3272:
3458:). This specimen shows signs of regrowth of bone around the injury as well as subsequent infections that were ongoing at the time of the mosasaur's death, which may have been partially caused by the injuries inflicted. The specimen stands as one of the few clearly confirmable cases of intra-specific combat between mosasaurs. It also revealed a very atypical immune response to the infection. Unlike modern reptilians where solid fibrous masses are produced to contain infections, this mosasaur showed a much more mammal-like response, including liquid pus. This is one of the first cases in which immunological responses in fossil taxa have been studied in such detail and where extant relatives differ to extinct taxa.
3055:
3088:
907:
3066:
1209:
3076:
1465:
144:
1310:
115:
3393:
1048:
2815:
5115:
5573:
2464:
696:
1359:
869:
1692:
1279:, where knowledge of the teeth mainly comes from isolated specimens. Known teeth are strongly bicarinate with a weak serration on both carinae. The carinae then divide the teeth into lingual and labial surfaces, with the lingual surface being more convex and large in comparison with the labial. The teeth have a slight posterior and medial recurvature and are noted for having smooth surfaces (which is different from other species of
2328:
3315:. For instance, the anterior teeth are more incurved and slender than those posterior to them with a gradual change in shape along the tooth row. The anterior teeth have a ratio of crown length to basal crown width of 2.0 to 2.5, whereas teeth in the middle of the tooth row have ratios in the range of 1.7 to 2.0. These ratios are consistent with both mosasaurs with "cutting" and "crushing" teeth. Though robust, the teeth of
3240:. As with most mosasaurs, the teeth of these specimens are carinate, with the carinae aligned roughly parallel to the jaw. On unworn teeth, the apex is acute but blunt, and has fine, wavy, anastomosing ridges for as much as 25% of the crown height. Such ornamentation could potentially strengthen the teeth. The blunt tip and roughened surface suggest a tooth that was used for capturing fairly hard prey, and the presence of
2343:
1337:
facets are posteriorly inclined and located posteriorly on the ventral surfaces of the centra. The synapophyses are large, located anteriorly on the centra, and do not extend below the ventral margin of the centrum. The condyles and cotyles are weakly dorsoventrally compressed. The cervical vertebrae are almost the same size as the longest
1162:, with two original teeth. The left pterygoid was considerably more complete, but lacked all processes other than the basisphenoid process. The posterior alveolar margin was noted for being very small, with the teeth rising from a thin but pronounced vertical ridge. The ventral surface of the basisphenoid process is quite smooth and
2594:
in its splenial-angular surface having distinct horizontal tongues and grooves, the shape of the vertebral condyle (being slightly depressed with a height to width ratio of 0.75) and the length proportions of the vertebrae (cervical vertebrae being almost equal in size to the longest vertebrae of the
1336:
are preserved, which have well developed anterior and posterior zygapophyses. Functional zygosphenes and zygantra were found on two of the cervical vertebrae. Vertebral hypapophyseal peduncles were found on all four vertebrae and are very short and end as small laterally compressed oval facets. These
1001:
forms a large portion of the posterolateral border of the external nares and the supraorbital wing with heavy triangular ala contacts the postorbitofrontal posteriorly over the orbit medial to the external edge of the frontal. The frontal does not emarginate above the orbits and a median dorsal ridge
1247:
has the most different teeth from other members of the genus. The tooth crowns are generally large and quite strongly striated and the anterior teeth are more procumbent than in any other mosasaurs. The premaxillary teeth are almost horizontal and the anterior dentary teeth only slightly less so. In
3351:
It is clear that the wear on the teeth does not represent simple breakage, since that would result in different amounts of wear on different teeth. In contrast to the marginal teeth, the pterygoid teeth, though unusually large for a mosasaur, do not exhibit any wear. This suggests that the marginal
3334:
of both examined specimens show considerable wear. Crown apices are unusually smooth and polished, this breakage and subsequent polishing is likely due to prolonged contact with food. The tooth breakage is not severe and nearly horizontal, which is unlike typical predators with "cutting" teeth. The
1443:
standards compared to some of the larger specimens in the genus. Thus, it was assumed that ERMNH HFV 197 was a juvenile specimen. That tail fin would grow to account for the increased weight of bigger individuals is rather logical, and can be observed in other groups that possess tail fins, such as
3251:
The teeth are, however, quite high relative to the size of the skull, which suggests that they were used for impaling prey rather than for crushing or grasping it. Many of the fully erupted teeth have crenulations on the carinae that produce a fine serration. The presence of serrated carinae would
1675:
are routinely recovered as sister genera, Cau and Madzia (2017) did not resurrect the tribe
Prognathodontini in their list of mosasaur clades and their preferred definitions, offering no comment as to why not. Within Cau and Madzia's analysis (as well as previous work such as Simões et al., 2017),
3335:
teeth may have been robust enough to prevent extensive breaking, or perhaps the curvature limited it. Many teeth are worn uniformly, which suggests a third possibility; that it represents a gradual grinding down of the teeth as a result of handling food. Somewhat similar wear is found on teeth of
1038:
has seven to eight teeth. The medial wing from the coronoid contacts the angular, the anterior process on the coronoid abrupts over the surangular and makes contact with the posterior process of the dentary or ends with the surangular without contacting the dentary. The retroarticular process is
661:
Though the original remains of the genus were rather comprehensive and the original description was brief, no additional studies of the type material was done for a century. The lack of a comprehensive original description of the genus and the species referred to it from
Belgium is strangely not
1417:
The tail fluke is clearly asymmetric. The lower fin lobe follows the caudal vertebrae and would have had a streamlined cross-section in life, based on the proportions of the axial skeleton and the other soft tissues. The upper fin lobe is unsupported by the skeleton and is preserved as a small,
1345:
are preserved in the specimen, though most are poorly preserved. Dorsal vertebrae are a little longer than the cervical and like the cervicals, the condyles and cotyles are weakly compressed dorsoventrally. The dorsal vertebrae are at a maximum about 8 cm in length and 5 cm in height.
1017:
surface are parallel to one another and the cranial midline to the posterior base of the diverging suspensorial rami, which forms a rectangular field medially on the parietal. The ventral process of the postorbitofrontal to jugal is indistinctly separated from the moderately well exposed dorsal
3375:
of predators, but are together consistent with a large and opportunistic apex predator. Though seemingly able to feed on prey typical for "cutting"-teeth mosasaurs, such as the large fish, the robust teeth suggest that somewhat harder prey, such as the sea turtle, was also commonly devoured.
1065:
is noted as having a very robust skull. The skull also shows adaptations towards a very powerful jaw musculature. The ratio between the length of the supratemporal fenestra and the total length of the skull has previously been used as an improvised measurement for mosasaur bite force, and is
851:
quarry, discovered the teeth of the fossil in the shovel of his digger on Monday morning, September 10. In the days following the discovery, museum staff retrieved several large sections of the skull and part of the body and tail of the approximately 13-metre long skeleton. Based on
1551:), Dollo revised his taxonomy, dividing the Mosasauridae into three groups. These groups were based on how developed the rostrum was on the premaxilla, the size of the suprastapedial process of the quadrate and if the haemal arches were fused to the centra of the caudal vertebrae.
1123:, have fused suprastapedial and infrastapedial processes, which is possibly an adaptation to counteract the strong forces experienced by the bone during biting. Stong jaw musculature combined with a relatively short and tall dentary would have resulted in a very powerful bite.
1182:
and the anterior blade of the prearticular and have a tooth count of 13, with at least eight teeth possessing subdental crypts with some replacement teeth having been found in the type specimen. The subdental crypts are positioned postermodeially to the functional teeth. The
3413:. The degree of articulation of the specimen suggests that the animal reached the sea floor moments after its death, where it was scavenged by sharks prior to being buried by the sediments. Evidence of shark scavenging include the finds of associated teeth of shark genera
856:, the age of the specimen was estimated at 67.83 million years, making it about one-and-a-half million years older than "Bèr". From what has been uncovered, this appears to be the oldest known Mosasaurid specimen from the Maastricht area, and it belongs to the genus
1138:. The dorsal margin of the dentary is concave, whilst the ventral margin of the maxilla is slightly convex. The marginal teeth are massive, smooth and rounded as opposed to most other mosasaur teeth, which are typically facetted and laterally compressed. The mandible of
1259:
are more slender at the anterior end, broader and triangular towards the middle of the dental ramus, decreasing in size towards the posterior end with the last two teeth being rather stunted. The tooth crowns are only moderately inflated and in contrast to the teeth of
1142:
is very tall and massive, even more so than in other members of the genus. This is matched by the also massive pterygoid and various other portions of the skull, such as the temporal region and the braincase, which are all stout compared to other species in the genus.
1187:
is saddle-shaped and has a well-developed posterodorsal process, which gives the dorsal margin of said bone a nearly 110 degree angle between the horizontal anterior end and the subvertical posterior wing. This combination of characteristics aided in determining that
1283:) except for minor wrinkles at the tips of the tooth crowns. The roots of the teeth are quite large at about 1.5 times the size of the tooth crowns and are barrel-shaped. The largest known tooth crowns are up to 5.5 cm tall and 2.5 cm wide at the base.
3530:
Konishi, Takuya; Brinkman, Donald; Massare, Judy A.; Caldwell, Michael W. (2011-09-01). "New exceptional specimens of
Prognathodon overtoni (Squamata, Mosasauridae) from the upper Campanian of Alberta, Canada, and the systematics and ecology of the genus".
3430:. The number of shark teeth (not to mention the consistent size and color of the teeth) is also too high to be attributed to background abundance. The skeleton itself also preserves a variety of bite marks, providing direct evidence of shark scavenging.
3425:
among the bones of the mosasaur. It is possible to exclude the possibility of the sharks having been eaten by the mosasaurs prior to its death (and thus representing stomach contents) due to them showing no evidence of having been attacked by
1425:
The specimen also preserves scale impressions, particularly around the outline of the tail fluke. Though faint, these impressions reveal scales of "rhomboidal" shape. Similarly shaped scales are present on the tail fluke of the well-preserved
1456:, particularly of the larger species, would have had larger tail fins relative to their body size. Lindgren et al. (2013) especially noted that the upper fin lobe likely would have grown to be proportionally larger in bigger individuals.
1394:
specimens, but also preserves significant portions of the integument and a gentle bend on the last few caudal vertebrae. Most importantly, the fossil preserves the soft tissue outline of a tail fin. This helped in providing evidence that
891:) exceeding 1.4 metres (4.6 ft) in length. Despite its massive size, remains of the genus are often fragmentary and incomplete. To date, very few specimens are known with articulated skulls and none with an entire skeleton. In 1967,
2658:
by
Yakovlev in 1901 based on the type specimen CNIGR 818, an incomplete skull and skeleton. Considering the combination of functionary accessory articulations and large pterygoid teeth to be unique, Yakovlev erected a new genus in 1905,
1611:. He considered the mosasaurs within the Prognathodontini to "clearly be of plioplatecarpine derivation", but justified the tribe by that they can be differentiated from other plioplatecarpines by their massive jaws and robust teeth.
