Prostitution in the Republic of Ireland

416:, later recalled, "It was a hard life for them girls. They were really all country girls that got into trouble and that's where they finished up. A girl (unwed) with a baby, she was in trouble... from farmers' sons. There was a convent around there and they were put up in there for twelve months with the nuns. They had a hard time. Scrubbing floors and everything else and the nuns standing over them. Oh, the country girls got a hell of a time of it, that's why all the girls was, 'on the town'. That's where they finished up. Now the madams had them dressed up in good new clothes, that was the attraction." 609:, and published in July 2013, Donohue wrote, "No one was imprisoned, nor forced against her will to stay. There was no slave labor, ... It’s all a lie." Donohue alleged that the women in the asylums were, "prostitutes, and women seen as likely candidates for the 'world’s oldest profession'. Unmarried women, especially those who gave birth out-of-wedlock, were likely candidates. Contrary to what has been reported, the laundries were not imposed on these women: they were a realistic response to a growing social problem ." 5146: 904:, had already committed to a sex purchase ban, and the majority of submissions and presentations supported this measure and were associated with Turn Off the Red Light. In June 2013, it produced a unanimous report recommending reform of Ireland's laws on prostitution, including criminalising purchase, and providing services for those wishing to exit prostitution. Of the opposition parties, both 448:! They used to be smothered. See, there was no such thing as pills at that time. They couldn't cure them. Smother them to take them out of their pain, or give them some kind of a needle. They were so far gone and at that time there was no cure. The hospital was built for that purpose. That's right. They wouldn't do them all, just an odd one. They'd be nearly dead before they'd do it." 420:

kip-houses also illegally sold drink which made it easier to part a man from his money... Several madams became quite wealthy, wore expensive jewels, owned cars, and even sent their children off to prestigious schools abroad. Some were possessive of their girls to the point of keeping them virtually housebound for periods."

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for the purpose of prostitution, organising prostitution by controlling or directing the activities of a person in prostitution, coercing one to practice prostitution for gain, living on earnings of the prostitution of another person, and keeping a brothel or other premises for the purpose of prostitution.

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There are no up-to-date reliable figures estimating the number of women or men currently working in prostitution in Ireland, but one estimate is 1,000. During Ireland's economic boom male demand for female prostitution services increased. There has been a marked increase in people turning towards the

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in Dublin, whose sex trade reached its zenith from the 1860s until the 1950s and whose profits were also aided by the large number of troops stationed in the city over the period. In 1837, 135 years after the barracks had been established, Barrack Street was described by a visitor as consisting of "a

845:

On 27 March 2017, the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Act 2017 was commenced into force. The Act significantly amends the 1993 Act to provide that a person who pays, gives, offers or promises to pay or give a person (including a prostitute) money or any other form of remuneration or consideration for

837:

Prostitution itself is not an offence under Irish law. However, the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Act of 1993 prohibits soliciting or importuning another person in a street or public place for the purpose of prostitution (this offence applies to prostitute and client). It also prohibits loitering

732:

a young street prostitute in 1998 caused questions to be raised about the benefits of the 1993 act. Until Belinda Periera was murdered in a city centre apartment in the winter of 1996, the last murder of a prostitute while working (Dolores Lynch was murdered in her home in 1983, and seems to have no

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Hughes later recalled, "The girls would be around the place, at the counter, and a man would start chatting them up. They were mostly country girls up from the country, from seventeen into their thirties. They weren't high class prostitutes or anything like that, they were just ordinary commoners. I

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before them, Duff and Devane began an outreach to the prostitutes living in often brutal and inhuman conditions in the "kip houses". As part of this work, Duff established the Sancta Maria hostel, a safe house for former prostitutes whom the Legion of Mary helped to run away from their "kip keepers"

672:. Pimping was ignored, as were the other crimes previously associated with prostitution. Any suggestion of organised prostitution was limited to a small number of massage parlours in an environment where the workers were empowered to negotiate favourable terms and conditions for themselves. Also, 419:

According to Kearns, "The madams, several of whom became legendary figures in Dublin folklore, were Dublin women. They were tough, shrewd businesswomen who ruled the roost in a strict maternal manner. They clothed their girls, housed them, and took a high percentage of their earnings. Many of the

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in 1889), and also featured as a character in two works of pornographic literature of the period. Saul was considered "notorious in Dublin and London" and "made infamous by the sensational testimony he gave in the Cleveland Street scandal", which was publicized in newspapers around the world. His

552:

According to Northside resident Noelle Hughes, who knew Dolly Fawcett in her seventies, "The Cozy Kitchen" was located in the basement of a tenement house at 2 North King Street and was run by Dolly's son Stephen Fawcett until it closed down in 1957. Dolly's other son ran the Cafe Continental on

1047:

In response, a counter-campaign called "Turn Off the Blue Light" was created by sex workers and supporters in favour of decriminalisation to rebut what they see as misleading information and to present a positive image of sex workers in Ireland. A chief complaint it has of the "Turn Off The Red

727:

Of note was the frequent reference to the inadequacy of the existing legislation, but there was little debate about possible alternative models. While Ireland has an international commitment to protecting the well-being of women trafficked to Ireland for the purposes of prostitution, there was

687:

The Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Act 1993, made soliciting a criminal offence for both prostitutes and their customers. Street prostitution declined and the women entered massage parlours to avoid arrest. By the late 1990s the age of the brothel, and the brothel-keeper, had returned. Society

841:

Advertising brothels and prostitution is prohibited by the Criminal Justice (Public Order) Act of 1994. The minimum legal age for a prostitute in Ireland is 18 years (child prostitution legislation exists to protect persons under this age). The Criminal Law (Trafficking in Persons and Sexual

698:

and 'massage parlours' (brothels), which were usually the business operations of a small number of men and women, who knew running brothels was illegal, but were prepared to take the risk, given the massive profits involved. The magazine earned substantial revenue from these advertisements.

