Prostitution in Italy

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Marida Bolognesi (DS). The Inquiry interviewed many stakeholders during six hearings, but there was relatively little representation from the women's movement. The main framework was the idea that foreigners were "invading" the streets of Italy, as a public order issue. This was a heavily gendered debate. In the end, the commission adopted three principles – harm reduction, education of clients, and the importance of upholding the Merlin law. The deliberations included proposing a law to finance local government programmes to assist people/women in prostitution with protection permits. At the same time, the three women ministers were promoting education campaigns in the countries of origin of migrant people/women in prostitution (e. g., Nigeria, Eastern Europe), while other programmes assisted police in their responsibilities regarding permits were initiated, and help lines set up, while 8 million euros were allocated to NGOs to carry out their responsibilities under article 18 of the Turco-Napolitano Act.

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people/women in prostitution, an avoidance of health services and an increase in criminal activity. While enforcement varies by region and over time, the immediate effect has been the expected and desired one of clearing the streets (at least temporarily) and displacing people/women in prostitution to remote areas. Indoors prostitution has increased, and quality of life in general has deteriorated. Unprotected sex has increased due to reduced ability to negotiate. Stigmatization and vulnerability have increased, as has a greater reliance on social services. As noted in other countries, as soon as police activity is reduced, older prostitution patterns reappear. On 7 April 2011, the Italian Constitutional Court with the Sentence n. 115/2011 decided that this kind of Mayors' Ordinances must have time and space limits and urgent conditions to be issued. So, the simple exercise of street prostitution could be no more persecuted by this kind of local bills.

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parties, were unsuccessful. However, attempts to change the law continue in parliament. The Comitato has been one of the major women's voices in prostitution debates in Italy, at least in comparison with the women's movement overall, and worked closely with the women's shelters. Their position of minimum interference was shared with both the women's movement and the policy agencies. This has only been partially successful. A frequent target has been the provisions of the Merlin Law that punish those involved, of which Livia Turco was a prominent political voice. Positioned against this cause has been the law-and-order agenda of both centre-left and centre-right coalitions.

4445: 459:) on humanitarian grounds, but this concerned NGOs because of the complexity of the procedures involved and the potential for abuse. The law also required the victim to enroll in training courses organized and by approved NGOs. The law also allocated funds for associations assisting these victims, but did require them to exit prostitution, although they were supposed to denounce it. The requirement for denunciation in the original Dini decree was removed. In advocating this, Turco was influenced by the Commission for Equal Opportunities, whose first president, 556:

penalties for recruiting, inducing, promoting, using, managing, organizing, controlling, or profiting from the sexual services of a person under 18, or for those promising any kind reward for a sexual act with a person between 14 and 18. It also provides for repatriation of foreign minors engaging in prostitution. Article 3 deals with organized crime, penalizing conspiracy to exploit prostitution via article 416 of the penal code. Article 4 provides no new resources and repeals article 5 of the Legge Merlin, which it replaces, prohibiting

4457: 68: 832:), the language was neutral, although not the effect. It was, however, considered impossible to enforce, since it would require the pesron in prostitution to lay the complaint. The issue was never on the agenda of the women's movement, not even by the shelters, and who played no part in the debate, nor did the Equal Opportunities Minister (Anna Finocchiaro). Nor was the policy environment receptive to feminist input, since the Government was anxious to be seen to be responding to media and moral panic on 917: 4066: 446:), the Interior Minister, announced new measures in 1997 to deal with prostitution as an issue of urban safety, and there was little debate over his proposals, given widespread concerns over human trafficking. The main opposing viewpoint was that residence permits should be granted only on the condition of victims denouncing traffickers. What debate there was, was essentially confined to the position of women. The resulting legislation was the 4469: 4481: 4433: 4055: 969:

contraceptives, while 33% of them had had a voluntary abortion in the previous year. 38% of the women and 80% of the transsexual women had had checks for STDs in the last year. HIV-prevalence was 6% among women, and 20% amongst transsexual women. 4/6 positive women and 1/8 of the positive transsexual women used injectable drugs. 5/6 HIV-positive women were Italian.

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consent is 14, paying to engage in sexual activities with teenagers between 14 and 17 years old, regardless of consent, is a crime punished with imprisonment from one to six years. Reports of underage people/women in prostitution has been a persistent concern in Italy as elsewhere, although in Italy it often appeared framed as homosexual molestation of male minors.

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the punishment for reduction into slavery, instead of using the Merlin law". In March 1999, the ministers announced new, more severe, penalties for exploitation, and new rules for protecting those who renounced prostitution. Available statistics for 1998 reported 342 known victims, 37 percent of whom were minors, predominantly originating from Albania, Nigeria and

239:, or independent prostitution done by a prostitute in their own home. The law was promoted as an equality measure liberating women, but despite its good intentions to give more rights to prostitutes otherwise dependent on pimps, it was, and still remains to this day, a subject of intense debate. Among other points, the text of the law specifically refers to women ( 351:), including under-aged girls. These issues of foreign nationals, coerced prostitution, and under-aged prostitutes have re-shaped the prostitution debate in Italy, as elsewhere around Europe, in recent years. Descriptions of the conditions of migrant women, particularly young women, on the streets, shifted the debate in the 1990s from the 141:), adopted on 29 March 1888, prohibited the selling of food and drinks, and parties, dances, and songs in brothels, and banned such establishments near places of worship, schools, and kindergartens. It also provided that the shutters should always remain closed, which is the origin of the Italian expression "closed houses" ( 959:

In 2008, it was estimated that 65% of people in prostitution are on the streets and 35% in private residences or clubs. 20% were stated to be minors and 10% to have been forced into prostitution by criminal gangs. However lines between street and indoor prostitution are often blurred, for instance by

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The media reported abuse and murders (particularly an 8-year-old boy in Ostia in 1998,) internet child pornography and sex tourism, with the terminology shifting from 'teenager' to 'child', and frequently conflated 'women and children' as equally vulnerable. Parliament responded rapidly and the Penal

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With migration, street prostitution became more visible, the prostitutes being considered to now be mainly foreigners. In turn, this created another force driving public attitudes, which were community groups from urban neighbourhoods where street prostitution was most visible, particularly since the

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3.3 chiunque, essendo proprietario, gerente o preposto a un albergo, casa mobiliata, pensione, spaccio di bevande, circolo, locale da ballo, o luogo di spettacolo, o loro annessi e dipendenze o qualunque locale aperto al pubblico od utilizzato dal pubblico, vi tollera abitualmente la presenza di una

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Claims about trafficking vary widely and are difficult to verify. Estimates vary from 7% to 100% of migrant people/women in prostitution. The 2009 US State Department report on Human Rights states "In 2008, according to the Ministry of Interior, 4,350 persons were charged with trafficking in persons

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ordered an "Inquiry to increase knowledge about the social and sanitary aspects of prostitution" in response to concerns about foreign people/women in prostitution on the streets. Anna Finocchiaro, the Minister of Equal Opportunities, was a key player in this, as was the Justice Commission President

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of the time is often considered confusing, since it has been applied to both the abolition of regulations restricting prostitution and the abolition of prostitution itself. However, these forces led to the introduction of a new system in Italy that abolished regulation, but not prostitution as such.

