321:
167:
27:
260:
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347:, simpler than the assembly of the contemporary computers, as there are fewer options and allowed to use directly arithmetic functions. It directs the exchange between memory registers and calculation registers, and operations in the registers. There are 16 jump instructions and 16 conditional jump instructions. Thirty-two label statements were available as destinations for the jump instructions and/or the four start keys (V, W, Y, Z).
1939:
635:
and it would record that sequence on a magnetic card, a magnetic strip that was about a foot long and two inches wide. So you could write a sequence, a programming sequence, and load it in there, and the if you would – the Lunar Module high-gain antenna was not very smart, it didn't know where Earth was. We would have to run four separate programs on this
Programma 101
246:
a table or desktop and that had to start a relationship of comprehension, of interaction, something quite new because before then computers were as big as a wardrobe. With a wardrobe we don't have any relationship: in fact the most beautiful wardrobes disappear in the wall. But this wasn't a wardrobe or a box, this was a machine designed to be part of your personal entourage.
245:
I remember that one day I received a call from
Roberto Olivetti: "I want to see you for a complex project I'm building". It involved the design not of a box containing mechanisms and stamped circuits, but a personal object, something that had to live with a person, a person with his chair sitting at
634:
By Apollo 11 we had a desktop computer, sort of, kind of, called an
Olivetti Programma 101. It was a kind of supercalculator. It was probably a foot and a half square, and about maybe eight inches tall. It would add, subtract, multiply, and divide, but it would remember a sequence of these things,
391:
coating on one side and an area for writing on the other. Each card can be recorded on two stripes, enabling it to store two programs. Five registers are stored on the card; two registers are dedicated to the program code, the other three registers (D, E, F) can be used for code and/or numbers.
267:
One of the direct results of the
Programma 101 team focus on human-centered objectives was the invention of a removable magnetic card to store programmed calculation, a revolutionary item for that time, allowing anyone to just insert it and execute any program in a few seconds.
367:
where data registers and instruction register are clearly separated, but it allows for some data to be written in the instruction registers under some conditions. That was a common feature in the 1960s desktop computer/programmable calculator and only HP provided a true
407:
stores the affected register and the right nibble the instruction, while in digits the first nibble stores information about the number, such as the sign or the decimal place, and the last nibble stores the actual digit.
362:
or 24 instructions each consisting of a letter and a symbol. Five of the registers (B, C, D, E, F) can be subdivided into half-registers, each containing an 11-digit number with sign and decimal point. It uses a kind of
236:
The focus of the engineering team was to deliver a very simple product, something that anyone could use. To take care of the ergonomics and aesthetics of a product that did not exist before, Roberto
Olivetti called
936:
773:"2008/107/1 Computer, Programma 101, and documents (3), plastic / metal / paper / electronic components, hardware architect Pier Giorgio Perotto, designed by Mario Bellini, made by Olivetti, Italy, 1965–1971"
350:
While not stated in the
General Manual and only in some Programming Manual, it is possible to perform a "modified jump", which allows to go back to different part of the program from the same subroutine.
354:
There are 10 memory registers: three for operations (M, A, R); two for storage (B, C); three for storage and/or program (assignable as needed: D, E, F); and two for program only (p1, p2). Each full
604:
Store the D register temporarily in the R register; this is a special instruction used in multi-card program to save data from the deletion that happens while reading a new card
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design for its time, the
Programma 101 was priced at $ 3,200 (equivalent to $ 30,900 in 2023). About 44,000 units were sold, primarily in the US.
340:, and fractional part. It is equipped with memory registers with features such as clear, transfer, and exchange, plus printing and halt for input.
1976:
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The
Tecnologicamente Museum in Ivrea has a Java simulator of the Programma 101 written by Giuliano Gaiti, one of Perotto's collaborators.
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2005 – Simulator written by Eng. Claudio Larini, which had some contact with
Gastone Garziera, another of the P101 engineers
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Stop the computer to let the user introduce data in the M register or to use the machine manually as a calculator
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of the
Programma 101 developed at the Department of Information Engineering and Electrical Engineering of
1981:
1961:
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It prints programs and results onto a roll of paper tape, similar to calculator or cash register paper.
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and innovative for the time. Some of the design was based on a 1961 Olivetti computer co-developed by
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734:(IDE) for the Programma 101, which allows for a simpler programming and some debug functions.
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because its arithmetic instructions correspond to calculator operations, while its
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Many simulators for the Programma 101's function have developed over the years:
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A Technical Description of the Olivetti Programma 101 with a picture gallery
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Operations: add, subtract, multiply, divide, square root and absolute value
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It appears that the Mathatronics Mathatron calculator preceeded [
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where the sale price was $ 3,200 (increasing to about $ 3,500 in 1968.)
