775:10 March
6747:10 March
6679:(1808).
6627:10 March
6553:10 March
6525:10 March
6476:10 March
6354:(1798).
6136:(2017).
6019:, p. 18.
5875:Sohu.com
5492:, p. 35.
5480:, p. 20.
5468:, p. 34.
5451:10 March
5311:41649979
5125:(2013).
4770:24 April
4736:24 April
4702:24 April
4668:24 April
4630:24 April
4570:22 April
4502:(1848).
4500:Wei Yuan
4236:Liu Yong
4100:See also
4090:24 April
3971:(2001),
3965:Nie Yuan
3952:Kwong Wa
3928:Tony Liu
3486:Ancestry
3466:Mistress
3460:Mistress
3454:Mistress
3085:Rongchun
2999:Yongrong
2964:Chengzhe
2957:Yongxing
2935:Yongxuan
2831:16th son
2771:Yongjing
2735:Yongcong
2714:Yonglian
2334:Ningguta
2318:Fengtian
2284:Xinjiang
2166:at all.
2062:For the
1771:Xinjiang
1743:Chagatai
1697:Liaoning
1693:Shenyang
1581:Wang Xun
1228:Amursana
1179:massacre
1163:smallpox
1159:Wei Yuan
1151:Dzungars
1143:Xinjiang
1052:era name
916:May 2023
815:Jinchuan
699:Jyutping
555:Buddhism
551:Religion
344:Yongxing
335:Yongxuan
326:Yongrong
8040:Siamese
7984:Royalty
7606:qinwang
7453:Guangxu
7448:Tongzhi
7433:Jiaqing
7413:Shunzhi
7408:Taizong
7372:Taizong
7349:of the
7041:Vol. I.
6964:3985584
6593:2658945
6439:Sources
6405:16 July
5947:, p. 4.
5935:, p. 7.
5897:Sina.cn
5254:Bibcode
4968:3876499
4272:Chénhàn
4260:Chenhan
4060:(2018).
4047:(2018).
4034:(2014).
4021:(2012).
4012:(2011).
4003:(2011).
3994:(2003).
3986:Ti Lung
3981:(2019).
3960:(1999).
3947:(1998).
3934:(1977).
3146:Yongyue
3128:Consort
3083:Prince
3004:Prince
2988:Prince
2962:Prince
2940:Prince
2924:Prince
2890:Ding'an
2888:Prince
2843:Prince
2838:Yonglin
2819:Yongyan
2748:Empress
2719:Duanhui
2689:Empress
2604:Beijing
2322:Tieling
2314:Jinzhou
2222:Chinese
2206:Chinese
2182:Nurhaci
2146:of the
1991:Palaces
1904:Ramadan
1896:Bukhara
1823:Tibetan
1739:Tibetan
1731:Chinese
1680:lingchi
1539:thangka
1534:Chengde
1447:Manchus
1432:Yue Fei
1420:Mongols
1412:Kyrgyzs
1408:Kazakhs
1404:Uyghurs
1389:Tây Sơn
1368:in the
1362:Mingrui
1251:Gurkhas
1200:Zhao Yi
1084:Yuntang
1063:Yunreng
995:Hongshi
975:qinwang
908:removed
893:sources
823:by the
790:of the
788:emperor
520:Dynasty
474:ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡩᡳ
455:Emperor
358:Yonglin
274:
266:
262:
249:
241:
237:
224:
216:
212:
197:Spouses
178:Beijing
156:Beijing
7977:Taksin
7538:W. Xia
7418:Kangxi
7269:
7195:
7175:
7156:
7137:
7112:
7104:
7073:
6970:
6962:
6924:
6901:
6880:
6850:
6822:
6794:
6766:
6738:
6717:
6698:
6665:
6644:
6618:
6599:
6591:
6544:
6516:
6467:
6199:
6180:
6117:
5699:28 May
5690:
5585:
5560:
5442:
5334:16 May
5309:
5301:
5274:
5135:
5071:1 June
5028:
4989:
4966:
4926:
4898:
4873:
4836:
4788:Damals
4761:
4727:
4693:
4659:
4621:
4561:
4241:Heshen
4081:
3852:Wugong
3305:(1776)
3199:Hexiao
3081:(永琪),
3078:Yongqi
3002:(永瑢),
2986:(永璋),
2960:(永瑆),
2950:Yongyu
2942:Yishen
2938:(永璇),
2926:Lüduan
2922:(永珹),
2886:(永璜),
2845:Qingxi
2841:(永璘),
2797:Yonglu
2789:Hejing
2759:Yongji
2727:Hejing
2684:Family
2543:Chusan
2527:kowtow
2491:Cohong
2474:Ningbo
2443:Jesuit
2387:Heshen
2332:, and
2261:Solons
2230:Manchu
2226:Hanren
2214:Manchu
2210:Minren
2132:Turpan
2128:Uyghur
2120:Turpan
2100:, the
1908:mosque
1831:Manchu
1827:Mongol
1757:calque
1727:Manchu
1647:Suzhou
1546:, the
1524:, the
1503:Manchu
1443:Uyghur
1416:Evenks
1329:Yunnan
1311:, 1793
1293:kowtow
1274:Afghan
1190:Jesuit
1171:Kazakh
1113:Jesuit
1075:Hongpu
1059:Hongxi
1003:regent
784:Hongli
750:Manchu
541:Mother
531:Father
495:ᡬᠠᠣᡯᡠᠩ
491:Manchu
468:Manchu
427:Manchu
412:ᡥᡠᠩ ᠯᡳ
408:Manchu
317:Yongqi
184:Burial
125:Tenure
112:Tenure
7970:Kings
7482:Shang
7367:Taizu
7271:Died:
7264:Born:
7110:S2CID
7102:JSTOR
7008:(PDF)
6968:S2CID
6960:JSTOR
6711:Burma
6597:S2CID
6589:JSTOR
6567:(PDF)
6499:(PDF)
6492:(PDF)
6360:[
5838:Baidu
5540:–251.
