112:
516:
28:
1083:
230:
1271:
717:. Although it is clear from the way Pliny describes the islands that a real voyager reached this region, discussions are currently underway as to whether this expedition was carried out by Juba II or if he merely collected a series of data he found in the Carthaginian books he inherited from his ancestors. In turn,
351:
Mago may not have been the only
Carthaginian treatisist concerned with these topics, since Columella clearly indicates that there were several other writers focusing on the subject; however, he does not specify who they might have been or the depth of their work – with the exception of one Amilcar.
679:. Hannon's original account seems to be no older than 2 BC, thus raising the question of whether it was made when Carthage was destroyed. Interestingly, Greek and Latin historiography seemed to be completely unaware of this voyage before the fall of the Punic capital.
482:, and it is probable that he was simply continuing an ancient tradition by which Carthaginian generals used to write down their heroic deeds and give them to a temple to be preserved. Another example of this type of literature is an inscription on the takeover of
747:
No direct information is available, but there is evidence that the international treaties Rome signed with
Carthage were kept in the Capitol on bronze tablets, and it is to be presumed that the Punics preserved them as well. The treaty signed in 215 BC by
454:
in the 2nd century BC, although only a long fragment has been preserved – one that primarily covers religious themes. However, the authenticity of the texts attributed to
Sanchuniathon has been questioned several times, without reaching a clear consensus.
838:(375–275 BC) in which Plautus included fragments from the Punic translation of the same play as well as from several other translations he knew of, both to amuse the audience through the foreign sounds and as a basis for puns and mistranslations:
492:𐤅𐤉𐤋𐤊 𐤓𐤁𐤌 𐤀𐤃𐤍𐤁𐤏𐤋 𐤁𐤍 𐤂𐤓𐤎𐤊𐤍 𐤄𐤓𐤁 𐤅𐤇𐤌𐤋𐤊𐤕 𐤁𐤍 𐤇𐤍𐤀 𐤄𐤓𐤁 𐤏𐤋𐤔 𐤅𐤕𐤌𐤊 𐤄𐤌𐤕𐤀𐤉𐤕 𐤀𐤂𐤓𐤂𐤍𐤕 𐤅𐤔𐤕 𐤄(𐤌)𐤕 𐤔𐤋𐤌 𐤃𐤋 𐤁𐤏𐤋 𐤍𐤅𐤎
1028:
The comparatively few inscriptions which have been brought to light in recent years, consisting as they do of votive and temple inscriptions and grave stones, can hardly be dignified with the name of literature.
95:
However, it is a proven fact that both
Phoenicia and Carthage had extensive libraries and that Phoenicians had a rich literary production inherited from their Canaanite past, of which works by
1142:
414:
and hidden underground, although the veracity of this information has not been confirmed. Conversely, Phoenician religious literature is known to have had a profound influence on the
1209:
275:(English: If you reject this language, you are denying what many scholars have acknowledged: many things have been wisely preserved from oblivion thanks to books written in Punic.)
773:
1130:
1265:
503:
General
Idnibal, son of Gisco the Great, and Himilco, son of Hanno the Great, set out at dawn, and took Agrigentum; and they surrendered, including those who had fled.
783:
Many classical authors – and even a few contemporary ones – have argued that, in antiquity, only the Romans were sufficiently educated to understand and translate
764:, a fact widely interpreted as a sign of state conservatism that could be explained only through the preservation of these documents over the centuries.
756:
is known to have been drafted in Greek and Punic, and alluded to various
Carthaginian divinities reminiscent of the treaty signed centuries before by
58:. It is surrounded by an aura of mystery due to the few preserved remains. All that is left is a series of inscriptions, few of which are of a purely
1172:
655:: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection, article, impersonal mood, infinitive and the gerund. In addition,
1267:
Handbook of universal literature: from the best and latest authorities: designed for popular reading and as a textbook for schools and colleges
1050:
671:
Although the
Phoenicians were famous as navigators and explorers, the only two accounts to have survived up to this day are the stories of
597:
1198:
360:
Philosophical works are likely to have been written even if there is little evidence, since it is known that in
Carthage as well as in
171:, that had traces of poetic compositions of religious or political themes – with a markedly propagandistic or philosophical undertone.