1614:
Gorden L. Bell Jr. conducted the first major phylogenetic analysis of mosasaurs in 1997, utilizing new methodologies and incorporating further taxa described since
Russell's 1967 monograph (particularly basal mosasauroids, such as
670:. Large amounts of work was commonly invested in extracting and mounting the specimens, but scientific study of them remained limited with diagnoses and descriptions mainly focusing on peculiar points of their anatomy, such as the
1658:
The view of the relationships of the genus to other mosasaur genera has changed little since 1997, it is routinely recovered as within the
Mosasaurinae as well as paraphyletic. Cau and Madzia (2017) noted that the inclusion of
1029:
The suprastapedial process is fused to the infrastapedial process on the quadrate and the tympanic ala are thick. The stapedial pit is nearly circular to elliptical in form. The posterior process on the dorsal surface of the
840:
On
September 19, 2012, it was announced that nine days earlier, again a skeleton of what appears to be a Mosasaur was found in the limestone quarry just outside Maastricht, the same quarry that yielded the type specimen of
815:, also described by Kaddumi in 2009 from Harrana from fossils likely belonging to a juvenile specimen (preserving the entire skeleton aside from the head, which may have been destroyed during quarrying) was reclassified as
599:
is known for its massively built jaws and teeth. Its distinct feeding adaptations have generated much interest in its ecology ever since its discovery, though direct evidence of its diet, such as gastric residues, is rare.
2365:
specimens has resulted in an incomplete understanding of the systematics of the genus as a whole, including both the alpha-level diversity and generic characteristics. Furthermore, the extreme rarity of early to middle
2381:
is yet to be thoroughly examined. Lindgren (2005) pointed out that robust and conical tooth crowns with blunt, serrated carinae and smooth enamel are routinely assigned to the genus, despite the generic type species,
3408:
preserved several details that are taphonomically interesting. The likely cause of death of the specimen was age or disease, due to marine predators large enough to kill something of its size being unknown from the
2456:
differs from all other members of the genus in several prominent aspects which is unusual for a type species. The most notable difference is perhaps in the teeth, which are gently facetted and labio-lingually
2393:, as recovered by Simões et al. (2017), are listed below. Notably, the exclusion of the six controversial species significantly shortens both the temporal and geographical range of the genus, limiting it to
714:
specimens from
Belgium (including the type specimen) was done by Theagarten Lingham-Soliar and Dirk Nolf in 1989 and the diagnosis in this study remains the latest published emended diagnosis for the genus.
2981:
also lacks the high crest on the dorsal median ridge which is found in other members of the genus. It can easily be distinguished from most other species by further, individual, differences. The Early
1039:
rectangular in outline, medially inflected or laterally lacing. The marginal teeth are stout, bicarinate and smooth or striated. Zygosphenes and zygantra are absent, incipient or large and functional.
1130:
is nearly complete, only lacking the anterior portion of the premaxilla and the dentaries. Though most of the anterior marginal teeth are missing, the inclination of the preserved roots suggest that
1290:
teeth also varies depending on the position in the mouth. Anterior pterygoid teeth are noted for being relatively large and comparable to the marginal teeth in size at up to 4.6 cm in height.
3604:
1010:
are small to moderately large, located anteromedially on a small prominence and are closely embraced on either side by short tongues from the frontal or located on the frontoparietal suture.
4053:
Mohr, S.R.; LeBlanc, A.R.; Caldwell, M. (2020). "A NEW, NEARLY COMPLETE SPECIMEN OF PROGNATHODON OVERTONI (SQUAMATA: MOSASAURIDAE) FROM THE CAMPANIAN BEARPAW FORMATION OF ALBERTA, CANADA".
777:
provided the first fully articulated skeletons of the genus. Detailed studies of these and previously discovered specimens allowed several characters to be established that distinguishes
1232:
differs from this type of teeth and instead exhibits markedly labio-lingually compressed and gently facetted marginal teeth. There is also a certain degree of variation in tooth number,
577:. Due to the sometimes clear differences between them and the incomplete nature of many of the specimens, the systematics of the genus and which species should properly be considered
3000:
by its straight dorsal dental margin, its small coronoid, rectangular posterior mandibular unit and blunt retroarticular process as well as having a far less massive quadrate bone.
1582:
shared characters with the "microrhynchous" group in 1894 and abandoned his previous two family-system, starting to use only one family of mosasaurs, the
Mosasauridae, and placing
1435:
The proportions of the soft tissue structures and their relation to the skeletal elements of the specimen can be used to infer the shape and size of the fins in other species of
3352:
and pterygoid teeth had different functions, perhaps the pterygoid teeth were used to grip the prey before swallowing it. The large anterior pterygoid teeth that characterize
980:, the sclerotic ring is only partially preserved, consisting of five scleral ossicles in each ring. Similar sclerotic rings are seen in several other mosasaur genera, such as
3450:
in 2020, was discovered in the
Netherlands near Maastricht, and was shown to have severe facial deformities including a devastating partial amputation of the premaxilla. The
3977:
Schulp, A. S.; Vonhof, H. B.; van der Lubbe, J. H. J. L.; Janssen, R.; van Baal, R. R. (2013). "On diving and diet: resource partitioning in type-Maastrichtian mosasaurs".
3260:, rather than particularly adapted to crush its prey. Such a predator can not only feed on very large vertebrate prey, but also feed upon a variety of other prey. However,
692:
in 1904, is one of species with the most brief descriptions, apparently only intended to provide a name for the skeleton of the mosasaur for exhibition in the museum hall.
1350:
fragments, though all incomplete. Two grooves run along the distal portion of the ribs from the articular head but only one groove remains behind the middle of the rib.
1034:
is present, incipient or absent and the dentary terminates abruptly in front of the first dentary tooth. The dentary itself contains thirteen to fourteen teeth and the
2860:, this is among the most completely known species of the genus, with several nearly complete and articulated specimens known, some of which even preserve gut contents.
1166:
are visible above the sixth tooth on the lateral surface of the pterygoid as well as above the position between the sixth and seventh teeth on the medial surface. The
663:
3159:
based on unpublished morphological comparisons. Palci et. al. (2014) however suggested the possibility that these three species, and perhaps also the type species of
5489:
4605:
4116:
Kase, T.; Johnston, P.A.; Seilacher, A.; Boyce, J.B. (1998). "Alleged mosasaur bite marks on Late Cretaceous ammonites are limpet (patellogastropod) home scars".
2794:
and is unique in possessing a high marginal tooth count and relatively small pterygoid teeth. This species seemingly share close relations with the dubious genus
4073:
Schulp, Anne S.; Jagt, John W. M.; Fonken, Frans (2004-09-10). "New material of the mosasaur Carinodens belgicus from the Upper Cretaceous of the Netherlands".
4582:
Averianov, A. O.; Yarkov, A. A. (2004). "On the occurrence of a giant flying reptile (Pterosauria) in the terminal Late Cretaceous of the Lower Volga Region".
4422:"Dental and vertebral morphology of the enigmatic mosasaur Dollosaurus (Reptilia, Mosasauridae) from the lower Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) of southern Sweden"
1439:
and potentially in other mosasaur genera as well. In their description of the specimen, Lindgren et al. (2013) noted that the specimen is strangely small by
2504:, but differs from all known mosasaurs in having a frontal distinctly wider than it is long. Though originally informally named as part of its own genus, "
831:
had a bilobed tail fluke resembling a downturned shark's tail. While this type of fluke had been suggested for mosasaurs based on skeletal anatomy (as in
2758:
is controversial and the latest phylogenetic analyses, such as Madzia and Cau (2017) and Simões et al. (2017), recover said species as outside the genus
4054:
1150:, whilst incomplete, preserves a significantly large portion of the skull. The specimen was originally stated to have preserved a small portion of the
1022:
is slightly developed to absent. The squamosal wing to the parietal is large. There is a deep groove present in the floor of the basioccipital for the
3380:, likely similar in ecology to other species of the genus, was thus likely an opportunistic predator capable of feeding upon nearly anything in the
5664:
738:
area since 1957; the skeleton is on display at the Natural History Museum at Maastricht, and is from an animal that was probably 12 metres long.
3326:
The posteriormost teeth are sharply curved and short and were thus unlikely to have been used for prey capture or food processing. Teeth on the
3271:
1705:
The results of a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the Mosasauridae by Simões et al. (2017) is shown below, collapsed to only display the
3115:
is known by a partial skeleton, including a disarticulated skull, cervical vertebrae, and ribs recovered from Maastrichtian-age deposits in
2958:
for "he who gives satisfaction", referring to that the type specimen was the first reasonably complete mosasaur specimen recovered from the
827:. This fossil is about 1.8 m in length, and is remarkable in that it preserves the outline of the mosasaur's tail fins, revealing that
5560:
4262:
Bell GL. Jr. 1997. A phylogenetic revision of North American and Adriatic Mosasauroidea. pp. 293-332 In: Callaway JM, Nicholls EL, (eds.),
2690:
whilst the laterally pitted caudal vertebrae suggested a more distant relation. Furthermore, the controversy surrounding whether the genus
4606:"A new species of Prognathodon (Squamata, Mosasauridae) from the Maastrichtian of Angola, and the affinities of the mosasaur genus Liodon"
3855:
933:) were large with sizes approaching or potentially exceeding 10 metres (33 ft), many species were considerably smaller in size. The
808:, based on an articulated upper skull, with the name referencing it being the first near-complete mosasaur skull from the Middle East.
4344:"Mosasauroid phylogeny under multiple phylogenetic methods provides new insights on the evolution of aquatic adaptations in the group"
1224:
are variable in terms of dentition. Robust and conical teeth with blunt, serrated carinae and smooth enamel are often seen as typical
785:
and long-snouted mosasaurines. The preserved teeth and gut contents also allowed studies into the inferred paleoecology of the genus.
3264:
teeth lack the pointed tip that is otherwise characteristic for opportunistic predators with "cutting" teeth. As such, the teeth of
5651:
3356:
likely provided an effective grip on large food items, indicating that the genus was capable of swallowing prey in large pieces.
3655:
1170:
bone is only represented by a few fragments, but could be noted for being laterally compressed and tall, as in other species of
895:
was estimated to have reached 10 metres (33 ft) in length. In 2002, Christiansen and Bonde estimated the maximum length of
4855:
3363:
specimen with preserved gut contents. These contents include the remains of a very large (1.6 meter) fish, a smaller fish, a
1713:
as paraphyletic, as concluded by most recent researchers, and places it as a sister group to the derived mosasaurines in the
949:
specimen is TMP 2018.042.0005, a nearly completely preserved individual measuring over 7–8 metres (23–26 ft) in length.