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However, of 558 people in prostitution attending a STD clinic in Bologna between 1995 and 1999, only 1.6% tested positive for HIV. The authors concluded that "prostitutes do not have a prominent role in the transmission and diffusion of STDs" Despite this opponents of prostitution continue to claim

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The policy of fining clients of street prostitutes, which has started to be implemented in the early 1990s, by city mayors, has been approved by part of the feminist movement (blaming clients for the existence of prostitution is a common discourse among both feminists and Catholics), but opposed by

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Prostitution is legal (it is not mentioned in the Penal Code), and brothels and pimping are illegal. Single people/women in prostitution from apartments are "tolerated". Loitering is permitted, but soliciting ("unabashedly inviting clients on the street") is illegal. Migrants with work or residence

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The Domestic Security regulations of 24 July 2008 (L.125/08) gave mayors judicial power to declare anything that might endanger the security and decorum of their cities an emergency. Under these powers, people/women in prostitution and clients have been subjected to ordinances that permit municipal

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The result was a new prominence for Anna Finocchiaro's consultative body, the Inter-ministerial Table for the Fight against Trafficking (in February 1998) with wide representation. Finocchiaro had declared "Trafficking in women is a new and very serious problem that we have to combat primarily with

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Although the law was not explicitly targeted at prostitution, its implementation was. Despite gender neutral language, the implementation focused on young female victims of trafficking, which was driven by populist media imagery. The new law did little to stem the debate. When the government led by

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estimated that the percentage of foreign people/women in prostitution in Italy had reached 90%, an increase from previous years. In that report only Spain was found to have such a high percentage of migrants in the trade, although most Western European countries reported a majority of workers were

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from their national offices in Pordenone. Their campaigns include trafficking prevention, people/women in prostitution rights, and campaigning for decriminalization and an end to stigmatization. Their demands saw a number of bills introduced in parliament, which, despite support from three leftist

746:, and MIT, a transsexual organization, left the city's co-ordinating committee on prostitution in protest, believing that any repression worsened people in prostitution conditions. There was also a feeling that criminalizing clients prevented them reporting abuse or collaborating with authorities. 624:

Work permits can be issued to migrant dancers in entertainment clubs for one year in a single workplace. Prostitution is forbidden, but nude dancing is tolerated. Suspicions of sexual encounters lead to club closures. By a fiscal law in 2006 (art. 36 paragraph 34 bis of Law 248/2006), prostitution

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who objected to prostitution as something that women required to be protected from, without addressing stigmatization. However, Catholic organizations dominated the list of approved agencies, and followed this belief. However, the debates did distinguish between forced prostitution and a "free and

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of the Anti-violence shelter, who stressed the continuity between sex for money and sex for free, pointing to the vulnerability of people/women in prostitution civil rights (e. g., their children could be taken into care). This was not pursued, although the strong role of the Equal Opportunities

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Partly connected to this was the emergence of a need to criminalize clients using under-age people/women in prostitution. Engaging in sexual activity with someone under 14 was already classified as statutory rape, but that still left many under-age people/women in prostitution. While the age of

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The women's movement has been divided between those who saw prostitution as exploitation and those who saw it as work. In general, the movement has not prioritized prostitution, giving it mid-level importance, and saw it as a cultural issue, and did not trust the State as an intervenor. On this

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enables police chiefs to expel persons from a city in which they do not officially reside. EU citizens are subject to fines while non-EU citizens may be placed in detention centres and deported. The Comitato reports a breakdown in relationships between NGOs and authorities and between NGOs and

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government, despite the prostitution scandals that continue to be associated with him. This has been achieved by packaging anti-prostitution measures into security packages, frustrated by the slow passage of the actual legislation. As with previous attempts this has attracted much criticism.

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The bill is framed as an amendment to the Legge Merlin of 20 February 1958, No 75 by providing for penalties for the act of prostitution, solicitation, or availing oneself of sexual services in a place open to the public (Art. 1). Article 2 amends article 600 bis of the penal code to provide

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A 1997/1998 study of 142 street prostitutes from Rome (102 women, 40 transsexual women) showed that most respondents (95%) reported always using condoms with clients. 8% of the women and 2% of the transsexual women reported injectable drug use. 38% of the women with a stable partner used

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European Parliament resolution of 14 September 2023 on the regulation of prostitution in the EU: its cross-border implications and impact on gender equality and women’s rights (2022/2139(INI)) stated that "UN and EU agreed upon language is prostitution and people/women in prostitution".

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has got taxed on the same way for every legal money earned, as the Highest Court has declared many times. The last one of these Judgments was carried out in 2016 (n. 22413/2016), and people in prostitution must have their activity registered, paying taxes as all free professionals.

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The bill is opposed by the Catholic Church, people in prostitution harm reduction advocates feminist groups, human rights and immigrant groups, and lawyers and continues to be a matter of both popular and academic debate. Carfagna believes it is necessary to combat trafficking.

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s perception of prostitutes as independent and assertive women to that of victims of male violence. One response of the local authorities in dealing with the problem was rescinding residence permits issued to foreign women found in the streets, and increased deportations of the

691:(Anti-violence centres), and women's shelters who advocated for victims of trafficking to stay in the country even if they did not denounce their exploiters, in keeping with their vision that women are best empowered by allowing them to determine their own course of action. 2206:

Carchedi, F., Mottura, G., Picciolini, A., Campani, G. I colori della notte: migrazioni, sfruttamento sessuale, esperienze di intervento sociale (The colours of the night: migration, sexual exploitation, experiences of welfare intervention), Franco Angeli, Milan

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Measures adopted by the law included increased penalties for recruiting and trafficking, and allowing victims of trafficking to stay in the country under a "protection permit". The law envisioned that these permits would be administered by local police chiefs

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A 2008 report stated that were some 100,000 prostitutes in Italy. In 2007 it was stated that the total number of people in prostitution was 70,000. The Italian Statistics Institute stated the number of street people in prostitution in 1998 was 50,000.

797:), introduced legislation to penalize the use of under-age people/women in prostitution, responding to a series of international forces, including Programme of Action Against Sexual Exploitation of Children for Commercial Purposes (Stockholm 1996), 676:

report on the legislations and policies regarding prostitution in Europe, in Italy, the dominant frames are prostitution as violence, force, organized crime, a threat to public security and order, and driving demand for migration and trafficking.

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of 1998 (40/98). The position of the relatively weak and scattered women's movement was that victims should not be further victimized by having them expelled to their home country, or by putting them in a possibly life-threatening situation.