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technically, the machine was a programmable calculator, not a computer.
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functions (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division), plus
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Front view of a Programma 101 showing the printer and programming keys
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can hold 120 instructions. The cards use a simple machine language.
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1220:"Programma 101 Memory of the Future / Quando Olivetti Inventò il PC"
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1976 - Translator to map Programma 101 code to BASIC was written by
154:(which allows for conditional jump) and structure qualifies it as a
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1368:"AIDA Lab – Artificial Intellingence and Data Analysis Laboratory"
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1202:"Overleg:Olivetti Programma 101 functional description - Hack42"
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A total of 240 bytes of information were electrically stored in
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The computational hardware consisted of standard (for its time)
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About 10 Programma 101 were sold to NASA and used to plan the
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The Programma 101's design would earn the Mario Bellini the
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The former Olivetti employee Marco Galeotti created a full
115:, although not the first. Produced by Italian manufacturer
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The instructions or digits occupy eight bits, codified in
205:(transistors, diodes, resistors and capacitors mounted on
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884:"Chapter 19: The Olivetti Programma 101 desk calculator"
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that served as a model for the programmable calculator.
1276:
Light at the end of the tunnel: A Vietnam War Anthology
387:
cards approximately 5 cm × 20 cm that have a
111:, is one of the first "all in one" commercial desktop
1248:(Interview). Interviewed by Sandra Johnson. Houston,
174:
The Programma 101 was designed by Olivetti engineer
1081:Archivio Nazionale Cinema d'Impresa (2013-12-03),
999:
887:
860:"Note in: WANTED – Data Acquisition Corp. DAC-512"
1109:"The incredible story of the first PC, from 1965"
16:Olivetti programmable calculator launched in 1964
1953:
284:Size: 275 mm ( A ) x 465 mm ( L ) x 610 mm ( P )
302:Total memory: 240 bytes in the ALU (estimated)
296:Accuracy: 22 digits and up to 15 decimal places
1003:Olivetti Programma 101 – Utilizzo dei registri
961:"Olivetti Programma 101 Electronic Calculator"
877:
875:
873:
797:"Olivetti Programma 101 Electronic Calculator"
752:"Olivetti Programma 101 Electronic Calculator"
293:Output device: 30 column printer on 9 cm paper
209:circuit card assemblies). The design predated
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1084:Spot – Olivetti – calcolatore – Programma 101
819:
817:
278:
253:"Programma 101 — memory of the future", cit.
217:were used since they were in their infancy.
1382:"Simulatore P-101 - Museo Tecnologicamente"
1066:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
870:
441:A = A + Chosen Register (hereinafter "CR")
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1512:
1498:
1302:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1144:. Archived from the original on 2016-04-22
890:Computer Structures: Readings and Examples
881:
814:
1483:(Archivio Nazionale del Cinema d'Impresa)
1459:A simulator of the Olivetti Programma 101
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328:The Programma 101 can calculate the four
720:, supervision of Eng. Giovanni De Sandre
319:
258:
165:
1236:
1044:
979:"Olivetti Programma 101 - Laptop-s.com"
882:Bell, C. Gordon; Newell, Allen (1971).
135:; volume production started in 1965. A
127:, and invented by the Italian engineer
1977:Computer-related introductions in 1965
1954:
1556:(head of various divisions, 1956–1990)
1443:Programma 101 General Reference Manual
1350:"EMULATORI PER OLIVETTI PROGRAMMA 101"
615:The Programma 101 was launched at the
358:holds a 22-digit number with sign and
1493:
645:The P101 is mentioned as part of the
1938:
392:Instructions occupy one byte, and a
13:
1544:(founder and president, 1908–1938)
1479:Olivetti calcolatore Programma 101
1419:
809:] the Programma 101 to market.
732:integrated development environment
414:
222:magnetostrictive delay-line memory
14:
1998:
1413:
1332:"Olivetti Programma 101 emulator"
1237:Whittle, David W (Feb 16, 2006).
1000:Wladimir Zaniewski (2016-09-04),
935:. Computer History Museum. 2006.
930:"Oral History of Federico Faggin"
698:for the local Computer Museum in
1937:
1354:www.claudiolarini.altervista.org
1048:Programma 101 – Memory of Future
825:"Cyber Heroes: Camillo Olivetti"
610:
224:, which had a cycle time of 2.2
142:It is usually called a printing
25:
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1091:from the original on 2021-12-12
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1010:from the original on 2021-12-12
993:
971:
942:from the original on 2017-01-10
694:written by E.H. Dooijes of the
1318:"White paper on data survival"
1272:"Bombing Cambodia: A Critique"
953:
922:
852:
838:
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744:
1:
965:The Old Calculator Web Museum
864:The Old Calculator Web Museum
801:The Old Calculator Web Museum
756:The Old Calculator Web Museum
738:
668:
365:Modified Harvard architecture
241:, a young Italian architect:
231:
182:. The styling, attributed to
1519:
1386:www.museotecnologicamente.it
315:
7:
1274:. In Rotter, Andrew (ed.).