914:
1154:, though D.V. Grigoriev (2013) noted that said bone could at the moment not be located, and it is potentially missing. Both
1297:
preserves 14 teeth in the dentary, 12 in the maxilla and 6 in the pterygoid) is a characteristic present in all species of
2386:
deviating from that description since it exhibits markedly labio-lingually compressed and gently facetted marginal teeth.
1264:, the teeth increase in size consistently in an antero-posterior direction and are somewhat less posteriorly recurved. In
5733:
1667:
within the Globidensini would suggest a closer relationship between the genera than the reality of the situation. Though
1252:
reveals that the tooth crowns may also have been somewhat prismatic with seven to eight prisms on the external surface.
4770:
1418:
almost wing-like, structure above the last few caudal vertebrae. The shape of the tail fluke is similar to that of the
4342:
Simões, Tiago R.; Vernygora, Oksana; Paparella, Ilaria; Jimenez-Huidobro, Paulina; Caldwell, Michael W. (2017-05-03).
723:
2622:
having larger anterior pterygoid teeth. The lack of a medial striation on its tooth surfaces differentiates it from
5763:
1184:
4514:
Christiansen, Per; Bonde, Niels (2002). "A New Species of Gigantic Mosasaur from the Late Cretaceous of Israel".
703:
4527:
4137:
4086:
3960:
3730:
4648:
4623:
4557:
4489:
3474:
3145:
in 2008 due to exhibiting similarity in the aspect ratios of their marginal dentition along the jaw margin to
5738:
5550:
3717:
Christiansen, P.; Bonde, N. (2002). "A new species of gigantic mosasaur from the Late Cretaceous of Israel".
793:
4167:
3926:
3054:
2852:, by the smooth enamel of its teeth and their non-procumbant nature. Previously classified as its own genus
964:, present in all species of the genus. The function of the scleral ossicles is to maintain the shape of the
5748:
5728:
4797:
Bastiaans, Dylan; Kroll, Jeroen J.F.; Cornelissen, Dirk; Schulp, Anne S.; Jagt, John W.M. (February 2020).
3947:
Christiansen, P.; Bonde, N. (2002). "A new speciesof giganticmosasaur from the Late Cretaceous of Israel".
3881:
Bastiaans, Dylan; Kroll, Jeroen J.F.; Cornelissen, Dirk; Schulp, Anne S.; Jagt, John W.M. (February 2020).
619:. There is some confusion over the correct generic name for the taxon. Dollo first mentioned the taxon as "
1502:
was one of the earliest researchers to work on mosasaur systematics, initially placing them as a distinct
4458:"Mosasaurs (Squamata: Mosasauridae) from the Late Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) of North Carolina, USA"
2097:
143:
3845:
A Pathological Mosasaur snout from the Type Maastrichtian (SE Netherlands), Bastiaans et al, 2014, 2020.
5743:
4848:
3371:. These prey items are quite different from one another and would normally be prey items for different
5758:
4941:
3040:
is even stronger built. With known examples of large sea turtles from the Maastricht region, such as
2073:
1272:), the teeth are all fairly uniform in size other than the penultimate tooth base (which is larger).
4604:
Schulp, Anne S.; Polcyn, Michael J.; Mateus, Octávio; Jacobs, Louis L.; Morais, Maria Luísa (2008).
4039:
3087:
5753:
4457:
2145:
1786:
680:
887:
constitutes one of the largest-bodied mosasaur genera, with the largest known skull (belonging to
5718:
5555:
4019:"A new species of Prognathodon (Squamata: Mosasauridae) from the Maastrichtian of Harrana-Jordan"
3381:
3228:
allowed detailed studies of the gut contents (including fragments of a large and a small fish, a
2977:
known at the time of its description, and being considerably more massive and robust in general.
5695:
5629:
5591:
3976:
3859:
2686:") was somewhat unclear and that dental and osteological features suggested a placement within
1858:
5669:
5723:
5690:
5682:
4841:
4026:
3016:
2896:
by characters in the quadrate and has vertebral features closely resembling the vertebrae of
2638:. The shape of the vertebral condyle (not being higher than they are wide) separates it from
2186:
2169:
1086:
899:
at 11 metres (36 ft). Considering this 2002 study, Schupl and colleagues estimated that
824:
804:
honors Kaddumi's daughter Huda. Also described in 2009 by Kaddumi from the same locality was
5114:
4204:
Lindgren, J.; Caldwell, M.W.; Konishi, T.; Chiappe, L.M. (2010). Farke, Andrew Allen (ed.).
1158:
were preserved, though the right one is at the moment almost entirely a restoration made of
906:
5638:
4810:
4707:
4355:
4217:
4125:
3986:
3894:
3810:
3540:
3337:
3022:
The robustness of the quadrate bone, along with the equally robust mandible, suggests that
1841:
1513:
and the "Plioplatecarpidae". In this early taxonomy, the Mosasauridae contained the genera
843:
837:), this is the first indisputable evidence that derived mosasaurs had bilobed tail flukes.
819:
by Kaddumi, Johan Lindgren, and Michael J. Polcyn in 2013. The species name references the
4694:
Palci, Alessandro; Caldwell, Michael W.; Papazzoni, Cesare A.; Fornaciari, Eliana (2014).
8:
4206:"Convergent Evolution in Aquatic Tetrapods: Insights from an Exceptional Fossil Mosasaur"
3026:
could achieve bite forces in excess of all other mosasaurs. Compared to the quadrates of
1810:
1762:
1738:
4814:
4711:
4359:
4221:
4129:
3990:
3898:
3814:
3694:"A large mosasaur from the Upper Cretaceous of The Netherlands (PDF Download Available)"
3544:
3454:
injuries are believed to be the result of a fight with another mosasaur (likely another
646:
in a comprehensive monograph on North American mosasaurs in 1967, where the priority of
623:" in some preliminary notes and provided a provisional diagnosis, but replaced the name
5576:
4739:
4731:
4539:
4531:
4474:
4386:
4343:
4312:
4283:"Inferring "weak spots" in phylogenetic trees: application to mosasauroid nomenclature"
4240:
4205:
4190:
4098:
3734:
3623:
3564:
3046:, it is possible (based on found healed bite marks) that the size range of the prey of
3008:
3004:
2754:
are recognised as being distinct mosasaur species, but their designation as species of
2121:
1699:
1342:
1338:
1333:
734:. This specimen was the first reasonably complete mosasaur specimen recovered from the
406:
138:
3616:
Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre
1559:
in a "microrhynchous" group. The two other groups were the "megarhynchous" (including
792:
based on a complete right dentary and partial left dentary from the Maastrichtian-age
5677:
5258:
5201:
4723:
4433:
4391:
4373:
4317:
4245:
4102:
4090:
3828:
3764:
3627:
3568:
3556:
3217:
3065:
1495:
1293:
A relatively small number of teeth in comparison to other mosasaurs (for an example,
766:
722:
limestone quarries. Shortly after, it was nicknamed "Bèr", and put on display in the
675:
4743:
4543:
4456:
Rempert, Trevor H.; Martens, Brennan P.; Vinkeles Melchers, Alexander P. M. (2024).
3738:
3693:
1625:
within the Mosasaurinae, for the first time ever, as a close relative of the genera
5533:
5235:
5035:
4969:
4818:
4779:
4768:: implications for Globidensini monophyly and character homology in Mosasaurinae".
4715:
4523:
4469:
4381:
4363:
4307:
4297:
4235:
4225:
4186:
4133:
4082:
3994:
3956:
3902:
3818:
3726:
3548:
3372:
3012:
2698:
or not complicated a better look at the classification of the material referred to
1608:
1603:
1407:
1208:
4823:
4798:
4783:
3907:
3882:
3319:
are nowhere near as broad as those of typical "crushing"-teeth mosasaurs, such as
3075:
2630:. Additionally, the presence of carinae serrations on the teeth separates it from
5526:
5462:
5427:
5383:
5265:
5244:
5181:
5166:
4719:
4368:
4230:
3552:
3442:
specimen known as NHMM 2012 (often nicknamed as "Carlo"), described by Bastiaans
3421:
2603:
by having 13 teeth in its dentary, though can be excluded from being sunked into
2556:
at an estimated 8 meters in length. It is sometimes classified as its own genus,
1543:
1422:
sharks, though turned upside down, with a small upper lobe and large lower lobe.
1386:
allowed detailed examinations of unique details of the soft tissue morphology of
998:
643:
1601:
within the Plioplatecarpinae, but erected a tribe for the genus and the related
1464:
972:
in the region of Brucke's muscle responsible for affecting accommodation in the
5399:
5330:
5071:
5017:
3277:
2431:
1404:
1167:
1155:
1035:
1023:
961:
570:
539:
4799:"Cranial palaeopathologies in a Late Cretaceous mosasaur from the Netherlands"
4203:
4115:
3998:
3883:"Cranial palaeopathologies in a Late Cretaceous mosasaur from the Netherlands"
3003:
The type specimen, NHMM 1998141, preserves a near-complete skull, articulated
2938:
reached lengths of approximately 9-10 meters, perhaps only being shorter than
2667:. Lingham-Soliar (1989) showed that these characteristics were not unique to "
1374:
The discovery of the exceptionally well-preserved specimen ERMNH HFV 197 from
1228:
teeth and are routinely assigned to the genus. Despite this, the type species
5712:
5614:
5503:
5475:
5433:
5406:
5365:
5321:
5292:
5051:
5010:
4962:
4727:
4437:
4377:
4094:
3768:
3560:
3410:
3103:
2927:
2914:
2872:
2787:
2773:
2524:
2424:
1617:
1390:. The fossil is not only largely complete and articulated, which is rare for
1375:
1309:
1175:
1014:
1007:
671:
655:
554:
522:
506:
72:
34:
3799:"Soft tissue preservation in a fossil marine lizard with a bilobed tail fin"
3392:
953:
would have approached the same size, about 8 metres (26 ft) in length.
945:
is estimated to have reached 6.4 metres (21 ft) in length. The largest
860:. The specimen is nicknamed Carlo, after the ENCI worker who discovered it.
114:
5454:
5348:
5285:
5276:
5224:
5217:
5210:
5190:
5123:
5078:
4987:
4934:
4913:
4904:
4395:
4321:
4249:
3832:
3427:
3342:
3300:
3257:
3192:
3155:
2805:
2445:
1724:
1706:
1652:
1648:
1636:
1481:
1419:
1400:
934:
853:
558:
482:
263:
237:
941:, was the smallest, reaching around 5–6 metres (16–20 ft) in length.