1495: 226:) "in a public place, or place open to the public, or soliciting in a scandolous or disturbing manner, or follows a person and invites them by acts or words". Article 7 prohibited registration and mandatory health checks for prostitutes. 210:), came into power on 20 September 1958. This law, still in force today, with very little changes, revoked the regulation system, banned brothels, and established a new criminal offence called "exploitation of prostitution" ( 709:", the concept that the State should intervene only minimally in matters considered the free choice of the individual. There was a trend towards supporting normalization. A prominent advocate for this position has been 531:, other laws concerning public order and decency could be used to regulate it, and some places had local ordinances enacted against street prostitution. Attempts were regularly made to criminalize outdoor prostitution. 1667: 769:, but raised the ire of politicians, in particular Livia Turco, who emphasised that prostitution should be decriminalized, and only "true abuse" be penalized. She and Laura Balbo also received representation from the 1588: 234:

The Merlin Law follows the standard abolitionist (abolishing regulation) view of prostitution control policy, prohibiting trafficking, exploitation, and aiding and abetting of prostitution. What remained legal was

2123:"Prevalence of STDs and HIV infection among immigrant people/women in prostitution attending an STD centre in Bologna, Italy. D'Antuono A, Andalò F, Carlà EM, De Tommaso S. Sex Transm Infect. 2001 Jun;77(3):220" 722:

In regard to legal issues, feminists in general have supported the Merlin law, which banned brothels and regulation; and stood for decriminalization, with the exception of exploitation by third parties (pimps).

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pushed for more regulation, including as health checks, but these propositions were opposed by feminists. However, surveys consistently suggest that there is considerable public support for re-opening the

637:

A 2010 court decision created a new precedent that clients who did not pay the person in prostitution would be considered guilty of rape. This was considered a major breakthrough for prostitutes' rights.

255:, which made them more visible, and into private homes. The law remained a subject of intense debate, with its defence being seen as a feminist issue, as some Marxists and most Catholics support it. The 1224: 1685: 1974: 899:– Committee for the Civil Rights of Prostitutes (Comitato per i Diritti Civili delle Prostitute, or CDCP), formed in 1983 in response to violent attacks on people/women in prostitution and run by 1499: 1450:"Legge 6 marzo 1998, n. 40. "Disciplina dell'immigrazione e norme sulla condizione dello straniero." pubblicata nella Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 59 del 12 marzo 1998 – Supplemento Ordinario n. 40" 1941:"Legge 3 agosto 1998, n. 269 "Norme contro lo sfruttamento della prostituzione, della pornografia, del turismo sessuale in danno di minori, quali nuove forme di riduzione in schiavitu'."" 1069:

1) che in luogo pubblico od aperto al pubblico, invitano al libertinaggio in modo scandaloso o molesto; 2) che seguono per via le persone, invitandole con atti o parole al libertinaggio

2454: 2449: 1531: 2372:

Luisa Leonini. IL SEX BUSINESS NELLA SOCIETÀ CONTEMPORANEA. Convegno Prostituzione e tratta a 50 anni dalla legge Merlin e a 10 anni dall'art. 18 D.Lgs. 286/98 Roma, 21 novembre 2008

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The shift in emphasis from people in prostitution to clients in 1994, when mayors ordered police to fine clients, was welcomed by Catholics and feminists. In Bologna in 1998, the

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Verster, A.; Davoli, M.; Camposeragna, A.; Valeri, C.; Perucci, C. A. (June 2001). "Prevalence of HIV infection and risk behaviour among street prostitutes in Rome, 1997-1998".

222:). Article 3.3 lists a number of public places where prostitution is prohibited, such as houses, hotels, dance halls, and entertainment clubs. Article 5 prohibits solicitation ( 695:

issue, Catholic organizations have been part of a hostile backlash to feminism, as is the fascist right. For example, the mayor of Bologna cut all funding to women's shelters.

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Indagine conoscitiva sugli aspetti sociali e sanitari della prostituzione, Camera dei deputati, Commissione XII (affari sociali) 1999, pp. VIII-160, Euro 6,71 (IC13022)

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o più persone che, all'interno del locale stesso, si dànno alla prostituzione (hotel, mobile home, retirement, canteen, club, meeting rooms dance, or place of entertainment)

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against this. This debate occurred during meetings of a parliamentary commission into prostitution, where there were frequent references to under-age foreign prostitutes.

1285: 404: 2020:

Indagine conoscitiva sugli aspetti sociali e sanitari della prostituzione, Camera dei deputati, Commissione XII (affari sociali) 1999, pp. VIII-160, Euro 6,71 (IC13022)

2416: 1045:"Legge 75/58 20 February 1958 "Abolizione della regolamentazione della prostituzione e lotta contro lo sfruttamento della prostituzione altrui" (detta "Legge Merlin")" 430:'s immigration decree. However, Catholic organizations opposed the denunciation clause. The political initiative to address the situation of women migrants came from 373:

by sending notices to their home addresses and confiscating their vehicles, although outright charging clients with aiding and abetting was blocked by a tribunal in

422:

While it was always possible to request a residency permit on humanitarian grounds, this was not well known or utilized by foreign people in prostitution. In 1996,

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is loosely based on the real-life story of the two high school girls in Rome involved in an underage prostitution ring (the "Baby Squillo" scandal) in 2013–2014.

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migrants. This was in contrast with the former Communist countries, where the reverse is true – most people/women in prostitution being of national origin.

2245:"Laura Agustin: How to move street prostitution indoors and across borders: Italy and Switzerland. Border Thinking on Migration, Trafficking and Commercial Sex" 403:

Originally proposed by international agencies, and approved by the European Union in 1996, the cause of protecting migrant prostitutes was taken up in Italy by

2305: 426:, the Minister of Social Affairs, introduced the first "Justice Permit" for trafficking victims who renounced their traffickers, as part of the Prime Minister 1737: 1381: 687: 608: 2446:

Audizione del Comitato per i diritti civili delle prostitute e dei rappresentanti delle organizzazioni sindicali 1-6e documento conclusivo (28 luglio 1999)

1221: 508:(Internal Affairs) and Livia Turco (Social Affairs) announced they would look at new proposals on battling trafficking and defending the dignity of women. 1682: 1255: 1330: 710: 951:

Clampdowns by authorities often result in displacement of the trade across borders, such as that with Austria and Switzerland where brothels are legal.

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permits may be in prostitution, and police cannot revoke residence permits and begin deportation procedures, as they tried failing by the Italian laws.

2432:

The Evolution of Italian Immigration policy. Immigration legislation, 1986–2002 An inadequate policy for a major issue. European Migration Network 2003

2325: 821: 790: 706: 264: 2216:

Olivero F. La tratta delle donne straniere immigrante in Italia, in F De Stoop (ed.) Trafficanti di Donne, Turin: Ed. Gruppo Abele 1997, pp. 157–71

883: 118:

and the Bureau des Moeurs (a government office tasked with regulating vice, which included officially registering prostitutes). An 1859 decree, by

1623: 1604: 3125: 2426: 786: 2259:"Dans la camionnette: Money-sex exchange inside vans: Italy, France Laura Agustin: Border Thinking on Migration, Trafficking and Commercial Sex" 1957: 1922: 3157: 2455:

Audizione dei rappresentanti del tavolo di coordinamento nazionale sulla prostituzione e sulla tratta, nonchè dei rappresenta 13 gennaio 1999

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Accurate estimates of the numbers of people/women in prostitution in any particular country are hard to obtain, and prone to error and bias.

