806:(HEFCE) published a study noting, amongst other things, that a greater percentage of students who had attended a private school prior to university achieved a first or upper second class degree compared with students from state schools. Out of a starting cohort of 24,360 candidates having attended a private school and 184,580 having attended a state school, 64.9 per cent of the former attained a first or upper second class degree, compared to 52.7 per cent of the latter. No statistical comparisons of the two groups (State vs Private) were reported, with or without controls for student characteristics such as entry qualifications, so no inferences can be drawn on the relative performance of the two groups. The stand-out finding of the study was that private school students achieved better in obtaining graduate jobs and study, even when student characteristics were allowed for (sex, ethnicity, school type, entry qualifications, area of study).
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students who graduated in 2013/14, suggested that 82 per cent of state school pupils got firsts or upper seconds compared with 73 per cent of those from private schools. Later, HEFCE admitted that it had made a transposition error, and that in fact, 73 per cent of state school graduates gained a first or upper second class degree compared with 82 per cent of private school graduates. This admission attracted far less publicity than the original erroneous assertion. Across all
English universities, state school students who scored two Bs and a C at A-level did on average eight per cent better at degree level than their privately educated counterparts. Two Bs and a C represents an entry tariff of 112, well below the average demanded by any of the UK's
219:
320:. At the same time participation at all secondary schools grew dramatically, so that the share of the independent sector fell from a little under 8 per cent in 1964 to reach a low of 5.7 per cent in 1978. Both these trends were reversed during the 1980s, and the share of the independent schools reached 7.5 per cent by 1991. The changes since 1990 have been less dramatic: the share fell to 6.9 per cent by 1996 before increasing very slightly after 2000 to reach 7.2 per cent in 2012. By 2015, the figure fell back to 6.9 per cent, with the absolute number of pupils attending independent schools falling everywhere in England apart from in the
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students from lower occupationally-ranked social-class backgrounds". Additionally, the study could not take into account the effect of a slightly different and more traditional subject mix studied by private students at university on university achievement. Despite these caveats, the paper attracted much press attention. The same study found wide variations between different independent schools, suggesting that students from a few of them were in fact significantly more likely to obtain the better degrees than state students of the same gender and class background having the same A-level score.
22:
381:
774:. The authors noted "a very well-determined and monotonically positive effect defined over Social Classes I to V" whereby, for both men and women, other things being equal, academic performance at university is better the more advantaged is the student's home background". but they also observed that a student educated at a private school was on average 6 per cent less likely to receive a first or an upper second class degree than a student from the same social class background, of the same gender, who had achieved the same A-level score at a state school.
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secured a poor A-level score, and who therefore attend less selective universities, do less well than state educated degree candidates with the same low A-level attainment. In addition, as discussed in the 2010 Buckingham report "HMC Schools: a quantitative analysis", because students from state schools tended to be admitted on lower A-level entry grades, relative to entry grades it could be claimed that these students had improved more. A countervailing finding of the
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130:
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494:. The principal forms of selection are financial, in that the pupil's family must be able to pay the school fees, and academic, the latter determined via interview and examination. Credit may also be given for musical, sporting or other talent. Entrance to some schools may be orientated to pupils whose parents practise a particular religion, or schools may require pupils to attend religious services.
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278:); this was not just a way to reduce staffing costs, but was also seen as vital preparation for the senior pupils' later roles in public or military service. More recently heads of public schools have been emphasising that senior pupils now play a much reduced role in maintaining discipline. To an extent, the public school system influenced the school systems of the
627:. According to a 2010 report from the Department for Education, private school pupils have "the highest rates of achieving grades A or B in A-level maths and sciences" compared to grammar, specialist and mainstream state schools, and pupils at private schools account for a disproportionate number of the total number of A-levels in maths and sciences.
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study was that for students of a given level of A-level attainment it is almost twice as difficult to get a first at the most selective universities than at those on the other end of the scale. Private sector schools regularly dominate the top of the A-level league tables, and their students are more
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The transformation of free charitable foundations into institutions which sometimes charge fees came about readily: the foundation would only afford minimal facilities, so that further fees might be charged to lodge, clothe and otherwise maintain the scholars, to the private profit of the trustees or
785:
showed that A-level performance is "overwhelmingly" the best predictor for exam performance in the earlier years ("Part I") of the undergraduate degree at
Cambridge. Partington's summary specified that "questions of school background and gender" ... "make only a marginal difference and the pattern –
481:
do exist), though they are still much less prevalent than in
England. In modern times many secondary pupils in Scotland's private schools will have fed in from the school's own fee-paying primary school, therefore there is considerable competition facing pupils from state primary schools who seek to
332:
In 2011 there were more than 2,500 private schools in the UK educating some 628,000 children, comprising over 6.5 per cent of UK children, and more than 18 per cent of pupils over the age of 16. In
England the schools account for a slightly higher percentage than in the UK as a whole. According to a
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at the same time as a reference by the
Attorney General asking the Tribunal to consider how the public benefit requirement should operate in relation to fee-charging charitable schools. The Upper Tribunal's decision, published on 14 October 2011, concluded that in all cases there must be more than
578:
have written that "among affluent countries, Britain’s private‑school participation is especially exclusive to the rich", and that the "existence in
Britain of a flourishing private-school sector not only limits the life chances of those who attend state schools but also damages society at large".
