Prognathodon - Knowledge

3283: 3469:). This specimen shows signs of regrowth of bone around the injury as well as subsequent infections that were ongoing at the time of the mosasaur's death, which may have been partially caused by the injuries inflicted. The specimen stands as one of the few clearly confirmable cases of intra-specific combat between mosasaurs. It also revealed a very atypical immune response to the infection. Unlike modern reptilians where solid fibrous masses are produced to contain infections, this mosasaur showed a much more mammal-like response, including liquid pus. This is one of the first cases in which immunological responses in fossil taxa have been studied in such detail and where extant relatives differ to extinct taxa. 3066: 3099: 918: 3077: 1220: 3087: 1476: 155: 1321: 126: 3404: 1059: 2826: 5126: 5584: 2475: 707: 1370: 880: 1703: 1290:, where knowledge of the teeth mainly comes from isolated specimens. Known teeth are strongly bicarinate with a weak serration on both carinae. The carinae then divide the teeth into lingual and labial surfaces, with the lingual surface being more convex and large in comparison with the labial. The teeth have a slight posterior and medial recurvature and are noted for having smooth surfaces (which is different from other species of 2339: 3326:. For instance, the anterior teeth are more incurved and slender than those posterior to them with a gradual change in shape along the tooth row. The anterior teeth have a ratio of crown length to basal crown width of 2.0 to 2.5, whereas teeth in the middle of the tooth row have ratios in the range of 1.7 to 2.0. These ratios are consistent with both mosasaurs with "cutting" and "crushing" teeth. Though robust, the teeth of 3251:. As with most mosasaurs, the teeth of these specimens are carinate, with the carinae aligned roughly parallel to the jaw. On unworn teeth, the apex is acute but blunt, and has fine, wavy, anastomosing ridges for as much as 25% of the crown height. Such ornamentation could potentially strengthen the teeth. The blunt tip and roughened surface suggest a tooth that was used for capturing fairly hard prey, and the presence of 2354: 1348:

facets are posteriorly inclined and located posteriorly on the ventral surfaces of the centra. The synapophyses are large, located anteriorly on the centra, and do not extend below the ventral margin of the centrum. The condyles and cotyles are weakly dorsoventrally compressed. The cervical vertebrae are almost the same size as the longest

1173:, with two original teeth. The left pterygoid was considerably more complete, but lacked all processes other than the basisphenoid process. The posterior alveolar margin was noted for being very small, with the teeth rising from a thin but pronounced vertical ridge. The ventral surface of the basisphenoid process is quite smooth and 2605:

in its splenial-angular surface having distinct horizontal tongues and grooves, the shape of the vertebral condyle (being slightly depressed with a height to width ratio of 0.75) and the length proportions of the vertebrae (cervical vertebrae being almost equal in size to the longest vertebrae of the

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are preserved, which have well developed anterior and posterior zygapophyses. Functional zygosphenes and zygantra were found on two of the cervical vertebrae. Vertebral hypapophyseal peduncles were found on all four vertebrae and are very short and end as small laterally compressed oval facets. These

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forms a large portion of the posterolateral border of the external nares and the supraorbital wing with heavy triangular ala contacts the postorbitofrontal posteriorly over the orbit medial to the external edge of the frontal. The frontal does not emarginate above the orbits and a median dorsal ridge

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has the most different teeth from other members of the genus. The tooth crowns are generally large and quite strongly striated and the anterior teeth are more procumbent than in any other mosasaurs. The premaxillary teeth are almost horizontal and the anterior dentary teeth only slightly less so. In

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It is clear that the wear on the teeth does not represent simple breakage, since that would result in different amounts of wear on different teeth. In contrast to the marginal teeth, the pterygoid teeth, though unusually large for a mosasaur, do not exhibit any wear. This suggests that the marginal

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of both examined specimens show considerable wear. Crown apices are unusually smooth and polished, this breakage and subsequent polishing is likely due to prolonged contact with food. The tooth breakage is not severe and nearly horizontal, which is unlike typical predators with "cutting" teeth. The

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standards compared to some of the larger specimens in the genus. Thus, it was assumed that ERMNH HFV 197 was a juvenile specimen. That tail fin would grow to account for the increased weight of bigger individuals is rather logical, and can be observed in other groups that possess tail fins, such as

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The teeth are, however, quite high relative to the size of the skull, which suggests that they were used for impaling prey rather than for crushing or grasping it. Many of the fully erupted teeth have crenulations on the carinae that produce a fine serration. The presence of serrated carinae would

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are routinely recovered as sister genera, Cau and Madzia (2017) did not resurrect the tribe Prognathodontini in their list of mosasaur clades and their preferred definitions, offering no comment as to why not. Within Cau and Madzia's analysis (as well as previous work such as Simões et al., 2017),

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teeth may have been robust enough to prevent extensive breaking, or perhaps the curvature limited it. Many teeth are worn uniformly, which suggests a third possibility; that it represents a gradual grinding down of the teeth as a result of handling food. Somewhat similar wear is found on teeth of

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has seven to eight teeth. The medial wing from the coronoid contacts the angular, the anterior process on the coronoid abrupts over the surangular and makes contact with the posterior process of the dentary or ends with the surangular without contacting the dentary. The retroarticular process is

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Though the original remains of the genus were rather comprehensive and the original description was brief, no additional studies of the type material was done for a century. The lack of a comprehensive original description of the genus and the species referred to it from Belgium is strangely not

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The tail fluke is clearly asymmetric. The lower fin lobe follows the caudal vertebrae and would have had a streamlined cross-section in life, based on the proportions of the axial skeleton and the other soft tissues. The upper fin lobe is unsupported by the skeleton and is preserved as a small,

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are preserved in the specimen, though most are poorly preserved. Dorsal vertebrae are a little longer than the cervical and like the cervicals, the condyles and cotyles are weakly compressed dorsoventrally. The dorsal vertebrae are at a maximum about 8 cm in length and 5 cm in height.

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surface are parallel to one another and the cranial midline to the posterior base of the diverging suspensorial rami, which forms a rectangular field medially on the parietal. The ventral process of the postorbitofrontal to jugal is indistinctly separated from the moderately well exposed dorsal

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of predators, but are together consistent with a large and opportunistic apex predator. Though seemingly able to feed on prey typical for "cutting"-teeth mosasaurs, such as the large fish, the robust teeth suggest that somewhat harder prey, such as the sea turtle, was also commonly devoured.

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is noted as having a very robust skull. The skull also shows adaptations towards a very powerful jaw musculature. The ratio between the length of the supratemporal fenestra and the total length of the skull has previously been used as an improvised measurement for mosasaur bite force, and is

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quarry, discovered the teeth of the fossil in the shovel of his digger on Monday morning, September 10. In the days following the discovery, museum staff retrieved several large sections of the skull and part of the body and tail of the approximately 13-metre long skeleton. Based on

1562:), Dollo revised his taxonomy, dividing the Mosasauridae into three groups. These groups were based on how developed the rostrum was on the premaxilla, the size of the suprastapedial process of the quadrate and if the haemal arches were fused to the centra of the caudal vertebrae. 1134:, have fused suprastapedial and infrastapedial processes, which is possibly an adaptation to counteract the strong forces experienced by the bone during biting. Stong jaw musculature combined with a relatively short and tall dentary would have resulted in a very powerful bite. 1193:

and the anterior blade of the prearticular and have a tooth count of 13, with at least eight teeth possessing subdental crypts with some replacement teeth having been found in the type specimen. The subdental crypts are positioned postermodeially to the functional teeth. The

3424:. The degree of articulation of the specimen suggests that the animal reached the sea floor moments after its death, where it was scavenged by sharks prior to being buried by the sediments. Evidence of shark scavenging include the finds of associated teeth of shark genera 867:, the age of the specimen was estimated at 67.83 million years, making it about one-and-a-half million years older than "Bèr". From what has been uncovered, this appears to be the oldest known Mosasaurid specimen from the Maastricht area, and it belongs to the genus 1149:. The dorsal margin of the dentary is concave, whilst the ventral margin of the maxilla is slightly convex. The marginal teeth are massive, smooth and rounded as opposed to most other mosasaur teeth, which are typically facetted and laterally compressed. The mandible of 1270:

are more slender at the anterior end, broader and triangular towards the middle of the dental ramus, decreasing in size towards the posterior end with the last two teeth being rather stunted. The tooth crowns are only moderately inflated and in contrast to the teeth of

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is very tall and massive, even more so than in other members of the genus. This is matched by the also massive pterygoid and various other portions of the skull, such as the temporal region and the braincase, which are all stout compared to other species in the genus.

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is saddle-shaped and has a well-developed posterodorsal process, which gives the dorsal margin of said bone a nearly 110 degree angle between the horizontal anterior end and the subvertical posterior wing. This combination of characteristics aided in determining that

1294:) except for minor wrinkles at the tips of the tooth crowns. The roots of the teeth are quite large at about 1.5 times the size of the tooth crowns and are barrel-shaped. The largest known tooth crowns are up to 5.5 cm tall and 2.5 cm wide at the base. 3541:

Konishi, Takuya; Brinkman, Donald; Massare, Judy A.; Caldwell, Michael W. (2011-09-01). "New exceptional specimens of Prognathodon overtoni (Squamata, Mosasauridae) from the upper Campanian of Alberta, Canada, and the systematics and ecology of the genus".