900: 347:

Among these migrants were women who took up prostitution with varying degrees of voluntarity, with some suffering coercion and debt bondage (

1528: 730:, the policy system was reasonably open, and the dominant approach matched that of the women's movement, in moving ahead with "protection". 3788: 3140: 1556: 2355:

Mary, Mary quite contrary Italy struggles to come to grips with the Madonna-whore complex. Amanda Castleman Continental Drift Spring 2010

1146: 904: 820:

There was, however, division over the issue of the defence of ignorance, the final decision being it was not a defence. One feminist MP,

2533:, in: Penelope Morris (ed.), Women in Italy, 1945-1960: An Interdisciplinary Study, New York, Palgrave Macmillan 2006, pp. 131–145. 1371:

Signorelli A, Treppete M. Services in the window: a manual for intervention in the world of migrant prostitution. Asterios, Trieste 2001

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mid-1990s. Municipalities have also tried to police people in prostitution themselves since 1994, which included targeting prostitution

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trial in 2015. In 2013, around 50 men—among them professionals, priests, and politicians—were accused of paying two teenage girls from

715: 2258: 2226: 395:

Some municipal authorities have created confusion by erecting signs drawing attention to prostitution occurring in the neighbourhood.

3886: 2431: 2189: 2104: 408: 2244: 3793: 2499:

Der Staat als Zuhälter. Die Abschaffung der reglementierten Prostitution in Deutschland, Frankreich und Italien im 20. Jahrhundert

1409: 828:), complained about the rushed legislation, and abstained. Because Italian law prohibits gender discrimination (another legacy of 218:. Specifically, article 3.8 provides penalties for "any person who, in any way, promotes or exploits the prostitution of others" ( 4230: 3358: 2366: 1051: 4160: 4102: 2570: 2411: 2381:[Tropical sex in a european country: Brazilian women's migration to Italy in the frame of international sex tourism]. 1478: 1302: 4036: 3199: 279:(see Advocacy, below), attempts to change the law continued, with 22 bills introduced in the 1996-2001 legislative assembly. 126:

in their fight against Austria, authorized the opening of houses controlled by the state for the exercise of prostitution in

1720: 153:(hospitals for people/women in prostitution) was also set up, under the belief that they were the main sources of spreading 3833: 3108: 2916: 388:, the mainland of Venice, in 1995. A more tolerant approach has emerged from local authorities, based on the principle of " 332:

in 1993–1994. The fourth wave in 1995 also came from Nigeria and Albania, while in 1996–1998, even more migrants came from

1783: 572:, where it has been debated in committee in conjunction with a group of related bills (19 March 2009). In interviews with 3162: 3025: 2311: 2030: 1887: 1385: 1111: 182:, movement for its abolition started to grow from the late 19th century, supported by leftist and feminist groups. This 4367: 4180: 3881: 3466: 3093: 2926: 2687: 1704: 1018: 2357: 2067: 1464:

Donne ch'avete intelletto d'amore. Confronto e riflessioni sulla prostituzione a partire da un punto di vista di donne

4205: 3113: 3088: 2931: 1897: 1812: 1121: 1028: 256: 2379:"Sexo tropical em um país europeu: migração de brasileiras para a Itália no marco do 'turismo sexual' internacional" 2371: 3485: 2766: 2652: 1993: 1866: 1741: 810: 493: 377:

in September 2000. Continuing police activity became a national focus following the suicide of a client that year.

4400: 4292: 4287: 3609: 3521: 3368: 3363: 3194: 3062: 817:

Code was amended to deal with sexual contact with minors or possession of child pornography with no opposition.

160: 4501: 3557: 3145: 2622: 1259: 1185:

Carchedi, Francesco (1 January 2000). "Considerations on foreign prostitution in Italy. A background picture".

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Leonini L.(ed) Sesso in acquisto. Una ricerca sui clienti della prostituzione. Edizioni Unicopli, Milano 1999.

4405: 4252: 3808: 3639: 3526: 3057: 3052: 119: 2329: 4410: 4372: 3567: 3506: 3491: 3343: 3204: 2657: 2510:

Prostitution and Infection: Transnational and Comparative Perspectives on Italian Health Policy (1922-1958)

1620: 987: 875: 825: 1828: 171:

Although prostitutes found this regulated system oppressive, they developed ways to resist it. During the

114: 4352: 3911: 3629: 3475: 3257: 3167: 3067: 2953: 2921: 2606: 1768: 263:. Repeal of the law would have re-opened brothels. At the same time, conservative women's groups such as 1512: 340:, and Albania. Italian immigration laws became much more restrictive in 1998, with the enactment of the 4423: 4322: 4282: 4262: 4242: 4145: 4095: 3966: 3594: 3414: 3321: 3294: 3229: 3103: 2637: 2563: 1601: 292:

Prostitution in Italy became much more visible in the early 1990s with the increase of migration from

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of 1990) contributed to a rapid influx of people in prostitution in 1989-1990 originating from former

4257: 3996: 3762: 3685: 3649: 2667: 2632: 2627: 1199: 4390: 4337: 4332: 4307: 4165: 4011: 4001: 3981: 3951: 3906: 3604: 3446: 3378: 3348: 3328: 3209: 2885: 2850: 2647: 856: 705:

Amongst the ongoing debates surrounding prostitution in Italy are the legal scholars who advocate "

580:, Carfagna stated that she was declaring war on prostitution and criticised opponents who proposed 489: 435: 215: 4362: 4312: 4272: 4225: 4220: 4210: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4170: 4155: 4150: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 3891: 3654: 3511: 3481: 3456: 3373: 3333: 3272: 3171: 2936: 2906: 2090: 203: 149:

of 1891. Under this system, prostitution in Italy was fully legal in private houses. A system of

2502: 1975:"Mussolini granddaughter's husband to go on trial for 'paying for sex with teenage prostitutes'" 757:, Minister of Institutional Reforms, suggested that instead the client should be penalized, and 488:

was elected later that year in October 1998 three women ministers from three political parties (

4449: 4395: 4357: 4347: 4327: 4317: 4302: 4297: 4277: 4247: 4215: 4200: 4175: 4111: 3589: 3577: 3353: 3338: 3030: 2672: 1194: 1153: 4342: 4267: 4088: 3896: 3823: 3717: 3666: 3424: 3404: 3214: 2808: 2776: 2662: 2642: 2556: 2400: 794: 577: 497: 443: 370: 260: 2230: 3747: 3562: 3451: 3429: 3083: 2981: 2865: 2733: 1640: 1466:(Proceedings of the Conference at Modena, 7 November 1998) Rome: Il pese delle donne, 1998. 839: 806: 750: 505: 1799: 175:(1922–1943), more restrictive measures were gradually introduced in 1923, 1933, and 1940. 8: 4461: 4031: 4021: 3976: 3742: 3707: 3702: 3419: 3040: 2976: 2896: 560:(solicitation constituting offence or harassment) subject to up to 15 days imprisonment. 528: 252: 236: 109: 259:

repeatedly sought the repeal of the law since 1973, and they were joined in 1998 by the

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Overall, the system was considered a failure, and as in other European countries with