526:
Private schools, as compared with maintained schools, generally have more individual teaching; much lower pupil-teacher ratios at around 9:1; longer teaching hours (sometimes including
Saturday morning teaching) and homework (known as prep); though they have shorter terms. They also have more time
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An investigation into official exam data by the BBC's Radio 4 Today programme, in 2017, showed that 20% of private school pupils were given extra time for their GCSE and A level exams, as compared with fewer than 12% of pupils in public sector schools. The most commonly given amount of extra exam
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In 2015, the UK press widely reported the outcome of research suggesting that school-leavers from state schools that attained similar A level grades go on to achieve higher undergraduate degree classes than their private school counterparts. The quoted figures, based on the degree results of all
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and published in 2010 focused mainly on the possible use of US-style SAT tests as a way of detecting a candidate's academic potential. Its findings confirmed those of the Smith & Naylor study in that it found that privately educated pupils who, despite their educational advantages, have only
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as applied to Higher
Education. This belief is reinforced by the fact that the legal rights of pupils are governed by a private contract, as opposed to rights implemented by the national government. For instance, a pupil seeking admission to a state school that is rejected is legally entitled to
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The averaged effect was described as very variable across the social class and A-level attainment of the candidates; it was "small and not strongly significant for students with high A-level scores" (i.e. for students at the more selective universities) and "statistically significant mostly for
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As boarding schools are fully responsible for their pupils throughout term-time, pastoral care is an essential part of boarding education, and many such schools have their own distinctive ethos, including social aspirations, manners and accents, associated with their own school traditions. Many
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conducted a study into the determinants of degree performance at UK universities. Their study confirmed that the internationally recognized phenomenon whereby "children from more advantaged class backgrounds have higher levels of educational attainment than children from less-advantaged class
659:
A major area of debate in recent years has centred around the continuing charitable status of private schools, which means they are not charged business rates by local councils, amongst other benefits. This is estimated to save the schools about £200 per pupil and to cost the
Exchequer about
368:. Those schools in England which are members of the affiliated organisations of the ISC are inspected by the Independent Schools Inspectorate under a framework approved by the Government's Department for Education (DfE). Private schools not affiliated to the ISC in England are inspected by
97:. There are around 2,600 independent schools in the UK, which educate around 615,000 children, some 7 per cent of all British school-age children and 18 per cent of pupils over the age of 16. In addition to charging tuition fees, they may also benefit from gifts, charitable endowments and
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in
England and Wales in 1980, whereby the state paid the school fees for those pupils capable of gaining a place but unable to afford the fees. This was essentially a response to the decision of the previous Labour government in the mid-1970s to remove government funding of
194:
headmaster. Also, facilities already provided by the charitable foundation for a few students could profitably be extended to further paying pupils. Some schools still keep their foundation students in a separate house from other pupils, or distinguish them in other ways.
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would become a minor part of the school's finances. By 2022 senior boarding schools were charging fees of over £40,000 per annum. Most of the independent schools today are still registered as a charity, and bursaries are available to students on a means test basis.
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reported that he says that boarding school are "simply unsafe" and that "he has, he says, a database of more than 800 criminal allegations from former schoolchildren of 300 mainly private boarding schools". He presented an episode of the television programme
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Only a small minority of parents can afford school fees averaging (as of 2021) over £36,000 per annum for boarding pupils and £15,000 for day pupils, with additional costs for uniform, equipment and extra-curricular activities. Scholarships and
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Independent schools can set their own discipline regime, with much greater freedom to exclude children, primarily exercised in the wider interests of the school. In England and Wales there are no requirements for teaching staff to have
313:. The Direct Grant Grammar Schools (Cessation of Grant) Regulations 1975 required these schools to choose between full state funding as comprehensive schools and full independence. As a result, 119 of these schools became independent.
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likely to apply to the most selective universities; as a result private sector students are particularly well represented at these institutions, and therefore only the very ablest of them are likely to secure the best degrees.
464:
In Scotland, it was common for children destined for private schools to receive their primary education at a local school. This arose because of Scotland's long tradition of state-funded education, which was spearheaded by the
74:. The term "public school" meant they were then open to pupils regardless of where they lived or their religion (while in the United States and most other English-speaking countries "public school" refers to a publicly funded
517:
by a new infusion of high-performing sixth-form-only pupils, which may distort apparent results. On the other hand, pupils performing poorly cannot legally be excluded from a state school solely for poor performance.
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667:. In 2008, the Charity Commission published guidance, including guidance on public benefit and fee charging, setting out issues to be considered by charities charging high fees that many people could not afford. The
372:. Private schools accredited to the ISC in Scotland and Wales and Northern Ireland or others in England out with the inspectorial bodies listed above are inspected through the national inspectorates in each country.
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social elite. Under a number of forward-looking headmasters leading public schools created a curriculum based heavily on classics and physical activity for boys and young men of the upper and upper middle classes.
