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times in 45 minutes (Note 2/20/89 BFSkinner
Foundation and author's collection.) U As long as the target remained in the center of the screen, the screen would not move, but if the bomb began to go off track, the image would move towards the edge of the screen. The pigeons would follow the image, pecking at it, which would move the screen on its pivots. In the case where two possible targets were on the screen, Skinner noted that at least two of the birds would be in agreement and the third would be "punished for his minority opinion" to encourage it to steer towards the target preferred by the majority of the pigeons.
134:, which was basically a small glider, with wings and tail surfaces, an explosive warhead section in the center, and a "guidance section" in the nose cone. The intent was to train pigeons to act as "pilots" for the device, using their cognitive abilities to recognize the target. The guidance system consisted of three lenses mounted in the nose of the vehicle, which projected an image of the target on a screen mounted in a small compartment inside the nose cone. This screen was mounted on pivots and fitted with sensors that measured any angular movement. One to three pigeons, trained by
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military believed that "further prosecution of this project would seriously delay others which in the minds of the
Division have more immediate promise of combat application". Project Pigeon was briefly revived by the Navy in 1948 as "Project Orcon," but it was again cancelled in 1953 when the reliability of
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to recognize the target, were stationed in front of the screen; when they saw the target, they would peck at the screen with their beaks. They were trained by being shown an image of the target and gradually more and more rapid pecks were required for a grain of food. One bird pecked more than 10,000
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The sensors would detect the movement and send signals to the control surfaces, which would steer the bomb in the direction the screen had moved. As the bomb swung back towards the target, the pigeons would again follow the image, bringing the screen back to the centered position again. In that way,
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saw the idea to use pigeons in glide bombs as very eccentric and impractical, but still contributed $ 25,000 to the research. Skinner, who had some success with the training, complained: "our problem was no one would take us seriously". The program was canceled on
October 8, 1944, because the
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Early electronic guidance systems use similar methods, only with electronic signals and processors replacing the birds in detecting the target and preventing deviation from the glide path.
172:, who received the award in his stead, is quoted as saying, "I want to thank you for finally acknowledging his most important contribution. People know him only for discovering
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the pigeons would correct any deviations in the course and keep the bomb on its glide path.
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312:"Skinner's Utopia: Panacea, or Path to Hell?"
380:. Vol. 15, no. 5. pp. 38–44.
424:. Archived from the original on 2010-12-31
168:for his work on the project; his daughter
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