3956: 3946: 3818: 3732: 3697: 3624: 3614: 3392: 3262: 3176: 3006: 2986: 2960: 2948: 2743: 2738: 2723: 2718: 2703: 2289: 2152: 1893: 1294: 1117: 1024: 758: 416: 348: 154: 2531:

Prostitutes and Politicians: The Women’s Rights Movement in the Legge Merlin Debates

2395: 2378: 2301: 1654: 646:

The three main debates which have occupied the public, media, and policy makers are

4444: 4026: 3848: 3798: 3779: 3774: 3727: 3634: 3572: 3552: 3540: 3496: 3299: 3279: 3267: 3130: 3011: 2728: 2591: 2583: 2390: 2281: 2190:"Sex Work in Europe - A Mapping of the Prostitution Scene in 25 European Countries" 2142: 2134: 1475: 1423:"Prostitutes in the area! Street sign has locals confused in Northern Italian town" 1204: 869: 431: 134:) with the enactment of the "Regulations of the Security Service on Prostitution". 20: 3098: 467:), had embraced the aims of the Comitato and attempted to legislate this in 1987. 27:), defined as the exchange of sexual acts for money, is legal, although organized 4485: 4473: 3936: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3813: 3737: 3599: 3118: 3016: 2901: 2801: 2708: 2404: 2361: 1870: 1851: 1832: 1787: 1689: 1627: 1608: 1535: 1482: 1334: 1228: 762: 460: 172: 67: 4069: 4016: 3986: 3931: 3838: 3712: 3659: 3619: 3289: 3284: 3135: 3035: 2991: 2943: 2891: 2845: 2813: 2771: 2748: 2450:

Audizione del Ministro per le pari opportunita' Anna Finocchiaro 16 luglio 1998

1940: 1923:"Ostia, Vincenzo accusato da un altro figlio. 25 July 1998 Corriere della Sera" 1780: 1449: 766: 754: 664:

Assisting people/women in prostitution, including victims of trafficking. (see

569: 389: 293: 35:

or controlled by third parties, is prohibited. Brothels were banned in 1958. A

2475:

Storia della prostituzione in Italia dal quattrocento alla fine del settecento

2285: 1994:"The True Story Behind Netflix's 'Baby' Is Even More Disturbing Than the Show" 916: 4495: 3941: 3582: 3152: 2840: 2818: 2677: 2034: 1298: 651: 540: 513: 427: 321: 301: 2538:"The Thorns of Love". Sexuality, Syphilis and Social Control in Modern Italy 2120: 1889:

The Politics of Prostitution: Women's Movements, Democratic States and the …

882:

There was little feminist input into this discussion, with the exception of

4437: 4059: 3866: 3671: 3441: 3045: 2911: 2860: 2835: 2354: 2293: 2156: 753:, proposing amending the Merlin Law to stiffen penalties for exploitation. 727: 297: 52: 28: 2468:

La legge del desiderio. Il progetto Merlin e l'Italia degli anni Cinquanta

1513:"Former showgirl Mara Carfagna comes under fire for anti-prostitution law" 282: 4080: 3961: 3901: 3871: 3224: 2855: 2519:, in: «Memoria: rivista di storia delle donne», 17, 1986, pp. 24–41. 2138: 1756:"Italy: New Anti-Prostitution Law Criminalises Street Sex Workers x:talk" 829: 501: 423: 309: 207: 123: 90:

achieved high social status in Venice, particularly in the 17th century.

79: 2512:, in: «Journal of Modern Italian Studies», 23.5, 2018, pp. 557-572. 1863: 312:

countries. A second wave of immigrant people/women in prostitution from

3219: 2828: 2542:

Sex, Sin and Suffering. Veneral Disease and European Society since 1870

2526:, in: «Storia e problemi contemporanei», 10.20, 1997, pp. 105–119. 833: 585: 87: 55:

referring to the sound of a ringing telephone, making it analogous to "

1116:. Italy: The Politics of Prostitution Cambridge UP. pp. 165–184. 220:

chiunque in qualsiasi modo favorisca o sfrutti la prostituzione altrui

130:. On 15 February 1860, the decree was signed into law (referred to as 4456: 1755: 1570: 337: 56: 44: 36: 1800:

Osservazioni sul disegno di legge N. 1079 in materia di Prostitzione

1476:"Italy-prostitution: Italy poised to sweep away street prostitution" 539:

In 2008, a new bill outlawing street prostitution was introduced by

3876: 3861: 3856: 3757: 2791: 2786: 2524:

Prostituzione e legislazione repubblicana: l’impegno di Lina Merlin

127: 32: 2517:

La sessualità, le norme, lo Stato. Il dibattito sulla legge Merlin

2121:

A D'Antuono; F Andalò; E M Carlà; S De Tommaso (2 February 2001).

2823: 2548: 863: 851: 847: 657:

Criminalization of clients of prostituted children under 18 (see

374: 333: 329: 324:

and staying in the country after they had expired (the so-called

313: 72: 2171: 3516: 2271: 1826:

Incontro seminariale: “Le nuove misure contro la prostituzione”

1825: 1738:"Prostituzione:"Il decreto Carfagna è contro i malati di Aids"" 940: 798: 702:

other women who felt this policy further victimized the women.

673: 516:. A total of 242 permits were granted in 1999 and 600 in 2000. 385: 165: 83: 584:(red light districts). It remains firmly on the agenda of the 2796: 2579: 1529:"Topless model turned Italian minister condemns prostitution" 921: 813:. This initiative unified a number of legislative proposals. 802: 202:(L75/1958) (the Merlin Law, named after its main author, the 2501:, De Gruyter, Berlin 2016 (reviewed by Julia Brüggemann in: 895:

An influential group of people/women in prostitution is the

650:

Allowing victims of trafficking to stay in the country (see

3304: 2781: 1020:

Mary Gibson: Prostitution and the State in Italy, 1860–1915

850:, aged 14 and 15, for sexual services in Rome. The Italian 317: 2326:"Rosi (PdL), pugno duro contro i clienti delle prostitute" 2227:"US Department of State – 2009 Human Rights Report: Italy" 1382:"Bologna red-light proposal causes stir Italy Aug 20 2007" 2105:"Italy preparing to punish prostitutes and their clients" 1721:"Decreto Mara Carfagna: scatta la caccia alle prostitute" 1496:"Disegno Di Legge Recante Misure Contro La Prostituzione" 963: 412: 1958:

Martirano D. E la legge antipedofili rischia di slattere

543:, Minister for Equal Opportunities, and approved by the 2417:

Social Action Department – Prostitution and Trafficking

1912:

Tatafiore R. Sesso al lavoro. Il Saggiatore, Milan 1994

1410:"Comunicato:No al disegno di legge sulla prostituzione" 1287:

Street prostitution and public policies in Milan, Italy

1256:"Italians favor reopening brothels. Italy July 5, 2008" 1241: 283:

Growing concerns over street prostitution and migration

86:

declared in 1358 that brothels were indispensable, and

39:

often used to refer to street prostitutes in Italy is

4421: 2172:"Romanian women in prostitution most prevalent in EU" 1802:

Associazione Studi Giuridici sull'Immigrazione (ASGI)