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laws that required a defendant to be identified as a prostitute through the citing of previous convictions before conviction was possible. This successful challenge caused the de facto decriminalisation of prostitution. During this period prostitutes were largely independent and had a good

408:

Dubliners viewed them as whores, the impoverished but devoutly Catholic residents of Monto tenements referred to prostitutes as, "unfortunate girls," and understood that they had turned to prostitution as a last resort. According to Kearns, "By all accounts, the girls were typically young,

431:

but they were very decent, very, very kind, the girls. You wouldn't hear them cursing and they might give the boy a penny or tuppence to buy sweets. Respectable girls. The wives around here would even say 'hello,' to them and be friendly enough. But we had a hospital here then called the

193:

line of brothels and low public-houses" and "filled with the most abandoned crew of rogues and prostitutes which even all Dublin, with its unhappy pre-eminence in that species of population, can produce". In the late nineteenth century the street was chosen as the location for the first

1024:. Ruhama sees prostitution and the social and cultural attitudes which sustain it as being deeply rooted in gender inequality and social marginalisation. Ruhama offers a range of services to support women in and exiting prostitution. Ruhama also seeks to highlight sex trafficking. 365:

life and career have been the subject of scholarly analysis and speculation, one reason being the paucity of information on the lives and outlook of individual male prostitutes of the period. Saul referred to himself as "a professional Mary-Ann" – a period euphemism for

59:, the number of prosecutions for the purchase of sex increased from 10 in 2018 to 92 in 2020. In a report from UCD's Sexual Exploitation Research Programme the development is called ”a promising start in interrupting the demand for prostitution.” Most prostitution in 858:, with some support from opposition parties likely to become the new Government. A group of non-government and union bodies emerged pressuring both the current government and opposition parties to abolish prostitution, by criminalising the buying of sex, along 573:. Oh, there was backhands going on all the time, paying policemen off. And there was a bit of an argument a couple times about closing it down but nothing ever materialised of it. And then it eventually closed up and the Fawcetts went off to England." 702:

The blatant wealth of Ireland's brothel-keepers in the 1990s was such that the media began to take more interest. Section 23 of the Criminal Justice (Public Order) Act 1994 prohibited the advertising of brothels and prostitution and in 1999 the

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magazine case heralded the end of escort advertising in print publications. However, the suppression of advertising had little effect as the internet and mobile phones were changing the nature of the trade. Ireland's first escort website,

576:

But for the most part, prostitution in Ireland overwhelmingly shifted into individual women offering to sell sexual services to passing motorists while walking along urban streets. It was half a century before non-police and non-political

581:

would dominate Irish prostitution again. Until then, streetwalking prostitutes remained intrinsically linked to the Dublin criminal underworld. The 1920s and 1930s also witnessed a new era in both Church and State morality and increasing

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activist Dolores Lynch. Lynch, her elderly mother, and aunt, all perished in the fire. Madden later testified against Cullen and began writing the book during his trial, at which her former pimp received eighteen years imprisonment.

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the purpose of engaging in sexual activity with a prostitute shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine of up to €500 for a first offence, and a fine of up to €1,000 for each subsequent offence.

336:

to arrest any woman suspected of prostitution and force her to submit to a medical examination for venereal disease. As in many other countries, opposition to the Acts provided a rallying cry for emerging women's movements.

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and, "wanted to read nothing about themselves that was not treacle." As a result, Carleton's writings were invariably, "rent asunder by faction-fighters who wished him to write from one distorted standpoint or the other."

728:

little or no discussion about the rights and well-being of Irish women working in prostitution. The violent murders of prostitutes Belinda Pereira, a UK resident working for a Dublin escort agency on 28 December 1996 and

1019:

order, which works on a national level with women affected by prostitution and other forms of commercial sexual exploitation. The organisation regards prostitution as violence against women and violations of women's

939:

wrote to all Irish politicians urging the adoption of the criminalisation of the purchase of sex. Carter had been briefed by the Immigrant Council of Ireland, a leading figure in the Turn Off the Red Light campaign.

624:'s belief that unwed mothers should be taught how to provide for and raise their children. By doing this, however, Frank Duff and the Legion of Mary, however, were defying the established consensus at a time when 565:

knew about it cause the sailors off the ships used to go in there an awful lot. Men, they'd come from the docks and all over. It was mostly all outsiders cause the men in the tenements didn't have money."

647:. These were portrayed not so much as 'fallen' women, but rather as innocents lured into evil. The Women's Liberation Movement of the 1970s helped to expose the double standards. Notable was the story of 1032:

A campaign set up in 2011 to end prostitution and sex trafficking in Ireland called "Turn Off the Red Light" is run by an alliance of more than 66 community, union and religious groups, including the

561:

suppose they charged about two pounds. They'd bring the blokes off to a flat. Or take him around a laneway or around the back, somewhere like that. The whole neighbourhood know of this - the whole of

346: 997:

SWAI (Sex Workers Alliance Ireland), is an advocacy group for sex workers in Ireland. It was formed in 2009 by an alliance of individuals and groups to promote the social inclusion, health, safety,

1084:

who plied her trade on the streets of the city. Although there is no evidence the song is based on a real woman in the 17th century or any other time, Malone is typically represented as being a

842:

Offences) Bill 2006 came into force making trafficking in persons for the purpose of their sexual exploitation a specific offence, though previous legislation already covered much of this area.

1005:

of sex workers. SWAI actively advocates for the decriminalisation of sex work in Ireland and believes sex workers in Ireland should be free to work in safety without fear, judgment or stigma.

534:, to launch an iron-gloved crack down. The raids ended with 120 arrests and Gen. Murphy announced the closure of all the remaining brothels following massive DMP raids on 12 March 1925. 751:

in 1997 the surrounding neighbourhood has remained a noted red light district. In May 1997, as many as 100 women were reported to be still working as prostitutes along Benburb Street.

2980: 1980: 3002: 471:. In reality, while the departure of British forces from Ireland severely damaged the financial prospects of Irish sex workers, organized prostitution continued in the Monto. 897:

Justice Committee held hearings on discussion document between December 2012 and February 2013. Prior to the hearings, a number of the committee members, such as Independent

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in May 2013, receiving the support of Fianna Fáil and Sinn Féin. The Government preferred to wait for the Justice Committee report, and the bill was defeated on 7 May 2013.

2540: 1438: 5113: 748: 2905: 1008:

Ugly Mugs Ireland is a safety scheme for sex workers established in 2009. It brings sex workers together to share information with each other about potential dangers.