348:. Boarding-school traditions give a distinctive character to British private education, even in the case of day-pupils. A high proportion of private schools, particularly the larger and older institutions, have
186:(1407) were the first of their kind (although they had a strong Christian religious ethos) and such early "free grammar schools" founded by wealthy benefactors paved the way for the establishment of the modern "
261:
introduced major reforms, focusing on the importance of the individual and of competition, as well as the need for a "total curriculum" with academia, music, sport and drama being central to education. Most
2192:
47:, most are governed by a board of governors, and are owned by a mixture of corporations, trusts and private individuals. They are independent of many of the regulations and conditions that apply to
643:
appeal, whereas at a private school admissions are at the discretion of the governing body of the school. In 2006, pupils at fee-paying schools made up 43 per cent of those selected for places at
2218:
1366:
1202:
190:". These were typically established for male students from poor or disadvantaged backgrounds. English law has always regarded education as a charitable end in itself, irrespective of poverty.
178:(948). These schools were founded by the church and were under its complete dominion. During the late 14th and early 15th centuries the first schools independent of the church were founded.
2171:
671:
was granted permission by the High Court to bring a judicial review of the Charity Commission's public benefit guidance as it affected the private education sector. This was heard by the
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former pupils aspire to send their own children to their old schools over successive generations. Most offer sporting, musical, dramatic and art facilities, sometimes with extra charges.
1968:
603:
The former classics-based curriculum was also criticised for not providing skills in sciences or engineering, but was perhaps in response to the requirement of classics for entry to
274:
They were schools for the gentlemanly elite of Victorian politics, armed forces and colonial government. Much of the discipline was in the hands of senior pupils (usually known as
630:
Some parents complain that their rights and their children's are compromised by vague and one-sided contracts which allow Heads to use discretionary powers unfairly, such as in
1907:
940:
333:
2010 study by Ryan & Sibetia, "the proportion of pupils attending independent schools in England is currently 7.2 per cent (considering full-time pupils only)".
839:
1117:
542:. A much higher proportion go to university. Some schools specialise in particular strengths, academic or other, although this is not as common as it is in the
1335:
1246:
1157:
2115:
1806:
82:(also known as "private schools") educate younger children up to the age of 13 to prepare them for entry to the public schools and other secondary schools.
66:
school subject to a trust or of charitable status. Many of the older independent schools catering for the 13–18 age range in England and Wales are known as
2407:
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at ages 11+ or 13+. Schools often offer scholarships to attract abler pupils (which improves their average results); the standard sometimes approaches the
1645:
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1755:
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only became more widespread in Scotland from the late 19th century (usually attached to an existing secondary private school, though exceptions such as
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1358:
1194:
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or token benefit for the poor, but that trustees of a charitable private school should decide what was appropriate in their particular circumstances.
600:. The scheme was terminated by the Labour government in 1997, and since then the private sector has moved to increase its own means-tested bursaries.
1590:
1524:
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as the body representing private schools in Scotland. Unlike England, all Scottish private schools are subject to the same regime of inspections by
849:
141:
1781:
1438:
663:
Since the Charities Act was passed in November 2006, charitable status is based on an organisation providing a "public benefit", as judged by the
660:£100 million in tax breaks, assuming that an increase in fees would not result in any transfer of pupils from private to maintained sector.
3294:
844:
2095:
1960:
803:
2286:
2049:
Smith, Jeremy; Naylor, Robin (2005). "Schooling effects on subsequent university performance: evidence for the UK university population".
566:
In 2023 the Independent Schools Council reports that private schools contribute £16.5 billion to gross value added (GVA) in Britain.
1842:
1282:
510:
364:(ISC), through seven affiliated organisations, represents 1,300 schools that together educate over 80 per cent of the pupils in the UK
687:, under the Charities and Trustee Investment Act (Scotland), there is an entirely separate test of charitable status, overseen by the
3162:
409:
educate about 31,000 children. Although many of the Scottish private schools are members of the ISC they are also represented by the
345:
2154:
574:
Private schools are often criticised for being elitist, and seen as lying outside the spirit of the state system. Francis Green and
502:
bursaries to assist the education of the less well-off are usually awarded by a process which combines academic and other criteria.
3289:
2802:
2714:
1899:
1729:
754:
688:
664:
1062:
1286:
513:(GCSE) intended for age 16. Poorly-performing pupils may be required to leave, and following GCSE results can be replaced in the
410:
400:
98:
2253:
1703:
1682:
1176:
891:
25:
1843:"Boarding Schools: The Secret Shame – Exposure review: a raw and emotional exploration of systematic failure of abuse victims"
1107:
1499:
555:
1314:
387:(1870) is one of Scotland's most famous private schools, particularly since the 1997 Labour Government led by former pupil,
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833:
1938:
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time is 25%. Such 'exam access' arrangements are given for a range of disabilities and educational special needs such as
596:, most of which then became private schools; some Assisted Places pupils went to the former direct-grant schools such as
396:
266:
developed significantly during the 18th and 19th centuries, and came to play an important role in the development of the
79:
534:
Educational achievement is generally very good. Independent school pupils are four times more likely to attain an A* at
2277:
309:
Until 1975 there had been a group of 179 academically selective schools drawing on both private and state funding, the
554:
or to be registered with the General Teaching Council. In Scotland a teaching qualification and registration with the
2333:
854:
490:
Private schools, like state grammar schools, are free to select their pupils, subject to general legislation against
422:
210:
is an example: a large proportion of its students are funded by its charitable foundation or by various benefactors.