1740:. Giornalettismo.com. 6 November 2010. Archived from 296:

which had begun in the 1970s. The dissolution of the

251:

The effect of the law was to push women out into the

776: 3063:

Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia

2060:"Government set to approve anti-prostitution bill" 1881: 1879: 1864:Clients who don't pay prostitutes 'Guilty of Rape' 887:Ministry can be seen as an insider women's voice. 842:’s husband was scheduled to appear at court for a 665: 164:Prostitutes waiting for customers in a brothel of 1222:Houses of prostitution closed 50 years ago under" 4493: 2328:. Vivere Assisi. 14 October 2010. Archived from 1705:Berlusconi government to ban street prostitution 1384:. Italymag.co.uk. 20 August 2007. Archived from 1147:"Sexwork|Migration|Health TAMPEP 2009" 960:street people/women in prostitution using vans. 527:Until 2008, although there were no laws against 2031:"Committee for the Civil Rights of Prostitutes" 2016: 2014: 1876: 1845:"Il Ministro Carfagna contro la prostituzione." 1585:"Prostituzione, via libera al disegno di legge" 2482:Prostitution and the State in Italy, 1860–1915 2427:TAMPEP position on migration and sex work 2001 2367:International Encyclopedia of Sexuality: Italy 2088: 2054: 2052: 1023:. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. 1986. 920:Prostitute talking to a potential customer in 864:Assisting migrant people/women in prostitution 4096: 2564: 1258:. Italymag.co.uk. 5 June 2008. Archived from 1113:The never-ending debate, in Outshoorn J (ed.) 1109: 1067: 698:The women's movement denounced prostitution. 415:, and by other Catholic and lay NGOs such as 112:, modeled on the French Napoleonic system of 2484:. Rutgers University Press, New Jersey 1986. 2011: 1781:Striscione femminista per Diritti prostitute 2540:, in: Roger Davidson/Lesley A. Hall (ed.), 2116: 2114: 2049: 1439:Finocchiaro A. Prefazione, in Carchedi 2000 1412:. On the Road. Associazione Onlus Sept 2008 398: 122:to aid the French army which supported the 4110: 4103: 4089: 2571: 2557: 2376: 2229:. State.gov. 11 March 2010. Archived from 1991: 1180: 1178: 1176: 1105: 1103: 1101: 1099: 1097: 1006:Leggi e Memorie Venete sulla Prostituzione 568:The bill (S.1079) was introduced into the 519: 2544:, London/New York 2001, pp. 137–159. 2394: 2146: 1885: 1328:"'Name and shame' to combat prostitution" 1231:, Merlin Law. Newsahead 20 September 2008 1198: 1095: 1093: 1091: 1089: 1087: 1085: 1083: 1081: 1079: 1077: 641: 2111: 1498:. Pariopportunita.gov.it. Archived from 1279: 1277: 1184: 1141: 1139: 1137: 1135: 1133: 934: 915: 740:Case delle donne per non-subire violenze 438:), the Minister of Equal Opportunities. 328:) ensued, followed by a third wave from 304:, and new immigration policies (such as 159: 66: 2437: 2169: 1668:"Ho dichiarato guerra all prostiuzione" 1657:. Parlamento.openpolis.it. 13 May 2009. 1405: 1403: 1173: 4494: 1571:"Dipartimento per le Pari Opportunità" 1074: 964:Health of people/women in prostitution 749:The issue was raised again in 1999 by 685:Amongst the political actors were the 563: 363: 190: 4084: 2552: 2377:Piscitelli, Adriana (December 2007). 2107:. Stranitalia.com. 13 September 2008. 1992:Tannenbaum, Emily (3 December 2018). 1349:Tribunal of Perugia, 2 September 2000 1283: 1274: 1130: 658: 475:conscious choice of the individual". 78:Prostitution thrived in Italy in the 47:"), while escorts are referred to as 3109:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy 1854:Prontoconsumatore, 24 September 2010 1758:. Xtalkproject.net. 27 January 2009. 1621:"Italy moves against street walkers" 1602:"Italy: Street prostitution a crime" 1400: 2473:Romano Canosa/Isabella Colonnello, 2194:Global Network of Sex Work Projects 2170:Rettman, Andrew (26 January 2010). 2066:. 10 September 2008. Archived from 1886:Outshoorn, Joyce (8 January 2004). 93: 13: 2578: 2089:in: Hot Issues (26 January 2007). 1683:"Ma niente quartieri a luci rosse" 601: 14: 4513: 2494:. Macgibbon and Kee, London 1963. 1769:"le donne: corpi che non contano" 785:In 1996, two female politicians, 777:Underage prostitution (L. 269/98) 726:In the centre-left government of 380:Another initiative was to create 106:regulation system of prostitution 4479: 4467: 4455: 4443: 4431: 4065: 4064: 4053: 607:police to administer fines. The 212:sfruttamento della prostituzione 108:, was established in 1861, with 3794:Orders, decorations, and medals 2396:10.1590/S0104-026X2007000300014 2318: 2265: 2251: 2237: 2219: 2210: 2200: 2182: 2163: 2127:Sexually Transmitted Infections 2097: 2082: 2023: 1985: 1967: 1951: 1933: 1915: 1906: 1857: 1838: 1819: 1805: 1793: 1774: 1762: 1748: 1730: 1714: 1698: 1676: 1661: 1647: 1633: 1614: 1595: 1577: 1563: 1545: 1522: 1506: 1488: 1469: 1456: 1442: 1433: 1415: 1374: 1365: 1358:Mafai M. Riaprite quelle case. 1352: 1343: 1321: 1312: 1248: 1234: 911: 805:. They received the support of 615: 145:). A further amendment was the 2033:. Lucciole.org. Archived from 1892:. Cambridge University Press. 1587:. 22 July 2011. Archived from 1555:. 22 July 2011. Archived from 1215: 1163: 1061: 1037: 1011: 999: 275:Following the founding of the 1: 2261:. Nodo50.org. 2 January 2010. 2091:"70,000 Prostitutes in Italy" 1209:10.5565/rev/papers/v60n0.1033 1187:Papers. Revista de Sociologia 993: 973:they are sources of disease. 765:) introduced a bill into the 666:Assisting migrant sex workers 592: 120:Count Camillo Benso di Cavour 2412:Illegal immigration in Italy 1947:. Camera.it. 10 August 1998. 988:Prostitution in ancient Rome 811:Minister of Internal Affairs 534: 287: 216:procuring of sexual services 7: 3834:Water supply and sanitation 3258:Italian geographical region 3126:Monarchy and the World Wars 3068:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 2954:War of the Sicilian Vespers 2607:Timeline of Italian history 2247:. Nodo50.org. 23 July 2009. 1873:Life in Italy, 9 March 2010 1815:. Studiolegalemandolesi.it. 1611:. GMA News, 9 November 2008 976: 890: 632: 392:" ("riduzione del danno"). 71:Prostitute in a brothel of 10: 4518: 3753:Inventions and discoveries 3163:Fall of the Fascist regime 3146:Fourth War of Independence 3104:Expedition of the Thousand 3094:Second War of Independence 2503:H-France Review, July 2017 2383:Revista Estudos Feministas 2347: 1790:. Lucciole 13 October 2008 1641:"Senate: 16th legislature" 867: 733: 411:), President of Irene, an 320:, arriving to Italy using 214:), with the aim to punish 62: 4381: 4118: 4049: 3847: 3693: 3684: 3548: 3539: 3527:Security and intelligence 3400: 3391: 3253: 3244: 3187: 3114:Third War of Independence 3089:First War of Independence 3076: 2969: 2878: 2759: 2696: 2615: 2599: 2590: 2286:10.1080/09540120120044017 1945:Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 185 1813:"Studio Legale Mandolesi" 1626:15 September 2008 at the 1573:. Pariopportunita.gov.it. 1429:. New York. 5 April 2010. 