348:, as well as recommendations defending the idea that the properties should not be too large and that the owner should not be absent.
392:'s work that have been preserved form the most extensive religious text on Phoenician mythology known to date. It is a kind of
1067:
273:
Quae lingua si improbatur abs te, nega
Punicis Libris, ut a viris doctissimus proditur, multa sapienter esse mandata memoriae
1069:
Los problemas fundamentales de la filología comparada: su historía, su naturaleza y sus diversas relaciones científicas
181:. Greco-Roman sources mention a number of Punic books saved from the looting and burning of Carthage by the legions of
328:– into Latin. This treatise comprised 28 books, of which 66 fragments have been preserved. It includes topics such as
1408:
1383:
372:
schools, currents that seem to have been widely accepted in the colonial
Phoenician sphere. We only know of works by
17:
1464:
1345:
205:– specifically Mago's agricultural work, establishing a commission under the leadership of Decimus Junius Pison.
1245:
1077:
312:
This is one of the areas where the most information is available, since it is known that after the end of the
295:
Catholics wrote "little books in Punic" with "testimonies of the sacred scriptures". An important part of the
1459:
1164:
686:, which he claims come from ancient Punic records he might have accessed. Another hypothesis is that King
131:
alludes to the Phoenician or Tyrian chronicles that he allegedly consulted to write his historical works.
1378:. American Oriental Series. Vol. 8 (7th ed.). New Haven: American Oriental Society. p. 6.
787:. Paradoxically, one of the few recorded translations of Greek plays into Punic is precisely in the play
317:
71:
1360:
it must be remembered that Job is now known to have been strongly influenced by Phoenician literature.
784:
155:. In addition, it is possible to find some remnants of the influence exerted by certain writings of
450:'s historical work, considered the most extensive work produced in Phoenician, was translated into
431:
214:, there was a historian of antiquity known as Charon of Carthage that wrote a collection of books:
535:
Found fragments of Phoenician poems indicate that rhymed rhetorical prose and poetic narration in
1474:
1238:
Cory's Ancient Fragments of the Phoenician, Carthaginian, Babylonian, Egyptian and Other Writers
1199:"Enculturación en el mundo neopúnico: traducción de la Biblia al neopúnico en los ss. IV–V d.C."
479:
177:
also alludes to old Punic records from where he would have drawn his reports on the voyage of
419:
497:
wylk rbm ʾdnbʿl bn grskn hrb wḥmlkt bn ḥnʾ hrb ʿlš wtmk hmt ʾytʾgrgnt wšt ht šlm dl bʿl nws
695:
8:
1454:
964:
959:
753:
735:
672:
337:
257:
100:
79:
43:
32:
486:
in 406 BC, of which a small fragment of a text that must have been larger is preserved:
316:, the Roman Senate decided to translate an encyclopedic treatise on agronomy written by
1337:
1329:
1010:
474:, Hannibal had such deeds recorded in Phoenician and Greek in 205 BC, in the temple of
376:, of the Gaditan school, who wrote in Greek. A treatise on philosophy is attributed to
373:
279:
To Augustine, this literature was not only ancient but also contemporary. He mentioned
241:
193:
indicates that after the fall of Carthage, many of these books were handed over to the
249:
1469:
1404:
1379:
1373:
1341:
1241:
1073:
805:
709:
A similar thing applies to the voyages supposedly carried out by this monarch in the
458:
There are numerous allusions in Greek literature – until after 3rd century BC – to a
1321:
1002:
182:
55:
1403:. Historia del mundo antiguo: Oriente (in Spanish). Madrid: Akal. pp. 58–60.
1236:
Cory, Preston (2003). "On Phoenician Literature: Introduction to Sanchoniathon".