5623:
5519:
5512:
5496:
5468:
5447:
5440:
5392:
5337:
5306:
5251:
5143:
5099:
5085:
5062:
4927:
3415:
3116:
3042:
2931:
2664:
2496:
and is known from a single massive skull. The skull bears resemblance to
2398:
2018:
1714:
1681:
1499:
1490:
1449:
1428:
1047:
973:
833:
689:
612:
574:
566:
562:
518:
510:
47:
4735:
4695:
4341:
3275:
A side-by-side comparison of a typical "crushing" mosasaur tooth (left,
2814:
1018:
surface of the postorbitofrontal and the ventroposterior process on the
5656:
5372:
5358:
5159:
5092:
4996:
4976:
4948:
4535:
4302:
3823:
3798:
3368:
3364:
3311:
3283:
3241:
3233:
3229:
2959:
2898:
2463:
1537:
1531:
1521:
1414:
in the evolution of a crescent-shaped tail fluke to aid in locomotion.
1341:
and get to a length of about 7.2 cm and a height of 4 cm. 26
1151:
1080:
1019:
994:
982:
820:
735:
719:
695:
487:
211:
92:
57:
4282:
2508:", multiple phylogenetic analyses found it to be firmly placed within
1358:
1102:) and a posterior bite force of 7,630–10,974 N (778–1,119 kg
5482:
5299:
5152:
5132:
5003:
4920:
4421:
3305:
3214:
3028:
2982:
2875:, the United States (Maryland and New Jersey, possibly North Carolina
2835:
2717:
and additionally suggested on a close relation with the type species
2695:
2654:
2561:
2539:
2479:
2402:
2367:
2358:
1627:
1547:. In 1890, following further mosasaur discoveries (including that of
1515:
1396:
1119:
868:
762:
502:
493:
155:
97:
41:
30:
5585:
4696:"Mosasaurine Mosasaurs (Squamara, Mosasauridae) from Northern Italy"
4018:
3797:
Lindgren, Johan; Kaddumi, Hani F.; Polcyn, Michael J. (2013-09-10).
2838:, Canada (Alberta) and the United States (Colorado and South Dakota)
1691:
1688:
itself was recovered as forming a sister group to the Globidensini.
993:
was provided by Lingham-Soliar and Nolf (1989), and states that the
956:
Other than its size and robust nature, another feature that defines
5608:
5024:
4894:
4888:
4882:
4864:
4757:
Lively, J.R. (2020). "Redescription and phylogenetic assessment of
4052:
3934:
Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History (Yale University)
3663:
Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History (Yale University)
3345:
2762:, most of them thus potentially representing genera on their own.
2327:
1510:
1506:
1488:
has historically been seen as a genus sharing close relations with
1179:
478:
224:
195:
175:
123:
87:
82:
67:
62:
52:
3763:. Amman: Eternal River Museum of Natural History. pp. 65–73.
3602:
2705:
A phylogenetic analysis conducted as part of the redescription of
2452:
and also the smallest known species at barely 5 meters in length.
4672:
Mohr, LeBlanc, Caldwell, 2019. Redescription and Reassignment of
3331:
3327:
3221:
2565:
1379:
1363:
1163:
1094:
had an anterior bite force of 6,346–9,127 N (647–931 kg
1031:
1003:
797:
770:
667:
616:
582:
471:
185:
102:
77:
5643:
4693:
2342:
650:
was made apparent. Russell also revised the species assigned to
4955:
4876:
4796:
4455:
3880:
3225:
3125:
2796:
2791:
2577:
2573:
2394:
1503:
1411:
1383:
1325:
are considerably rarer than skull material and isolated teeth.
1159:
969:
965:
774:
742:
514:
165:
3609:(Reptilia, Mosasauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Belgium"
3529:
3359:
One of the Alberta specimens, TMP 2007.034.0001, is the first
3236:) and dentition which allowed speculation into the ecology of
1643:. Bell was also the first to note that his analysis recovered
2955:
1445:
1174:. Its posteroventral surface is concave for contact with the
532:
474:
126:
4833:
2610:
The absence of a dentary anterior projection differentiates
4528:
10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0629:ansogm]2.0.co;2
4138:
10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0947:AMBMOL>2.3.CO;2
4087:
10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0744:NMOTMC]2.0.CO;2
3961:
10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0629:ANSOGM]2.0.CO;2
3731:
10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0629:ANSOGM]2.0.CO;2
3256:
instead was an opportunistic predator comparable to modern
3244:
bones as gut contents lends support to the hypothesis that
2572:
sp." have been recovered from deposits of a similar age in
1366:
of IRSNB 1624, an exceptionally well-preserved specimen of
848:
4056:
The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 80th Annual Meeting
1196:, since some researchers place it in a genus of its own, "
3979:
Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie en Mijnbouw
3946:
3141:), two with a slender snout morphology, were assigned to
2374:
has obscured the early part of its evolutionary history.
1541:
and the Plioplatecarpidae was monotypic, only containing
1347:
1236:
has 12 teeth on the maxilla and 13 on the dentary whilst
501:
has been recovered from deposits ranging in age from the
4603:
3153:
may perhaps be referable to the Maastrichtian-age genus
1178:. The dentaries are fused with the posterior end of the
997:
lacks a rostrum anterior to the premaxillary teeth. The
3268:
seemingly show adaptations not usually found together.
2988:
has a much more slender dentary, which also applies to
1362:
Fibrous tissues and microstructures recovered from the
658:, but only briefly commented on the Belgian specimens.
3190:
was redescribed as the type species of its own genus,
2973:
is its massive size, larger than any other species of
2678:
Lindgren (2005) noted that the taxonomic situation of
2492:
is one of the largest, if not the largest, species of
1635:. The tribe Prognathodontini was synonymized with the
635:
in all of his subsequent papers mentioning the genus.
3796:
1248:
addition to deep striae, the fragmentary material of
903:
would have reached 12 metres (39 ft) in length.
1346:
Additionally, the type specimen also preserved many
3761:
Fossils of the Harrana Fauna and the Adjacent Areas
2926:is a massively built and enormous species from the
2848:can be distinguished from other species, including
2709:by D.V. Grigoriev (2013) supported the referral of
788:In 2009, Hani F. Kaddumi described the new species
3927:"Systematics and Morphology of American Mosasaurs"
3656:"Systematics and Morphology of American Mosasaurs"
3011:with cervical and dorsal ribs, isolated pygal and
4513:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4147:
3856:"Pressrelease Natuurhistorisch Museum Maastricht"
3755:Kaddumi, Hani F. (2009). "Another new species of
3716:
3281:) and a typical "cutting" mosasaur tooth (right,
3015:, scapula-coracoid and scattered elements of the
1275:Another species noted for its divergent teeth is
718:In 1998, an intact fossil skull was found in the
662:unusual for mosasaur specimens discovered in the
531:means "forejaw tooth", which originates from the
5710:
4072:
3248:was adapted to crush through hard-shelled prey.
2671:", which he synonymized on the genus level with
2353:A large number of species have been assigned to
749:", but eventually described as a new species of
4682:SVP 2019, Annual Meeting, Program and Abstracts
4581:
3149:. In 2019 it was suggested by Mohr et al. that
2663:, named in honor of the belgian paleontologist
2599:also differs from all other species except for
1476:Modern phylogenetic analyses continually place
1090:). In 1998, Kase and colleagues estimated that
4144:
2725:
2357:, though the genus is widely considered to be
1509:and dividing the group into two families, the
4849:
4426:Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark
3848:
3603:Theagarten Lingham-Soliar; Dirk Nolf (1989).
3209:The discovery of well-preserved specimens of
2560:and has been recovered from deposits of Late
1639:, another tribe coined by Russell (1967) for
1459:
989:The latest published diagnosis for the genus
847:. Carlo Brauer, an excavator operator at the
5561:List of mosasaur-bearing stratigraphic units
2401:and removing any occurrence before the Late
585:have been assigned to other genera, such as
4462:Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS
4179:Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS
3179:should perhaps instead by synonymized with
2965:The most obvious distinguishing feature of
2405:. A confirmed North American occurrence of
1452:. For this reason, it is likely that adult
1134:had procumbent teeth, a trait also seen in
5142:
4856:
4842:
4750:
4610:Proceedings of the Second Mosasaur Meeting
4256:
3972:
3970:
113:
4822:
4473:
4385:
4367:
4311:
4301:
4280:
4239:
4229:
4165:
3906:
3822:
726:. This specimen was then identified as a
4649:"Fossilworks: Prognathodon waiparaensis"
4419:
3391:
3291:seem to contain characteristics of both.
3270:
3086:
3074:
3064:
3053:
2969:that separates it from other species of
2813:
2800:and is regularly found to be outside of
2462:
2341:
2326:
1690:
1463:
1357:
1308:
1207:
1046:
905:
867:
694:
481:family. It is classified as part of the
3967:
3924:
3754:
3653:
615:in 1889 based on specimens gathered in
5711:
4756:
4599:
4597:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4197:
3920:
3918:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3299:displays heterodonty similar to other
3183:(though no formal proposal was made).
3050:included these 2.9 meter long turtles.
1680:is recovered as a sister group to the
761:described in 2011 from the early late
5590:
5589:
4837:
4558:"Fossilworks: Prognathodon giganteus"
4451:
4449:
4447:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4012:
4010:
4008:
3925:Russell, Dale. A. (6 November 1967).
3688:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3654:Russell, Dale. A. (6 November 1967).
3598:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3515:
2652:was originally named as a species of
1567:) and the "mesorhynchous" (including
915:Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology
710:The first comprehensive study of the
593:, but this has also been questioned.
549:("tooth"). Twelve nominal species of
4624:"Fossilworks: Prognathodon overtoni"
3792:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3759:from the Maastrichtian of Harrana".
3750:
3748:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3495:
2500:, in particular to the type species
2478:Christiansen and Bonde, 2002 — Late
2430:tentatively from the United States (
1078:) compared to other genera, such as
745:was for some time informally named "
4594:
4490:"Fossilworks: Prognathodon solvayi"
4402:
4066:
4016:
3915:
3858:. 20 September 2012. Archived from
3634:
3123:Three species of the dubious genus
2804:(and recovered as a far more basal
603:
13:
4771:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
4700:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
4516:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
4444:
4328:
4269:
4075:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
4005:
3949:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3719:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3669:
3533:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2590:differs from all other species of
1332:preserves several vertebrae. Four
1126:The skull of the type specimen of
477:of marine lizard belonging to the
14:
5775:
3775:
3745:
3575:
3492:
2888:is easily separated from species
2607:due to its smooth enamel surface.
2389:Species seen as valid and within
2377:The question of what constitutes
1304:
1212:A close-up image of the teeth of
1002:is either present or absent. The
781:from closely related genera like
724:Maastricht Natural History Museum
485:subfamily, alongside genera like
133:, the type species of the genus.
5572:
5571:
5113:
4475:10.31610/trudyzin/2024.328.3.384
4191:10.31610/trudyzin/2013.317.3.246
2808:) in most phylogenetic analyses.