2834: 2722: 423:

According to Billy Dunleavy, however, "But when they got the money off the men and didn't give it up to the madams they took the clothes off them – stripped! They'd

825:

to work in the sex industry in Ireland. Essentially the legal framework has not changed over twenty years, but discussions about alternatives emerged in 2011 (see

494:, and the intense and widespread hostility among the Irish middle class, towards male rakes, male and female prostitutes, and all other allegedly "fallen women". 3964: 969:

For many years prior to the 1993 Sexual Offences Act, most female prostitutes worked on the streets, but, since that time, prostitution rings operating organized

5061: 3984: 1413: 3109: 100:. The role of the prostitute in 18th-century Ireland was at least partly a product of the double standard of female sexuality. Typical of this was the way that 4081: 2739: 549:

and "Cafe Continental" on Bolton Street, both of which were run by now legendary Dublin kip-keeper Dolly Fawcett and remained open until well into the 1950s.

1530: 546: 2868: 3435: 1511: 2627: 2045:

Mother and baby home controversy overshadows work of Frank Duff: Legion of Mary founder a tireless worker in aiding single mothers to raise own children

2007:

Mother and baby home controversy overshadows work of Frank Duff: Legion of Mary founder a tireless worker in aiding single mothers to raise own children

980:, an organisation seeking to help women to leave both voluntary and coercive prostitution, reported to the Irish State in 2006 that over 200 women were 590:

are alleged to have become punitive and to have "imprisoned" unwed mothers, some for the duration of their lives, until the last asylum closed in 1996.

5066: 2795: 2594: 3178: 973:

have become the most prevalent form. Advertising in print publications remains illegal, but a very well-developed Internet advertising medium exists.

4077: 181:

in 1890), became associated with sex work over the centuries. As with most garrison towns in Ireland, prostitution proliferated in areas surrounding

2422: 2370: 2336: 5559: 3265: 2610: 4923: 1341: 2321: 2044: 2006: 104:

was constructed as being spread by prostitutes rather than their largely male clients. Female Irish prostitutes were frequently the victims of

3431:"Prostitution and the Irish State: from Prohibitionism to a Globalised Sex Trade" Eilís Ward. Irish Political Studies, Vol. 25 (1): 4–66, 2010 3341: 3138: 4143: 360:, also known as Jack Saul, or "Dublin Jack". He featured in two major homosexual scandals of the time (the Dublin Castle scandal in 1884 and 3197: 2977: 5095: 3239: 188:, as impoverished Irishwomen gravitated towards military personnel, who were in receipt of a steady income. The area was comparable to the 2924: 1464: 1291:

O'Connor, Monica (May–June 2017). "Choice, agency consent and coercion: Complex issues in the lives of prostituted and trafficked women".

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magazine from carrying escort advertisements. Criminal proceedings were also brought against the magazine's publisher, Mike Hogan. The

2485: 1654: 1627: 5569: 5109: 4030: 3908: 3092: 2757: 2516: 889:

This was followed by a conference in Dublin organised by the Department, to discuss policy alternatives. Following a request by the

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visits a prostitute one evening after wandering through the "dark slimy streets" of Dublin feeling like a "baffled prowling beast".

4124: 3913: 1157: 17: 2351: 39:

is legal. However, since March 2017, it has been an offence to buy sex. All forms of third party involvement (such as operating

5240: 5182: 4274: 4158: 3818: 3311: 2723:"Joint Committee public hearings in relation to the Review of Legislation on Prostitution Part II: Witnesses & Submissions" 1293: 1041: 1033: 404:, been unmarried and pregnant and were disowned both by their families and by their babies' fathers. Although middle class and 924:

was however introduced in the Dáil in March 2013, the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) (Amendment) Bill 2013, by Independent TD

5076: 4107: 3375: 3336: 3321: 3306: 2466: 2460: 2257: 1782: 673: 583: 244:, including prostitutes, whose lives they had ruined, at the other. There were very understandable causes for this, however. 2830: 4978: 4361: 4247: 3034: 2813: 369:, and stated: "I have lost my character and cannot get on otherwise. I occasionally do odd-jobs for different gay people." 797:

in 1925 and lasted under a year, but in that time it identified and built cases against several major Dublin kip-keepers.

4316: 4229: 4186: 389:

in Europe. A major part of the demand came from the large number of military personnel stationed in Ireland at the time.

5447: 5260: 5081: 4845: 4748: 4242: 4153: 3928: 3731: 3691: 3679: 3674: 3662: 3590: 3430: 2207: 1822: 644: 2740:"Joint Committee public hearings in relation to the Review of Legislation on Prostitution Part III: Committee Debates" 1670: 743:

remained a slum for most of the twentieth century, composed of overcrowded tenements and even after the transition of

688:

seemed accepting of discreet, indoor prostitution establishments and every week the mainstream entertainment magazine

67:

has declined considerably in the 21st century, with the vast majority of prostitution now advertised on the internet.

5513: 5285: 3938: 3657: 3425: 3359: 1584: 5104: 4128: 3760: 3703: 3643: 3403:

The campaign to introduce the Swedish Model into the Irish Laws on Prostitution. David Walsh. Turn on the Red Light

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At around this time a group of streetwalkers brought a successful High Court challenge to the constitutionality of

30: 2705: 377:

It was estimated that there were 17,000 women working as prostitutes in Dublin alone, and a further 8 brothels in

5528: 5480: 5372: 5367: 4741: 4368: 3814: 2570: 1860: 1278: 920:

in the Dáil. However, there has been a reluctance on the part of the Government to act on the recommendations. A

3227: 4373: 4269: 3943: 3923: 3878: 3576: 2814:"Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) (Amendment) Bill 2013 [PMB] (Number 24 of 2013) – Tithe an Oireachtais" 1016: 890: 587: 554: 113: 2966:

People Before Profit supports the call of Sex Workers Alliance Ireland (SWAI) to fully decriminalize sex work.

2247: 5485: 5332: 4351: 4060: 3974: 2851:"Dáil debates – Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) (Amendment) Bill 2013: Second Stage [Private Members]" 948: 498: 318: 96:

to high class courtesans, who were often illegitimate daughters of the upper class. A well known example was

2522:. Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 349:, organised opposition and a recognition not only of the plight of these women but also of the root causes. 5490: 5452: 5008: 4326: 4252: 4102: 4035: 3959: 3833: 3790: 3557: 3051: 2396: 1313: 944: 764: 734: 651:

who collaborated with Lyn Madden, a former Dublin sex worker for twenty years in the 70s and 80s, to write

1388: 5564: 5432: 4346: 3719: 3364: 925: 855: 459:, and planned for the industry's suppression after Irish independence was achieved. The aftermath of the 2869:"Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) (Amendment) Bill 2013: Second Stage (Resumed) [Private Members]" 328:, particularly as a threat to the stability of the armed forces, led to the introduction of a series of 197:

housing scheme, due to the cheaper cost of purchasing land in areas with long standing social problems.