3268:
3177:
1331:
1243:
442:
175:
147:
1149:
2112:
1818:
1227:
828:
151:
52:
2193:"University funding body admits 'disturbing blunder' over state- vs private-educated pupils' degree performance"
1580:
2760:
478:
474:
263:
67:
48:
1637:
1389:
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1751:
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are extremely expensive, and many have entry criteria geared towards those who have been at private "feeder"
430:
1549:
2519:
1262:
712:
238:
668:
593:
506:
361:
310:
302:
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has been published annually since 1986. This was a name change of a publication that started in 1889 as
102:
94:
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2448:
1611:
1435:
434:
426:
218:
155:
2458:
2361:
597:
438:
2780:
2696:
2468:
2132:
2081:"Schooling effects on subsequent university performance: evidence for the UK university population"
2063:
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for a class of Southern Railway locomotives that were named after Public Schools in the early 1930s
551:
1019:
914:
716:, "Boarding Schools, the Secret Shame". In 2022, he co-wrote (with Caitlin Smith) and presented a
3228:
2848:
2815:
2594:
624:
349:
283:
71:
2080:
963:
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than their non-selective state sector counterparts, and twice as likely to attain an A grade at
3058:
2636:
2589:
2293:
2058:
823:
588:
454:
163:
1411:
651:(although such pupils represent only 18 per cent of the 16 years old plus school population).
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on non-disciplinary grounds. They believe private schools have not embraced the principles of
21:
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2732:
2641:
2629:
2326:
1455:
1290:
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458:
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The educational reforms of the 19th century were particularly important. Reformers included
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3063:
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2860:
2843:
2722:
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2463:
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2003:
1490:
782:
648:
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203:
29:
8:
3140:
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2614:
2609:
2546:
2430:
2151:
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1990:
Erikson, Robert; Goldthorpe, John H.; Jackson, Michelle; Yaish, Meir; Cox, D. R. (2005).
1848:
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The Charity Commission accordingly published revised public benefit guidance in 2013. In
446:
414:
317:
198:
63:
44:
2287:"Unleashing Aspiration: The Final Report of the Panel on Fair Access to the Professions"
2007:
1725:
1081:
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from the seventeenth century, long before such education was common in England. Private
380:
3153:
3123:
3088:
3022:
2838:
2770:
2661:
2534:
2509:
2478:
2026:
1991:
1663:
1132:
580:
466:
418:
321:
187:
179:
1679:
3093:
3073:
2927:
2917:
2880:
2775:
2584:
2556:
2438:
2389:
2352:
2261:
2072:
2031:
1699:
1505:
1495:
1173:
883:
644:
620:
543:
246:
1069:(via HathiTrust Digital Library ed.). London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co. 1889.
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3135:
3118:
3078:
3032:
2978:
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2941:
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2787:
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2551:
2503:
2374:
2319:
2068:
2021:
2011:
584:
258:
159:
197:
After a time, such fees eclipsed the original charitable income, and the original
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3012:
2968:
2958:
2792:
2671:
2178:
2158:
2119:
1686:
1442:
1318:
1311:
1269:
1250:
1231:
1180:
635:
337:
183:
110:
2219:"The type of school you went to could matter more than A-levels for your degree"
1930:
1782:"Alex Renton: the abuse survivor still shining light on 'vicious' elite schools"
1044:
691:, which assesses the public benefit provided by each registered school charity.
3248:
3167:
3037:
2853:
2745:
2727:
2704:
2599:
2498:
2473:
2419:
1996:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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771:
729:
672:
575:
491:
450:
384:
365:
298:
279:
222:
167:
133:
90:
86:
59:
1509:
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particularly in relation to school background – is in any case inconsistent."
3283:
3198:
3027:
2953:
2865:
2666:
2514:
2443:
2414:
2402:
1594:
811:
612:
267:
254:
253:" and the latter the importance of scholarship and competitive examinations.
230:
171:
2122:
Admissions & Data Services at Cambridge Admissions Office, February 2011
2113:
The predictive effectiveness of metrics in admission to Cambridge University
2016:
1870:
505:
Private schools are generally academically selective, using the competitive
425:. The nine largest Scottish private schools, with 1,000 or more pupils, are
3193:
2885:
2870:
2810:
2676:
2524:
2493:
2397:
2379:
2035:
795:
790:
725:
705:
234:
75:
2142:
Web Archives, National Foundation for Educational Research, September 2010
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2483:
2131:
Catherine Kirkup, Rebecca Wheater, Jo Morrison, Ben Durbin, Marco Pomati
733:
724:, about abuse and cover-up at some of Britain's elite schools, including
717:
700:
639:
105:. In 2021, the average annual cost for private schooling was £15,191 for
43:) are schools that require fees for admission and enrollment. Some have
3017:
2624:
2172:
Higher education and beyond: Outcomes from full-time first degree study
859:
514:
499:
388:
341:
129:
106:
93:
and the subsequent cessation in 1975 of government funding support for
1550:"Maths and science education: the supply of high achievers at A level"
1224:
482:
enter a private school at secondary stage, via entrance examinations.