730:, and received the species name
142:
45:
4790:
4687:
4666:
4641:
4616:
4575:
4550:
4507:
4482:
4109:
4046:
3940:
3874:
3204:
3199:
741:A very large specimen found in
704:Geological Museum in Copenhagen
3839:
3710:
3467:
3367:and the possible remains of a
1684:, and the clade Mosasaurini +
1353:
863:
302:(Christiansen and Bonde, 2002)
1:
5551:Timeline of mosasaur research
4863:
4824:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104425
4784:10.1080/02724634.2020.1784183
3908:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104425
3461:
921:Though many species (such as
794:Muwaqqar Chalk Marl Formation
4720:10.1080/02724634.2013.826235
4369:10.1371/journal.pone.0176773
4281:Madzia, D.; Cau, A. (2017).
4231:10.1371/journal.pone.0011998
3553:10.1080/02724634.2011.601714
3433:
3387:
1647:, previously believed to be
1203:
800:, Jordan. The specific name
7:
3475:"Fossilworks: Prognathodon"
2946:is also controversial) and
2726:Disputed and former species
2527:, Belgium, Jordan and Syria
2361:. The incomplete nature of
2098:Plesiotylosaurus crassidens
1268:and other species (such as
913:(TMP 2018.042.0005) at the
10:
5780:
5734:Mosasaurs of North America
4680:(Squamata, Mosasuaridae).
2996:can be distinguished from
2407:Prognathodon sensu stricto
2337:
1460:Classification and species
1013:The margins of the dorsal
976:eye. In the type species,
811:The new species and genus
538:- ("earlier" or "prior"),
5598:
5569:
5543:
5421:Related groups and genera
5420:
5382:
5347:
5320:
5275:
5234:
5200:
5180:
5122:
5111:
5061:
5034:
4986:
4903:
4871:
4266:, Academic Press, 501 pp.
4172:(Squamata, Mosasauridae)"
4166:Grigoriev, D. V. (2013).
3999:10.1017/s001677460000010x
3102:Welles and Gregg, 1971 —
3098:Prognathodon waiparaensis
2942:(whose classification as
2856:before being lumped into
2580:, and may thus belong to
2413:, was described in 2024.
2183:
2166:
2159:
2142:
2135:
2118:
2111:
2094:
2087:
2074:Eremiasaurus heterodontus
2070:
2053:
2046:
2033:Prognathodon waiparaensis
2029:
2022:
1984:
1967:
1960:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1912:
1905:
1888:
1881:
1855:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1807:
1800:
1783:
1776:
1759:
1752:
1735:
1728:
1117:, similarly to the genus
412:
405:
287:
282:
269:
262:
139:Scientific classification
137:
121:
112:
23:
4420:Lindgren, Johan (2005).
3295:It is worth noting that
2913:Dortangs et al., 2002 —
2568:. Fossils described as "
2548:Though not the largest,
2146:Mosasaurus missouriensis
1787:Clidastes moorevillensis
1597:Russell (1967) retained
1484:subfamily, despite this
1321:Post-cranial fossils of
1192:was indeed a species of
1042:
681:Plioplatecarpus houzeaui
664:Craie de Ciply Formation
638:The first later use of "
398:(Welles and Gregg, 1971)
16:Extinct genus of lizards
5764:Paleontology in Alberta
5556:List of mosasaur genera
4584:Paleontological Journal
4264:Ancient Marine Reptiles
3382:Western Interior Seaway
3341:, known to have fed on
2552:was a large species of
1472:, based on fossil sites
611:was first described by
581:is controversial. Some
382:(Dortangs et al., 2002)
4674:“Liodon” mosasauroides
4034:Cite journal requires
3406:Prognathodon saturator
3401:
3292:
3094:
3082:
3072:
3062:
2909:Prognathodon saturator
2826:
2772:Schulp et al., 2008 —
2538:Yakovlev, 1901 — Late
2519:Prognathodon giganteus
2470:
2350:
2334:
1947:Prognathodon saturator
1859:Globidens alabamaensis
1709:. The cladogram shows
1702:
1586:as closely related to
1473:
1468:Known distribution of
1432:specimen LACM 128319.
1371:
1318:
1295:Prognathodon saturator
1240:has 14 dentary teeth.
1217:
1128:Prognathodon saturator
1059:
918:
881:
732:Prognathodon saturator
707:
686:Prognathodon giganteus
5691:Paleobiology Database
4170:Prognathodon lutugini
3803:Nature Communications
3404:The type specimen of
3395:
3378:Prognathodon overtoni
3274:
3211:Prognathodon overtoni
3090:
3078:
3068:
3057:
3032:and other species of
3017:appendicular skeleton
2830:Prognathodon overtoni
2817:
2588:Prognathodon lutugini
2550:Prognathodon lutugini
2534:Prognathodon lutugini
2466:
2345:
2330:
2187:Plotosaurus bennisoni
2170:Mosasaurus hoffmannii
1916:Prognathodon overtoni
1694:
1555:was placed alongside
1467:
1399:were convergent with
1361:
1328:The type specimen of
1312:
1211:
1146:The type specimen of
1106:; 1,715–2,467 lb
1098:; 1,427–2,052 lb
1050:
909:
871:
825:Abdullah II of Jordan
759:Prognathodon overtoni
698:
553:are recognised, from
342:(Schulp et al., 2008)
5739:Mosasaurs of Oceania
3862:on 23 September 2012
3338:Globidens schurmanni
2950:. The specific name
2427:, Belgium and Spain,
2419:Prognathodon solvayi
1988:Prognathodon solvayi
1842:Globidens dakotensis
1578:Dollo realized that
1220:Species referred to
844:Mosasaurus hoffmanni
817:Prognathodon hashimi
813:Tenerasaurus hashimi
272:Prognathodon solvayi
131:Prognathodon solvayi
5749:Mosasaurs of Africa
5729:Mosasaurs of Europe
4815:2020CrRes.11204425B
4803:Cretaceous Research
4712:2014JVPal..34..549P
4360:2017PLoSO..1276773S
4222:2010PLoSO...511998L
4130:1998Geo....26..947K
4062:. pp. 249–250.
3991:2013NJGeo..92..165S
3899:2020CrRes.11204425B
3887:Cretaceous Research
3815:2013NatCo...4.2423L
3545:2011JVPal..31.1026K
3448:Cretaceous Research
2768:Prognathodon kianda
2732:Prognathodon kianda
2474:Prognathodon currii
2057:Prognathodon kianda
1971:Prognathodon currii
1811:Clidastes propython
1763:Clidastes liodontus
1739:Dallasaurus turneri
1066:relatively high in
960:is the form of the
757:. Two specimens of
4303:10.7717/peerj.3782
4168:"Redescription of
3824:10.1038/ncomms3423
3402:
3293:
3232:and potentially a
3095:
3083:
3073:
3063:
2917:, the Netherlands.
2867:Prognathodon rapax
2834:Williston, 1897 —
2827:
2786:is known from the
2471:
2351:
2335:
2122:Mosasaurus conodon
1892:Prognathodon rapax
1703:
1700:Smithsonian Museum
1621:). Bell recovered
1474:
1372:
1334:cervical vertebrae
1319:
1218:
1060:
919:
882:
708:
702:skull cast at the
424:(Williston, 1897)
5744:Mosasaurs of Asia
5706:
5705:
5678:Open Tree of Life
5592:Taxon identifiers
5583:
5582:
5416:
5415:
5316:
5315:
5259:Plesioplatecarpus
5202:Plioplatecarpinae
5176:
5175:
5109:
5108:
4017:Kaddumi, Hani F.
3218:Bearpaw Formation
3167:) were closer to
3107:
2918:
2879:
2876:
2839:
2777:
2543:
2528:
2483:
2435:
2428:
2324:
2323:
2315:
2314:
2306:
2305:
2297:
2296:
2288:
2287:
2279:
2278:
2270:
2269:
2261:
2260:
2252:
2251:
2243:
2242:
2234:
2233:
2225:
2224:
2216:
2215:
2207:
2206:
2198:
2197:
2008:
2007:
1999:
1998:
1870:
1869:
1496:Plioplatecarpinae
1113:The quadrates of
767:Bearpaw Formation
676:tympanic membrane
463:
462:
457:
449:
441:
433:
420:
399:
391:
383:
375:
367:
359:
358:(Williston, 1897)
351:
347:P.? mosasauroides
343:
335:
327:
319:
311:
303:
295:
291:P.? compressidens
258:
5771:
5759:Mooreville Chalk
5699:
5698:
5686:
5685:
5673:
5672:
5660:
5659:
5647:
5646:
5634:
5633:
5632:
5619:
5618:
5617:
5587:
5586:
5575:
5574:
5544:Related articles
5534:Vallecillosaurus
5236:Plioplatecarpini
5232:
5231:
5198:
5197:
5140:
5139:
5117:
5036:Prognathodontini
4984:
4983:
4970:Plesiotylosaurus
4858:
4851:
4844:
4835:
4834:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4765:
4761:
4754:
4748:
4747:
4691:
4685:
4670:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4620:
4614:
4613:
4601:
4592:
4591:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4453:
4442:
4441:
4417:
4400:
4399:
4389:
4371:
4339:
4326:
4325:
4315:
4305:
4287:
4278:
4267:
4260:
4254:
4253:
4243:
4233:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4176:
4163:
4142:
4141:
4113:
4107:
4106:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4037:
4032:
4030:
4022:
4014:
4003:
4002:
3985:(2–3): 165–170.
3974:
3965:
3964:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3931:
3922:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3852:
3846:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3826:
3794:
3773:
3772:
3752:
3743:
3742:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3690:
3667:
3666:
3660:
3651:
3632:
3631:
3613:
3600:
3573:
3572:
3539:(5): 1026–1046.
3527:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3471:
3139:L. mosasauroides
3135:L. compressidens
3101:
3092:P. mosasauroides
3080:P. compressidens
3013:caudal vertebrae
3009:dorsal vertebrae
2962:area since 1957.
2912:
2877:
2870:
2833:
2771:
2537:
2522:
2477:
2429:
2422:
2162:
2161:
2138:
2137:
2114:
2113:
2090:
2089:
2049:
2048:
2025:
2024:
1963:
1962:
1939:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1908:
1907:
1884:
1883:
1834:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1803:
1802:
1779:
1778:
1755:
1754:
1731:
1730:
1721:
1720:
1698:skeleton at the
1673:Plesiotylosaurus
1665:Plesiotylosaurus
1633:Plesiotylosaurus
1609:Prognathodontini
1604:Plesiotylosaurus
1408:thalattosuchians
1343:dorsal vertebrae
1339:dorsal vertebrae
1243:Of all species,
968:and support the
604:Research history
455:
447:
439:
432:(Yakovlev, 1905)
431:
418:
397:
395:P.? waiparaensis
389:
381:
373:
365:
357:
349:
341:
334:(Yakovlev, 1901)
333:
325:
317:
309:
301:
293:
256:
249:
238:Prognathodontini
236:
223:
210:
147:
146:
117:
107:
44:
29:Temporal range:
21:
20:
5779:
5778:
5774:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5769:
5768:
5754:Demopolis Chalk
5709:
5708:
5707:
5702:
5694:
5689:
5681:
5676:
5668:
5663:
5655:
5650:
5642:
5637:
5628:
5627:
5622:
5613:
5612:
5607:
5594:
5584:
5579:
5565:
5539:
5527:Portunatasaurus
5463:Dolichosauridae
5428:Aigialosauridae
5412:
5384:Yaguarasaurinae
5378:
5343:
5312:
5271:
5266:Plioplatecarpus
5245:Latoplatecarpus
5230:
5196:
5182:Russellosaurina
5172:
5167:Phosphorosaurus
5138:
5118:
5105:
5057:
5030:
4982:
4899:
4867:
4862:
4832:
4795:
4791:
4778:(3): e1784183.
