1632:
Apart from assignments and subroutine calls, most languages start each statement with a special word (e.g. goto, if, while, etc.) as shown in the above examples. Various methods have been used to describe the form of statements in different languages; the more formal methods tend to be more precise:
1883:
In most programming languages, a statement can consist of little more than an expression, usually by following the expression with a statement terminator (semicolon). In such a case, while the expression evaluates to a value, the complete statement does not (the expression's value is discarded). For
1847:
Semantics is concerned with the meaning of a program. The standards documents for many programming languages use BNF or some equivalent to express the syntax/grammar in a fairly formal and precise way, but the semantics/meaning of the program is generally described using examples and
English prose.
1867:
article describes several mathematical/logical formalisms which have been used to specify semantics in a precise way; these are generally more complicated than BNF, and no single approach is generally accepted as the way to go. Some approaches effectively define an interpreter for the language,
445:
Many compound statements are loop commands or choice commands. In theory only one of each of these types of commands is required. In practice there are various special cases which occur quite often; these may make a program easier to understand, may make programming easier, and can often be
1918:, where = is not an operator, but rather just a separator in the assignment statement. Although Python allows multiple assignments as each assignment were an expression, this is simply a special case of the assignment statement built into the language grammar rather than a true expression.
1892:(note the semicolon at the end) is a statement that will still set x to the value of y plus one because the expression within the statement is still evaluated, but the result of the expression is discarded, and the statement itself does not evaluate to any value.
1848:
This can result in ambiguity. In some language descriptions the meaning of compound statements is defined by the use of 'simpler' constructions, e.g. a while loop can be defined by a combination of tests, jumps, and
1824:
Certain names are reserved as part of the programming language and can not be used as programmer-defined names. The majority of the most popular programming languages use reserved keywords. Early examples include
2012:
Backus, J.W.; Bauer, F.L.; Green, J.; Katz, C.; McCarthy, J.; Naur, P.; Perlis, A.J.; Rutishauser, H.; Samuelson, K.; Vauquois, B.; Wegstein, J.H.; van
Wijngaarden, A.; Woodger, M. Naur, Peter (ed.).
1985:
Backus, J.W.; Bauer, F.L.; Green, J.; Katz, C.; McCarthy, J.; Naur, P.; Perlis, A.J.; Rutishauser, H.; Samuelson, K.; Vauquois, B.; Wegstein, J.H.; van
Wijngaarden, A.; Woodger, M. Naur, Peter (ed.).
332:
Compound statements may contain (sequences of) statements, nestable to any reasonable depth, and generally involve tests to decide whether or not to obey or repeat these contained statements.
1914:
Although the previous examples show assignment expressions, some languages do not implement assignment as an expression, but rather as a statement. A notable example of this is
111:
Simple statements are complete in themselves; these include assignments, subroutine calls, and a few statements which may significantly affect the program flow of control (e.g.
1833:(1959). Since 1970 other examples include Ada, C, C++, Java, and Pascal. The number of reserved words depends on the language: C has about 30 while COBOL has about 400.
405:
Other programming languages have a different special terminator on each kind of compound statement, so that one or more statements are automatically treated as a group:
119:, stop/halt). In some languages, input and output, assertions, and exits are handled by special statements, while other languages use calls to predefined subroutines.
1644:
Up until
Fortran 77, the language was described in English prose with examples, From Fortran 90 onwards, the language was described using a variant of BNF.
1880:, which are evaluated. Expressions always evaluate to a value, which statements do not. However, expressions are often used as part of a larger statement.
1888:
is an expression that will set x to the value of y plus one, and the whole expression itself will evaluate to the same value that x is set to. However,
81:. A definition or declaration specifies the data on which a program is to operate, while a statement specifies the actions to be taken with that data.
1939:
2184:
2237:
2115:
50:
written in such a language is formed by a sequence of one or more statements. A statement may have internal components (e.g.
1868:
some use formal logic to reason about a program, some attach affixes to syntactic entities to ensure consistency, etc.
446:
implemented much more efficiently. There are many subtleties not mentioned here; see the linked articles for details.
78:
17:
202:
1679:
1627:
96:
39:
2201:
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123:
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51:
1926:
Most languages have a fixed set of statements defined by the language, but there have been experiments with
1864:
1842:
100:
2089:
1783:
In Algol 60 and Algol 68, special tokens were distinguished explicitly: for publication, in boldface e.g.
70:
2145:
58:
2173:
1166:
1024:
358:
Some programming languages provide a general way of grouping statements together, so that any single
1749:
As spaces were optional up to
Fortran 95, a typo could completely change the meaning of a statement:
1877:
1849:
66:
1810:
Tokens that are part of the language syntax thus do not conflict with programmer-defined names.