3441:. The number of shark teeth (not to mention the consistent size and color of the teeth) is also too high to be attributed to background abundance. The skeleton itself also preserves a variety of bite marks, providing direct evidence of shark scavenging. 3436:

among the bones of the mosasaur. It is possible to exclude the possibility of the sharks having been eaten by the mosasaurs prior to its death (and thus representing stomach contents) due to them showing no evidence of having been attacked by

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The specimen also preserves scale impressions, particularly around the outline of the tail fluke. Though faint, these impressions reveal scales of "rhomboidal" shape. Similarly shaped scales are present on the tail fluke of the well-preserved

1467:, particularly of the larger species, would have had larger tail fins relative to their body size. Lindgren et al. (2013) especially noted that the upper fin lobe likely would have grown to be proportionally larger in bigger individuals. 1405:

specimens, but also preserves significant portions of the integument and a gentle bend on the last few caudal vertebrae. Most importantly, the fossil preserves the soft tissue outline of a tail fin. This helped in providing evidence that

902:) exceeding 1.4 metres (4.6 ft) in length. Despite its massive size, remains of the genus are often fragmentary and incomplete. To date, very few specimens are known with articulated skulls and none with an entire skeleton. In 1967, 2669:

by Yakovlev in 1901 based on the type specimen CNIGR 818, an incomplete skull and skeleton. Considering the combination of functionary accessory articulations and large pterygoid teeth to be unique, Yakovlev erected a new genus in 1905,

1622:. He considered the mosasaurs within the Prognathodontini to "clearly be of plioplatecarpine derivation", but justified the tribe by that they can be differentiated from other plioplatecarpines by their massive jaws and robust teeth. 1625:

Gorden L. Bell Jr. conducted the first major phylogenetic analysis of mosasaurs in 1997, utilizing new methodologies and incorporating further taxa described since Russell's 1967 monograph (particularly basal mosasauroids, such as

681:. Large amounts of work was commonly invested in extracting and mounting the specimens, but scientific study of them remained limited with diagnoses and descriptions mainly focusing on peculiar points of their anatomy, such as the 1669:

The view of the relationships of the genus to other mosasaur genera has changed little since 1997, it is routinely recovered as within the Mosasaurinae as well as paraphyletic. Cau and Madzia (2017) noted that the inclusion of

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The suprastapedial process is fused to the infrastapedial process on the quadrate and the tympanic ala are thick. The stapedial pit is nearly circular to elliptical in form. The posterior process on the dorsal surface of the

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On September 19, 2012, it was announced that nine days earlier, again a skeleton of what appears to be a Mosasaur was found in the limestone quarry just outside Maastricht, the same quarry that yielded the type specimen of

826:, also described by Kaddumi in 2009 from Harrana from fossils likely belonging to a juvenile specimen (preserving the entire skeleton aside from the head, which may have been destroyed during quarrying) was reclassified as 610:

is known for its massively built jaws and teeth. Its distinct feeding adaptations have generated much interest in its ecology ever since its discovery, though direct evidence of its diet, such as gastric residues, is rare.

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specimens has resulted in an incomplete understanding of the systematics of the genus as a whole, including both the alpha-level diversity and generic characteristics. Furthermore, the extreme rarity of early to middle

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is yet to be thoroughly examined. Lindgren (2005) pointed out that robust and conical tooth crowns with blunt, serrated carinae and smooth enamel are routinely assigned to the genus, despite the generic type species,

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preserved several details that are taphonomically interesting. The likely cause of death of the specimen was age or disease, due to marine predators large enough to kill something of its size being unknown from the

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differs from all other members of the genus in several prominent aspects which is unusual for a type species. The most notable difference is perhaps in the teeth, which are gently facetted and labio-lingually

2404:, as recovered by Simões et al. (2017), are listed below. Notably, the exclusion of the six controversial species significantly shortens both the temporal and geographical range of the genus, limiting it to 725:

specimens from Belgium (including the type specimen) was done by Theagarten Lingham-Soliar and Dirk Nolf in 1989 and the diagnosis in this study remains the latest published emended diagnosis for the genus.

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also lacks the high crest on the dorsal median ridge which is found in other members of the genus. It can easily be distinguished from most other species by further, individual, differences. The Early

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rectangular in outline, medially inflected or laterally lacing. The marginal teeth are stout, bicarinate and smooth or striated. Zygosphenes and zygantra are absent, incipient or large and functional.

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is nearly complete, only lacking the anterior portion of the premaxilla and the dentaries. Though most of the anterior marginal teeth are missing, the inclination of the preserved roots suggest that

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teeth also varies depending on the position in the mouth. Anterior pterygoid teeth are noted for being relatively large and comparable to the marginal teeth in size at up to 4.6 cm in height.

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are small to moderately large, located anteromedially on a small prominence and are closely embraced on either side by short tongues from the frontal or located on the frontoparietal suture.

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Mohr, S.R.; LeBlanc, A.R.; Caldwell, M. (2020). "A NEW, NEARLY COMPLETE SPECIMEN OF PROGNATHODON OVERTONI (SQUAMATA: MOSASAURIDAE) FROM THE CAMPANIAN BEARPAW FORMATION OF ALBERTA, CANADA".

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provided the first fully articulated skeletons of the genus. Detailed studies of these and previously discovered specimens allowed several characters to be established that distinguishes

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differs from this type of teeth and instead exhibits markedly labio-lingually compressed and gently facetted marginal teeth. There is also a certain degree of variation in tooth number,

588:. Due to the sometimes clear differences between them and the incomplete nature of many of the specimens, the systematics of the genus and which species should properly be considered 3011:

by its straight dorsal dental margin, its small coronoid, rectangular posterior mandibular unit and blunt retroarticular process as well as having a far less massive quadrate bone.

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shared characters with the "microrhynchous" group in 1894 and abandoned his previous two family-system, starting to use only one family of mosasaurs, the Mosasauridae, and placing

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The proportions of the soft tissue structures and their relation to the skeletal elements of the specimen can be used to infer the shape and size of the fins in other species of

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and pterygoid teeth had different functions, perhaps the pterygoid teeth were used to grip the prey before swallowing it. The large anterior pterygoid teeth that characterize

991:, the sclerotic ring is only partially preserved, consisting of five scleral ossicles in each ring. Similar sclerotic rings are seen in several other mosasaur genera, such as 3461:

in 2020, was discovered in the Netherlands near Maastricht, and was shown to have severe facial deformities including a devastating partial amputation of the premaxilla. The

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Schulp, A. S.; Vonhof, H. B.; van der Lubbe, J. H. J. L.; Janssen, R.; van Baal, R. R. (2013). "On diving and diet: resource partitioning in type-Maastrichtian mosasaurs".

3271:, rather than particularly adapted to crush its prey. Such a predator can not only feed on very large vertebrate prey, but also feed upon a variety of other prey. However, 703:

in 1904, is one of species with the most brief descriptions, apparently only intended to provide a name for the skeleton of the mosasaur for exhibition in the museum hall.

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fragments, though all incomplete. Two grooves run along the distal portion of the ribs from the articular head but only one groove remains behind the middle of the rib.

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is present, incipient or absent and the dentary terminates abruptly in front of the first dentary tooth. The dentary itself contains thirteen to fourteen teeth and the

2871:, this is among the most completely known species of the genus, with several nearly complete and articulated specimens known, some of which even preserve gut contents. 1177:

are visible above the sixth tooth on the lateral surface of the pterygoid as well as above the position between the sixth and seventh teeth on the medial surface. The

674: 3170:

based on unpublished morphological comparisons. Palci et. al. (2014) however suggested the possibility that these three species, and perhaps also the type species of

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Kase, T.; Johnston, P.A.; Seilacher, A.; Boyce, J.B. (1998). "Alleged mosasaur bite marks on Late Cretaceous ammonites are limpet (patellogastropod) home scars".

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and is unique in possessing a high marginal tooth count and relatively small pterygoid teeth. This species seemingly share close relations with the dubious genus

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Schulp, Anne S.; Jagt, John W. M.; Fonken, Frans (2004-09-10). "New material of the mosasaur Carinodens belgicus from the Upper Cretaceous of the Netherlands".

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Averianov, A. O.; Yarkov, A. A. (2004). "On the occurrence of a giant flying reptile (Pterosauria) in the terminal Late Cretaceous of the Lower Volga Region".

4433:"Dental and vertebral morphology of the enigmatic mosasaur Dollosaurus (Reptilia, Mosasauridae) from the lower Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) of southern Sweden" 1450:

and potentially in other mosasaur genera as well. In their description of the specimen, Lindgren et al. (2013) noted that the specimen is strangely small by

2515:, but differs from all known mosasaurs in having a frontal distinctly wider than it is long. Though originally informally named as part of its own genus, " 842:

had a bilobed tail fluke resembling a downturned shark's tail. While this type of fluke had been suggested for mosasaurs based on skeletal anatomy (as in

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is controversial and the latest phylogenetic analyses, such as Madzia and Cau (2017) and Simões et al. (2017), recover said species as outside the genus

4065: 1161:, whilst incomplete, preserves a significantly large portion of the skull. The specimen was originally stated to have preserved a small portion of the 1033:

is slightly developed to absent. The squamosal wing to the parietal is large. There is a deep groove present in the floor of the basioccipital for the

3391:, likely similar in ecology to other species of the genus, was thus likely an opportunistic predator capable of feeding upon nearly anything in the 5675: 749:

area since 1957; the skeleton is on display at the Natural History Museum at Maastricht, and is from an animal that was probably 12 metres long.

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The posteriormost teeth are sharply curved and short and were thus unlikely to have been used for prey capture or food processing. Teeth on the

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The results of a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the Mosasauridae by Simões et al. (2017) is shown below, collapsed to only display the

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is known by a partial skeleton, including a disarticulated skull, cervical vertebrae, and ribs recovered from Maastrichtian-age deposits in

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for "he who gives satisfaction", referring to that the type specimen was the first reasonably complete mosasaur specimen recovered from the

838:. This fossil is about 1.8 m in length, and is remarkable in that it preserves the outline of the mosasaur's tail fins, revealing that 5571: 4273:

Bell GL. Jr. 1997. A phylogenetic revision of North American and Adriatic Mosasauroidea. pp. 293-332 In: Callaway JM, Nicholls EL, (eds.),

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whilst the laterally pitted caudal vertebrae suggested a more distant relation. Furthermore, the controversy surrounding whether the genus

4617:"A new species of Prognathodon (Squamata, Mosasauridae) from the Maastrichtian of Angola, and the affinities of the mosasaur genus Liodon" 3866: 944:) were large with sizes approaching or potentially exceeding 10 metres (33 ft), many species were considerably smaller in size. The 819:, based on an articulated upper skull, with the name referencing it being the first near-complete mosasaur skull from the Middle East. 4355:"Mosasauroid phylogeny under multiple phylogenetic methods provides new insights on the evolution of aquatic adaptations in the group" 1235:

are variable in terms of dentition. Robust and conical teeth with blunt, serrated carinae and smooth enamel are often seen as typical

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and long-snouted mosasaurines. The preserved teeth and gut contents also allowed studies into the inferred paleoecology of the genus.

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teeth lack the pointed tip that is otherwise characteristic for opportunistic predators with "cutting" teeth. As such, the teeth of

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likely provided an effective grip on large food items, indicating that the genus was capable of swallowing prey in large pieces.

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bone is only represented by a few fragments, but could be noted for being laterally compressed and tall, as in other species of

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was estimated to have reached 10 metres (33 ft) in length. In 2002, Christiansen and Bonde estimated the maximum length of

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specimen with preserved gut contents. These contents include the remains of a very large (1.6 meter) fish, a smaller fish, a

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as paraphyletic, as concluded by most recent researchers, and places it as a sister group to the derived mosasaurines in the

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specimen is TMP 2018.042.0005, a nearly completely preserved individual measuring over 7–8 metres (23–26 ft) in length.