5524:–247.
5508:–245.
5307:JSTOR
5065:(PDF)
5050:(PDF)
4964:JSTOR
4920:Burma
4506:[
4305:(香妃;
4247:Notes
3628:Weiwu
3481:(官女子)
3443:(采答應)
3437:(莞答應)
3431:(那答應)
3160:Oirat
3016:Hejia
2550:Aomen
2399:taels
2330:Hulun
2234:Nikan
2220:; or
2218:Irgen
1968:halal
1940:萬國來朝圖
1912:dhikr
1900:Mecca
1773:, in
1703:), a
1588:seals
1385:Hanoi
1193:Amiot
1080:Yunsi
985:和碩寶親王
752:text.
508:House
400:Names
282:Issue
268:(
264:
243:(
239:
218:(
214:
77:Reign
7554:Qing
7550:Ming
7546:Yuan
7534:Song
7530:Liao
7522:Tang
7486:Zhou
7381:Khan
7193:ISBN
7173:ISBN
7154:ISBN
7135:ISBN
7071:ISBN
7020:2014
6935:2014
6922:ISBN
6899:ISBN
6878:ISBN
6861:2014
6848:ISBN
6833:2014
6820:ISBN
6805:2014
6792:ISBN
6777:2014
6764:ISBN
6749:2014
6736:ISBN
6715:ISBN
6696:ISBN
6663:ISBN
6642:ISBN
6629:2014
6616:ISBN
6555:2014
6542:ISBN
6527:2014
6514:ISBN
6478:2014
6465:ISBN
6407:2011
6291:2008
6246:2017
6197:ISBN
6178:ISBN
6115:ISBN
5723:2012
5701:2013
5688:ISBN
5583:ISBN
5558:ISBN
5453:2014
5440:ISBN
5336:2021
5299:ISSN
5272:ISSN
5227:2021
5215:Icon
5133:ISBN
5073:2019
5026:ISBN
4987:ISBN
4924:ISBN
4896:ISBN
4871:ISBN
4834:ISBN
4772:2014
4759:ISBN
4738:2014
4725:ISBN
4704:2014
4691:ISBN
4670:2014
4657:ISBN
4632:2014
4619:ISBN
4598:2013
4572:2014
4559:ISBN
4428:2021
4092:2014
4079:ISBN
3741:Wulu
3449:(答應)
2805:Heke
2493:and
2385:and
2308:and
2259:The
2184:and
2126:, a
2084:and
1838:)."
1810:and
1733:and
1615:(or
1602:and
1437:The
1418:and
1358:額爾景額
1354:額爾登額
1345:Inwa
1202:and
1098:and
1067:coup
1048:Qing
891:any
889:cite
771:The
562:Seal
525:Qing
459:Chun
162:Died
137:Born
7562:PRC
7558:ROC
7542:Jīn
7518:Sui
7502:Jìn
7494:Han
7490:Qin
7478:Xia
7094:doi
7014:(1)
6952:doi
6581:doi
6334:doi
6152:doi
6148:122
5719:理论界
5684:522
5538:250
5522:246
5506:244
5262:doi
4504:聖武記
4054:in
4041:in
4028:in
3988:in
3967:in
3954:in
3941:in
3930:in
2990:Xun
2739:Zhe
2623:VOC
2046:in
1715:Qin
1532:in
1393:Tết
1169:or
1147:Ili
983:" (
902:by
713:IPA
661:IPA
609:乾隆帝
595:乾隆帝
463:純皇帝
47:乾隆帝
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