43:
2222:
1927:
1638:
31:
8:
2242:
1895:
Expressions can also be contained within other expressions. For instance, the expression
1778:
1675:
1548:
290:
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264:
116:
47:
1964:
2064:
2039:
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1819:
1671:
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2013:
1986:
1944:
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Fortran and PL/1 do not have reserved keywords, allowing statements like:
95:
The appearance of a statement (and indeed a program) is determined by its
2114:
Jensen, Kathleen; Wirth, Niklaus (1974). Goos, G.; Hartmanis, J. (eds.).
1804:
1876:
A distinction is often made between statements, which are executed, and
1826:
654:
168:
450:
62:
1687:
1641:(BNF) which set a new level for language grammar specification.
907:
condition-controlled loop with test in the middle of the loop:
1940:
Comparison of programming languages (syntax) § Statements
1830:
1662:
have been proposed to allow direct indication of repetition.
1789:; for programming, with some special marking, e.g., a flag (
99:
or grammar. The meaning of a statement is determined by its
229:
112:
344:
is any single statement (could be simple or compound).
2014:"Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language Algol 60"
1987:"Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language Algol 60"
1884:
instance, in C, C++, C#, and many similar languages,
1658:
BNF uses recursion to express repetition, so various
84:
Statements which cannot contain other statements are
2045:. United States of America Standards Institute. 1966
1930:
that allow the programmer to define new statements.
2223:PC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Definition of: program statement
27:A section of code that details a specific command
2229:
2011:
1984:
46:that expresses some action to be carried out. A
88:; those which can contain other statements are
1763:assignment of the value 1.5 to the variable
1697:
77:) make a distinction between statements and
2113:
1737:assignment to a subscripted variable named
1731:conditional statement (with other variants)
2090:"ASCII COBOL Programming Reference Manual"
1911:, which are also technically expressions.
1757:start of a loop with I running from 1 to 5
1665:
1647:Cobol used a two-dimensional metalanguage.
2146:"The Remaining Trouble Spots in Algol 60"
2005:
2082:
2057:
2032:
14:
2230:
2137:
1978:
1678:, and do not allow them to be used as
1039:<unconditional statement> ;
327:
2143:
2107:
338:Notation for the following examples:
1903:, which in turn contains the values
1813:
106:
1670:Some programming language grammars
24:
2053:– via WG5 Fortran Standards.
25:
2254:
2216:
2190:from the original on Feb 7, 2024.
2123:Lecture Notes in Computer Science
57:Many programming languages (e.g.
1921:
1772:
1181:<unconditional statement>
350:is any sequence of zero or more
187:C, C++, Java, PHP, Pascal, Ada:
2194:
2116:"PASCAL User Manual and Report"
1807:). This is called "stropping".
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1:
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657:with test at start of loop:
7:
2206:Python 3.10.8 documentation
1967:. webopedia. September 1996
1933:
1729:IF (A) X = 10...
362:can be replaced by a group:
10:
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2070:. J3 Fortran. May 10, 2004
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797:with test at end of loop:
387:begin <sequence> end
2144:Knuth, D. E. (Jul 1967).
2065:"Working draft J3/04-007"
1698:No distinguished keywords
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795:condition-controlled loop
665:index := expression
655:condition-controlled loop
1899:contains the expression
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1185:<statement> ;
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673:<statement> ;
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473:<statement> ;
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2174:"ISO/IEC 9899:1999 (E)"
1666:Statements and keywords
1601:exception specification
1579:exception specification
1562:exception specification
153:C, C#, C++, PHP, Java:
140:Pascal, Algol 60, Ada:
2202:"7. Simple statements"
1682:. This often leads to
824:{ note reversed test }
1761:DO 10 I = 1.5
1755:DO 10 I = 1,5
1735:IF (A) = 2
1710:IF IF = THEN THEN ...
1361:case/switch statement
451:count-controlled loop
252:C, C++, PHP, Pascal:
221:relational expression
211:relational expression
1928:extensible languages
1793:), quotation marks (
1686:which are easier to
393:{ <sequence> }
32:computer programming
2095:. unisys. June 2010
1676:mark them specially
1654:and equivalent BNF.