925: 1165:, though D.V. Grigoriev (2013) noted that said bone could at the moment not be located, and it is potentially missing. Both 1308:

preserves 14 teeth in the dentary, 12 in the maxilla and 6 in the pterygoid) is a characteristic present in all species of

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deviating from that description since it exhibits markedly labio-lingually compressed and gently facetted marginal teeth.

1275:, the teeth increase in size consistently in an antero-posterior direction and are somewhat less posteriorly recurved. In 5744: 1678:

within the Globidensini would suggest a closer relationship between the genera than the reality of the situation. Though

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reveals that the tooth crowns may also have been somewhat prismatic with seven to eight prisms on the external surface.

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almost wing-like, structure above the last few caudal vertebrae. The shape of the tail fluke is similar to that of the

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Simões, Tiago R.; Vernygora, Oksana; Paparella, Ilaria; Jimenez-Huidobro, Paulina; Caldwell, Michael W. (2017-05-03).

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having larger anterior pterygoid teeth. The lack of a medial striation on its tooth surfaces differentiates it from

5774: 1195: 4525:

Christiansen, Per; Bonde, Niels (2002). "A New Species of Gigantic Mosasaur from the Late Cretaceous of Israel".

714: 4538: 4148: 4097: 3971: 3741: 4659: 4634: 4568: 4500: 3485: 3156:

in 2008 due to exhibiting similarity in the aspect ratios of their marginal dentition along the jaw margin to

5749: 5561: 3728:

Christiansen, P.; Bonde, N. (2002). "A new species of gigantic mosasaur from the Late Cretaceous of Israel".

804: 4178: 3937: 3065: 2863:, by the smooth enamel of its teeth and their non-procumbant nature. Previously classified as its own genus 975:, present in all species of the genus. The function of the scleral ossicles is to maintain the shape of the 5759: 5739: 4808:

Bastiaans, Dylan; Kroll, Jeroen J.F.; Cornelissen, Dirk; Schulp, Anne S.; Jagt, John W.M. (February 2020).

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Christiansen, P.; Bonde, N. (2002). "A new speciesof giganticmosasaur from the Late Cretaceous of Israel".

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Bastiaans, Dylan; Kroll, Jeroen J.F.; Cornelissen, Dirk; Schulp, Anne S.; Jagt, John W.M. (February 2020).

630:. There is some confusion over the correct generic name for the taxon. Dollo first mentioned the taxon as " 1513:

was one of the earliest researchers to work on mosasaur systematics, initially placing them as a distinct

4469:"Mosasaurs (Squamata: Mosasauridae) from the Late Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) of North Carolina, USA" 2108: 154: 3856:

A Pathological Mosasaur snout from the Type Maastrichtian (SE Netherlands), Bastiaans et al, 2014, 2020.

5754: 4859: 3382:. These prey items are quite different from one another and would normally be prey items for different 5769: 4952: 3051:

is even stronger built. With known examples of large sea turtles from the Maastricht region, such as

2084: 1283:), the teeth are all fairly uniform in size other than the penultimate tooth base (which is larger). 4615:

Schulp, Anne S.; Polcyn, Michael J.; Mateus, Octávio; Jacobs, Louis L.; Morais, Maria Luísa (2008).

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constitutes one of the largest-bodied mosasaur genera, with the largest known skull (belonging to

5729: 5566: 4030:"A new species of Prognathodon (Squamata: Mosasauridae) from the Maastrichtian of Harrana-Jordan" 3392: 3239:

allowed detailed studies of the gut contents (including fragments of a large and a small fish, a

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known at the time of its description, and being considerably more massive and robust in general.

5706: 5640: 5602: 3987: 3870: 2697:") was somewhat unclear and that dental and osteological features suggested a placement within 1869: 5680: 5734: 5701: 5693: 4852: 4037: 3027: 2907:

by characters in the quadrate and has vertebral features closely resembling the vertebrae of

2649:. The shape of the vertebral condyle (not being higher than they are wide) separates it from 2197: 2180: 1097: 910:

at 11 metres (36 ft). Considering this 2002 study, Schupl and colleagues estimated that

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honors Kaddumi's daughter Huda. Also described in 2009 by Kaddumi from the same locality was

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Lindgren, J.; Caldwell, M.W.; Konishi, T.; Chiappe, L.M. (2010). Farke, Andrew Allen (ed.).

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were preserved, though the right one is at the moment almost entirely a restoration made of

917: 5649: 4821: 4718: 4366: 4228: 4136: 3997: 3905: 3821: 3551: 3348: 3033:

The robustness of the quadrate bone, along with the equally robust mandible, suggests that

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and the "Plioplatecarpidae". In this early taxonomy, the Mosasauridae contained the genera

854: 848:), this is the first indisputable evidence that derived mosasaurs had bilobed tail flukes. 830:

by Kaddumi, Johan Lindgren, and Michael J. Polcyn in 2013. The species name references the

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Palci, Alessandro; Caldwell, Michael W.; Papazzoni, Cesare A.; Fornaciari, Eliana (2014).

8: 4217:"Convergent Evolution in Aquatic Tetrapods: Insights from an Exceptional Fossil Mosasaur" 3037:

could achieve bite forces in excess of all other mosasaurs. Compared to the quadrates of

1821: 1773: 1749: 4825: 4722: 4370: 4232: 4140: 4001: 3909: 3825: 3705:"A large mosasaur from the Upper Cretaceous of The Netherlands (PDF Download Available)" 3555: 3465:

injuries are believed to be the result of a fight with another mosasaur (likely another

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in a comprehensive monograph on North American mosasaurs in 1967, where the priority of

634:" in some preliminary notes and provided a provisional diagnosis, but replaced the name 5587: 4750: 4742: 4550: 4542: 4485: 4397: 4354: 4323: 4294:"Inferring "weak spots" in phylogenetic trees: application to mosasauroid nomenclature" 4251: 4216: 4201: 4109: 3745: 3634: 3575: 3057:, it is possible (based on found healed bite marks) that the size range of the prey of 3019: 3015: 2765:

are recognised as being distinct mosasaur species, but their designation as species of

2132: 1710: 1353: 1349: 1344: 745:. This specimen was the first reasonably complete mosasaur specimen recovered from the 417: 149: 3627:

Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre

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in a "microrhynchous" group. The two other groups were the "megarhynchous" (including

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based on a complete right dentary and partial left dentary from the Maastrichtian-age

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A relatively small number of teeth in comparison to other mosasaurs (for an example,

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limestone quarries. Shortly after, it was nicknamed "Bèr", and put on display in the

686: 4754: 4554: 4467:

Rempert, Trevor H.; Martens, Brennan P.; Vinkeles Melchers, Alexander P. M. (2024).

3749: 3704: 1636:

within the Mosasaurinae, for the first time ever, as a close relative of the genera

5544: 5246: 5046: 4980: 4829: 4790: 4779:: implications for Globidensini monophyly and character homology in Mosasaurinae". 4726: 4534: 4480: 4392: 4374: 4318: 4308: 4246: 4236: 4197: 4144: 4093: 4005: 3967: 3913: 3829: 3737: 3559: 3383: 3023: 2709:

or not complicated a better look at the classification of the material referred to

1619: 1614: 1418: 1219: 4834: 4809: 4794: 3918: 3893: 3330:

are nowhere near as broad as those of typical "crushing"-teeth mosasaurs, such as

3086: 2641:. Additionally, the presence of carinae serrations on the teeth separates it from 5537: 5473: 5438: 5394: 5276: 5255: 5192: 5177: 4730: 4379: 4241: 3563: 3453:

specimen known as NHMM 2012 (often nicknamed as "Carlo"), described by Bastiaans

3432: 2614:

by having 13 teeth in its dentary, though can be excluded from being sunked into

2567:

at an estimated 8 meters in length. It is sometimes classified as its own genus,

1554: 1433:

sharks, though turned upside down, with a small upper lobe and large lower lobe.

1397:

allowed detailed examinations of unique details of the soft tissue morphology of

1009: 654: 1612:

within the Plioplatecarpinae, but erected a tribe for the genus and the related

1475: 983:

in the region of Brucke's muscle responsible for affecting accommodation in the

5410: 5341: 5082: 5028: 3288: 2442: 1415: 1178: 1166: 1046: 1034: 972: 581: 550: 4810:"Cranial palaeopathologies in a Late Cretaceous mosasaur from the Netherlands" 4214: 4126: 4009: 3894:"Cranial palaeopathologies in a Late Cretaceous mosasaur from the Netherlands" 3014:

The type specimen, NHMM 1998141, preserves a near-complete skull, articulated

2949:

reached lengths of approximately 9-10 meters, perhaps only being shorter than

2678:. Lingham-Soliar (1989) showed that these characteristics were not unique to " 1385:

The discovery of the exceptionally well-preserved specimen ERMNH HFV 197 from

1239:

teeth and are routinely assigned to the genus. Despite this, the type species

5723: 5625: 5514: 5486: 5444: 5417: 5376: 5332: 5303: 5062: 5021: 4973: 4738: 4448: 4388: 4105: 3779: 3571: 3421: 3114: 2938: 2925: 2883: 2798: 2784: 2535: 2435: 1628: 1401:. The fossil is not only largely complete and articulated, which is rare for 1386: 1320: 1186: 1025: 1018: 682: 666: 565: 533: 517: 83: 45: 3810:"Soft tissue preservation in a fossil marine lizard with a bilobed tail fin" 3403: 964:

would have approached the same size, about 8 metres (26 ft) in length.

956:

is estimated to have reached 6.4 metres (21 ft) in length. The largest

871:. The specimen is nicknamed Carlo, after the ENCI worker who discovered it. 125: 5465: 5359: 5296: 5287: 5235: 5228: 5221: 5201: 5134: 5089: 4998: 4945: 4924: 4915: 4406: 4332: 4260: 3843: 3438: 3353: 3311: 3268: 3203: 3166: 2816: 2456: 1735: 1717: 1663: 1659: 1647: 1492: 1430: 1411: 945: 864: 569: 493: 274: 248: 952:, was the smallest, reaching around 5–6 metres (16–20 ft) in length. 5634: 5530: 5523: 5507: 5479: 5458: 5451: 5403: 5348: 5317: 5262: 5154: 5110: 5096: 5073: 4938: 3426: 3127: 3053: 2942: 2675: 2507:

and is known from a single massive skull. The skull bears resemblance to

2409: 2029: 1725: 1692: 1510: 1501: 1460: 1439: 1058: 984: 844: 700: 623: 585: 577: 573: 529: 521: 58: 4746: 4706: 4352: 3286:

A side-by-side comparison of a typical "crushing" mosasaur tooth (left,

2825: 1029:

surface of the postorbitofrontal and the ventroposterior process on the

5667: 5383: 5369: 5170: 5103: 5007: 4987: 4959: 4546: 4313: 3834: 3809: 3379: 3375: 3322: 3294: 3252: 3244: 3240: 2970: 2909: 2474: 1548: 1542: 1532: 1425:

in the evolution of a crescent-shaped tail fluke to aid in locomotion.