2740:
2369:
836:(list of schools that were part of the scheme, between 1945 and 1976)
750:
607:
until the early 1960s, as well as a hangover from centuries ago when
1067:
Public Schools Year Book and Preparatory Schools Year Book1908, 1909
3223:
2973:
2619:
989:
746:
684:
617:
English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit: 1850–1980
604:
406:
294:
2988:
2983:
2579:
2574:
1814:
1195:"Soaring school fees put private education out of reach for many"
1112:
539:
275:
207:
941:"Philip Hensher: Rejecting Oxbridge isn't clever—it's a mistake"
2488:
2342:
2311:
2133:
Use of an aptitude test in university entrance:a validity study
1244:
Response to Charity Commission draft guidance on public benefit
369:
1588:? Disappointment damages for breach of the contract to educate
915:"Private schools add nearly £12bn yearly to UK, says research"
421:
as local authority schools and they have to register with the
336:
Most of the larger private schools are either full or partial
316:
Pupil numbers at independent schools fell slightly during the
2161:. Buckingham.ac.uk (2 January 1997). Retrieved on 2013-08-13.
1989:
89:
converted to a private fee-charging model following the 1965
62:
referred to a school in private ownership, in contrast to an
1491:
Engines of privilege : Britain's private school problem
615:'s opposition to this tendency which inspired his 1981 book
611:
Latin and Greek were taught at many public schools. It was
535:
781:
In 2011, a subsequent study led by Richard Partington at
1116:. House of Commons. 22 March 1978. col. 582W–586W.
840:
List of English and Welsh endowed schools (19th century)
703:
has written about abuse of pupils at boarding schools;
282:, and recognisably public schools can be found in many
146:
Some independent schools are particularly old, such as
1700:"Charities and Trustee Investment (Scotland) Act 2005"
136:(914) is one of the oldest private schools in Britain.
1669:. House of Commons Library, Standard Note SN/HA/5222.
1525:"Britain's private school problem: it's time to talk"
1359:"Richest independent schools give smallest bursaries"
1020:"Growth in private school fees slows during pandemic"
51:. For example, the schools do not have to follow the
1150:"Why private schooling is on the decline in England"
1523:Green, Francis; Kynaston, David (13 January 2019).
101:. Some of these schools (1,300) are members of the
1992:"On class differentials in educational attainment"
1841:
623:government's opposition to old-school gentlemanly
1961:"Extra Time In Exams: Your Child May Be Eligible"
1599:Oxford Centre for Higher Education Policy Studies
1388:Hackett, Geraldine; Baird, Tom (14 August 2005).
1013:
1011:
770:backgrounds" persists at university level in the
558:(GTCS) are mandatory for all teaching positions.
249:; the first of these emphasised team spirit and "
3281:
2145:
850:List of the oldest schools in the United Kingdom
142:List of the oldest schools in the United Kingdom
1900:"Private school pupils get more time for exams"
1638:"Poorer pupils still fail to get into Oxbridge"
2079:Naylor, Robin; Smith, Jeremy (November 2002).
1332:"Scholarships for Private Independent Schools"
1008:
340:, although many have now become predominantly
2327:
2278:"University Admissions by Individual Schools"
1522:
1483:
845:List of private schools in the United Kingdom
765:In 2002 Jeremy Smith and Robin Naylor of the
1775:
1773:
1657:
1655:
1390:"Schools 'cull pupils to lift A-level rank'"
1387:
1356:
1082:"Britain's most expensive secondary schools"
804:Higher Education Funding Council for England
2078:
2048:
1664:"Charitable status and independent schools"
1192:
1079:
760:
647:and 38 per cent of those granted places at
527:for organised extra-curricular activities.
2334:
2320:
2152:CEER Publications|University of Buckingham
1321:, Scottish Council of Independent Schools.
1263:The Independent Schools Inspectorate (ISI)
511:General Certificate of Secondary Education
289:
2062:
2025:
2015:
1770:
1661:
1652:
1225:Private schooling in the UK and Australia
587:. The Thatcher government introduced the
344:. By contrast there are only a few dozen
70:, seven of which were the subject of the
2251:
1931:"Private school students gain exam time"
1436:Teaching Staff & Teacher/Pupil Ratio
689:Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator
470:
379:
293:
217:
128:
20:
2284:
1928:
1636:Hackett, Geraldine (17 December 2006).
1635:
1287:Scottish Council of Independent Schools
938:
912:
878:
876:
411:Scottish Council of Independent Schools
401:Scottish Council of Independent Schools
16:Fee-paying school in the United Kingdom
3282:
2190:
2170:Quantitative Analysis for Policy Team
1169:
1167:
1130:
1017:
213:
3295:Private schools in the United Kingdom
2315:
1910:from the original on 15 February 2017
1897:
1839:
1758:from the original on 11 November 2013
1732:from the original on 11 November 2013
1662:Fairbairn, Catherine (October 2013).
1283:"Facts and Statistics: Pupil numbers"
1205:from the original on 11 December 2008
1193:Murray-West, Rosie (9 October 2006).
1160:from the original on 12 October 2017.
1049:www.independentschoolsyearbook.co.uk/
556:General Teaching Council for Scotland
37:Private schools in the United Kingdom
3264:
3114:Ancient higher-learning institutions
2252:Passmore, Biddy (31 December 1999).