702:(only worked in batch mode)
653:to compute coordinates for
403:. In instructions the left
263:Olivetti P101 magnetic card
10:
2003:
1900:Olivetti-Underwood Factory
1481:publicity film (1966–1967)
1465:"General Reference Manual"
1455:Old Calculator Web Museum.
617:1964 New York World's Fair
568:Print the chosen register
133:1964 New York World's Fair
1935:
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1812:
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1447:Old Calculator Web Museum
1181:www.piergiorgioperotto.it
1161:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
343:Programming is a kind of
279:Technical characteristics
275:Industrial Design Award.
161:
89:
81:
73:
65:
57:
46:
36:
24:
1972:Transistorized computers
1967:Programmable calculators
1467:. Old Calculator Museum.
1423:Description of the P-101
1177:"Premio Perotto – Press"
1028:"HP 9100A/B Programming"
846:"Olivetti Programma 101"
777:www.powerhousemuseum.com
370:Von Neumann architecture
113:programmable calculators
52:programmable calculators
1449:, retrieved 2009-12-17.
696:University of Amsterdam
655:ground-directed bombing
538:Decimal part of A in M
156:stored-program computer
144:programmable calculator
1550:(president, 1938–1960)
1045:101proj (2010-12-21),
643:
640:David W. Whittle, 2006
325:
264:
257:
171:
170:Layout of the keyboard
718:University of Cassino
690:1995 – Programma 101
632:
630:landing on the Moon.
383:can be recorded onto
323:
262:
251:Mario Bellini, 2011,
243:
169:
1987:Olivetti calculators
1653:Pier Giorgio Perotto
1474:, by Alfredo Logioia
1278:. New York. p.
1246:Oral History Project
401:binary-coded decimal
310:Magnetic card reader
290:Consumption: 0.35 kW
176:Pier Giorgio Perotto
129:Pier Giorgio Perotto
1918:(acquired Olivetti)
1420:Bonomi, Francesco,
1259:on 31 January 2017.
1239:"NASA Space Center"
661:targets during the
659:B-52 Stratofortress
582:Print a blank line
374:self-modifying code
215:integrated circuits
21:
1982:Italian inventions
1962:Olivetti computers
1603:Carlo De Benedetti
1270:Shawcross (1991).
683:The Prairie School
372:which allowed for
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305:Keyboard: 36 keys.
265:
186:but in reality by
172:
19:
1949:
1948:
1858:
1857:
1706:
1705:
1643:Costantino Nivola
1608:Michele De Lucchi
1453:Internal pictures
1142:www.101project.eu
981:. 9 December 2020
608:
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573:Vertical spacing
345:assembly language
97:
96:
1994:
1943:Commons category
1941:
1940:
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1725:
1714:
1713:
1693:Massimo Vignelli
1658:Giovanni Pintori
1648:Marcello Nizzoli
1618:Ignazio Gardella
1593:Natale Capellaro
1548:Adriano Olivetti
1542:Camillo Olivetti
1532:
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1402:. Archived from
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525:Exchange with A
503:Transfer from M
474:A = A : CR
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330:basic arithmetic
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203:discrete devices
103:, also known as
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1578:Getulio Alviani
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1400:"P101Simulator"
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492:Absolute value
457:Multiplication
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415:Instruction set
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287:Weight: 35.5 kg
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211:microprocessors
196:Federico Faggin
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152:instruction set
77:36 Key keyboard
41:Olivetti S.p.A.
32:
31:A Programma 101
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1414:External links
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1406:on 2018-01-15.