1352:

and get to a length of about 7.2 cm and a height of 4 cm. 26

1162: 1091: 1030: 1005: 993: 831: 746: 730: 706: 498: 222: 103: 68: 4293: 2519:", multiple phylogenetic analyses found it to be firmly placed within 1369: 1113:) and a posterior bite force of 7,630–10,974 N (778–1,119 kg 5493: 5310: 5163: 5143: 5014: 4931: 4432: 3316: 3225: 3039: 2993: 2886:, the United States (Maryland and New Jersey, possibly North Carolina 2846: 2728:

and additionally suggested on a close relation with the type species

2706: 2665: 2572: 2550: 2490: 2413: 2378: 2369: 1638: 1558:. In 1890, following further mosasaur discoveries (including that of 1526: 1407: 1130: 879: 773: 513: 504: 166: 108: 52: 41: 5596: 4707:"Mosasaurine Mosasaurs (Squamara, Mosasauridae) from Northern Italy" 4029: 3808:

Lindgren, Johan; Kaddumi, Hani F.; Polcyn, Michael J. (2013-09-10).

2849:, Canada (Alberta) and the United States (Colorado and South Dakota) 1702: 1699:

itself was recovered as forming a sister group to the Globidensini.

1004:

was provided by Lingham-Soliar and Nolf (1989), and states that the

967:

Other than its size and robust nature, another feature that defines

5619: 5035: 4905: 4899: 4893: 4875: 4768:

Lively, J.R. (2020). "Redescription and phylogenetic assessment of

4063: 3945:

Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History (Yale University)

3674:

Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History (Yale University)

3356: 2773:, most of them thus potentially representing genera on their own. 2338: 1521: 1517: 1499:

has historically been seen as a genus sharing close relations with

1190: 489: 235: 206: 186: 134: 98: 93: 78: 73: 63: 3774:. Amman: Eternal River Museum of Natural History. pp. 65–73. 3613: 2716:

A phylogenetic analysis conducted as part of the redescription of

2463:

and also the smallest known species at barely 5 meters in length.

4683:

Mohr, LeBlanc, Caldwell, 2019. Redescription and Reassignment of

3342: 3338: 3232: 2576: 1390: 1374: 1174: 1105:

had an anterior bite force of 6,346–9,127 N (647–931 kg

1042: 1014: 808: 781: 678: 627: 593: 482: 196: 113: 88: 5654: 4704: 2353: 661:

was made apparent. Russell also revised the species assigned to

4966: 4887: 4807: 4466: 3891: 3236: 3136: 2807: 2802: 2588: 2584: 2405: 1514: 1422: 1394: 1336:

are considerably rarer than skull material and isolated teeth.

1170: 980: 976: 785: 753: 525: 176: 3620:(Reptilia, Mosasauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Belgium" 3540: 3370:

One of the Alberta specimens, TMP 2007.034.0001, is the first

3247:) and dentition which allowed speculation into the ecology of 1654:. Bell was also the first to note that his analysis recovered 2966: 1456: 1185:. Its posteroventral surface is concave for contact with the 543: 485: 137: 4844: 2621:

The absence of a dentary anterior projection differentiates

4539:

10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0629:ansogm]2.0.co;2

4149:

10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0947:AMBMOL>2.3.CO;2

4098:

10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0744:NMOTMC]2.0.CO;2

3972:

10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0629:ANSOGM]2.0.CO;2

3742:

10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0629:ANSOGM]2.0.CO;2

3267:

instead was an opportunistic predator comparable to modern

3255:

bones as gut contents lends support to the hypothesis that

2583:

sp." have been recovered from deposits of a similar age in

1377:

of IRSNB 1624, an exceptionally well-preserved specimen of

859: 4067:

The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 80th Annual Meeting

1207:, since some researchers place it in a genus of its own, " 3990:

Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie en Mijnbouw

3957: 3152:), two with a slender snout morphology, were assigned to 2385:

has obscured the early part of its evolutionary history.

1552:

and the Plioplatecarpidae was monotypic, only containing

1358: 1247:

has 12 teeth on the maxilla and 13 on the dentary whilst

512:

has been recovered from deposits ranging in age from the

4614: 3164:

may perhaps be referable to the Maastrichtian-age genus

1189:. The dentaries are fused with the posterior end of the 1008:

lacks a rostrum anterior to the premaxillary teeth. The

3279:

seemingly show adaptations not usually found together.

2999:

has a much more slender dentary, which also applies to

1373:

Fibrous tissues and microstructures recovered from the

669:, but only briefly commented on the Belgian specimens. 3201:

was redescribed as the type species of its own genus,

2984:

is its massive size, larger than any other species of

2689:

Lindgren (2005) noted that the taxonomic situation of

2503:

is one of the largest, if not the largest, species of

1646:. The tribe Prognathodontini was synonymized with the 646:

in all of his subsequent papers mentioning the genus.

3807: 1259:

addition to deep striae, the fragmentary material of

914:

would have reached 12 metres (39 ft) in length.

1357:

Additionally, the type specimen also preserved many

3772:

Fossils of the Harrana Fauna and the Adjacent Areas

2937:is a massively built and enormous species from the 2859:can be distinguished from other species, including 2720:by D.V. Grigoriev (2013) supported the referral of 799:In 2009, Hani F. Kaddumi described the new species 3938:"Systematics and Morphology of American Mosasaurs" 3667:"Systematics and Morphology of American Mosasaurs" 3022:with cervical and dorsal ribs, isolated pygal and 4524: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4158: 3867:"Pressrelease Natuurhistorisch Museum Maastricht" 3766:Kaddumi, Hani F. (2009). "Another new species of 3727: 3292:) and a typical "cutting" mosasaur tooth (right, 3026:, scapula-coracoid and scattered elements of the 1286:Another species noted for its divergent teeth is 729:In 1998, an intact fossil skull was found in the 673:unusual for mosasaur specimens discovered in the 542:means "forejaw tooth", which originates from the 5721: 4083: 3259:was adapted to crush through hard-shelled prey. 2682:", which he synonymized on the genus level with 2364:A large number of species have been assigned to 760:", but eventually described as a new species of 4693:SVP 2019, Annual Meeting, Program and Abstracts 4592: 3160:. In 2019 it was suggested by Mohr et al. that 2674:, named in honor of the belgian paleontologist 2610:also differs from all other species except for 1487:Modern phylogenetic analyses continually place 1101:). In 1998, Kase and colleagues estimated that 4155: 2736: 2368:, though the genus is widely considered to be 1520:and dividing the group into two families, the 4860: 4437:Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 3859: 3614:Theagarten Lingham-Soliar; Dirk Nolf (1989). 3220:The discovery of well-preserved specimens of 2571:and has been recovered from deposits of Late 1650:, another tribe coined by Russell (1967) for 1470: 1000:The latest published diagnosis for the genus 858:. Carlo Brauer, an excavator operator at the 5572:List of mosasaur-bearing stratigraphic units 2412:and removing any occurrence before the Late 596:have been assigned to other genera, such as 4473:Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 4190:Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 3190:should perhaps instead by synonymized with 2976:The most obvious distinguishing feature of 2416:. A confirmed North American occurrence of 1463:. For this reason, it is likely that adult 1145:had procumbent teeth, a trait also seen in 5153: 4867: 4853: 4761: 4621:Proceedings of the Second Mosasaur Meeting 4267: 3983: 3981: 124: 4833: 4484: 4396: 4378: 4322: 4312: 4291: 4250: 4240: 4176: 3917: 3833: 737:. This specimen was then identified as a 4660:"Fossilworks: Prognathodon waiparaensis" 4430: 3402: 3302:seem to contain characteristics of both. 3281: 3097: 3085: 3075: 3064: 2980:that separates it from other species of 2824: 2811:and is regularly found to be outside of 2473: 2352: 2337: 1701: 1474: 1368: 1319: 1218: 1057: 916: 878: 705: 492:family. It is classified as part of the 3978: 3935: 3765: 3664: 626:in 1889 based on specimens gathered in 14: 5722: 4767: 4610: 4608: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4208: 3931: 3929: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3310:displays heterodonty similar to other 3194:(though no formal proposal was made). 3061:included these 2.9 meter long turtles. 1691:is recovered as a sister group to the 772:described in 2011 from the early late 5601: 5600: 4848: 4569:"Fossilworks: Prognathodon giganteus" 4462: 4460: 4458: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4023: 4021: 4019: 3936:Russell, Dale. A. (6 November 1967). 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3665:Russell, Dale. A. (6 November 1967). 3609: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 2663:was originally named as a species of 1578:) and the "mesorhynchous" (including 926:Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology 721:The first comprehensive study of the 604:, but this has also been questioned. 560:("tooth"). Twelve nominal species of 4635:"Fossilworks: Prognathodon overtoni" 3803: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3770:from the Maastrichtian of Harrana". 3761: 3759: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 2511:, in particular to the type species 2489:Christiansen and Bonde, 2002 — Late 2441:tentatively from the United States ( 1089:) compared to other genera, such as 756:was for some time informally named " 4605: 4501:"Fossilworks: Prognathodon solvayi" 4413: 4077: 4027: 3926: 3869:. 20 September 2012. Archived from 3645: 3134:Three species of the dubious genus 2815:(and recovered as a far more basal 614: 24: 4782:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4711:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4527:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4455: 4339: 4280: 4086:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4016: 3960:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3730:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3680: 3544:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2601:differs from all other species of 1343:preserves several vertebrae. Four 1137:The skull of the type specimen of 488:of marine lizard belonging to the 25: 5786: 3786: 3756: 3586: 3503: 2899:is easily separated from species 2618:due to its smooth enamel surface. 2400:Species seen as valid and within 2388:The question of what constitutes 1315: 1223:A close-up image of the teeth of 1013:is either present or absent. The 792:from closely related genera like 735:Maastricht Natural History Museum 496:subfamily, alongside genera like 144:, the type species of the genus. 5583: 5582: 5124: 4486:10.31610/trudyzin/2024.328.3.384 4202:10.31610/trudyzin/2013.317.3.246 2819:) in most phylogenetic analyses. 741:, and received the species name 153: 56: 4801: 4698: 4677: 4652: 4627: 4586: 4561: 4518: 4493: 4120: 4057: 3951: 3885: 3215: 3210: 752:A very large specimen found in 715:Geological Museum in Copenhagen 3850: 3721: 3478: 3378:and the possible remains of a 1695:, and the clade Mosasaurini + 1364: 874: 313:(Christiansen and Bonde, 2002) 13: 1: 5562:Timeline of mosasaur research 4874: 4835:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104425 4795:10.1080/02724634.2020.1784183 3919:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104425 3472: 932:Though many species (such as 805:Muwaqqar Chalk Marl Formation 4731:10.1080/02724634.2013.826235 4380:10.1371/journal.pone.0176773 4292:Madzia, D.; Cau, A. (2017). 4242:10.1371/journal.pone.0011998 3564:10.1080/02724634.2011.601714 3444: 3398: 1658:, previously believed to be 1214: 811:, Jordan. The specific name 7: 3486:"Fossilworks: Prognathodon" 2957:is also controversial) and 2737:Disputed and former species 2538:, Belgium, Jordan and Syria 2372:. The incomplete nature of 2109:Plesiotylosaurus crassidens 1279:and other species (such as 924:(TMP 2018.042.0005) at the 10: 5791: 5745:Mosasaurs of North America 4691:(Squamata, Mosasuaridae). 3007:can be distinguished from 2418:Prognathodon sensu stricto 2348: 1471:Classification and species 1024:The margins of the dorsal 987:eye. In the type species, 822:The new species and genus 549:- ("earlier" or "prior"), 5609: 5580: 5554: 5432:Related groups and genera 5431: 5393: 5358: 5331: 5286: 5245: 5211: 5191: 5133: 5122: 5072: 5045: 4997: 4914: 4882: 4277:, Academic Press, 501 pp. 4183:(Squamata, Mosasauridae)" 4177:Grigoriev, D. V. (2013). 4010:10.1017/s001677460000010x 3113:Welles and Gregg, 1971 — 3109:Prognathodon waiparaensis 2953:(whose classification as 2867:before being lumped into 2591:, and may thus belong to 2424:, was described in 2024. 2194: 2177: 2170: 2153: 2146: 2129: 2122: 2105: 2098: 2085:Eremiasaurus heterodontus 2081: 2064: 2057: 2044:Prognathodon waiparaensis 2040: 2033: 1995: 1978: 1971: 1954: 1947: 1940: 1923: 1916: 1899: 1892: 1866: 1849: 1842: 1835: 1818: 1811: 1794: 1787: 1770: 1763: 1746: 1739: 1128:, similarly to the genus 423: 416: 298: 293: 280: 273: 150:Scientific classification 148: 132: 123: 34: 4431:Lindgren, Johan (2005). 3306:It is worth noting that 2924:Dortangs et al., 2002 — 2579:. Fossils described as " 2559:Though not the largest, 2157:Mosasaurus missouriensis 1798:Clidastes moorevillensis 1608:Russell (1967) retained 1495:subfamily, despite this 1332:Post-cranial fossils of 1203:was indeed a species of 1053: 692:Plioplatecarpus houzeaui 675:Craie de Ciply Formation 649:The first later use of " 409:(Welles and Gregg, 1971) 27:Extinct genus of lizards 5775:Paleontology in Alberta 5567:List of mosasaur genera 4595:Paleontological Journal 4275:Ancient Marine Reptiles 3393:Western Interior Seaway 3352:, known to have fed on 2563:was a large species of 1483:, based on fossil sites 622:was first described by 592:is controversial. Some 393:(Dortangs et al., 2002) 4685:“Liodon” mosasauroides 4045:Cite journal requires 3417:Prognathodon saturator 3412: 3303: 3105: 3093: 3083: 3073: 2920:Prognathodon saturator 2837: 2783:Schulp et al., 2008 — 2549:Yakovlev, 1901 — Late 2530:Prognathodon giganteus 2481: 2361: 2345: 1958:Prognathodon saturator 1870:Globidens alabamaensis 1720:. The cladogram shows 1713: 1597:as closely related to 1484: 1479:Known distribution of 1443:specimen LACM 128319. 1382: 1329: 1306:Prognathodon saturator 1251:has 14 dentary teeth. 1228: 1139:Prognathodon saturator 1070: 929: 892: 743:Prognathodon saturator 718: 697:Prognathodon giganteus 5702:Paleobiology Database 4181:Prognathodon lutugini 3814:Nature Communications 3415:The type specimen of 3406: 3389:Prognathodon overtoni 3285: 3222:Prognathodon overtoni 3101: 3089: 3079: 3068: 3043:and other species of 3028:appendicular skeleton 2841:Prognathodon overtoni 2828: 2599:Prognathodon lutugini 2561:Prognathodon lutugini 2545:Prognathodon lutugini 2477: 2356: 2341: 2198:Plotosaurus bennisoni 2181:Mosasaurus hoffmannii 1927:Prognathodon overtoni 1705: 1566:was placed alongside 1478: 1410:were convergent with 1372: 1339:The type specimen of 1323: 1222: 1157:The type specimen of 1117:; 1,715–2,467 lb 1109:; 1,427–2,052 lb 1061: 920: 882: 836:Abdullah II of Jordan 770:Prognathodon overtoni 709: 564:are recognised, from 353:(Schulp et al., 2008) 5750:Mosasaurs of Oceania 3873:on 23 September 2012 3349:Globidens schurmanni 2961:. The specific name 2438:, Belgium and Spain, 2430:Prognathodon solvayi 1999:Prognathodon solvayi 1853:Globidens dakotensis 1589:Dollo realized that 1231:Species referred to 855:Mosasaurus hoffmanni 828:Prognathodon hashimi 824:Tenerasaurus hashimi 283:Prognathodon solvayi 142:Prognathodon solvayi 5760:Mosasaurs of Africa 5740:Mosasaurs of Europe 4826:2020CrRes.11204425B 4814:Cretaceous Research 4723:2014JVPal..34..549P 4371:2017PLoSO..1276773S 4233:2010PLoSO...511998L 4141:1998Geo....26..947K 4073:. pp. 249–250. 