1244:. Donne.it. 21 June 2013. 954: 680: 478: 470:Amongst critics were the 405:Maria Paola Colombo Svevo 246: 229: 3205:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus 3200:Institutional referendum 2492:Prostitution and Society 2460: 2360:14 December 2009 at the 1786:1 September 2017 at the 1655:"Open Parlomento S.1079" 1630:Italy, 12 September 2008 1607:12 February 2009 at the 1553:"The Minister's message" 1481:22 February 2011 at the 550: 490:Federation of the Greens 399:Dealing with immigration 4112:Prostitution in Europe 3728:Emigration and diaspora 2937:Guelphs and Ghibellines 2922:the Sardinian Judicates 1688:20 January 2016 at the 1485:, AFP, 21 December 2002 1284:Danna, Daniela (2001). 504:(Equal Opportunities), 4161:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3610:Science and technology 3558:Italian regions by GDP 3359:Marine protected areas 3031:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 1771:OGO, 24 September 2008 1227:11 August 2010 at the 1110:Daniela Danna (2004). 1068: 1008:. Lorenji, Venice 1872 924: 642:Theoretical discourses 582:quartieri a luci rosse 545:Consiglio dei ministri 494:Italian People's Party 448:Legge Turco-Napolitano 342:Legge Turco-Napolitano 168: 75: 24: 4502:Prostitution in Italy 3809:Public administration 2917:the Holy Roman Empire 2536:Bruno P.F. Wanrooij, 2470:, Rome, Carocci 2006. 1462:Fiorensoli MP. (ed.) 935:Migration and tourism 919: 498:Democrats of the Left 444:Democrats of the Left 261:Democrats of the Left 206:member of parliament 163: 70: 31:, whether indoors in 17:Prostitution in Italy 4037:World Heritage Sites 3492:Council of Ministers 3230:Coronavirus pandemic 2628:Currency and coinage 2438:Government inquiries 2139:10.1136/sti.77.3.220 2070:on 13 September 2008 2037:on 27 September 2017 1962:Corriere della Serra 1869:9 March 2010 at the 1850:22 July 2011 at the 1835:LabDiF 29 March 2009 1831:27 July 2011 at the 1534:3 March 2016 at the 1159:on 16 November 2013. 840:Alessandra Mussolini 807:Rosa Russo Jervolino 506:Rosa Russo Jervolino 4382:States with limited 3568:Automotive industry 3507:Metropolitan cities 3053:Early Modern period 3026:Kingdom of Sardinia 2977:Italian city-states 2522:Vittoria Serafini, 2196:. 11 December 2010. 1979:The Daily Telegraph 1927:Corriere della Sera 1744:on 9 November 2010. 1695:, 25 September 2008 1673:, 29 September 2008 1542:, 12 September 2008 1519:, 12 September 2008 1362:, 15 September 2000 1333:24 May 2009 at the 1057:on 20 January 2016. 939:A 2009 report from 876:Chamber of Deputies 688:Centri antiviolenza 609:Public Security Law 564:Legislative history 529:street prostitution 364:Street prostitution 257:Christian Democrats 237:street prostitution 110:Italian unification 3630:Telecommunications 2997:Maritime republics 2488:Fernando Henriques 2466:Sandro Bellassai, 983:Love Party (Italy) 925: 844:child prostitution 713:, chief editor of 440:Giorgio Napolitano 169: 76: 4419: 4418: 4078: 4077: 4045: 4044: 3680: 3679: 3615:Southern question 3535: 3534: 3467:Political parties 3415:Foreign relations 3387: 3386: 3240: 3239: 2961:Kingdom of Naples 2949:Kingdom of Sicily 2385:(in Portuguese). 2233:on 23 March 2010. 1727:, 7 November 2010 1711:, 5 November 2010 1242:"Federcasalinghe" 759:Antonio Di Pietro 711:Roberta Tatafiore 547:on 11 September. 349:human trafficking 155:venereal diseases 4509: 4484: 4483: 4482: 4472: 4471: 4470: 4460: 4459: 4448: 4447: 4436: 4435: 4434: 4427: 4119:Sovereign states 4105: 4098: 4091: 4082: 4081: 4068: 4067: 4060:Italy portal 4057: 4056: 3997:National symbols 3691: 3690: 3546: 3545: 3398: 3397: 3251: 3250: 3131:Kingdom of Italy 3058:Napoleonic Italy 2597: 2596: 2573: 2566: 2559: 2550: 2549: 2408: 2398: 2342: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2322: 2316: 2315: 2310: 2269: 2263: 2262: 2255: 2249: 2248: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2223: 2217: 2214: 2208: 2204: 2198: 2197: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2150: 2118: 2109: 2108: 2101: 2095: 2094: 2086: 2080: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2056: 2047: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2027: 2021: 2018: 2009: 2008: 2006: 2004: 1989: 1983: 1982: 1971: 1965: 1955: 1949: 1948: 1937: 1931: 1930: 1919: 1913: 1910: 1904: 1903: 1883: 1874: 1861: 1855: 1842: 1836: 1823: 1817: 1816: 1809: 1803: 1797: 1791: 1778: 1772: 1766: 1760: 1759: 1752: 1746: 1745: 1734: 1728: 1718: 1712: 1702: 1696: 1680: 1674: 1665: 1659: 1658: 1651: 1645: 1644: 1637: 1631: 1618: 1612: 1599: 1593: 1592: 1591:on 22 July 2011. 1581: 1575: 1574: 1567: 1561: 1560: 1559:on 22 July 2011. 1549: 1543: 1526: 1520: 1510: 1504: 1503: 1492: 1486: 1473: 1467: 1460: 1454: 1453: 1446: 1440: 1437: 1431: 1430: 1419: 1413: 1407: 1398: 1397: 1395: 1393: 1388:on 3 August 2012 1378: 1372: 1369: 1363: 1356: 1350: 1347: 1341: 1325: 1319: 1316: 1310: 1309: 1307: 1301:. 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2868: 2866:Western Empire 2858: 2853: 2851:Roman conquest 2848: 2843: 2833: 2832: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2805: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2772:Italic peoples 2763: 2761: 2757: 2756: 2754: 2753: 2752: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2693: 2691: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2612: 2610: 2609: 2603: 2601: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2576: 2575: 2568: 2561: 2553: 2546: 2545: 2534: 2529:Molly Tambor, 2527: 2520: 2513: 2506: 2495: 2485: 2478: 2471: 2462: 2459: 2458: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2439: 2436: 2435: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2389:(3): 717–744. 2374: 2369: 2364: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2343: 2317: 2280:(3): 367–372. 2264: 2250: 2236: 2218: 2209: 2199: 2181: 2162: 2110: 2096: 2081: 2064:Italy Magazine 2048: 2022: 2010: 1984: 1966: 1964:, 29 July 1998 1950: 1932: 1914: 1905: 1898: 1875: 1856: 1837: 1818: 1804: 1792: 1773: 1761: 1747: 1729: 1713: 1697: 1675: 1660: 1646: 1632: 1613: 1594: 1576: 1562: 1544: 1521: 1505: 1487: 1468: 1455: 1441: 1432: 1414: 1399: 1373: 1364: 1351: 1342: 1320: 1311: 1308:on 9 May 2006. 