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4692:
4688:
4671:
4667:
4657:
4655:
4653:fossilworks.org
4647:
4646:
4642:
4632:
4630:
4628:fossilworks.org
4622:
4621:
4617:
4602:
4595:
4580:
4576:
4566:
4564:
4562:fossilworks.org
4556:
4555:
4551:
4512:
4508:
4498:
4496:
4494:fossilworks.org
4488:
4487:
4483:
4454:
4445:
4418:
4403:
4354:(5): e0176773.
4340:
4329:
4285:
4279:
4270:
4261:
4257:
4202:
4198:
4174:
4164:
4145:
4124:(10): 947–950.
4114:
4110:
4071:
4067:
4059:
4051:
4047:
4035:
4033:
4024:
4023:
4015:
4006:
3975:
3968:
3945:
3941:
3929:
3923:
3916:
3879:
3875:
3865:
3863:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3844:
3840:
3795:
3776:
3753:
3746:
3715:
3711:
3702:
3700:
3692:
3691:
3670:
3658:
3652:
3635:
3611:
3601:
3576:
3528:
3493:
3483:
3481:
3479:fossilworks.org
3473:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3446:in the journal
3436:
3422:Plicatoscyllium
3396:Restoration of
3390:
3207:
3202:
3113:P. waiparaensis
3058:Restoration of
2990:P. waiparaensis
2932:the Netherlands
2752:P. waiparaensis
2728:
2624:P. waiparaensis
2346:Restoration of
2340:
2325:
2316:
2307:
2298:
2289:
2280:
2271:
2262:
2253:
2244:
2235:
2226:
2217:
2208:
2199:
2009:
2000:
1871:
1592:Plioplatecarpus
1580:Plioplatecarpus
1544:Plioplatecarpus
1462:
1356:
1307:
1206:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1045:
962:sclerotic rings
872:Restoration of
866:
644:Dale A. Russell
633:Prognathosaurus
629:Prognathosaurus
606:
456:(Kaddumi, 2009)
448:(Schmidt, 1927)
416:Prognathosaurus
318:(Kaddumi, 2009)
278:
275:
255:
247:
234:
221:
208:
141:
122:IRNSB R33, the
108:
106:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
39:
38:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5777:
5767:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5719:Apex predators
5704:
5703:
5701:
5700:
5687:
5674:
5661:
5648:
5635:
5620:
5604:
5602:
5596:
5595:
5581:
5580:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5547:
5545:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5537:
5530:
5523:
5516:
5509:
5508:
5507:
5500:
5493:
5486:
5479:
5472:
5460:
5459:
5458:
5451:
5444:
5437:
5424:
5422:
5418:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5403:
5400:Russellosaurus
5396:
5388:
5386:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5376:
5369:
5362:
5353:
5351:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5341:
5334:
5331:Pannoniasaurus
5326:
5324:
5318:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5310:
5303:
5296:
5289:
5281:
5279:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5269:
5262:
5255:
5248:
5240:
5238:
5229:
5228:
5221:
5214:
5206:
5204:
5195:
5194:
5186:
5184:
5178:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5163:
5156:
5148:
5146:
5137:
5136:
5128:
5126:
5120:
5119:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5103:
5096:
5089:
5082:
5075:
5072:Bentiabasaurus
5067:
5065:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5055:
5048:
5040:
5038:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5028:
5021:
5018:Igdamanosaurus
5014:
5007:
5000:
4992:
4990:
4981:
4980:
4973:
4966:
4959:
4952:
4945:
4938:
4931:
4924:
4917:
4909:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4891:
4885:
4879:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4861:
4860:
4853:
4846:
4838:
4831:
4830:
4789:
4749:
4706:(3): 549–559.
4686:
4665:
4640:
4615:
4593:
4574:
4549:
4522:(3): 629–644.
4506:
4481:
4468:(3): 384–391.
4443:
4401:
4327:
4268:
4255:
4196:
4185:(3): 246–261.
4143:
4108:
4081:(3): 744–747.
4065:
4045:
4036:|journal=
4004:
3966:
3955:(3): 629–644.
3939:
3914:
3873:
3847:
3838:
3809:: ncomms3423.
3774:
3744:
3709:
3668:
3633:
3605:"The mosasaur
3574:
3491:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3452:Prognathodon's
3435:
3432:
3389:
3386:
3278:Igdamanosaurus
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3121:
3120:
3109:
3108:
3106:, New Zealand.
3060:P. waiparensis
3052:
3051:
3020:
3001:
2963:
2920:
2919:
2904:
2903:
2882:
2881:
2862:
2861:
2842:
2841:
2810:
2809:
2780:
2779:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2703:
2676:
2647:
2608:
2585:
2545:
2544:
2530:
2523:Dollo, 1904 —
2514:
2513:
2486:
2485:
2459:
2458:
2438:
2437:
2432:North Carolina
2423:Dollo, 1889 —
2409:, most likely
2339:
2336:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2165:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2141:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2117:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2028:
2023:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1942:
1937:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1911:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1887:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1806:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1758:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1719:
1461:
1458:
1405:metriorhynchid
1355:
1352:
1306:
1305:Axial skeleton
1303:
1205:
1202:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1044:
1041:
1024:basilar artery
865:
862:
823:, in honor of
605:
602:
571:western Europe
563:western Africa
461:
460:
459:
458:
450:
442:
440:(Strand, 1926)
434:
422:
421:
410:
409:
403:
402:
401:
400:
392:
384:
376:
368:
360:
352:
344:
336:
328:
320:
312:
304:
296:
285:
284:
283:Other species
280:
279:
276:
267:
266:
260:
259:
245:
241:
240:
232:
228:
227:
219:
215:
214:
206:
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
135:
134:
119:
118:
110:
109:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5776:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5697:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5640:
5636:
5631:
5625:
5621:
5616:
5610:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5588:
5578:
5568:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5542:
5536:
5535:
5531:
5529:
5528:
5524:
5522:
5521:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5505:
5504:Tetrapodophis
5501:
5499:
5498:
5494:
5492:
5491:
5487:
5485:
5484:
5480:
5478:
5477:
5476:Dolichosaurus
5473:
5471:
5470:
5466:
5465:
5464:
5461:
5457:
5456:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5445:
5443:
5442:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5434:Aigialosaurus
5431:
5430:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5419:
5409:
5408:
5407:Yaguarasaurus
5404:
5402:
5401:
5397:
5395:
5394:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5381:
5375:
5374:
5370:
5368:
5367:
5366:Taniwhasaurus
5363:
5361:
5360:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5350:
5346:
5340:
5339:
5335:
5333:
5332:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5323:
5322:Tethysaurinae
5319:
5309:
5308:
5304:
5302:
5301:
5297:
5295:
5294:
5293:Goronyosaurus
5290:
5288:
5287:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5278:
5274:
5268:
5267:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5249:
5247:
5246:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5233:
5227:
5226:
5222:
5220:
5219:
5215:
5213:
5212:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5199:
5193:
5192:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5179:
5169:
5168:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5157:
5155:
5154:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5145:
5141:
5135:
5134:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5125:
5121:
5116:
5102:
5101:
5097:
5095:
5094:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5060:
5054:
5053:
5052:Thalassotitan
5049:
5047:
5046:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5037:
5033:
5027:
5026:
5022:
5020:
5019:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5011:Harranasaurus
5008:
5006:
5005:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4989:
4985:
4979:
4978:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4963:Megapterygius
4960:
4958:
4957:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4946:
4944:
4943:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4918:
4916:
4915:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4896:
4892:
4890:
4886:
4884:
4880:
4878:
4874:
4873:
4870:
4866:
4859:
4854:
4852:
4847:
4845:
4840:
4839:
4836:
4825:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4793:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4772:
4767:
4753:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4690:
4683:
4679:
4676:to the Genus
4675:
4669:
4654:
4650:
4644:
4629:
4625:
4619:
4611:
4607:
4600:
4598:
4590:(6): 669–671.
4589:
4585:
4578:
4563:
4559:
4553:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4510:
4495:
4491:
4485:
4476:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4397:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4332:
4323:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4265:
4259:
4251:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4216:(8): e11998.