2229:from the original on 30 January 2016
2090:. Warwick Economic Research Papers.
1941:from the original on 18 October 2017
1807:"Boarding Schools: The Secret Shame"
1779:
1706:from the original on 14 October 2012
1516:
894:from the original on 29 January 2018
873:
834:List of direct grant grammar schools
654:
638:as adopted by the state sector, and
619:. It became a huge influence on the
327:
2191:Garner, Richard (3 November 2015).
1971:from the original on 6 October 2017
1840:Hogan, Michael (19 February 2018).
1702:. Legislation.gov.uk. 26 May 2011.
1338:from the original on 31 August 2011
1234:, Institute of Fiscal Studies, 2010
1164:
951:from the original on 9 August 2012.
939:Hensher, Philip (20 January 2012).
397:List of private schools in Scotland
13:
2101:from the original on 18 July 2011.
1898:Pluck, Andrea (10 February 2017).
1817:. 19 February 2018. Archived from
1133:"Education: Historical statistics"
1120:from the original on 3 March 2016.
1045:"The Independent Schools Yearbook"
884:"Types of school: Private schools"
739:
561:
14:
3311:
2245:
1929:Bateman, Tom (10 February 2017).
1648:from the original on 6 June 2010.
1562:from the original on 12 July 2011
1400:from the original on 6 June 2010.
1369:from the original on 28 July 2010
961:
855:Private school fee fixing scandal
55:, although many such schools do.
3263:
3254:
3253:
3242:
2341:
2280:. Sutton Trust. 1 February 2008.
2073:10.1016/j.econedurev.2004.07.016
964:"Private schools and inequality"
115:The Independent Schools Yearbook
3290:Education in the United Kingdom
2211:
2184:
2164:
2125:
2105:
2042:
1983:
1953:
1922:
1891:
1863:
1833:
1799:
1744:
1718:
1692:
1673:
1629:
1604:
1574:
1542:
1477:
1448:
1429:
1404:
1381:
1350:
1324:
1305:
1275:
1256:
1237:
1223:Chris Ryan & Luke Sibetia,
1217:
1186:
1142:
1124:
1113:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
1100:
913:Warrell, Helen (2 April 2014).
829:Education in the United Kingdom
53:National Curriculum for England
2285:Milburn, Alan (chair) (2009).
1752:"Reviews of charitable status"
1445:, Independent Schools Council.
1272:, Independent Schools Council.
1253:, Independent Schools Council.
1183:, Independent Schools Council.
1073:
1055:
1037:
1018:Staton, Bethan (11 May 2021).
982:
970:. Institute for FIscal Studies
955:
932:
906:
479:Cargilfield Preparatory School
475:Craigclowan Preparatory School
1:
2088:Economics of Education Review
2051:Economics of Education Review
1780:Hill, Amelia (27 July 2022).
1357:Nick Collins (26 July 2010).
1063:"The Public Schools Yearbook"
996:. Independent Schools Council
569:
521:
148:The King's School, Canterbury
2520:University technical college
1597:by David Palfreyman, at the
789:A study commissioned by the
594:direct grant grammar schools
485:
311:direct grant grammar schools
152:The King's School, Rochester
95:direct grant grammar schools
7:
1334:. GetTheRightSchool.co.uk.
1138:. House of Commons Library.
1088:. Spear's Wealth Management
817:
669:Independent Schools Council
507:Common Entrance Examination
375:
362:Independent Schools Council
119:The Public Schools Yearbook
103:Independent Schools Council
10:
3316:
2449:College-preparatory school
2258:Times Education Supplement
2111:Richard Partington et al.
431:Hutcheson's Grammar School
394:
139:
124:
80:Prep (preparatory) schools
28:(1561) is one of the nine
3237:
3216:
3186:
3149:
3109:
3102:
3046:
3005:
2949:
2940:
2903:
2894:
2834:
2827:
2689:
2654:
2565:
2542:
2533:
2459:Comprehensive high school
2429:
2388:
2360:
2350:
2254:"Bastions for the elite?"
2094:. University of Warwick.
860:Schools Class locomotives
598:Manchester Grammar School
2816:State-integrated school
2690:By funding / eligibility
2469:Continuation high school
2177:11 December 2013 at the
1728:. SCIS. 1 January 1970.
1612:"School admissions code"
1249:27 February 2008 at the
1080:Spear's (October 2022).
866:
761:Types and degree classes
694:
552:Qualified Teacher Status
26:Merchant Taylors' School
3229:Educational institution
2849:Anarchistic free school
2595:Institute of technology
2138:8 December 2010 at the
2017:10.1073/pnas.0502433102
1904:educationbusinessuk.net
1441:31 October 2007 at the
1179:18 January 2012 at the
736:and its junior school.
579:Many of the best-known
435:Robert Gordon's College
427:George Watson's College
290:20th and 21st centuries
156:St Peter's School, York
72:Public Schools Act 1868
58:Historically, the term
3059:Compensatory education
2811:State or public school
2637:Upper division college
1685:7 October 2008 at the
1494:. London: Bloomsbury.