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1922:Triumph-Adler
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1843:Programma 101
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1785:Prodest PC128
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1138:"101 Project"
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1119:on 2012-08-30
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1113:Pingdom Royal
1110:
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909:0-07-004357-4
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621:United States
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611:Sales history
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487:A = sqrt(CR)
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239:Mario Bellini
229:
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188:Mario Bellini
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101:Programma 101
99:The Olivetti
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
53:
49:
45:
42:
39:
35:
28:
23:
20:Programma 101
1909:Acquisitions
1849:Divisumma 18
1842:
1698:Marco Zanuso
1663:Carlo Scarpa
1638:Bruno Munari
1628:James Irvine
1486:
1478:
1432:, retrieved
1422:
1404:the original
1394:
1385:
1376:
1362:
1353:
1344:
1335:
1326:
1312:
1275:
1265:
1254:the original
1245:
1232:
1223:
1214:
1205:
1196:
1185:. Retrieved
1183:(in Italian)
1180:
1171:
1146:. Retrieved
1141:
1132:
1121:. Retrieved
1117:the original
1112:
1103:
1093:, retrieved
1083:
1076:
1052:, retrieved
1047:
1040:
1031:
1022:
1012:, retrieved
1002:
995:
983:. Retrieved
973:
964:
955:
944:. Retrieved
924:
913:. Retrieved
889:
863:
854:
840:
829:. Retrieved
806:
804:
800:
791:
780:. Retrieved
776:
767:
759:
755:
746:
700:Turbo Pascal
672:
651:US Air Force
649:used by the
644:
633:
625:
614:
577:
563:
446:Subtraction
422:Instruction
410:
398:
378:
353:
349:
342:
327:
270:
266:
252:
244:
235:
226:milliseconds
219:
200:
184:Marco Zanuso
173:
141:
108:
104:
100:
98:
85:35.5 kg
58:Release date
37:Manufacturer
1864:Typewriters
1836:Calculators
1738:(1957–1964)
1736:Elea series
1623:Franca Helg
1583:Gae Aulenti
1554:Franco Tatò
896:McGraw-Hill
827:. Hive Mind
663:Vietnam War
498:A = abs(A)
480:Square root
463:A = A * CR
452:A = A - CR
379:The stored
334:square root
192:ergonomical
146:or desktop
119:, based in
1956:Categories
1872:Lettera 22
1729:Mainframes
1633:Louis Kahn
1535:Executives
1528:Key people
1441:Olivetti,
1434:2009-12-17
1187:2022-11-01
1148:2016-04-04
1123:2016-04-04
1095:2016-03-20
1054:2016-03-20
1014:2016-09-04
946:2020-05-11
915:2009-12-17
898:. p.
831:2010-11-07
782:2016-03-20
739:References
669:Simulators
430:Operation
232:Ergonomics
148:calculator
137:futuristic
1888:Locations
1878:Valentine
1748:computers
1721:Computers
1564:Designers
1298:cite book
1206:hack42.nl
985:9 October
714:simulator
692:simulator
628:Apollo 11
468:Division
316:Operation
308:Archive:
213:, and no
105:Perottina
90:Successor
69:240 bytes
1927:Omnidata
1826:Quaderno
1803:Envision
1746:Personal
1521:Olivetti
1157:cite web
1089:archived
1062:citation
1008:archived
937:Archived
638:—
389:magnetic
381:programs
356:register
249:—
125:Piedmont
117:Olivetti
50:desktop
1813:Laptops
1430:: Silab
712:2016 –
555:CR = 0
533:CR = A
531:A = CR
520:A = CR
509:CR = M
385:plastic
1880:(1969)
1874:(1949)
1851:(1972)
1845:(1965)
1828:(1992)
1822:(1983)
1805:(1995)
1799:(1986)
1793:(1986)
1787:(1985)
1781:(1983)
1775:(1982)
1769:(1975)
1763:(1975)
1757:(1975)
1286:
906:
647:system
560:Print
549:Clear
426:Opcode
405:nibble
190:, was
162:Design
66:Memory
1767:P6066
1761:P6060
1755:P6040
1257:(PDF)
1242:(PDF)
940:(PDF)
933:(PDF)
587:Stop
180:Ivrea
121:Ivrea
74:Input
1304:link
1284:ISBN
1163:link
1068:link
987:2021
904:ISBN
541:/ ↕
495:A ↕
435:Sum
109:P101
82:Mass
61:1965
47:Type
1820:M10
1797:M19
1791:M28
1779:M24
1773:M20
1280:280
900:235
807:sic
681:at
657:of
601:RS
228:.
178:in
107:or
1958::
1428:IT
1426:,
1384:.
1352:.
1334:.
1300:}}
1296:{{
1282:.
1250:TX
1244:.
1222:.
1204:.
1179:.
1159:}}
1155:{{
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1060:{{
1030:.
1006:,
963:.
902:.
894:.
886:.
872:^
862:.
816:^
803:.
799:.
775:.
758:.
754:.
665:.
590:S
552:*
528:↕
517:↓
506:↑
484:√
471::
460:x
449:-
438:+
336:,
158:.
123:,
1513:e
1506:t
1499:v
1438:.
1388:.
1370:.
1356:.
1338:.
1306:)
1292:.
1208:.
1190:.
1165:)
1151:.
1126:.
1070:)
1034:.
989:.
967:.
949:.
918:.
848:.
834:.
785:.
578:♢
576:/
564:♢
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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