5402: 5362: 5342: 5322: 5225: 5175: 5051: 4690: 4356: 4050: 1037: 998: 790: 639:

The Criminal Law Amendment Act 1935 prohibited contraception and required sex crimes cases to be tried

523: 491: 433: 214: 821:

industry, followed by Operation Hotel in 2005, with the aim of tackling the trafficking of women from

5518: 5337: 4758: 4614: 4334: 4148: 4070: 4055: 4040: 3888: 3823: 3785: 3775: 3765: 3625: 3421:. Eilís Ward, Gillian Wylie. European Journal of Women's Studies August 2014 vol. 21 no. 3 251–263 3020: 2667:"'Ireland considering the Swedish model against prostitution? Maybe not after all' by Louise Persson" 1745: 1213: 519: 460: 413: 4776: 3444:

Howell, Philip (2003). "Venereal Disease and the Politics of Prostitution in the Irish Free State".

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which would criminalise the purchase of sex, on behalf of Turn Off the Red Light, which was given a

729: 553:

Bolton Street. According to retired Guard Paddy Casey, the Cafe Continental was located next to the

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Irish Nurses and Midwives Organisation. Irish Nurses call for new prostitution laws in Ireland 2014

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Light" campaign is that it conflates legal and consensual sex work with illegal human trafficking.

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them, take all their clothes off them and put them up in the rooms in the houses. They had a bad

177:) in Dublin was completed in 1702 and Barrack Street, which ran directly in front of it (renamed 1951: 643:

and prevented media coverage. In the 1950s there was much public attention around the plight of

537:

Prostitution, including smaller Kip-Houses posing as pubs and operating discretely while paying

236:, and sober, hardworking Catholic families at one extreme and an extreme hostility towards male 5533: 5475: 5437: 5427: 5407: 5397: 5382: 5377: 5357: 5327: 5295: 5280: 5255: 5191: 5091: 4968: 4594: 4114: 3969: 3858: 3809: 1273: 1246: 875: 859: 762:, who was also a both a longtime confidential source within the Dublin criminal underworld for 681: 612:

This is why, however, the Regina Coeli hostel which was opened in Dublin in 1930 following the

598: 357: 167: 105: 1981:"We wrote them off as Holy Joes, but Frank Duff's Legion of Mary was really ahead of its time" 1823:"Who's Afraid Of John Saul? Urban Culture and the Politics of Desire in Late Victorian London" 5422: 5347: 5317: 5168: 4753: 4724: 4257: 2483: 1553: 1229: 1204:, also depicts a prostitution ring being run by a character based on her confidential source 1117: 632:, which held that the children of unwed mothers should be protected from the stigma of their 218: 210: 52: 513:, launched a campaign to close down the kip-houses and clean up The Monto. Similarly to St. 5123: 4890: 4661: 4638: 4423: 4309: 4163: 4138: 4007: 3828: 3800: 1250: 1113: 954: 917: 690: 356:

in both Ireland and the United Kingdom during the second half of the 1800s was Dublin-born

294: 139: 124: 2850: 655:(1987) Madden witnessed her pimp, John Cullen, firebomb the home of former prostitute and 8: 4998: 4900: 4796: 4684: 4529: 4219: 4209: 4119: 3795: 3652: 3633: 3587: 916:(party conferences), with the only dissenting voices coming from the independent bloc of 669: 506: 452: 109: 89: 64: 60: 4825: 2886: 2706:"Report on hearings and submissions on the Review of Legislation on Prostitution Part I" 878:(34 seats). The women's branch of the Labour Party support criminalisation of purchase. 5025: 4958: 4953: 4880: 4863: 4781: 4468: 4463: 4396: 4025: 3893: 3843: 3780: 3755: 3751: 3669: 3613: 3469: 3461: 3419:‘Reflexivities of discomfort’: Researching the sex trade and sex trafficking in Ireland 3402: 2230: 1842: 1193: 1002: 677: 468: 455:

perceived prostitution and other forms of sex work in Ireland as the natural result of

436:, over here on Townsend Street, and you know what they used to do with the girls (with 386: 194: 85: 3166: 463:

was accordingly widely assumed by Irish republicans to automatically cause the end of

263:

expressed a belief that Carleton debased his enormous literary talents by becoming an

5056: 4986: 4706: 4568: 4433: 4339: 4289: 4204: 4065: 3979: 3473: 3371: 3355: 3332: 3317: 3302: 2949: 2456: 2449: 2355: 2253: 2234: 2139: 1985: 1846: 1778: 1632: 1580: 1129: 1015:: Renewed life), established in 1989, is a Dublin-based NGO operated by the Catholic 981: 957:(PBP) stated in August 2020 that it supports the full decriminalisation of sex work. 901: 810: 656: 282: 274: 260: 4562: 4299: 3482:

Open secrets: Prostitution and national identity in twentieth century Irish society.

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Ireland, Protestant readers were demanding stories which unconditionally demonised

264: 248: 237: 151: 131: 101: 2906:"Letters to the Editor: Carter's intervention over prostitution law is ill judged" 232:

landlords. There was, as a result, an increasing romanticizing of priests, monks,

5015: 4943: 4938: 4768: 4646: 4573: 4214: 3898: 3873: 3484:

Denton, Morgan Paige. Ph.D. Thesis, State University of New York at Buffalo, 2012

3426:

Eilís Ward. Prostitution law may cause harm to women. Irish Times 19 October 2011

3326: 3201: 2984: 2838: 2644: 2208:"Prostitution and the Irish State: from Prohibitionism to a Globalised Sex Trade" 2049: 2011: 1512:"Striapacha Tri Chead Bliain Duailcis (Prostitutes: Three Hundred Years of Vice)" 1238: 1201: 1182: 1162: 970: 814: 786: 771: 755: 578: 531: 514: 353: 159: 44: 3518:"Abandoned Women and Bad Characters: prostitution in nineteenth-century Ireland" 3110:"Trustees of Irish anti-prostitution NGO Ruhama used to run Magdelene Laundries" 3038: 545:, continued to exist in Dublin. These kip-houses included the "Cozy Kitchen" on 5150: 5046: 4885: 4873: 4651: 3714: 3698: 3648: 3437:

Striapacha Tri Chead Bliain Duailcis (Prostitutes: Three Hundred Years of Vice)

1389:"Opinion: Buying a woman's body for sexual gratification is not a harmless act" 1317: 1306: 1254: 1234: 1225: 1218: 1178: 1085: 929: 866:

or advocating a more liberal approach challenged this argument. In the ensuing

822: 782: 740: 695: 613: 602: 542: 502: 306: 252: 178: 3534: 3517: 3507: 3490: 3480: 3457: 2226: 1759: 1740: 1189: 905: 5553: 4701: 4534: 4408: 3883: 3868: 3393: 2121: 2104: 2087: 2067: 2029: 1933: 1916: 1899: 1882: 1838: 1714: 1700: 1169: 1102: 1077: 913: 664: 625: 510: 401: 310: 298: 278: 271: 256: 206: 155: 143: 135: 116:. These provided shelter but in return expected menial labour and penitence. 3412: 3214: 2143: 1439:"The Irish Times view on prostitution in Ireland: signs of a cultural shift" 1197:, which retells a thinly fictionalized version of the 1996 assassination of 885:. In September 2012, the Oirechtas produced a background document entitled 4855: 4791: 4786: 4696: 4679: 4504: 4443: 3933: 3918: 2423:"Prostitutes working near museum cause concern over planned public opening" 1059: 1021: 936: 633: 594: 569:

Hughes continues, "And the police raided it a couple of times but they got

400:, however, he comments that many of the prostitutes in the Monto had, like 393: 342: 321: 302: 267: 241: 182: 127: 97: 56: 2978:"Lucrative 'escort' website claims new owner is a former Irish prostitute" 2484:

Equality & Law Reform and An Garda Síochána Working Group (May 2006).

909: 409:

attractive, and known for their generosity, especially to slum children."

51:) are illegal but are commonly practiced. Since the law that criminalises 5160: 4992: 4905: 4604: 4548: 4509: 3770: 3387: 3349: 3296: 3271: 2796:"We'll never eradicate prostitution – so target vile trafficking instead" 2470: 1152: 818: 648: 378: 338: 286: 229: 226: 166:

on Copper Alley; thirteen of whom were arrested for disorder and sent to

163: 3465: 3354:(Mercier mini book), by John Finegan (Author), Mercier Press (Feb 1978) 5086: 4609: 4519: 4483: 4473: 4279: 2628:"Labour Women: Submission on the Review of Legislation on Prostitution" 1656:

The United Service Journal and Naval and Military Magazine: 1837 Part I

1125: 894: 621: 527: 314: 4730: 5118: 4839: 4623: 4478: 4453: 4428: 3853: 2745:. Joint Committee on Justice, Defence and Equality. 12 December 2012. 2728:. Joint Committee on Justice, Defence and Equality. 12 December 2012. 2645:"Discussion Document on Future Direction of Prostitution Legislation" 2517:"Criminal Law (Trafficking in Persons and Sexual Offences) Bill 2006" 1242: 1133: 1121: 871: 629: 487: 4804: 4524: 3407: 3154: 3139:"Ruhama reports 18 per cent increase in demand for support services" 2666: 1531:"Was Irish witch Darkey Kelly really Ireland's first serial killer?" 1136:

and adds that he is only arresting her because she cannot pay him a

806: 213:

between 1780 and 1829, saw a redefining of the status of women. The

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Discussion Document on Future Direction of Prostitution Legislation

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Prostitution was both highly visible and pervasive in 18th-century

40: 2611:"Irish Justice Minister in move to change laws on purchase of sex" 1314:

Sex worker in Ireland: New law has made my business more dangerous

912:(14 seats) have expressed support for this approach at their 2013 789:-controlled prostitution. It was the first operation of since the 733:

longer been working as a prostitute at the time) was in 1925 when

4948: 4933: 4832: 4619: 4599: 3573: 3542: 3346:, by Terry Fagan and the North Inner City Folklore Project (2000) 2595:"Pressure groups lock horns over changes to laws on prostitution" 2502: 1217:

includes a scene where the main character Patrick Braden/Kitten (

1137: 366: 147: 48: 2078: 2076: 1414:"Women in prostitution in Ireland experience 'endemic violence'" 881:

In June 2012, the Department of Justice and Equality issued its

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and who remains a prime suspect in allegedly arranging her 1996

720:, had already established itself the previous year to take over 285:

and dehumanized its adherents, while Catholic readers preferred

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While writing in the mid-1960s about early 19th century author

81: 2711:. Joint Committee on Justice, Defence and Equality. June 2013. 2252:, by June Levine and Lyn Madden, Cork University Press (1987) 684:

created a large, visible, and largely tolerated sex industry.

134:

in the southwest part of the city. Convicted of murdering and

4868: 4438: 2073: 1270:, the nickname for the one-time red-light district of Dublin. 1267: 1112:. Although the peeler self-righteously vows to have the goat 966:

internet and sites as a more effective means of advertising.

794: 617: 570: 522:, Duff also persuaded the first Catholic Commissioner of the 464: 382: 297:, for instance, were a group of Irish sex workers working as 189: 130:

who operated the Maiden Tower kip house on Copper Alley, off

55:

came into being, with the purpose of reducing the demand for

2887:"Jimmy Carter calls for reform of Irish law on prostitution" 2831:

Pringle Introduces Bill Criminalising Buying Sexual Services

976:

Prostitutes of many nationalities now reside in Ireland and

735:

the body of Lily O'Neill (known as "Honor Bright") was found

2371:"A century of housing: How the State built Ireland's homes" 758:

figure known for involvement in organized prostitution was

233: 3240:"International Workers Day and the Labour Rights of Women" 3215:"Social Policy – Prostitution – target the real criminals" 3068: 4556: 1040:. Core members are the Immigrant Council, Ruhama and the 854:

Discussion of proposed law reform became an issue in the

3370:, by Maria Luddy, Cambridge University Press (Nov 2007) 3126: 2925:"USI delegates pass motions on sex workers and gambling" 2550:(Report). Oirechtas Library & Research Service. 2012 1809:

Rent: Same-Sex Prostitution in Modern Britain, 1885–1957

1342:"Minister for Justice signs new laws on sexual offences" 870:

election on 25 February, a new Government was formed by

593:

According to a detailed commentary, however, written by

3985:

List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland

3052:"Sex workers must not be viewed as victims, says group" 2296:"Criminal Justice (Public Order) Act 1994 (No. 2 1994)" 2270:"Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Act 1993 (No. 20 1993)" 1101:

officer arrests a she-goat for alleged prostitution in

1798:, Duke University Press, Durham and London, 1996, p123 1628:"The Bloomsday world tourists never get to hear about" 1253:) who have arrived at his request from an out of town 3179:"Prominent Irishmen seek change to prostitution laws" 1659:. London: William Clowes and Sons. 1837. p. 125. 636:

by being put up for adoption as quickly as possible.