1268:25 August 2009 at the
1108:"Direct Grant Schools"
824:Armorial of UK schools
589:Assisted Places Scheme
455:High School of Glasgow
439:George Heriot's School
392:
356:Inspections in England
346:state boarding schools
306:
226:
164:Wells Cathedral School
137:
33:
2715:Comprehensive school
2642:Vocational university
2225:. 16 September 2015.
1689:, Charity Commission.
1131:Bolton, Paul (2012).
767:University of Warwick
459:High School of Dundee
383:
297:
251:muscular Christianity
221:
132:
24:
3178:in the United States
3069:Continuing education
3064:Compulsory education
2908:Free school movement
2876:Single-sex education
2861:International school
2844:Democratic education
2723:For-profit education
2710:Community day school
2605:Liberal arts college
2464:Comprehensive school
2454:Collegiate institute
2118:14 June 2012 at the
1965:huffingtonpost.co.uk
783:Cambridge University
649:Cambridge University
443:St Aloysius' College
423:Learning Directorate
413:, recognised by the
49:state-funded schools
45:financial endowments
30:Clarendon Commission
3187:Informal or illegal
3141:Medieval university
3084:Inclusive education
3054:College preparatory
2615:Residential college
2610:Research university
2547:Professional school
2422:/ Elementary school
2140:Library of Congress
2008:2005PNAS..102.9730E
1849:The Daily Telegraph
1821:on 23 February 2018
1593:13 October 2003 at
1363:The Daily Telegraph
1293:on 28 February 2014
1230:5 July 2012 at the
1156:. 1 December 2015.
585:preparatory schools
447:The Glasgow Academy
415:Scottish Parliament
405:Private schools in
318:mid-1970s recession
214:Victorian expansion
41:independent schools
3249:Schools portal
3154:indigenous peoples
3151:Schools imposed on
3089:Remedial education
3023:Distance education
2839:Alternative school
2828:By style / purpose
2803:Specialist school
2662:All-through school
2510:Sixth form college
2299:on 15 January 2010
2157:8 May 2015 at the
2077:Preprint version:
1879:(Audio). July 2022
1412:"School exclusion"
1317:1 May 2009 at the
665:Charity Commission
467:Church of Scotland
419:Education Scotland
393:
307:
227:
158:(founded c. 627),
138:
34:
3277:
3276:
3212:
3211:
3094:Special education
3074:Further education
3001:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2936:
2935:
2923:Montessori school
2918:Laboratory school
2881:Specialist school
2819:
2806:
2751:UK private school
2736:
2718:
2700:
2685:
2684:
2650:
2649:
2585:Community college
2557:Vocational school
2439:Adult high school
2353:educational stage
2002:(27): 9730–9733.
1967:. 11 April 2016.
1582:Phelps...Clark...
1501:978-1-5266-0127-8
655:Charitable status
645:Oxford University
328:England and Wales
301:(1873), a former
204:Christ's Hospital
99:charitable status
3307:
3267:
3266:
3257:
3256:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3136:Cathedral school
3119:Platonic Academy
3107:
3106:
3079:Gifted education
3033:Prison education
2979:Parochial school
2964:Christian school
2947:
2946:
2913:Folk high school
2901:
2900:
2832:
2831:
2817:
2805:(United Kingdom)
2804:
2788:Selective school
2734:
2716:
2698:
2552:Technical school
2540:
2539:
2504:Secondary school
2408:Global influence
2375:Pre-kindergarten
2358:
2357:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2298:
2292:. Archived from
2291:
2281:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2260:. Archived from
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2188:
2182:
2168:
2162:
2149:
2143:
2129:
2123:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2085:
2076:
2066:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2029:
2019:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1845:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1777:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1726:"Public Benefit"
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1696:
1690:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1659:
1650:
1649:
1642:The Sunday Times
1633:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1608:
1602:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1561:
1554:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1484:Green, Francis;
1481:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1460:
1452:
1446:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1328:
1322:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1289:. Archived from
1279:
1273:
1260:
1254:
1241:
1235:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1190:
1184:
1171:
1162:
1161:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1015:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1001:
986:
980:
979:
977:
975:
962:Green, Francis.
959:
953:
952:
936:
930:
929:
927:
925:
910:
904:
903:
901:
899:
880:
338:boarding schools
259:Uppingham School
243:Benjamin Kennedy
176:St Albans School
160:Sherborne School
111:boarding schools
109:and £36,000 for
3315:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3243:
3241:
3233:
3208:
3182:
3173:in South Africa
3156:
3152:
3145:
3131:Monastic school
3098:
3042:
3013:Boarding school
2993:
2969:Female seminary
2959:Catholic school
2932:
2890:
2823:
2793:Separate school
2681:
2672:One-room school
2646:
2590:Graduate school
2561:
2529:
2425:
2384:
2362:Early childhood
2346:
2340:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2276:
2267:
2265:
2264:on 10 June 2011
2248:
2243:
2242:
2232:
2230:
2223:The Independent
2217:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2197:The Independent
2189:
2185:
2179:Wayback Machine
2169:
2165:
2159:Wayback Machine
2150:
2146:
2130:
2126:
2120:Wayback Machine
2110:
2106:
2098:
2083:
2047:
2043:
1988:
1984:
1974:
1972:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1944:
1942:
1927:
1923:
1913:
1911:
1896:
1892:
1882:
1880:
1872:In Dark Corners
1869:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1822:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1790:
1788:
1778:
1771:
1761:
1759:
1754:. Oscr.org.uk.