4002:2013NJGeo..92..165S 3910:2020CrRes.11204425B 3898:Cretaceous Research 3826:2013NatCo...4.2423L 3556:2011JVPal..31.1026K 3459:Cretaceous Research 2779:Prognathodon kianda 2743:Prognathodon kianda 2485:Prognathodon currii 2068:Prognathodon kianda 1982:Prognathodon currii 1822:Clidastes propython 1774:Clidastes liodontus 1750:Dallasaurus turneri 1077:relatively high in 971:is the form of the 768:. Two specimens of 18:Prognathodon kianda 4314:10.7717/peerj.3782 4179:"Redescription of 3835:10.1038/ncomms3423 3413: 3304: 3243:and potentially a 3106: 3094: 3084: 3074: 2928:, the Netherlands. 2878:Prognathodon rapax 2845:Williston, 1897 — 2838: 2797:is known from the 2482: 2362: 2346: 2133:Mosasaurus conodon 1903:Prognathodon rapax 1714: 1711:Smithsonian Museum 1632:). Bell recovered 1485: 1383: 1345:cervical vertebrae 1330: 1229: 1071: 930: 893: 719: 713:skull cast at the 435:(Williston, 1897) 5755:Mosasaurs of Asia 5717: 5716: 5689:Open Tree of Life 5603:Taxon identifiers 5594: 5593: 5427: 5426: 5327: 5326: 5270:Plesioplatecarpus 5213:Plioplatecarpinae 5187: 5186: 5120: 5119: 4028:Kaddumi, Hani F. 3229:Bearpaw Formation 3178:) were closer to 3118: 2929: 2890: 2887: 2850: 2788: 2554: 2539: 2494: 2446: 2439: 2335: 2334: 2326: 2325: 2317: 2316: 2308: 2307: 2299: 2298: 2290: 2289: 2281: 2280: 2272: 2271: 2263: 2262: 2254: 2253: 2245: 2244: 2236: 2235: 2227: 2226: 2218: 2217: 2209: 2208: 2019: 2018: 2010: 2009: 1881: 1880: 1507:Plioplatecarpinae 1124:The quadrates of 778:Bearpaw Formation 687:tympanic membrane 474: 473: 468: 460: 452: 444: 431: 410: 402: 394: 386: 378: 370: 369:(Williston, 1897) 362: 358:P.? mosasauroides 354: 346: 338: 330: 322: 314: 306: 302:P.? compressidens 269: 16:(Redirected from 5782: 5770:Mooreville Chalk 5710: 5709: 5697: 5696: 5684: 5683: 5671: 5670: 5658: 5657: 5645: 5644: 5643: 5630: 5629: 5628: 5598: 5597: 5586: 5585: 5555:Related articles 5545:Vallecillosaurus 5247:Plioplatecarpini 5243: 5242: 5209: 5208: 5151: 5150: 5128: 5047:Prognathodontini 4995: 4994: 4981:Plesiotylosaurus 4869: 4862: 4855: 4846: 4845: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4805: 4799: 4798: 4776: 4772: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4702: 4696: 4681: 4675: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4612: 4603: 4602: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4522: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4464: 4453: 4452: 4428: 4411: 4410: 4400: 4382: 4350: 4337: 4336: 4326: 4316: 4298: 4289: 4278: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4254: 4244: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4187: 4174: 4153: 4152: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4072: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4048: 4043: 4041: 4033: 4025: 4014: 4013: 3996:(2–3): 165–170. 3985: 3976: 3975: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3942: 3933: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3863: 3857: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3837: 3805: 3784: 3783: 3763: 3754: 3753: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3715: 3701: 3678: 3677: 3671: 3662: 3643: 3642: 3624: 3611: 3584: 3583: 3550:(5): 1026–1046. 3538: 3501: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3482: 3150:L. mosasauroides 3146:L. compressidens 3112: 3103:P. mosasauroides 3091:P. compressidens 3024:caudal vertebrae 3020:dorsal vertebrae 2973:area since 1957. 2923: 2888: 2881: 2844: 2782: 2548: 2533: 2488: 2440: 2433: 2173: 2172: 2149: 2148: 2125: 2124: 2101: 2100: 2060: 2059: 2036: 2035: 1974: 1973: 1950: 1949: 1943: 1942: 1919: 1918: 1895: 1894: 1845: 1844: 1838: 1837: 1814: 1813: 1790: 1789: 1766: 1765: 1742: 1741: 1732: 1731: 1709:skeleton at the 1684:Plesiotylosaurus 1676:Plesiotylosaurus 1644:Plesiotylosaurus 1620:Prognathodontini 1615:Plesiotylosaurus 1419:thalattosuchians 1354:dorsal vertebrae 1350:dorsal vertebrae 1254:Of all species, 979:and support the 615:Research history 466: 458: 450: 443:(Yakovlev, 1905) 442: 429: 408: 406:P.? waiparaensis 400: 392: 384: 376: 368: 360: 352: 345:(Yakovlev, 1901) 344: 336: 328: 320: 312: 304: 267: 260: 249:Prognathodontini 247: 234: 221: 158: 157: 128: 118: 55: 40:Temporal range: 32: 31: 21: 5790: 5789: 5785: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5780: 5779: 5765:Demopolis Chalk 5720: 5719: 5718: 5713: 5705: 5700: 5692: 5687: 5679: 5674: 5666: 5661: 5653: 5648: 5639: 5638: 5633: 5624: 5623: 5618: 5605: 5595: 5590: 5576: 5550: 5538:Portunatasaurus 5474:Dolichosauridae 5439:Aigialosauridae 5423: 5395:Yaguarasaurinae 5389: 5354: 5323: 5282: 5277:Plioplatecarpus 5256:Latoplatecarpus 5241: 5207: 5193:Russellosaurina 5183: 5178:Phosphorosaurus 5149: 5129: 5116: 5068: 5041: 4993: 4910: 4878: 4873: 4843: 4806: 4802: 4789:(3): e1784183. 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4703: 4699: 4682: 4678: 4668: 4666: 4664:fossilworks.org 4658: 4657: 4653: 4643: 4641: 4639:fossilworks.org 4633: 4632: 4628: 4613: 4606: 4591: 4587: 4577: 4575: 4573:fossilworks.org 4567: 4566: 4562: 4523: 4519: 4509: 4507: 4505:fossilworks.org 4499: 4498: 4494: 4465: 4456: 4429: 4414: 4365:(5): e0176773. 4351: 4340: 4296: 4290: 4281: 4272: 4268: 4213: 4209: 4185: 4175: 4156: 4135:(10): 947–950. 4125: 4121: 4082: 4078: 4070: 4062: 4058: 4046: 4044: 4035: 4034: 4026: 4017: 3986: 3979: 3956: 3952: 3940: 3934: 3927: 3890: 3886: 3876: 3874: 3865: 3864: 3860: 3855: 3851: 3806: 3787: 3764: 3757: 3726: 3722: 3713: 3711: 3703: 3702: 3681: 3669: 3663: 3646: 3622: 3612: 3587: 3539: 3504: 3494: 3492: 3490:fossilworks.org 3484: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3457:in the journal 3447: 3433:Plicatoscyllium 3407:Restoration of 3401: 3218: 3213: 3124:P. waiparaensis 3069:Restoration of 3001:P. waiparaensis 2943:the Netherlands 2763:P. waiparaensis 2739: 2635:P. waiparaensis 2357:Restoration of 2351: 2336: 2327: 2318: 2309: 2300: 2291: 2282: 2273: 2264: 2255: 2246: 2237: 2228: 2219: 2210: 2020: 2011: 1882: 1603:Plioplatecarpus 1591:Plioplatecarpus 1555:Plioplatecarpus 1473: 1367: 1318: 1217: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1056: 973:sclerotic rings 883:Restoration of 877: 655:Dale A. Russell 644:Prognathosaurus 640:Prognathosaurus 617: 467:(Kaddumi, 2009) 459:(Schmidt, 1927) 427:Prognathosaurus 329:(Kaddumi, 2009) 289: 286: 266: 258: 245: 232: 219: 152: 133:IRNSB R33, the 119: 117: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 50: 49: 38: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5788: 5778: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5730:Apex predators 5715: 5714: 5712: 5711: 5698: 5685: 5672: 5659: 5646: 5631: 5615: 5613: 5607: 5606: 5592: 5591: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5558: 5556: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5548: 5541: 5534: 5527: 5520: 5519: 5518: 5511: 5504: 5497: 5490: 5483: 5471: 5470: 5469: 5462: 5455: 5448: 5435: 5433: 5429: 5428: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5421: 5414: 5411:Russellosaurus 5407: 5399: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5387: 5380: 5373: 5364: 5362: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5352: 5345: 5342:Pannoniasaurus 5337: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5321: 5314: 5307: 5300: 5292: 5290: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5280: 5273: 5266: 5259: 5251: 5249: 5240: 5239: 5232: 5225: 5217: 5215: 5206: 5205: 5197: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5181: 5174: 5167: 5159: 5157: 5148: 5147: 5139: 5137: 5131: 5130: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5114: 5107: 5100: 5093: 5086: 5083:Bentiabasaurus 5078: 5076: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5066: 5059: 5051: 5049: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5039: 5032: 5029:Igdamanosaurus 5025: 5018: 5011: 5003: 5001: 4992: 4991: 4984: 4977: 4970: 4963: 4956: 4949: 4942: 4935: 4928: 4920: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4908: 4902: 4896: 4890: 4883: 4880: 4879: 4872: 4871: 4864: 4857: 4849: 4842: 4841: 4800: 4760: 4717:(3): 549–559. 4697: 4676: 4651: 4626: 4604: 4585: 4560: 4533:(3): 629–644. 4517: 4492: 4479:(3): 384–391. 4454: 4412: 4338: 4279: 4266: 4207: 4196:(3): 246–261. 4154: 4119: 4092:(3): 744–747. 4076: 4056: 4047:|journal= 4015: 3977: 3966:(3): 629–644. 3950: 3925: 3884: 3858: 3849: 3820:: ncomms3423. 3785: 3755: 3720: 3679: 3644: 3616:"The mosasaur 3585: 3502: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3463:Prognathodon's 3446: 3443: 3400: 3397: 3289:Igdamanosaurus 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3132: 3131: 3120: 3119: 3117:, New Zealand. 3071:P. waiparensis 3063: 3062: 3031: 3012: 2974: 2931: 2930: 2915: 2914: 2893: 2892: 2873: 2872: 2853: 2852: 2821: 2820: 2791: 2790: 2738: 2735: 2734: 2733: 2714: 2687: 2658: 2619: 2596: 2556: 2555: 2541: 2534:Dollo, 1904 — 2525: 2524: 2497: 2496: 2470: 2469: 2449: 2448: 2443:North Carolina 2434:Dollo, 1889 — 2420:, most likely 2350: 2347: 2333: 2332: 2329: 2328: 2324: 2323: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2314: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2297: 2296: 2293: 2292: 2288: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2279: 2278: 2275: 2274: 2270: 2269: 2266: 2265: 2261: 2260: 2257: 2256: 2252: 2251: 2248: 2247: 2243: 2242: 2239: 2238: 2234: 2233: 2230: 2229: 2225: 2224: 2221: 2220: 2216: 2215: 2212: 2211: 2207: 2206: 2203: 2202: 2193: 2190: 2189: 2186: 2185: 2176: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2152: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2128: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2104: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2093: 2090: 2089: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2063: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2052: 2049: 2048: 2039: 2034: 2032: 2026: 2025: 2022: 2021: 2017: 2016: 2013: 2012: 2008: 2007: 2004: 2003: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1987: 1986: 1977: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1953: 1948: 1946: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1932: 1931: 1922: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1898: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1884: 1883: 1879: 1878: 1875: 1874: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1858: 1857: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1817: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1793: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1769: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1730: 1472: 1469: 1416:metriorhynchid 1366: 1363: 1317: 1316:Axial skeleton 1314: 1216: 1213: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1055: 1052: 1035:basilar artery 876: 873: 834:, in honor of 616: 613: 