328:Compound statements
278:C, C++, Java, PHP:
236:GOTO numbered-label
1797:), or underlined (
1779:Stropping (syntax)
1549:Exception handling
1363:multi-way choice:
1027:simple situation:
352:<statements>
1814:Reserved keywords
1690:, requiring less
1650:Pascal used both
1605:exception handler
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107:Simple statements
18:Program statement
16:(Redirected from
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2020:. Section "1.1"
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2217:External links
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2004:
1977:
1955:
1954:
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1716:and the first
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1637:Algol 60 used
1626:Main article:
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225:
215:
200:
199:
198:
185:
166:
165:
164:
151:
138:
108:
105:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2255:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2169:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2091:
2085:
2066:
2060:
2041:
2035:
2019:
2015:
2008:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1966:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1931:
1929:
1922:Extensibility
1919:
1917:
1912:
1893:
1881:
1879:
1869:
1866:
1861:
1851:
1844:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1820:Reserved word
1811:
1808:
1806:
1801:
1787:
1780:
1773:Flagged words
1759:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1614:
1610:
1609:no exceptions
1606:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1480:
1415:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1312:Fortran 77+:
1311:
1267:
1226:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1130:Fortran 77+:
1129:
1097:
1068:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1023:
974:
909:
908:
906:
866:
828:
799:
798:
796:
793:
760:
731:
702:
676:
672:
668:
664:
659:
658:
656:
653:
614:
573:
514:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
455:
454:
452:
449:
448:
447:
407:
406:
404:
403:
402:
401:
390:
384:
381:
377:
372:
371:
370:
369:
368:
367:
357:
346:
340:
339:
337:
336:
335:
334:
333:
319:
313:
309:
303:
300:
294:
293:
292:
289:
283:
277:
274:
268:
267:
266:
263:
257:
251:
247:
244:
239:
233:
232:
231:
228:
222:
216:
212:
207:C, C++, PHP:
206:
205:
204:
201:
195:
191:
186:
182:
178:
172:
171:
170:
167:
161:
157:
152:
148:
144:
139:
136:
132:
127:
126:
125:
122:
121:
120:
118:
114:
104:
102:
98:
93:
91:
87:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2205:
2196:
2180:
2168:
2158:February 24,
2156:. Retrieved
2152:
2139:
2129:February 19,
2127:. Retrieved
2125:. Appendix D
2122:
2109:
2097:. Retrieved
2084:
2074:February 19,
2072:. Retrieved
2059:
2049:February 19,
2047:. Retrieved
2034:
2022:. Retrieved
2017:
2007:
1995:. Retrieved
1990:
1980:
1969:. Retrieved
1959:
1945:Control flow
1925:
1913:
1894:
1882:
1875:
1862:
1846:
1823:
1809:
1799:
1785:
1782:
1725:in Fortran:
1712:(the second
1701:
1669:
1657:
1631:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1585:} finally {
1582:
1578:
1574:
1565:
1561:
1560:except when
1557:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1167:if-statement
1036:
1032:
1025:if-statement
761:Fortran 90:
670:
666:
662:
470:
466:
462:
458:
444:
379:
375:
331:
317:
307:
298:
281:
272:
255:
245:
242:
220:
210:
193:
189:
180:
176:
159:
155:
146:
142:
134:
130:
110:
94:
89:
85:
83:
56:
35:
29:
2099:January 23,
2024:January 23,
1997:January 23,
1965:"statement"
1878:expressions
1872:Expressions
1829:(1953) and
1805:Elliott 503
1680:identifiers
1523:'q'
1502:'a'
1393:'q'
1378:'a'
615:Fortran 90:
52:expressions
42:unit of an
2243:Statements
2232:Categories
1971:2015-03-03
1951:References
1890:x = y + 1;
1827:FLOW-MATIC
1660:extensions
1172:Algol 60:
660:Algol 60:
456:Algol 60:
373:Algol 60:
308:expression
240:Algol 60:
194:parameters
181:parameters
160:expression
147:expression
135:expression
124:assignment
2040:"FORTRAN"
2018:mass:werk
1991:mass:werk
1897:x = y + 1
1886:x = y + 1
1865:semantics
1837:Semantics
1706:in PL/1:
1692:lookahead