4215:
4211:
4207:
4200:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4173:
4171:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4112:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4069:
4058:
4057:
4049:
4041:
4028:
4020:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3973:
3971:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3943:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3919:
3909:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3877:
3861:
3857:
3851:
3842:
3834:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3751:
3749:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3713:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3610:
3608:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3466:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3431:
3429:
3428:stomach acids
3424:
3423:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3411:Maastrichtian
3407:
3399:
3394:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3355:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3333:
3329:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3279:
3273:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3258:killer whales
3255:
3252:suggest that
3249:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3151:mosasauroides
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3104:Maastrichtian
3100:
3099:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3056:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3007:and anterior
3006:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2928:Maastrichtian
2925:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2915:Maastrichtian
2911:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2874:
2873:Maastrichtian
2869:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2854:Brachysaurana
2851:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2837:
2832:
2831:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2788:Maastrichtian
2785:
2782:
2781:
2775:
2774:Maastrichtian
2770:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2618:, as well as
2617:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2558:"Dollosaurus"
2555:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2525:Maastrichtian
2521:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2481:
2476:
2475:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2433:
2426:
2425:Maastrichtian
2421:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2373:
2370:specimens of
2369:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2344:
2333:
2329:
2320:
2319:
2311:
2310:
2302:
2301:
2293:
2292:
2284:
2283:
2275:
2274:
2266:
2265:
2257:
2256:
2248:
2247:
2239:
2238:
2230:
2229:
2221:
2220:
2212:
2211:
2203:
2202:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2164:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2140:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2116:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2092:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2051:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2027:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2004:
2003:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1941:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1910:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1836:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1805:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1781:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1733:
1732:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1618:Aigialosaurus
1612:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1471:
1466:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1421:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1376:Maastrichtian
1369:
1365:
1360:
1351:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1316:
1311:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1215:
1210:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1087:M. hoffmannii
1083:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
987:
985:
984:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
954:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
916:
912:
908:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
879:
875:
870:
861:
859:
855:
850:
846:
845:
838:
836:
835:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
765:(c. 74.5 Ma)
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
716:
713:
705:
701:
697:
693:
691:
687:
683:
682:
677:
673:
669:
665:
659:
657:
656:North America
653:
649:
645:
641:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
601:
598:
594:
592:
591:Brachysaurana
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
555:North America
552:
548:
544:
541:
537:
534:
530:
526:
524:
523:North America
520:
516:
512:
508:
507:Maastrichtian
504:
500:
496:
495:
490:
489:
484:
480:
476:
473:
469:
468:
454:
451:
446:
445:Ancylocentrum
443:
438:
437:Brachysaurana
435:
430:
427:
426:
425:
419:(Dollo, 1889)
417:
414:
413:
411:
408:
404:
396:
393:
388:
387:P.? sectorius
385:
380:
379:P.? saturator
377:
372:
369:
366:Kaddumi, 2009
364:
361:
356:
353:
350:(Gaudry 1892)
348:
345:
340:
337:
332:
329:
326:Kaddumi, 2009
324:
321:
316:
313:
310:(Dollo, 1904)
308:
305:
300:
297:
294:(Gaudry 1892)
292:
289:
288:
286:
281:
274:
273:
268:
265:
261:
254:
253:
246:
243:
242:
239:
233:
230:
229:
226:
220:
217:
216:
213:
207:
204:
201:
200:
197:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
145:
140:
136:
132:
128:
125:
120:
116:
111:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
43:
40:83.6–66
36:
35:Maastrichtian
32:
26:
22:
19:
5724:Mosasaurines
5630:Prognathodon
5600:Prognathodon
5599:
5532:
5525:
5518:
5511:
5502:
5495:
5488:
5481:
5474:
5467:
5455:Opetiosaurus
5453:
5446:
5439:
5432:
5405:
5398:
5391:
5371:
5364:
5357:
5349:Tylosaurinae
5336:
5329:
5305:
5298:
5291:
5286:Gavialimimus
5284:
5277:Selmasaurini
5264:
5257:
5250:
5243:
5225:Sarabosaurus
5223:
5218:Ectenosaurus
5216:
5211:Angolasaurus
5209:
5191:Haasiasaurus
5189:
5165:
5158:
5151:
5131:
5124:Halisaurinae
5098:
5091:
5084:
5079:Eremiasaurus
5077:
5070:
5050:
5045:Prognathodon
5044:
5043:
5023:
5016:
5009:
5002:
4995:
4988:Globidensini
4975:
4968:
4961:
4954:
4947:
4940:
4935:Gnathomortis
4933:
4926:
4919:
4914:Amphekepubis
4912:
4905:Mosasaurinae
4806:
4802:
4792:
4775:
4769:
4762:Prognathodon
4758:
4752:
4703:
4699:
4689:
4681:
4678:Eremiasaurus
4677:
4673:
4668:
4656:. Retrieved
4652:
4643:
4631:. Retrieved
4627:
4618:
4609:
4587:
4583:
4577:
4565:. Retrieved
4561:
4552:
4519:
4515:
4509:
4497:. Retrieved
4493:
4484:
4465:
4461:
4432:(1): 17–25.
4429:
4425:
4351:
4347:
4293:
4289:
4263:
4258:
4213:
4209:
4199:
4182:
4178:
4169:
4121:
4117:
4111:
4078:
4074:
4068:
4055:
4048:
4027:cite journal
3982:
3978:
3952:
3948:
3942:
3933:
3890:
3886:
3876:
3866:20 September
3864:. Retrieved
3860:the original
3850:
3841:
3806:
3802:
3760:
3757:Prognathodon
3756:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3701:. Retrieved
3698:ResearchGate
3697:
3662:
3619:
3615:
3607:Prognathodon
3606:
3536:
3532:
3482:. Retrieved
3478:
3469:
3456:Prognathodon
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3440:Prognathodon
3439:
3437:
3420:
3414:
3405:
3403:
3398:P. saturator
3397:
3377:
3361:Prognathodon
3360:
3358:
3354:Prognathodon
3353:
3350:
3336:
3325:
3320:
3317:Prognathodon
3316:
3310:
3304:
3301:mosasaurines
3296:
3294:
3289:Prognathodon
3288:
3287:). Teeth of
3282:
3276:
3266:Prognathodon
3265:
3261:
3254:Prognathodon
3253:
3250:
3246:Prognathodon
3245:
3238:Prognathodon
3237:
3210:
3208:
3205:Paleoecology
3200:Paleobiology
3193:Gnathomortis
3191:
3188:P. stadtmani
3187:
3186:The species
3185:
3180:
3176:
3173:Prognathodon
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:Eremiasaurus
3154:
3150:
3146:
3143:Prognathodon
3142:
3138:
3134:
3131:L. sectorius
3130:
3124:
3122:
3112:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3079:
3070:P. sectorius
3069:
3059:
3048:P. saturator
3047:
3041:
3038:P. saturator
3037:
3034:Prognathodon
3033:
3027:
3024:P. saturator
3023:
2998:P. saturator
2997:
2994:P. giganteus
2993:
2989:
2986:P. stadtmani
2985:
2979:P. saturator
2978:
2975:Prognathodon
2974:
2971:Prognathodon
2970:
2967:P. saturator
2966:
2951:
2947:
2944:Prognathodon
2943:
2939:
2936:P. saturator
2935:
2924:P. saturator
2923:
2908:
2907:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2871:Hay, 1902 —
2866:
2865:
2858:Prognathodon
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2819:
2802:Prognathodon
2801:
2795:
2783:
2767:
2766:
2760:Prognathodon
2759:
2756:Prognathodon
2755:
2751:
2748:P. stadtmani
2747:
2744:P. saturator
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2730:The species
2729:
2718:
2715:Prognathodon
2714:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2696:paraphyletic
2692:Prognathodon
2691:
2688:Prognathodon
2687:
2683:
2679:
2673:Prognathodon
2672:
2668:
2660:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2640:P. saturator
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:Prognathodon
2591:
2587:
2581:
2569:
2557:
2554:Prognathodon
2553:
2549:
2533:
2532:
2518:
2517:
2510:Prognathodon
2509:
2505:
2501:
2498:Prognathodon
2497:
2494:Prognathodon
2493:
2489:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2453:
2450:Prognathodon
2449:
2446:type species
2441:
2418:
2417:
2410:
2406:
2391:Prognathodon
2390:
2388:
2383:
2379:Prognathodon
2378:
2376:
2372:Prognathodon
2371:
2363:Prognathodon
2362:
2359:paraphyletic
2355:Prognathodon
2354:
2352:
2347:
2331:
2185:
2184:
2168:
2167:
2144:
2143:
2120:
2119:
2096:
2095:
2072:
2071:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2032:
2031:
2030:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1857:
1856:
1840:
1839:
1809:
1808:
1785:
1784:
1761:
1760:
1737:
1736:
1725:Mosasaurinae
1711:Prognathodon
1710:
1707:Mosasaurinae
1704:
1695:
1686:Prognathodon
1685:
1678:Prognathodon
1677:
1672:
1669:Prognathodon
1668:
1664:
1661:Prognathodon
1660:
1657:
1653:paraphyletic
1649:monophyletic
1645:Prognathodon
1644:
1640:
1637:Globidensini
1632:
1626:
1623:Prognathodon
1622:
1616:
1613:
1602:
1599:Prognathodon
1598:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1584:Prognathodon
1583:
1579:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1553:Prognathodon
1552:
1549:Prognathodon
1548:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1511:Mosasauridae
1489:
1486:Prognathodon
1485:
1482:Mosasaurinae
1478:Prognathodon
1477:
1475:
1470:Prognathodon
1469:
1454:Prognathodon
1453:
1450:ichthyosaurs
1448:and extinct
1441:Prognathodon
1440:
1437:Prognathodon
1436:
1434:
1427:
1424:
1420:carcharhinid
1416:
1401:ichthyosaurs
1392:Prognathodon
1391:
1388:Prognathodon
1387:
1378:deposits in
1373:
1368:Prognathodon
1367:
1329:
1327:
1323:Prognathodon
1322:
1320:
1315:P. saturator
1314:
1299:Prognathodon
1298:
1294:
1292:
1287:
1286:The size of
1285:
1281:Prognathodon
1280:
1276:
1274:
1270:P. giganteus
1269:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1226:Prognathodon
1225:
1222:Prognathodon
1221:
1219:
1213:
1197:
1194:Prognathodon
1193:
1189:
1172:Prognathodon
1171:
1147:
1145:
1140:P. saturator
1139:
1135:
1132:P. saturator
1131:
1127:
1125:
1118:
1115:Prognathodon
1114:
1112:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1076:P. saturator
1075:
1071:
1068:Prognathodon
1067:
1063:Prognathodon
1062:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1028:
1012:
991:Prognathodon
990:
988:
981:
977:
958:Prognathodon
957:
955:
951:P. sectorius
950:
946:
942:
938:
935:type species
931:P. giganteus
930:
927:P. saturator
926:
922:
920:
910:
901:P. saturator
900:
896:
893:P. giganteus
892:
888:
885:Prognathodon
884:
883:
877:
873:
858:Prognathodon
857:
854:stratigraphy
842:
839:
832:
829:Prognathodon
828:
816:
812:
810:
805:
801:
789:
787:
782:
779:Prognathodon
778:
758:
754:
751:Prognathodon
750:
746:
740:
731:
728:Prognathodon
727:
717:
712:Prognathodon
711:
709:
699:
685:
679:
660:
652:Prognathodon
651:
648:Prognathodon
647:
640:Prognathodon
639:
637:
632:
628:
625:Prognathodon
624:
621:Prognathodon
620:
609:Prognathodon
608:
607:
597:Prognathodon
596:
595:
590:
586:
579:Prognathodon
578:
551:Prognathodon
550:
546:
545:("jaw") and
542:
535:
529:Prognathodon
528:
527:
499:Prognathodon
498:
492:
486:
483:Mosasaurinae
467:Prognathodon
466:
465:
464:
453:Tenerasaurus
452:
444:
436:
428:
423:
415:
394:
390:(Cope, 1871)
386:
378:
370:
362:
355:P.? overtoni
354:
346:
338:
330:
322:
314:
307:P. giganteus
306:
298:
290:
271:
270:
264:Type species
252:Prognathodon
251:
250:
225:Mosasauridae
202:
130:
25:Prognathodon
24:
18:
5624:Wikispecies
5520:Judeasaurus
5513:Adriosaurus
5497:Pontosaurus
5469:Coniasaurus
5448:Komensaurus
5441:Carsosaurus
5393:Romeosaurus
5338:Tethysaurus
5307:Selmasaurus
5252:Platecarpus
5144:Halisaurini
5100:Plotosaurus
5086:Moanasaurus
5063:Mosasaurini
4942:Jormungandr
4928:Dallasaurus
4684:, 79A: 155.
4658:17 December
4633:17 December
4567:17 December
4499:17 December
3622:: 137–190.