582:western Europe 574:western Africa 472: 471: 470: 469: 461: 453: 451:(Strand, 1926) 445: 433: 432: 421: 420: 414: 413: 412: 411: 403: 395: 387: 379: 371: 363: 355: 347: 339: 331: 323: 315: 307: 296: 295: 294:Other species 291: 290: 287: 278: 277: 271: 270: 256: 252: 251: 243: 239: 238: 230: 226: 225: 217: 210: 209: 204: 200: 199: 194: 190: 189: 184: 180: 179: 174: 170: 169: 164: 160: 159: 146: 145: 130: 129: 121: 120: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 39: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5787: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5708: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5651: 5647: 5642: 5636: 5632: 5627: 5621: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5599: 5589: 5579: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5542: 5540: 5539: 5535: 5533: 5532: 5528: 5526: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5515:Tetrapodophis 5512: 5510: 5509: 5505: 5503: 5502: 5498: 5496: 5495: 5491: 5489: 5488: 5487:Dolichosaurus 5484: 5482: 5481: 5477: 5476: 5475: 5472: 5468: 5467: 5463: 5461: 5460: 5456: 5454: 5453: 5449: 5447: 5446: 5445:Aigialosaurus 5442: 5441: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5430: 5420: 5419: 5418:Yaguarasaurus 5415: 5413: 5412: 5408: 5406: 5405: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5381: 5379: 5378: 5377:Taniwhasaurus 5374: 5372: 5371: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5346: 5344: 5343: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5333:Tethysaurinae 5330: 5320: 5319: 5315: 5313: 5312: 5308: 5306: 5305: 5304:Goronyosaurus 5301: 5299: 5298: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5274: 5272: 5271: 5267: 5265: 5264: 5260: 5258: 5257: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5233: 5231: 5230: 5226: 5224: 5223: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5180: 5179: 5175: 5173: 5172: 5168: 5166: 5165: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5132: 5127: 5113: 5112: 5108: 5106: 5105: 5101: 5099: 5098: 5094: 5092: 5091: 5087: 5085: 5084: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5063:Thalassotitan 5060: 5058: 5057: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5033: 5031: 5030: 5026: 5024: 5023: 5022:Harranasaurus 5019: 5017: 5016: 5012: 5010: 5009: 5005: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4996: 4990: 4989: 4985: 4983: 4982: 4978: 4976: 4975: 4974:Megapterygius 4971: 4969: 4968: 4964: 4962: 4961: 4957: 4955: 4954: 4950: 4948: 4947: 4943: 4941: 4940: 4936: 4934: 4933: 4929: 4927: 4926: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4913: 4907: 4903: 4901: 4897: 4895: 4891: 4889: 4885: 4884: 4881: 4877: 4870: 4865: 4863: 4858: 4856: 4851: 4850: 4847: 4836: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4804: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4783: 4778: 4764: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4701: 4694: 4690: 4687:to the Genus 4686: 4680: 4665: 4661: 4655: 4640: 4636: 4630: 4622: 4618: 4611: 4609: 4601:(6): 669–671. 4600: 4596: 4589: 4574: 4570: 4564: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4521: 4506: 4502: 4496: 4487: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4408: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4334: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4295: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4276: 4270: 4262: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4227:(8): e11998. 4226: 4222: 4218: 4211: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4184: 4182: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4123: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4080: 4069: 4068: 4060: 4052: 4039: 4031: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3984: 3982: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3954: 3946: 3939: 3932: 3930: 3920: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3888: 3872: 3868: 3862: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3762: 3760: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3724: 3710: 3706: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3675: 3668: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3621: 3619: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3491: 3487: 3481: 3477: 3470: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3442: 3440: 3439:stomach acids 3435: 3434: 3429: 3428: 3423: 3422:Maastrichtian 3418: 3410: 3405: 3396: 3394: 3390: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3368: 3366: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3351: 3350: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3324: 3319: 3318: 3313: 3309: 3301: 3297: 3296: 3291: 3290: 3284: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3269:killer whales 3266: 3263:suggest that 3260: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3227: 3223: 3208: 3206: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3168: 3163: 3162:mosasauroides 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3138: 3129: 3125: 3122: 3121: 3116: 3115:Maastrichtian 3111: 3110: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3095: 3092: 3088: 3082: 3078: 3072: 3067: 3060: 3056: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3041: 3036: 3032: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3018:and anterior 3017: 3013: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2939:Maastrichtian 2936: 2933: 2932: 2927: 2926:Maastrichtian 2922: 2921: 2917: 2916: 2912: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2895: 2894: 2885: 2884:Maastrichtian 2880: 2879: 2875: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2865:Brachysaurana 2862: 2858: 2855: 2854: 2848: 2843: 2842: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2809: 2804: 2800: 2799:Maastrichtian 2796: 2793: 2792: 2786: 2785:Maastrichtian 2781: 2780: 2776: 2775: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2667: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2629:, as well as 2628: 2624: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2569:"Dollosaurus" 2566: 2562: 2558: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2536:Maastrichtian 2532: 2531: 2527: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2499: 2498: 2492: 2487: 2486: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2471: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2451: 2450: 2444: 2437: 2436:Maastrichtian 2432: 2431: 2427: 2426: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2384: 2381:specimens of 2380: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2360: 2355: 2344: 2340: 2331: 2330: 2322: 2321: 2313: 2312: 2304: 2303: 2295: 2294: 2286: 2285: 2277: 2276: 2268: 2267: 2259: 2258: 2250: 2249: 2241: 2240: 2232: 2231: 2223: 2222: 2214: 2213: 2205: 2204: 2201: 2200: 2199: 2192: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2184: 2183: 2182: 2175: 2174: 2168: 2167: 2164: 2163: 2160: 2159: 2158: 2151: 2150: 2144: 2143: 2140: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2134: 2127: 2126: 2120: 2119: 2116: 2115: 2112: 2111: 2110: 2103: 2102: 2096: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2088: 2087: 2086: 2079: 2078: 2075: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2069: 2062: 2061: 2055: 2054: 2051: 2050: 2047: 2046: 2045: 2038: 2037: 2031: 2028: 2027: 2024: 2023: 2015: 2014: 2006: 2005: 2002: 2001: 2000: 1993: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1985: 1984: 1983: 1976: 1975: 1969: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1961: 1960: 1959: 1952: 1951: 1945: 1944: 1938: 1937: 1934: 1933: 1930: 1929: 1928: 1921: 1920: 1914: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1906: 1905: 1904: 1897: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1886: 1885: 1877: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1871: 1864: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1854: 1847: 1846: 1840: 1839: 1833: 1832: 1829: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1823: 1816: 1815: 1809: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1799: 1792: 1791: 1785: 1784: 1781: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1775: 1768: 1767: 1761: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1751: 1744: 1743: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1640: 1635: 1631: 1630: 1629:Aigialosaurus 1623: 1621: 1617: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1556: 1551: 1550: 1545: 1544: 1539: 1535: 1534: 1529: 1528: 1523: 1519: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1503: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1482: 1477: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1441: 1434: 1432: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1387:Maastrichtian 1380: 1376: 1371: 1362: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1335: 1327: 1322: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1300: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1226: 1221: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1104: 1100: 1099: 1098:M. hoffmannii 1094: 1093: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1075: 1069: 1065: 1060: 1051: 1048: 1044: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1007: 1003: 998: 996: 995: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 965: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 927: 923: 919: 915: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 890: 886: 881: 872: 870: 866: 861: 857: 856: 849: 847: 846: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 820: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 797: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 776:(c. 74.5 Ma) 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 750: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 727: 724: 716: 712: 708: 704: 702: 698: 694: 693: 688: 684: 680: 676: 670: 668: 667:North America 664: 660: 656: 652: 647: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 612: 609: 605: 603: 602:Brachysaurana 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 566:North America 563: 559: 555: 552: 548: 545: 541: 537: 535: 534:North America 531: 527: 523: 519: 518:Maastrichtian 515: 511: 507: 506: 501: 500: 495: 491: 487: 484: 480: 479: 465: 462: 457: 456:Ancylocentrum 454: 449: 448:Brachysaurana 446: 441: 438: 437: 436: 430:(Dollo, 1889) 428: 425: 424: 422: 419: 415: 407: 404: 399: 398:P.? sectorius 396: 391: 390:P.? saturator 388: 383: 380: 377:Kaddumi, 2009 375: 372: 367: 364: 361:(Gaudry 1892) 359: 356: 351: 348: 343: 340: 337:Kaddumi, 2009 335: 332: 327: 324: 321:(Dollo, 1904) 319: 316: 311: 308: 305:(Gaudry 1892) 303: 300: 299: 297: 292: 285: 284: 279: 276: 272: 265: 264: 257: 254: 253: 250: 244: 241: 240: 237: 231: 228: 227: 224: 218: 215: 212: 211: 208: 205: 202: 201: 198: 195: 192: 191: 188: 185: 182: 181: 178: 175: 172: 171: 168: 165: 162: 161: 156: 151: 147: 143: 139: 136: 131: 127: 122: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 54: 51:83.6–66 47: 46:Maastrichtian 43: 37: 33: 30: 19: 5735:Mosasaurines 5641:Prognathodon 5611:Prognathodon 5610: 5543: 5536: 5529: 5522: 5513: 5506: 5499: 5492: 5485: 5478: 5466:Opetiosaurus 5464: 5457: 5450: 5443: 5416: 5409: 5402: 5382: 5375: 5368: 5360:Tylosaurinae 5347: 5340: 5316: 5309: 5302: 5297:Gavialimimus 5295: 5288:Selmasaurini 5275: 5268: 5261: 5254: 5236:Sarabosaurus 5234: 5229:Ectenosaurus 5227: 5222:Angolasaurus 5220: 5202:Haasiasaurus 5200: 5176: 5169: 5162: 5142: 5135:Halisaurinae 5109: 5102: 5095: 5090:Eremiasaurus 5088: 5081: 5061: 5056:Prognathodon 5055: 5054: 5034: 5027: 5020: 5013: 5006: 4999:Globidensini 4986: 4979: 4972: 4965: 4958: 4951: 4946:Gnathomortis 4944: 4937: 4930: 4925:Amphekepubis 4923: 4916:Mosasaurinae 4817: 4813: 4803: 4786: 4780: 4773:Prognathodon 4769: 4763: 4714: 4710: 4700: 4692: 4689:Eremiasaurus 4688: 4684: 4679: 4667:. Retrieved 4663: 4654: 4642:. Retrieved 4638: 4629: 4620: 4598: 4594: 4588: 4576:. Retrieved 4572: 4563: 4530: 4526: 4520: 4508:. Retrieved 4504: 4495: 4476: 4472: 4443:(1): 17–25. 