718:
714:
313:
253:
234:
190:
164:
96:
1135:
Byrsa: Revista semestrale di arte, cultura e archeologia del mediterraneo punico
111:
813:
710:
652:
451:
415:
265:
245:
51:
816:, which led to these translation efforts. Quoted below are two fragments from
1448:
835:
761:
536:
447:
389:
377:
345:
152:
63:
969:
699:
198:
168:
329:
1333:
804:
in the 5th century BC, Phoenician became a prestigious language in the
757:
722:
703:
443:
369:
341:
333:
116:
59:
1313:
1014:
990:
726:
694:'s origins on Punic books that he kept at his court – as recorded by
609:𐤁𐤎𐤅𐤁 𐤌𐤋𐤊 𐤇𐤈𐤓 𐤌𐤉𐤎𐤊𐤓 𐤓𐤆𐤍 𐤉𐤌𐤌
515:
483:
399:
321:
292:
132:
47:
1325:
1006:
940:
801:
789:
749:
683:
656:
467:
435:
411:
407:
394:
325:
288:
174:
144:
128:
84:
1131:"Los libros púnicos de Cartago: a la búsqueda de un saber perdido"
402:, heroic tales, the life of the gods, and the use of rituals with
794:
776:
730:
687:
676:
607:𐤋𐤀𐤋𐤀𐤌 𐤄𐤒𐤉𐤃𐤔 𐤋𐤔𐤀𐤕 𐤀𐤇𐤕 𐤔𐤌𐤌
528:
439:
194:
178:
148:
89:
62:
nature (e.g. historical tales, poems, etc.), coins, fragments of
1301:. New Series, 41 (1). The Classical Quarterly. pp. 213–220.
27:
682:
Himilcon's journey can be traced only to some comments made by
524:
520:
466:
in the 14th century BC. The likely existence of biographies of
463:
442:
claimed to have consulted the Punic books of the Numidian king
284:
156:
136:
120:
229:
1433:
Krahmalkov, Charles R. (2001). "1. The Phoenician language".
809:
403:
365:
361:
296:
261:
202:
160:
244:(who lived between the 3rd and 4th centuries AD) considered
1314:"New Light on the Early History of Phoenician Colonization"
691:
475:
471:
380:– of which there is no record other than a simple mention.
210:
772:
923:: Let us drink wine; let us drink the blood of the vine.
742:
666:
1072:(in Spanish). Consello da Cultura Galega. p. 496.
820:("The Little Punic"), a translation of the Greek play
410:
in regards to a series of sacred scrolls rescued from
1318:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
1162:
438:, he clearly refers to Carthaginian historians, and
299:is thought to have been translated into Neo-Punic.
1372:Harris, Zellig Shabbetai (1990). "Introduction".
1196:
1446:
635:the one who inspires fear because of his power.
729:". Although his original work has disappeared,
659:attributes the authorship of a treatise titled
632:, king of the land; Mescar, ruler of the seas,
470:has also been noted. According to Polybius and
208:According to the Byzantine Encyclopedia called
115:Main Phoenician trade routes, which linked the
54:that developed from Phoenician and was used in
1299:Philo or Sanchuniathon? A Phoenicean Cosmogony
1240:. Kessinger Publishing. pp. xxxiii–xxxv.
1055:. Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill. pp. 13–15.
612:𐤁𐤏𐤋 𐤇𐤓𐤃𐤕 𐤏𐤋 𐤂𐤁𐤓𐤕𐤌
539:rhythms were widely used, among other genres.
46:, the language of the ancient civilization of
1437:. Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill. pp. 6–12.
1270:. New York: Derby & Jackson. p. 22.
567:From Adnim I brought forth the wicked fellow,
834:, "the Carthaginian"), possibly by the poet
233:Extent of Carthaginian territory before the
1263:
1128:
1065:
874:: Do you remember anything about Punic ?