108:. Early 'rescue' campaigns emerged in this time with 3715:

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

3069:"Ugly Mugs Ireland & UK, safety for sex workers" 2758:"Law reform 'will make prostitution more dangerous'" 1697:

A Short History of Irish Literature: A Backward Look

1080:

in 1876 which tells the fictional tale of a Dublin

412:

Billy Dunleavy, who grew up in the Monto during the

3298:

Sex in the City: The Prostitution Racket in Ireland

2923:Devine, Catherine; O’Neill, Katie (23 March 2016). 2833:, press release, Thomas Pringle TD, 13 March 2013. 2451:

Sex in the City: The Prostitution Racket in Ireland

1796:

Sex Scandal: The Private Parts of Victorian Fiction

1465:"'It's clearly a brothel, yet nothing can be done'" 960: 781:1999 also saw the launch of Operation Gladiator, a 3491:"An Outcast Community: the 'wrens' of the Curragh" 3003:"Presentation to the Oireachtas Justice Committee" 2541:Prostitution regulation in Ireland: which way now? 2448: 1671:"An unflattering account of Benburb Street (1837)" 1619: 887:Prostitution regulation in Ireland: which way now? 4078:List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland 3331:, by Stephen Rogers, Gill & Macmillan (2009) 1741:"An outcast community:the 'wrens' of the curragh" 1551: 158:) on 7 January 1761. After her execution she was 5551: 2161:. Catholic League For Religious And Civil Rights 1579:. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. pp. 13–14. 381:. Dublin's sex trade was largely centred on the 4924:Association football in the Republic of Ireland 2397:"Benburb Street #1: the old red-light district" 3316:, by Lyn Madden, Cork University Press (2007) 2319: 2181:"Criminal Law Amendment Act 1935 (No. 6 1935)" 5176: 3558: 3301:, by Paul Reynolds (Author), Pan (7 November 3167:"Group calls for reform of prostitution laws" 3000: 2922: 2352:""Honor Bright" and "Death in a Lonely Spot"" 645:Irish women working as prostitutes in England 505:and Fr. R.S. Devane, who both called for the 277:. Frank O'Connor explained, however, that in 92:, from street prostitutes, through organised 3212: 3093:"Sex workers abused by men posing as gardai" 2793: 2774: 2755: 2156: 1290: 217:finally began to rebuild after centuries of 3687:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 3515: 3488: 2903: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 1528: 317:rooted in the rise and growth of a heavily 5190: 5183: 5169: 5110:Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland 3565: 3551: 3328:Onthegame.ie Prostitution in Ireland Today 3242:, Máiréad Enright, Human Rights in Ireland 2505:. Office of the Attorney General, Ireland. 1505: 1370:"Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Act, 1993" 1241:) is shown having a sexual encounter at a 1181:set in Dublin around the time of the 1913 947:(USI) passed a motion to campaign for the 862:. At the same time, those supporting the 616:'s crusade against the kip-keepers in the 3533: 3506: 3255:, Oxford University Press US, 2005, p. 6. 1827:GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 1758: 1625: 1503: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1485: 1462: 1364: 1362: 1088:by day and part-time prostitute by night. 785:investigation into those who profit from 4929:Association football in Northern Ireland 2682: 2680: 2647:. The Department of Justice and Equality 2588: 2526: 2446: 2349: 1974: 1972: 1712: 1663: 1221:) is forced into prostitution in London. 5560:Prostitution in the Republic of Ireland 4125:Demographics of the Republic of Ireland 2569:(eISB), electronic Irish Statute Book. 2486:"Report on Trafficking in Human Beings" 2334: 2040: 2038: 1599: 1574: 1568: 1386: 1339: 1335: 1333: 1158:A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man 1072:) is a popular song first published in 800: 754:Perhaps the most infamous recent Irish 123:in the Dublin of the 1700s was alleged 14: 5552: 3443: 3343:Monto: Madams, Murder and Black Coddle 2337:"We knew prostitute would be murdered" 2136:Monto: Madams, Murder and Black Coddle 1946: 1944: 1942: 1820: 1647: 1482: 1359: 1034:Irish Nurses and Midwives Organisation 5164: 4394: 4184: 4005: 3611: 3546: 3169:, RTÉ News / Ireland, 2 February 2011 2677: 2420: 2394: 2368: 2322:"NEW PLEA IN HUNT FOR BELINDA KILLER" 2133: 2127: 1978: 1969: 1811:, University of Kentucky, 2014, p. 10 1738: 1552:Eamonn McLoughlin (19 January 2011). 1051: 584:censorship in the Republic of Ireland 332:in the 1860s. These Acts enabled the 200: 75: 2205: 2199: 2035: 1777:, Grosvenor House Publishing, 2016, 1509: 1374:electronic Irish Statute Book (eISB) 1330: 1155:'s semi-autobiographical 1916 novel 935:In August 2014, former US President 805:Operation Quest was launched by the 518:and start a new life. Following the 372: 88:and reflected the whole spectrum of 3245: 3023:. EscortSurveys.com. February 2006. 2320:Nicola Tallant (28 December 2005). 2138:. North Inner City Folklore Group. 1939: 1294:Women's Studies International Forum 1161:describes how the main protagonist 209:following the successful fight for 24: 4154:Tourism in the Republic of Ireland 3929:Economy of the Republic of Ireland 3727:Irish Free State (1922–1937) 3572: 3021:"Irish Escort Clients 2006 Survey" 2568: 2159:"Myths of the Magdelene Laundries" 1626:Armstrong, Maggie (14 June 2011). 