4440: 4436: 4362: 4358: 4304: 4300: 4274: 4269: 4224: 4220: 4210: 4193: 4189: 4180: 4132: 4128: 4122: 4089: 4085: 4079: 4066: 4059: 4038:cite journal 3993: 3989: 3963: 3959: 3953: 3944: 3901: 3897: 3887: 3877:20 September 3875:. Retrieved 3871:the original 3861: 3852: 3817: 3813: 3771: 3768:Prognathodon 3767: 3733: 3729: 3723: 3712:. Retrieved 3709:ResearchGate 3708: 3673: 3630: 3626: 3618:Prognathodon 3617: 3547: 3543: 3493:. Retrieved 3489: 3480: 3467:Prognathodon 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3451:Prognathodon 3450: 3448: 3431: 3425: 3416: 3414: 3409:P. saturator 3408: 3388: 3372:Prognathodon 3371: 3369: 3365:Prognathodon 3364: 3361: 3347: 3336: 3331: 3328:Prognathodon 3327: 3321: 3315: 3312:mosasaurines 3307: 3305: 3300:Prognathodon 3299: 3298:). Teeth of 3293: 3287: 3277:Prognathodon 3276: 3272: 3265:Prognathodon 3264: 3261: 3257:Prognathodon 3256: 3249:Prognathodon 3248: 3221: 3219: 3216:Paleoecology 3211:Paleobiology 3204:Gnathomortis 3202: 3199:P. stadtmani 3198: 3197:The species 3196: 3191: 3187: 3184:Prognathodon 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167:Eremiasaurus 3165: 3161: 3157: 3154:Prognathodon 3153: 3149: 3145: 3142:L. sectorius 3141: 3135: 3133: 3123: 3108: 3107: 3102: 3090: 3081:P. sectorius 3080: 3070: 3059:P. saturator 3058: 3052: 3049:P. saturator 3048: 3045:Prognathodon 3044: 3038: 3035:P. saturator 3034: 3009:P. saturator 3008: 3005:P. giganteus 3004: 3000: 2997:P. stadtmani 2996: 2990:P. saturator 2989: 2986:Prognathodon 2985: 2982:Prognathodon 2981: 2978:P. saturator 2977: 2962: 2958: 2955:Prognathodon 2954: 2950: 2947:P. saturator 2946: 2935:P. saturator 2934: 2919: 2918: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2882:Hay, 1902 — 2877: 2876: 2869:Prognathodon 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2840: 2839: 2834: 2830: 2813:Prognathodon 2812: 2806: 2794: 2778: 2777: 2771:Prognathodon 2770: 2767:Prognathodon 2766: 2762: 2759:P. stadtmani 2758: 2755:P. saturator 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2741:The species 2740: 2729: 2726:Prognathodon 2725: 2721: 2717: 2710: 2707:paraphyletic 2703:Prognathodon 2702: 2699:Prognathodon 2698: 2694: 2690: 2684:Prognathodon 2683: 2679: 2671: 2664: 2660: 2654: 2651:P. saturator 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603:Prognathodon 2602: 2598: 2592: 2580: 2568: 2565:Prognathodon 2564: 2560: 2544: 2543: 2529: 2528: 2521:Prognathodon 2520: 2516: 2512: 2509:Prognathodon 2508: 2505:Prognathodon 2504: 2500: 2484: 2483: 2478: 2464: 2461:Prognathodon 2460: 2457:type species 2452: 2429: 2428: 2421: 2417: 2402:Prognathodon 2401: 2399: 2394: 2390:Prognathodon 2389: 2387: 2383:Prognathodon 2382: 2374:Prognathodon 2373: 2370:paraphyletic 2366:Prognathodon 2365: 2363: 2358: 2342: 2196: 2195: 2179: 2178: 2155: 2154: 2131: 2130: 2107: 2106: 2083: 2082: 2067: 2066: 2065: 2043: 2042: 2041: 1998: 1997: 1996: 1981: 1980: 1979: 1957: 1956: 1955: 1926: 1925: 1924: 1902: 1901: 1900: 1868: 1867: 1851: 1850: 1820: 1819: 1796: 1795: 1772: 1771: 1748: 1747: 1736:Mosasaurinae 1722:Prognathodon 1721: 1718:Mosasaurinae 1715: 1706: 1697:Prognathodon 1696: 1689:Prognathodon 1688: 1683: 1680:Prognathodon 1679: 1675: 1672:Prognathodon 1671: 1668: 1664:paraphyletic 1660:monophyletic 1656:Prognathodon 1655: 1651: 1648:Globidensini 1643: 1637: 1634:Prognathodon 1633: 1627: 1624: 1613: 1610:Prognathodon 1609: 1607: 1602: 1598: 1595:Prognathodon 1594: 1590: 1588: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1564:Prognathodon 1563: 1560:Prognathodon 1559: 1553: 1547: 1541: 1537: 1531: 1525: 1522:Mosasauridae 1500: 1497:Prognathodon 1496: 1493:Mosasaurinae 1489:Prognathodon 1488: 1486: 1481:Prognathodon 1480: 1465:Prognathodon 1464: 1461:ichthyosaurs 1459:and extinct 1452:Prognathodon 1451: 1448:Prognathodon 1447: 1445: 1438: 1435: 1431:carcharhinid 1427: 1412:ichthyosaurs 1403:Prognathodon 1402: 1399:Prognathodon 1398: 1389:deposits in 1384: 1379:Prognathodon 1378: 1340: 1338: 1334:Prognathodon 1333: 1331: 1326:P. saturator 1325: 1310:Prognathodon 1309: 1305: 1303: 1298: 1297:The size of 1296: 1292:Prognathodon 1291: 1287: 1285: 1281:P. giganteus 1280: 1276: 1272: 1267: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1253: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1237:Prognathodon 1236: 1233:Prognathodon 1232: 1230: 1224: 1208: 1205:Prognathodon 1204: 1200: 1183:Prognathodon 1182: 1158: 1156: 1151:P. saturator 1150: 1146: 1143:P. saturator 1142: 1138: 1136: 1129: 1126:Prognathodon 1125: 1123: 1102: 1096: 1090: 1087:P. saturator 1086: 1082: 1079:Prognathodon 1078: 1074:Prognathodon 1073: 1072: 1067: 1063: 1039: 1023: 1002:Prognathodon 1001: 999: 992: 988: 969:Prognathodon 968: 966: 962:P. sectorius 961: 957: 953: 949: 946:type species 942:P. giganteus 941: 938:P. saturator 937: 933: 931: 921: 912:P. saturator 911: 907: 904:P. giganteus 903: 899: 896:Prognathodon 895: 894: 888: 884: 869:Prognathodon 868: 865:stratigraphy 853: 850: 843: 840:Prognathodon 839: 827: 823: 821: 816: 812: 800: 798: 793: 790:Prognathodon 789: 769: 765: 762:Prognathodon 761: 757: 751: 742: 739:Prognathodon 738: 728: 723:Prognathodon 722: 720: 710: 696: 690: 671: 663:Prognathodon 662: 659:Prognathodon 658: 651:Prognathodon 650: 648: 643: 639: 636:Prognathodon 635: 632:Prognathodon 631: 620:Prognathodon 619: 618: 608:Prognathodon 607: 606: 601: 597: 590:Prognathodon 589: 562:Prognathodon 561: 557: 556:("jaw") and 553: 546: 540:Prognathodon 539: 538: 510:Prognathodon 509: 503: 497: 494:Mosasaurinae 478:Prognathodon 477: 476: 475: 464:Tenerasaurus 463: 455: 447: 439: 434: 426: 405: 401:(Cope, 1871) 397: 389: 381: 373: 366:P.? overtoni 365: 357: 349: 341: 333: 325: 318:P. giganteus 317: 309: 301: 282: 281: 275:Type species 263:Prognathodon 262: 261: 236:Mosasauridae 213: 141: 36:Prognathodon 35: 29: 5635:Wikispecies 5531:Judeasaurus 5524:Adriosaurus 5508:Pontosaurus 5480:Coniasaurus 5459:Komensaurus 5452:Carsosaurus 5404:Romeosaurus 5349:Tethysaurus 5318:Selmasaurus 5263:Platecarpus 5155:Halisaurini 5111:Plotosaurus 5097:Moanasaurus 5074:Mosasaurini 4953:Jormungandr 4939:Dallasaurus 4695:, 79A: 155. 4669:17 December 4644:17 December 4578:17 December 4510:17 December 3633:: 137–190. 3495:17 December 3427:Squalicorax 3308:P. overtoni 3273:P. overtoni 3207:, in 2020. 3128:New Zealand 3054:Allopleuron 2951:P. overtoni 2901:P. overtoni 2857:P. overtoni 2817:mosasaurine 2747:P. overtoni 2722:P. lutugini 2718:P. lutugini 2711:P. lutugini 2695:Dollosaurus 2691:P. lutugini 2680:Dollosaurus 2676:Louis Dollo 2672:Dollosaurus 2661:P. lutugini 2631:P. lutugini 2623:P. lutugini 2608:P. lutugini 2593:P. lutugini 2581:Dollosaurus 2517:Oronosaurus 2468:compressed. 2410:Middle East 2343:P. overtoni 2030:Mosasaurini 1726:Mosasaurini 1693:Mosasaurini 1599:Platecarpus 1576:Hainosaurus 1568:Platecarpus 1538:Platecarpus 1511:Louis Dollo 1502:Platecarpus 1491:within the 1440:Platecarpus 1365:Soft tissue 1341:P. lutugini 1299:P. lutugini 1288:P. lutugini 1277:P. overtoni 1273:P. overtoni 1249:P. overtoni 1209:Dollosaurus 1201:P. lutugini 1159:P. lutugini 1103:P. overtoni 1083:P. overtoni 985:lacertilian 958:P. overtoni 922:P. overtoni 875:Description 845:Platecarpus 758:Oronosaurus 699:, named by 642:" and used 624:Louis Dollo 598:Dollosaurus 586:New Zealand 578:Middle East 530:New Zealand 522:Middle East 440:Dollosaurus 385:(Hay, 1902) 342:P. lutugini 288:Dollo, 1889 268:Dollo, 1889 5724:Categories 5501:Primitivus 5384:Tylosaurus 5370:Kaikaifilu 5171:Halisaurus 5104:Mosasaurus 5008:Carinodens 4988:Stelladens 4960:Kourisodon 4820:: 104425. 3947:: 209–210. 3904:: 104425. 3736:(3): 629. 3714:2017-09-26 3473:References 3380:cephalopod 3376:sea turtle 3354:inoceramid 3323:Carinodens 3314:, such as 3295:Mosasaurus 3245:cephalopod 3241:sea turtle 3192:Mosasaurus 3180:Mosasaurus 3047:, that of 2971:Maastricht 2910:Mosasaurus 2905:P. solvayi 2861:P. solvayi 2730:P. solvayi 2639:P. solvayi 2616:P. solvayi 2612:P. solvayi 2553:, Ukraine. 2513:P. solvayi 2465:P. solvayi 2453:P. solvayi 2422:P. solvayi 2395:P. solvayi 2359:P. solvayi 1586:) groups. 1580:Mosasaurus 1572:Tylosaurus 1549:Tylosaurus 1543:Halisaurus 1533:Mosasaurus 1393:, central 1268:P. solvayi 1261:P. solvayi 1256:P. solvayi 1245:P. solvayi 1241:P. solvayi 1225:P. solvayi 1167:pterygoids 1163:premaxilla 1147:P. solvayi 1092:Mosasaurus 1068:saturator. 1010:prefrontal 1006:premaxilla 994:Mosasaurus 989:P. solvayi 950:P. solvayi 832:Hashemites 747:Maastricht 731:Maastricht 499:Mosasaurus 350:P.? kianda 326:P. hashimi 223:Mosasauria 5494:Kaganaias 5311:Khinjaria 5164:Eonatator 5144:Pluridens 5015:Globidens 4932:Clidastes 4886:Kingdom: 4876:Mosasaurs 4777:stadtmani 4739:0272-4634 4449:0011-6297 4389:1932-6203 4307:: e3782. 4114:131741406 4106:0272-4634 3780:709582892 3639:132009365 3580:129001212 3572:0272-4634 3445:Pathology 3399:Taphonomy 3332:Globidens 3317:Globidens 3226:Campanian 3186:and that 3176:L. anceps 3158:P. kianda 3040:Globidens 2994:Campanian 2963:saturator 2959:P. currii 2847:Campanian 2835:overtoni. 2829:Skull of 2795:P. kianda 2666:Clidastes 2647:P. currii 2643:P. kianda 2627:P. kianda 2606:column). 2573:Campanian 2551:Campanian 2501:P. currii 2491:Campanian 2479:P. currii 2414:Campanian 2379:Campanian 1707:P. kianda 1652:Globidens 1639:Globidens 1584:Clidastes 1527:Clidastes 1408:mosasaurs 1324:Torso of 1266:Teeth of 1215:Dentition 1179:squamosal 1131:Globidens 1095:(0.19 in 1081:(0.22 in 1062:Skull of 1047:pterygoid 934:P. currii 908:P. currii 900:P. currii 817:P. primus 774:Campanian 766:P. currii 711:P. currii 653:" was by 514:Campanian 505:Clidastes 382:P.? 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