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frogs in all stages of life result in the pathogen persisting in an environment long enough to continually infect new frogs (9,11). Tadpoles can be infected on their mouth parts (which is the only location of keratinized skin) and frogs post-metamorphosis can be infected almost anywhere (but primarily on the toes). The significance that salamanders (specifically tiger salamanders from the paper) can be infected is because they can perpetuate the presence of Bd in the environment which can then increase the odds that a frog will be infected by this disease. Salamanders can also overwinter in the water itself, while frogs live terrestrially during the winter. This is significant because without the living hosts keeping Bd alive in the water, it would have a high chance to die off over the winter in the water with no hosts. Boreal chorus frogs in areas that contain salamanders capable of surviving with Bd cannot escape this disease, which could be why some populations are declining.
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correlation that linked directly to sexual selection. They found a link between the lowest note in the song and body size, but insufficient evidence to draw any conclusions from it. Every call was different in the study, but the differences were subtle and required complex technology to pick up. The similarity in the calls results in the frogs not being able to distinguish individuals from each other. It was hypothesized that the calls were simply to broadcast their position to other calling males telling them to stay away and also to alert females to the presence of a male that is ready to mate. This is normally one of the first species of amphibian to emerge in spring. It comes out so early that it is often found while snow and ice are still present. This timing directly correlates with snow-melt and the water level of the water body that the populations calls home.
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328:). This change leads them to modify their behavior based on the environmental conditions and sometimes exposing them to conditions that are not optimal. This dry weather has another effect on this species, it results in lower water levels, which exposes the amphibians and their eggs (which are laid in the water) to more extreme temperatures. This, coupled with the decrease in ozone layers, also exposes the amphibians and the eggs to heightened levels of UV radiation when compared to environments with deeper waters.
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346:(Bd) and the boreal chorus frog is no exception. Bd infects the keratinized skin of its host, which results in an inability to properly osmoregulate through the skin. The symptoms to this disease vary between species, ranging from seemingly unaffected to death. This species of frog has been found to be infected at higher frequencies than other amphibians in the same environments. There have been many studies examining how this species copes with an infection of Bd. Some studies claim that
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Bd is an especially interesting and dangerous pathogen given the fact that it can persist in an environment even in the absence of amphibians. It can survive in water for an extended amount of time, as well as attach to feathers. These facts, on top of the fact that Bd can also infect salamanders and
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tadpoles learn to avoid salamanders from tadpoles that have experience with the predator. The paper discusses how if a new predator is added to the environment, there is a learning curve at how long it takes the tadpoles to learn to avoid the new predator. The addition of an invasive species will be
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into the static grouping. The static grouping is distinguished by a lack of variability in one's call and the ability to somewhat control the direction of their calls. Amphibians' songs or calls to one another are commonly used for sexual selection, but in Bee, et al. 2010, the researchers found no
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is categorized as an annual breeder. Breeding takes place once the weather begins to warm, typically from late
February to around April. After mating, a single female can lay anywhere from 500-1500 eggs, with a highly variable hatching rate of anywhere from 37% to 87%.The life cycle continues with
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surface, with three broken dorsal stripes; these stripes can be very distinct to quite faint. A dark band is present from the snout, across the eye, and continuing down the side. It has slightly enlarged toe pads to help in climbing small grasses and vegetation. This species is very similar to the
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Amphibians are widely known as very important species in their ecosystems, but declines are occurring worldwide in amphibian populations. There are multiple reasons that amphibians decline, with the most common being disease, habitat loss, over harvesting for food, pet trade, and competition with
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The boreal chorus frog has an interesting defense to invasive species. This species of frog has been found to have cultural learning on how to behave towards predators. Cultural learning is learning that takes place by an individual observing and imitating behaviors of other individuals in close
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This species can be found around permanent water bodies in cleared land and forest. Males make a "reeeek" call from grasses, vegetation, or ground around the water body from April through to
September. This call is characteristic of the trilling frog clade that is present in the genus
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is struggling (8), while others show that populations are maintaining themselves. This is especially intriguing when one considers that the boreal chorus frog can have mortality up to 80% when infected with Bd. No definitive conclusions can be drawn with how
303:. This clade is so named because the call of each individual is different, each having its own series of pulses. Within the trilling frog clade, they are further divided into "dynamic" and "static" groups, and recent studies have placed
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Bee, M. A., Cook, J. M., Love, E. K., O'Bryan, L. R., Pettitt, B. A., Schrode, K. and Vélez, A. (2010). "Assessing
Acoustic Signal Variability and the Potential for Sexual Selection and Social Recognition in Boreal Chorus Frogs
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invasive species. Climate change has also been one of the proposed mechanisms for why this species is struggling . Climate change is causing the weather to become increasingly dry, which affects most amphibians (including
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Ferrari, Maud CO, and
Douglas P. Chivers (2008). "Cultural learning of predator recognition in mixed-species assemblages of frogs: the effect of tutor-to-observer ratio."
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7. Rodriguez, Edmarie
Martinez et al. (2009). "Presence of Batrachochytrium Dendrobatidis at the Headwaters of the Mississippi River, Itasca State Park, Minnesota, USA."
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Amburgey, Staci, et al. (2012). "Effects of hydroperiod duration on survival, developmental rate, and size at metamorphosis in boreal chorus frog tadpoles (
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Corn, Paul
Stephen, and Erin Muths (2002). "Variable breeding phenology affects the exposure of amphibian embryos to ultraviolet radiation."
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This small species of frog reaches about 30 mm in length. It is highly variable, but is normally brown, and can be green on the
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Wixson, Joel G., and Kevin B. Rogers (2009). "Detecting
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the wild when amphibians are absent."
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tadpoles metamorphosing around June or July. The metamorphosis survival rate also has a massive range of 10-100% in the wild.
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Seburn, David C., Kari Gunson, and
Frederick W. Schueler (2014). "Apparent widespread decline of the Boreal Chorus Frog (
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Davidson, Elizabeth W., et al. (2003). "Pathogenicity and transmission of chytridiomycosis in tiger salamanders (
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very successful until the tadpoles learn to avoid it, which could cause even more pressure on this species.
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542:) in eastern Ottawa." The Canadian Field-Naturalist 128(2): 151-157.
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Amphibians worldwide are being infected with the fungus
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556:Herpetological Review
527:Herpetological Review
294:Ecology and behaviour
288:Pseudacris triseriata
243:Northwest Territories
885:Amphibians of Canada
597:at Wikimedia Commons
529:40(1): 48–50. Print.
27:Species of amphibian
699:Pseudacris-maculata
672:Pseudacris maculata
642:Pseudacris maculata
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326:Pseudacris maculata
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284:western chorus frog
265:, and southwestern
230:Pseudacris maculata
190:Pseudacris maculata
51:Conservation status
35:Boreal chorus frog
18:Pseudacris maculata
569:Ambystoma tigrinum
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305:P. maculata
273:Description
261:, northern
237:to eastern
216:P. maculata
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301:Pseudacris
263:New Mexico
159:Pseudacris
255:Wisconsin
214:Range of
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98:Eukaryota
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128:Amphibia
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