1593: 1284: 809:in 2003, with the aim of tackling 25: 5581: 5570:Violence against women in Ireland 3939:Post-2008 Irish economic downturn 3381: 3266:"Summary and Analysis Chapter II" 3213:Clare Treacy (5 September 2014). 2794:James Downey (14 December 2013). 2369:Kelly, Olivia (8 February 2019). 1739:Luddy, Maria (1 September 1992). 1463:Gallagher, Conor (29 July 2017). 1387:Farrell, Alan (25 January 2015). 1340:Edwards, Elaine (27 March 2017). 1124:, the goat accuses the peeler of 984:by escort agencies into Ireland. 951:in Ireland at its 2016 congress. 891:Minister for Justice and Equality 541:to corrupt Irish politicians and 5144: 4108:Tallest buildings and structures 3439:Niamh O’Reilly, J Irish Studies 2950:"Review Of Sex Work Legislation" 2904:David Walsh (3 September 2014). 2633:. The Labour Party. August 2012. 2276:. Office of the Attorney General 2187:. Office of the Attorney General 1979:Kenny, Mary (8 September 2021). 1952:"Francis Michael ('Frank') Duff" 1245:hotel with two women (played by 992: 961:Forms and extent of prostitution 949:decriminalisation of sex workers 705:Censorship of Publications Board 385:district, reputedly the largest 31:Prostitution in Northern Ireland 3290: 3258: 3233: 3221: 3206: 3188: 3172: 3160: 3148: 3132: 3120: 3102: 3086: 3061: 3045: 3027: 3013: 2994: 2971: 2942: 2916: 2897: 2879: 2873:oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie 2861: 2843: 2824: 2806: 2787: 2768: 2749: 2732: 2715: 2698: 2659: 2637: 2620: 2604: 2562: 2509: 2495: 2477: 2440: 2421:Balls, Richard (5 March 1997). 2414: 2388: 2362: 2343: 2328: 2313: 2288: 2262: 2241: 2173: 2150: 2110: 2093: 2056: 2018: 2000: 1922: 1905: 1888: 1871: 1853: 1814: 1801: 1788: 1767: 1732: 1706: 1689: 1529:Cathy Hayes (12 January 2011). 832: 478:prostitution actually began in 440:)? Smother them. When they had 225:and mass destitution caused by 173:The Royal Barracks (modern day 3944:Post-2008 Irish banking crisis 3366:Prostitution and Irish Society 3035:"Sex Workers Alliance Ireland" 2777:"Prostitution and legislation" 1600:Peakman, Julie (7 July 2016). 1545: 1522: 1456: 1431: 1406: 1380: 1017:Sisters of Our Lady of Charity 555:Bolton Street Technical School 221:and in the face of continuing 13: 1: 4006: 3129:, retrieved 3 September 2013. 2756:Eoin English (21 June 2014). 2300:Electronic Irish Statute Book 2274:Electronic Irish Statute Book 2185:Electronic Irish Statute Book 2157:Bill Donohue (15 July 2013). 1324: 826: 5009:Northern Ireland flags issue 4185: 3960:List of conflicts in Ireland 3704:Southern Ireland (1921–1922) 3413:Sex Workers Alliance Ireland 3398:The Curragh History Web Site 3388:Sex Workers Alliance Ireland 2775:Ronit Lentin (20 May 2014). 2671:Harm Reduction International 2249:Lyn: A Story of Prostitution 1719:The Curragh History Web Site 1320:. Published 25 January 2022. 1279:Sex Workers' Rights Movement 1027: 653:Lyn: A Story of Prostitution 7: 4395: 3980:Gaelic clothing and fashion 3612: 2688:"Mens Human Rights Ireland" 1554:"No Smoke Without Hellfire" 1261: 987: 849: 347:Ladies National Association 10: 5586: 3253:Dublin: a cultural history 3251:Siobhán Marie Kilfeather, 3001:Kathleen Fahy (May 2006). 2692:menshumanrightsireland.org 2571:"Amendment of Act of 1993" 2395:Healy, Mel (2 July 2014). 1699:, G.P. Putnam & Sons. 1307:10.1016/j.wsif.2017.02.005 1038:Irish Medical Organisation 945:Union of Students’ Ireland 791:Dublin Metropolitan Police 620:, reflected their founder 524:Dublin Metropolitan Police 492:Catholic Church in Ireland 324:and an escalating fear of 215:Catholic Church in Ireland 138:shoemaker John Dowling on 70: 28: 5499: 5461: 5198: 5140: 5039: 4977: 4914: 4854: 4767: 4715: 4670: 4637: 4582: 4547: 4497: 4416: 4407: 4403: 4390: 4325: 4228: 4197: 4193: 4180: 4090: 4018: 4014: 4001: 3952: 3740: 3624: 3620: 3607: 3583: 3535:10.1080/09612029700200157 3508:10.1080/09612029200200014 3458:10.1017/S0021121400015832 2227:10.1080/07907180903431988 1760:10.1080/09612029200200014 1602:"Prostitution in Ireland" 737:in the Dublin Mountains. 520:Irish War of Independence 474:Ironically, the movement 461:Irish War of Independence 414:Irish War of Independence 3446:Irish Historical Studies 3005:. Ruhama. Archived from 2837:6 September 2014 at the 2818:Houses of the Oireachtas 2548:Houses of the Oireachtas 2491:. Department of Justice. 2335:Unknown (23 June 1998). 2116:Kevin C. Kearns (1994), 2099:Kevin C. Kearns (1994), 2082:Kevin C. Kearns (1994), 2062:Kevin C. Kearns (1994), 2024:Kevin C. Kearns (1994), 1928:Kevin C. Kearns (1994), 1911:Kevin C. Kearns (1994), 1894:Kevin C. Kearns (1994), 1877:Kevin C. Kearns (1994), 1839:10.1215/10642684-5-3-267 1516:Journal of Irish Studies 1199:investigative journalist 1099:Royal Irish Constabulary 1042:National Women's Council 769:investigative journalist 362:Cleveland Street scandal 345:in Belfast, both of the 330:Contagious Diseases Acts 223:religious discrimination 154:on Gallows Road (modern 5192:Prostitution in Europe 5101:Prostitution (Republic) 3228:Turn Off the Blue Light 2575:www.irishstatutebook.ie 2447:Reynolds, Paul (2003). 2215:Irish Political Studies 1821:Kaplan, Morris (1999). 