721:(born in 1 AD) was considered as the first
135:also mentioned the existence of books from
1432:
1206:II Congreso Internacional del Mundo Púnico
1048:
355:
307:
78:, the Greek translation of the voyage of
1311:
995:Journal of the American Oriental Society
771:
767:
690:based his geographical knowledge of the
514:
228:
110:
26:
1296:
642:
425:
14:
1447:
1398:
1371:
988:
743:International and legislative treaties
733:used it extensively while writing his
585:—Iulius Nasif, (Adnim, around 350 AD)
569:from the Sirthis, to him, of ill fame;
106:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1169:Dictionnaire mondial des littératures
1124:
1122:
1120:
667:Navigation and geographical treatises
618:Biswb mūlek Ḥṭr, Meskar rūzen yammīm
383:
185:in the spring of 146 BC. In his work
1375:A Grammar of the Phoenician Language
1292:
1290:
1288:
1264:Lynch Botta, Anne Charlotte (1860).
1259:
1257:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1197:Fernández Ardanaz, Santiago (2000).
1192:
1190:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
725:of his time worthy of the title of "
406:. There is also an allusion made by
1175:from the original on 4 October 2013
24:
1417:
1129:Martín Ruiz, Juan Antonio (2007).
575:The enemy asked mercy for himself:
25:
1486:
1348:from the original on 5 March 2016
1285:
1254:
1226:
1187:
1097:
1066:Amor Ruibal, Ángel María (2005).
1033:
571:(when) our army surrounded Micne,
1208:(in Spanish). pp. 409–413.
627:Exalt the name of the holy god!
602:Punic dialect (Maktar, Tunisia)
573:then I made that enemy captive;
287:composed in Punic and that both
268:. On Punic literature, he wrote:
1392:
1365:
1305:
1274:from the original on 2016-12-16
1215:from the original on 2022-01-24
1145:from the original on 2019-09-12
1086:from the original on 2015-04-08
1049:Krahmalkov, Charles R. (2001).
201:ordered their translation into
1163:Encyclopédie Larousse (2002).
1156:
1059:
982:
698:– indicating that the river's
616:lilīm iqqiddīs laset ot semim
13:
1:
975:
651:, suggests Phoenician had 12
713:, an expedition recorded by
7:
953:
519:Ruins of the arch built by
302:
220:Lives of Illustrious Women,
143:preserved in the temple of
40:Phoenician–Punic literature
10:
1491:
1435:A Phoenician-Punic Grammar
1399:Wagner, Carlos G. (1989).
1052:A Phoenician-Punic Grammar
935:—Punic translation of the
908:: Neste ien. Neste dum et
890:(by Alexis?), included in
661:On the Phoenician Alphabet
398:that includes passages on
1165:"littérature phénicienne"
991:"On the Pantheon of Tyre"
989:Barton, George A (1901).
934:
928:: No, I will drink water!
885:
626:
584:
510:
491:
42:is literature written in
1312:Albright, W. F. (1942).
793:by the Roman playwright
647:A Latin manuscript, the
621:Bal aradot al gubūratim
252:" languages, along with
1141:(1–2). Polis expresse.
550:mysyrthim, bal serm ra;
216:Lives of Illustrious Me
103:are only a small part.
82:and a few lines in the
31:The Atlantic voyage of
1465:Literature by language
1362:
1297:Edwards, M.J. (1991).
1030:
930:
915:
886:—Punic translation of
881:
861:
780:
702:were on a mountain in
580:
561:
532:
356:Philosophical writings
308:Agricultural treatises
277:
238:
175:Rufius Festus Avienius
124:
36:
1358:
1026:
918:
903:
879:: Not a word! Do you?
864:
844:
775:
768:Translated literature
564:
556:in aab sae(m) lo sal:
554:is ab syth sath syby;
548:Badnim garasth is on,
545:
518:
270:
232:
127:The Jewish historian
114:
35:in the 5th century BC
30:
657:Eusebius of Caesarea
643:Language and grammar
577:"Spare your slave!"