1273: 1262:on 8 June 2008 1247: 1233: 1214: 1172: 1162: 1129: 1122: 1073: 1060: 1036: 1029: 1010: 997: 995: 992: 991: 990: 985: 978: 975: 965: 962: 956: 953: 936: 933: 913: 910: 892: 889: 884:Elsa Antonioni 865: 862: 778: 775: 755:Giuliano Amato 735: 732: 719:("Us Women"). 682: 679: 670: 669: 662: 655: 643: 640: 634: 631: 617: 614: 603: 600: 594: 591: 565: 562: 552: 549: 536: 533: 524: 521:Legge Carfagna 518: 480: 477: 400: 397: 390:harm reduction 365: 362: 306:Legge Martelli 294:Western Africa 289: 286: 284: 281: 248: 245: 231: 228: 195: 189: 180:Réglementation 147:Legge Nicotera 115:Réglementation 97: 92: 82:. The city of 64: 61: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4514: 4503: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4487: 4477: 4475: 4465: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4439: 4429: 4428: 4425: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4406:South Ossetia 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4380: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4253:Liechtenstein 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4106: 4101: 4099: 4094: 4092: 4087: 4086: 4083: 4071: 4063: 4061: 4052: 4051: 4048: 4038: 4035: 4033: 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3173: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3153:Fascist Italy 3151: 3147: 3144: 3143: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3128: 3127: 3124: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3099:Niçard exodus 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3086: 3085: 3082: 3081: 3079: 3075: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3047: 3044: 3043: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2999: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2979: 2978: 2975: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2962: 2959: 2955: 2952: 2951: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2889: 2888: 2887: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2867: 2864: 2863: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2838: 2837: 2834: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2819:Magna Graecia 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2774: 2773: 2770: 2769: 2768: 2765: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2706: 2705: 2702: 2701: 2699: 2695: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2608: 2605: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2574: 2569: 2567: 2562: 2560: 2555: 2554: 2551: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2525: 2521: 2518: 2515:Tamar Pitch, 2514: 2511: 2508:Malte König: 2507: 2504: 2500: 2497:Malte König: 2496: 2493: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480:Mary Gibson, 2479: 2476: 2472: 2469: 2465: 2464: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2444: 2443: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2352: 2331: 2327: 2321: 2313: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2268: 2260: 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Impact Lab. 2092: 2085: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2055: 2053: 2036: 2032: 2026: 2017: 2015: 1999: 1995: 1988: 1980: 1976: 1970: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1946: 1942: 1936: 1928: 1924: 1918: 1909: 1901: 1899:9780521540698 1895: 1891: 1890: 1882: 1880: 1872: 1868: 1865: 1860: 1853: 1849: 1846: 1841: 1834: 1830: 1827: 1822: 1814: 1808: 1801: 1796: 1789: 1785: 1782: 1777: 1770: 1765: 1757: 1751: 1743: 1739: 1733: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1710: 1706: 1701: 1694: 1691: 1687: 1684: 1679: 1672: 1669: 1664: 1656: 1650: 1642: 1636: 1629: 1625: 1622: 1617: 1610: 1606: 1603: 1598: 1590: 1586: 1580: 1572: 1566: 1558: 1554: 1548: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1530: 1525: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1501: 1497: 1491: 1484: 1480: 1477: 1472: 1465: 1459: 1451: 1445: 1436: 1428: 1424: 1418: 1411: 1406: 1404: 1387: 1383: 1377: 1368: 1361: 1355: 1346: 1340:, 29 May 2008 1339: 1336: 1332: 1329: 1324: 1315: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1289: 1288: 1280: 1278: 1261: 1257: 1251: 1243: 1237: 1230: 1226: 1223: 1218: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1181: 1179: 1177: 1166: 1155: 1148: 1142: 1140: 1138: 1136: 1134: 1125: 1123:9780521540698 1119: 1115: 1114: 1106: 1104: 1102: 1100: 1098: 1096: 1094: 1092: 1090: 1088: 1086: 1084: 1082: 1080: 1078: 1070: 1064: 1053: 1046: 1040: 1032: 1030:9781563081316 1026: 1022: 1021: 1014: 1007: 1002: 998: 989: 986: 984: 981: 980: 974: 970: 961: 952: 949: 945: 942: 932: 928: 923: 918: 909: 906: 902: 898: 888: 885: 880: 877: 874:In 1998, the 871: 861: 859: 858: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 835: 831: 827: 823: 818: 814: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 787:Anna Serafini 783: 774: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 747: 745: 741: 731: 729: 724: 720: 718: 717: 712: 708: 703: 699: 696: 692: 690: 689: 678: 675: 667: 663: 660: 656: 653: 649: 648: 647: 639: 630: 626: 622: 613: 610: 599: 590: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 561: 559: 558:libertinaggio 548: 546: 542: 541:Mara Carfagna 532: 530: 522: 517: 515: 514:FR Yugoslavia 509: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 476: 473: 468: 466: 462: 458: 452: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 428:Lamberto Dini 425: 420: 418: 414: 410: 406: 396: 393: 391: 387: 384:, such as in 383: 378: 376: 372: 361: 359: 354: 350: 345: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 322:tourist visas 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 302:Yugoslav Wars 299: 295: 280: 278: 273: 271: 266: 262: 258: 254: 244: 242: 238: 227: 225: 224:libertinaggio 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 193: 188: 185: 181: 176: 174: 167: 162: 158: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 135: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 116: 111: 107: 103: 96: 91: 89: 85: 81: 74: 69: 60: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 38: 34: 30: 26: 25:prostituzione 22: 18: 4462:Prostitution 4411:Transnistria 4373:Vatican City 4237: 3897:Architecture 3867:Quattrocento 3824:Social class 3804:Prostitution 3803: 3718:Demographics 3640:Trade unions 3583:Central Bank 3425:Human rights 3405:Constitution 3188:Contemporary 3158:World War II 3046:Italian Wars 2970:Early modern 2912:Papal States 2890:Italy under 2836:Ancient Rome 2541: 2537: 2530: 2523: 2516: 2509: 2498: 2491: 2481: 2477:, Rome 1989. 2474: 2467: 2441: 2386: 2382: 2334:. 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