3484:17 December
3416:Squalicorax
3297:P. overtoni
3262:P. overtoni
3196:, in 2020.
3117:New Zealand
3043:Allopleuron
2940:P. overtoni
2890:P. overtoni
2846:P. overtoni
2806:mosasaurine
2736:P. overtoni
2711:P. lutugini
2707:P. lutugini
2700:P. lutugini
2684:Dollosaurus
2680:P. lutugini
2669:Dollosaurus
2665:Louis Dollo
2661:Dollosaurus
2650:P. lutugini
2620:P. lutugini
2612:P. lutugini
2597:P. lutugini
2582:P. lutugini
2570:Dollosaurus
2506:Oronosaurus
2457:compressed.
2399:Middle East
2332:P. overtoni
2019:Mosasaurini
1715:Mosasaurini
1682:Mosasaurini
1588:Platecarpus
1565:Hainosaurus
1557:Platecarpus
1527:Platecarpus
1500:Louis Dollo
1491:Platecarpus
1480:within the
1429:Platecarpus
1354:Soft tissue
1330:P. lutugini
1288:P. lutugini
1277:P. lutugini
1266:P. overtoni
1262:P. overtoni
1238:P. overtoni
1198:Dollosaurus
1190:P. lutugini
1148:P. lutugini
1092:P. overtoni
1072:P. overtoni
974:lacertilian
947:P. overtoni
911:P. overtoni
864:Description
834:Platecarpus
747:Oronosaurus
688:, named by
631:" and used
613:Louis Dollo
587:Dollosaurus
575:New Zealand
567:Middle East
519:New Zealand
511:Middle East
429:Dollosaurus
374:(Hay, 1902)
331:P. lutugini
277:Dollo, 1889
257:Dollo, 1889
5713:Categories
5490:Primitivus
5373:Tylosaurus
5359:Kaikaifilu
5160:Halisaurus
5093:Mosasaurus
4997:Carinodens
4977:Stelladens
4949:Kourisodon
4809:: 104425.
3936:: 209–210.
3893:: 104425.
3725:(3): 629.
3703:2017-09-26
3462:References
3369:cephalopod
3365:sea turtle
3343:inoceramid
3312:Carinodens
3303:, such as
3284:Mosasaurus
3234:cephalopod
3230:sea turtle
3181:Mosasaurus
3169:Mosasaurus
3036:, that of
2960:Maastricht
2899:Mosasaurus
2894:P. solvayi
2850:P. solvayi
2719:P. solvayi
2628:P. solvayi
2605:P. solvayi
2601:P. solvayi
2542:, Ukraine.
2502:P. solvayi
2454:P. solvayi
2442:P. solvayi
2411:P. solvayi
2384:P. solvayi
2348:P. solvayi
1575:) groups.
1569:Mosasaurus
1561:Tylosaurus
1538:Tylosaurus
1532:Halisaurus
1522:Mosasaurus
1382:, central
1257:P. solvayi
1250:P. solvayi
1245:P. solvayi
1234:P. solvayi
1230:P. solvayi
1214:P. solvayi
1156:pterygoids
1152:premaxilla
1136:P. solvayi
1081:Mosasaurus
1057:saturator.
999:prefrontal
995:premaxilla
983:Mosasaurus
978:P. solvayi
939:P. solvayi
821:Hashemites
736:Maastricht
720:Maastricht
488:Mosasaurus
339:P.? kianda
315:P. hashimi
212:Mosasauria
5483:Kaganaias
5300:Khinjaria
5153:Eonatator
5133:Pluridens
5004:Globidens
4921:Clidastes
4875:Kingdom:
4865:Mosasaurs
4766:stadtmani
4728:0272-4634
4438:0011-6297
4378:1932-6203
4296:: e3782.
4103:131741406
4095:0272-4634
3769:709582892
3628:132009365
3569:129001212
3561:0272-4634
3434:Pathology
3388:Taphonomy
3321:Globidens
3306:Globidens
3215:Campanian
3175:and that
3165:L. anceps
3147:P. kianda
3029:Globidens
2983:Campanian
2952:saturator
2948:P. currii
2836:Campanian
2824:overtoni.
2818:Skull of
2784:P. kianda
2655:Clidastes
2636:P. currii
2632:P. kianda
2616:P. kianda
2595:column).
2562:Campanian
2540:Campanian
2490:P. currii
2480:Campanian
2468:P. currii
2403:Campanian
2368:Campanian
1696:P. kianda
1641:Globidens
1628:Globidens
1573:Clidastes
1516:Clidastes
1397:mosasaurs
1313:Torso of
1255:Teeth of
1204:Dentition
1168:squamosal
1120:Globidens
1084:(0.19 in
1070:(0.22 in
1051:Skull of
1036:pterygoid
923:P. currii
897:P. currii
889:P. currii
806:P. primus
763:Campanian
755:P. currii
700:P. currii
642:" was by
503:Campanian
494:Clidastes
371:P.? rapax
363:P. primus
299:P. currii
162:Kingdom:
156:Eukaryota
31:Campanian
5609:Wikidata
5577:Category
5025:Xenodens
4895:Squamata
4889:Reptilia
4883:Chordata
4881:Phylum:
4877:Animalia
4744:85773591
4736:24523277
4544:86139978
4396:28467456
4348:PLOS ONE
4322:28929018
4250:20711249
4210:PLOS ONE
3833:24022259
3739:86139978
3346:bivalves
3171:than to
3005:cervical
2886:P. rapax
2776:, Angola
2740:P. rapax
2644:P. rapax
2584:as well.
2482:, Israel
2397:and the
1507:suborder
1494:and the
1185:coronoid
1180:splenial
1176:quadrate
1164:foramina
1015:parietal
1008:parietal
1004:foramina
943:P. hudae
878:lutugini
790:P. hudae
672:quadrate
559:northern
479:mosasaur
407:Synonyms
323:P. hudae
218:Family:
196:Squamata
186:Reptilia
176:Chordata
172:Phylum:
166:Animalia
152:Domain:
124:holotype
5683:4946026
5670:1205841
5657:4819787
5644:4518686
5615:Q134700
4893:Order:
4887:Class:
4811:Bibcode
4708:Bibcode
4536:4524254
4387:5415187
4356:Bibcode
4313:5602675
4241:2918493
4218:Bibcode
4126:Bibcode
4118:Geology
3987:Bibcode
3895:Bibcode
3811:Bibcode
3541:Bibcode
3332:dentary
3328:maxilla
3222:Alberta
3213:in the
2566:Ukraine
2564:age in
2444:is the
2338:Species
1444:extant
1380:Harrana
1364:humerus
1032:dentary
1006:on the
798:Harrana
771:Alberta
668:Belgium
617:Belgium
583:species
543:gnathos
509:in the
505:to the
472:extinct
244:Genus:
231:Tribe:
192:Order:
182:Class:
4956:Liodon
4742:
4734:
4726:
4542:
4534:
4436:
4394:
4384:
4376:
4320:
4310:
4248:
4238:
4101:
4093:
3831:
3767:
3737:
3626:
3567:
3559:
3444:et al.
3373:niches
3242:turtle
3226:Canada
3177:Liodon
3161:Liodon
3126:Liodon
2797:Liodon
2792:Angola
2578:Russia
2574:Sweden
2395:Europe
1607:, the
1504:lizard
1446:sharks
1412:whales
1384:Jordan
1160:gypsum
970:sclera
966:cornea
783:Liodon
775:Canada
743:Israel
627:with "
565:, the
521:, and
515:Europe
470:is an
5696:36412
5665:IRMNG
4764:'
4760:'
4740:S2CID
4732:JSTOR
4540:S2CID
4532:JSTOR
4290:PeerJ
4286:(PDF)
4175:(PDF)
4099:S2CID
4060:(PDF)
3930:(PDF)
3735:S2CID
3659:(PDF)
3624:S2CID
3612:(PDF)
3565:S2CID
2956:Latin
2682:(or "
2614:from
1651:, as
1043:Skull
1020:jugal
802:hudae
690:Dollo
654:from
540:Greek
533:Latin
475:genus
203:Clade
127:skull
5652:GBIF
4724:ISSN
4660:2021
4635:2021
4569:2021
4501:2021
4434:ISSN
4392:PMID
4374:ISSN
4318:PMID
4246:PMID
4091:ISSN
4040:help
3868:2012
3829:PMID
3765:OCLC
3557:ISSN
3486:2021
3419:and
3330:and
3309:and
3137:and
2892:and
2750:and
2642:and
2634:and
2626:and
2576:and
1671:and
1663:and
1631:and
1590:and
1571:and
1563:and
1535:and
1410:and
1074:and
929:and
849:ENCI
674:and
589:and
573:and
561:and
547:odṓn
491:and
48:PreꞒ
5639:EoL
4819:doi
4807:112
4780:doi
4716:doi
4524:doi
4470:doi
4466:328
4382:PMC
4364:doi
4308:PMC
4298:doi
4236:PMC
4226:doi
4187:doi
4183:317
4134:doi
4083:doi
3995:doi
3957:doi
3903:doi
3891:112
3819:doi
3727:doi
3549:doi
3220:of
2954:is
2930:of
2790:of
2713:to
2694:is
2448:of
1348:rib
1200:".
1110:).
796:of
769:in
678:of
666:of
536:pro
129:of
5715::
5693::
5680::
5667::
5654::
5641::
5626::
5611::
4817:.
4805:.
4801:.
4776:40
4774:.
4738:.
4730:.
4722:.
4714:.
4704:34
4702:.
4698:.
4651:.
4626:.
4608:.
4596:^
4588:38
4586:.
4560:.
4538:.
4530:.
4520:22
4518:.
4492:.
4464:.
4460:.
4446:^
4430:52
4428:.
4424:.
4404:^
4390:.
4380:.
4372:.
4362:.
4352:12
4350:.
4346:.
4330:^
4316:.
4306:.
4292:.
4288:.
4271:^
4244:.
4234:.
4224:.
4212:.
4208:.
4181:.
4177:.
4146:^
4132:.
4122:26
4120:.
4097:.
4089:.
4079:24
4077:.
4031::
4029:}}
4025:{{
4007:^
3993:.
3983:92
3981:.
3969:^
3953:22
3951:.
3932:.
3917:^
3901:.
3889:.
3885:.
3827:.
3817:.
3805:.
3801:.
3777:^
3747:^
3733:.
3723:22
3721:.
3696:.
3671:^
3661:.
3636:^
3620:57
3618:.
3614:.
3577:^
3563:.
3555:.
3547:.
3537:31
3535:.
3494:^
3477:.
3438:A
3384:.
3348:.
3323:.
3224:,
3133:,
2992:.
2934:.
2822:.
2746:,
2742:,
2738:,
2734:,
1717:.
1655:.
1594:.
1529:,
1525:,
1519:,
1498:.
1403:,
1301:.
1055:.
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