426:Historical treatises
248:as one of the main "
1460:Phoenician language
965:Phoenician alphabet
960:History of Carthage
913:: Al. Anec este mem
859:: Bal umer! Iadata?
779:, Roman playwright.
754:Philip V of Macedon
696:Amianus Marcellinus
673:Hanno the Navigator
603:
338:veterinary medicine
163:books, such as the
107:History and sources
101:Menander of Ephesus
80:Hanno the Navigator
33:Hanno the Navigator
854:: Ponnim sycartim
781:
711:Canary archipelago
663:to Sanchuniathon.
591:
533:
384:Religious writings
242:Augustine of Hippo
239:
125:
37:
951:
950:
898:
897:
808:, competing with
800:With the rise of
640:
639:
589:
588:
508:
507:
388:The fragments of
324:as the father of
16:(Redirected from
1482:
1439:
1438:
1430:
1415:
1414:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1294:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1261:
1252:
1251:
1233:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1214:
1203:
1194:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1126:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1046:
1031:
1025:
1023:
1021:
986:
927:
922:
912:
907:
900:
899:
878:
873:
868:
858:
853:
848:
841:
840:
836:Alexis of Thurii
760:and the King of
731:Claudius Ptolemy
604:
590:
552:sab siben Mycne,
542:
541:
489:
488:
320:– considered by
183:Scipio Africanus
129:Flavius Josephus
56:Ancient Carthage
21:
18:Punic literature
1490:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1431:
1418:
1411:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1370:
1366:
1351:
1349:
1326:10.2307/3218739
1310:
1306:
1295:
1286:
1277:
1275:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1234:
1227:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1201:
1195:
1188:
1178:
1176:
1161:
1157:
1148:
1146:
1127:
1098:
1089:
1087:
1080:
1064:
1060:
1047:
1034:
1019:
1017:
1001:(22): 115–117.
987:
983:
978:
956:
925:
924:
920:
910:
909:
905:
876:
875:
871:
870:
866:
856:
855:
851:
850:
846:
770:
745:
719:Marinus of Tyre
669:
653:parts of speech
649:Berne codex 123
645:
601:
579:
576:
574:
572:
570:
568:
560:
557:
555:
553:
551:
549:
513:
464:Mochus of Sidon
428:
386:
358:
314:Third Punic War
310:
305:
235:First Punic War
197:rulers and the
187:Natural History
141:History of Tyre
109:
97:Philo of Byblos
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1488:
1478:
1477:
1475:Punic language
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1441:
1440:
1416:
1409:
1391:
1384:
1364:
1304:
1284:
1253:
1246:
1225:
1186:
1155:
1137:(in Spanish).
1096:
1078:
1058:
1032:
1007:10.2307/592422
980:
979:
977:
974:
973:
972:
967:
962:
955:
952:
949:
948:
943:, included in
932:
931:
916:
896:
895:
883:
882:
862:
769:
766:
744:
741:
668:
665:
644:
641:
638:
637:
624:
623:
614:
587:
586:
582:
581:
565:
562:
558:«un ath aba!»
546:
512:
509:
506:
505:
499:
498:
494:
493:
427:
424:
385:
382:
357:
354:
309:
306:
304:
301:
108:
105:
52:Punic language
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1487:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1436:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1412:
1410:84-7600-332-3
1406:
1402:
1395:
1387:
1385:0-940490-08-0
1381:
1377:
1376:
1368:
1361:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1320:(83): 14–22.
1319:
1315:
1308:
1300:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1260:
1258:
1249:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1230:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1191:
1174:
1171:(in French).
1170:
1166:
1159:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1062:
1054:
1053:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1029:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
985:
981:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
957:
946:
942:
938:
933:
929:
917:
914:
902:
901:
893:
889:
884:
880:
877:Acharistocles
867:Acharistocles
863:
860:
857:Acharistocles
847:Acharistocles
843:
842:
839:
837:
833:
830:
826:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
806:Mediterranean
803:
798:
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1455:Literature
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1338:S2CID
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814:Greek
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