1611:finally:
1577:} catch (
1481:C, Java:
1257:statement
1245:statement
1227:C, Java:
1216:statement
1204:statement
1087:statement
1069:C, Java:
1058:statement
1030:Algol 60:
829:C, Java:
721:statement
703:C, Java:
692:statement
563:statement
515:C, Java:
504:statement
295:Fortran:
269:Fortran:
234:Fortran:
203:assertion
173:Fortran:
145: :=
128:Fortran:
101:semantics
40:syntactic
36:statement
2185:Archived
1934:See also
1852:, using
1684:grammars
1593:Python:
1366:Pascal:
1346:sequence
1334:sequence
1295:sequence
1283:sequence
1189:Pascal:
1152:sequence
1113:sequence
1043:Pascal:
1005:sequence
984:sequence
949:sequence
922:sequence
876:sequence
841:sequence
809:sequence
800:Pascal:
780:sequence
765:DO WHILE
747:sequence
677:Pascal:
640:sequence
601:sequence
477:Pascal:
423:sequence
385:Pascal:
304:C, C++:
156:variable
143:variable
131:variable
90:compound
63:Algol 60
2181:ISO/IEC
1803:on the
1795:'begin'
1613:cleanup
1599:except
1587:cleanup
280:return
271:RETURN
219:assert
209:assert(
48:program
1916:Python
1850:labels
1791:'begin
1622:Syntax
1607:else:
1573:try {
1571:Java:
1564:=>
1556:begin
1484:switch
1352:END IF
1158:END IF
803:repeat
786:END DO
646:END DO
469:limit
318:number
299:number
265:return
217:Java:
117:return
97:syntax
86:simple
75:Pascal
2188:(PDF)
2177:(PDF)
2149:(PDF)
2119:(PDF)
2093:(PDF)
2068:(PDF)
2043:(PDF)
1901:y + 1
1831:COBOL
1800:begin
1786:begin
1765:DO10I
1688:parse
1595:try:
1554:Ada:
1535:break
1514:break
1508:alert
1461:=>
1458:'
1452:'
1443:alert
1440:=>
1437:'
1431:'
1416:Ada:
1384:alert
1268:Ada:
1177:test
1098:Ada:
1035:test
975:Ada:
958:while
940:break
867:Ada:
850:while
815:until
735:while
732:Ada:
706:while
680:while
669:test
667:while
634:limit
622:index
592:limit
580:index
574:Ada:
548:index
542:limit
539:<=
536:index
524:index
495:limit
483:index
467:until
408:Ada:
376:begin
316:exit
314:PHP:
306:exit(
297:STOP
282:value
273:value
256:label
254:goto
246:label
175:CALL
38:is a
2160:2021
2131:2021
2101:2021
2076:2021
2051:2021
2026:2021
1999:2021
1907:and
1863:The
1858:goto
1856:and
1718:THEN
1581:) {
1529:quit
1520:case
1499:case
1473:case
1464:quit
1449:when
1428:when
1419:case
1399:quit
1369:case
1349:>
1343:<
1340:ELSE
1337:>
1331:<
1328:THEN
1322:test
1298:>
1292:<
1289:else
1286:>
1280:<
1277:then
1274:test
1260:>
1254:<
1251:else
1248:>
1242:<
1236:test
1219:>
1213:<
1210:else
1207:>
1201:<
1198:then
1195:test
1183:else
1179:then
1155:>
1149:<
1146:THEN
1140:test
1116:>
1110:<
1107:then
1104:test
1090:>
1084:<
1078:test
1061:>
1055:<
1052:then
1049:test
1037:then
1014:loop
1008:>
1002:<
996:test
993:when
990:exit
987:>
981:<
978:loop
964:true
952:>
946:<
934:test
925:>
919:<
897:loop
888:test
885:when
882:exit
879:>
873:<
870:loop
856:test
844:>
838:<
818:test
812:>
806:<
783:>
777:<
771:test
756:loop
750:>
744:<
741:loop
738:test
724:>
718:<
712:test
695:>
689:<
683:test
643:>
637:<
610:loop
604:>
598:<
595:loop
566:>
560:<
507:>
501:<
463:step
426:>
420:<
417:then
414:test
243:goto
230:goto
169:call
113:goto
71:Java
34:, a
1674:or
1532:();
1511:();
1470:end
1467:();
1446:();
1408:end
1301:end
1119:end
1011:end
910:C:
894:end
753:end
663:for
619:DO
607:end
577:for
518:for
480:for
459:for
429:end
380:end
59:Ada
54:).
30:In
2234::
2204:.
2183:.
2179:.
2151:.
2121:.
2016:.
1989:.
1860:.
1854:if
1739:IF
1714:IF
1694:.
1603::
1551::
1425:is
1402:()
1387:()
1375:of
1316:IF
1304:if
1271:if
1230:if
1192:if
1175:if
1134:IF
1122:if
1101:if
1072:if
1046:if
1033:if
928:if
913:do
832:do
686:do
671:do
586:1.
583:in
551:+=
498:do
492:to
486::=
471:do
465:1
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432:if
411:if
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158:=
133:=
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2208:.
2162:.
2133:.
2103:.
2078:.
2028:.
2001:.
1974:.
1909:1
1905:y
1589:}
1541:}
1538:;
1526::
1517:;
1505::
1496:{
1493:)
1490:c
1487:(
1476:;
1455:q
1434:a
1422:c
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1390:;
1381::
1372:c
1325:)
1319:(
1307:;
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248:;
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