1695:Frank O'Connor (1967), 1094:The Peeler and the Goat 1091:In the Irish folk song 1070:"In Dublin's Fair City" 694:ran advertisements for 597:, the president of the 497:Between 1921 and 1925, 352:One of the most famous 205:The changing nature of 37:Prostitution in Ireland 18:Prostitution in Ireland 5241:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3970:List of Irish kingdoms 3522:Women's History Review 3495:Women's History Review 3408:Turn Off the Red Light 3155:Turn Off the Red Light 1746:Women's History Review 1575:Clerkin, Paul (2001). 682:Second Vatican Council 668:relationship with the 168:Newgate Prison, Dublin 106:violence against women 5077:Mass media (Republic) 5021:National coat of arms 3909:IRA Northern Campaign 2983:31 March 2012 at the 2134:Fagan, Terry (2000). 2032:. Pages 51-57, 61-92. 2015:, Tues. Dec. 28 2021. 1775:The Sins Of Jack Saul 1066:"Cockles and Mussels" 922:Private Member's Bill 501:, the founder of the 305:, a military camp in 219:religious persecution 211:Catholic Emancipation 128:Dorcas "Darkey" Kelly 47:, and other forms of 4999:County coats of arms 4891:List of Irish people 3965:List of Irish tribes 3815:Cromwellian conquest 3801:Plantation of Ulster 3732:Ireland (since 1922) 3516:Maria Luddy (1997). 3489:Maria Luddy (1992). 3200:12 July 2014 at the 2954:People Before Profit 2503:"Irish Statute Book" 2206:Ward, Eilís (2010). 2118:Dublin Tenement Life 2101:Dublin Tenement Life 2084:Dublin Tenement Life 2064:Dublin Tenement Life 2026:Dublin Tenement Life 1930:Dublin Tenement Life 1913:Dublin Tenement Life 1896:Dublin Tenement Life 1879:Dublin Tenement Life 1251:Dominique McElligott 1211:The 2005 Irish film 955:People Before Profit 801:Twenty-first century 793:cracked down on the 398:Dublin Tenement Life 295:Wrens of the Curragh 152:burning at the stake 125:female serial killer 5462:States with limited 5114:in Northern Ireland 5105:in Northern Ireland 4846:Legendary creatures 4759:Traditional singing 4595:Saint Patrick's Day 4230:Republic of Ireland 4159:Tourist attractions 4144:ROI–UK border 4129:of Northern Ireland 4082:in Northern Ireland 3914:IRA Border Campaign 3889:War of Independence 3859:Second Great Famine 3844:Act of Union (1800) 3796:Flight of the Earls 3653:Lordship of Ireland 3588:Republic of Ireland 3396:, by Con Costello, 2893:. 2 September 2014. 2601:, 20 February 2011. 2358:on 29 October 2013. 1715:"The Curragh Wrens" 1577:Dublin street names 1274:Sex workers' rights 1001:, and the right to 943:In March 2016, the 813:, prostitution and 507:social purification 110:Lady Arabella Denny 90:socioeconomic class 65:Street prostitution 5565:Society of Ireland 5151:Ireland portal 4469:Skirts and kidneys 3975:List of High Kings 3894:Anglo-Irish Treaty 3834:First Great Famine 3819:Settlement of 1652 3791:Tyrone's Rebellion 3781:Desmond Rebellions 3670:Kingdom of Ireland 3116:. 22 October 2012. 3058:, 11 November 2009 3041:on 6 October 2011. 2673:. 29 October 2012. 2401:Moss Reid's Places 2053:, Tue Dec 28 2021. 1807:Coleman, Jonathan 1794:Cohen, A. William 1533:. IrishCentral.com 1443:www.irishtimes.com 1418:www.irishtimes.com 1237:Sgt. Gerry Boyle ( 1224:In the 2011 Irish 1214:Breakfast on Pluto 1194:When the Sky Falls 1052:In popular culture 1003:self-determination 765:Sunday Independent 678:Christian morality 469:red light district 387:red light district 334:Irish Constabulary 201:Nineteenth century 195:Dublin Corporation 76:Eighteenth century 5547: 5546: 5158: 5157: 5136: 5135: 5132: 5131: 4543: 4542: 4434:Bacon and cabbage 4386: 4385: 4382: 4381: 4253:Foreign relations 4176: 4175: 4172: 4171: 4103:Notable buildings 3997: 3996: 3993: 3992: 3394:The Curragh Wrens 3376:978-0-521-70905-7 3337:978-0-7171-4491-4 3322:978-1-85594-207-3 3307:978-0-7171-3688-9 3185:, 3 February 2011 3145:, 22 August 2012. 3099:, 7 December 2014 3097:Irish Independent 3073:Ugly Mugs Ireland 3009:on 25 April 2012. 2991:, 11 January 2009 2617:, 3 October 2011. 2613:, Cathal Dervan, 2599:Irish Independent 2462:978-0-7171-3688-9 2258:978-0-946211-45-6 2047:by Paddy Murray, 2009:by Paddy Murray, 1986:Irish Independent 1861:"Red-light alert" 1783:978-1-78148-991-8 1773:Chandler, Glenn; 1633:Irish Independent 1510:O’Reilly, Niamh. 1130:police corruption 902:Katherine Zappone 817:within the Irish 811:human trafficking 724:magazine's role. 588:Magdalene Asylums 547:North King Street 482:of the pervasive 453:Irish republicans 392:In Kevin Kearns' 373:Twentieth century 283:Roman Catholicism 275:Church of Ireland 140:St. Patrick's Day 114:Magdalene Asylums 16:(Redirected from 5577: 5500:Dependencies and 5199:Sovereign states 5185: 5178: 5171: 5162: 5161: 5149: 5148: 5147: 4826:Tuatha Dé Danann 4414: 4413: 4405: 4404: 4392: 4391: 4327:Northern Ireland 4305: 4295: 4285: 4195: 4194: 4182: 4181: 4016: 4015: 4003: 4002: 3879:Home Rule crisis 3709:Northern Ireland 3622: 3621: 3609: 3608: 3596:Northern Ireland 3567: 3560: 3553: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3537: 3512: 3510: 3477: 3452:(131): 320–341. 3285: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3262: 3256: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3210: 3204: 3192: 3186: 3181:, Connor Lally, 3176: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3106: 3100: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3065: 3059: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3037:. 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