1750:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1733:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1709:
1707:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1687:Wayback Machine
1678:
1674:
1666:
1660:
1653:
1634:
1630:
1620:
1618:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1601:(OxCHEPS), 2003
1579:
1575:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1531:
1521:
1517:
1502:
1486:Kynaston, David
1482:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1443:Wayback Machine
1434:
1430:
1420:
1418:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1370:
1355:
1351:
1341:
1339:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1319:Wayback Machine
1310:
1306:
1296:
1294:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1270:Wayback Machine
1261:
1257:
1251:Wayback Machine
1242:
1238:
1232:Wayback Machine
1222:
1218:
1208:
1206:
1191:
1187:
1181:Wayback Machine
1172:
1165:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1135:
1129:
1125:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1091:
1089:
1078:
1074:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1028:
1026:
1024:Financial Times
1016:
1009:
999:
997:
988:
987:
983:
973:
971:
960:
956:
945:The Independent
937:
933:
923:
921:
919:Financial Times
911:
907:
897:
895:
882:
881:
874:
869:
820:
763:
742:
740:Extra exam time
722:In Dark Corners
697:
657:
636:natural justice
572:
564:
562:Economic impact
524:
488:
403:
378:
330:
292:
216:
166:(founded 909),
162:(founded 705),
154:(founded 604),
150:(founded 597),
144:
127:
87:grammar schools
17:
12:
11:
5:
3313:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3261:
3251:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3217:Related topics
3214:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3204:in South Tyrol
3201:
3196:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3168:in New Zealand
3165:
3159:
3157:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3110:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3038:Virtual school
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3009:
3007:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2928:Waldorf school
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2854:Sudbury school
2851:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2813:
2808:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2748:
2746:Private school
2743:
2738:
2730:
2728:Free education
2725:
2720:
2712:
2707:
2705:Charter school
2702:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2600:Junior college
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2571:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2499:Minor seminary
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2474:Grammar school
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2420:Primary school
2417:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2355:
2348:
2347:
2339:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2282:
2274:
2247:
2246:External links
2244:
2241:
2240:
2210:
2183:
2163:
2144:
2124:
2104:
2064:10.1.1.11.4521
2057:(5): 549–562.
2041:
1982:
1952:
1921:
1890:
1862:
1832:
1798:
1769:
1743:
1717:
1691:
1680:Public Benefit
1672:
1651:
1628:
1603:
1573:
1541:
1515:
1500:
1476:
1463:www.isc.co.uk/
1447:
1428:
1403:
1380:
1349:
1323:
1304:
1274:
1255:
1236:
1216:
1185:
1163:
1141:
1123:
1099:
1072:
1054:
1036:
1007:
981:
954:
931:
905:
871:
870:
868:
865:
864:
863:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
831:
826:
819:
816:
814:universities.
772:United Kingdom
762:
759:
741:
738:
730:Fettes College
696:
693:
673:Upper Tribunal
656:
653:
581:public schools
576:David Kynaston
571:
568:
563:
560:
523:
520:
492:discrimination
487:
484:
451:Dollar Academy
385:Fettes College
377:
374:
366:private sector
358:
357:
329:
326:
303:'direct grant'
299:Culford School
291:
288:
280:British Empire
264:public schools
223:Rossall School
215:
212:
168:Warwick School
134:Warwick School
126:
123:
91:Circular 10/65
68:public schools
60:private school
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3312:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3270:
3262:
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2677:Ranch school
2525:Upper school
2494:Maths school
2398:First school
2380:Kindergarten
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2294:the original
2266:. Retrieved
2262:the original
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2222:
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1881:. Retrieved
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1823:. Retrieved
1819:the original
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1791:15 September
1789:. Retrieved
1786:The Guardian
1785:
1760:. Retrieved
1746:
1734:. Retrieved
1720:
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1467:. Retrieved
1462:
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1419:. Retrieved
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1362:
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1312:Independence
1307:
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801:
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500:means-tested
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85:Some former
84:
76:state school
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40:
36:
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18:
3006:By location
2896:Progressive
2798:Sink school
2767:University
2756:preparatory
2484:Hauptschule
2233:11 February
1877:BBC Radio 4
1762:13 November
1736:13 November
1710:13 November
990:"About ISC"
734:Gordonstoun
718:BBC Radio 4
701:Alex Renton
699:Journalist
640:private law
342:day schools
286:countries.
237:, and then
182:(1382) and
107:day schools
3284:Categories
3194:in Ireland
3103:Historical
3018:Day school
2630:Collegiate
2625:University
2268:14 January
2181:HEFCE 2013
1644:. London.
1586:Rycotewood
1510:1108696740
1396:. London.
1365:. London.
1201:. London.
968:ifs.org.uk
947:. London.
678:de minimis
570:Criticisms
522:Conditions
515:sixth form
395:See also:
389:Tony Blair
350:charitable
322:South East
247:Shrewsbury
241:and later
180:Winchester
172:King's Ely
170:(c. 914),
140:See also:
3199:in Greece
3163:in Canada
2942:Religious
2741:Institute
2735:(England)
2717:(British)
2699:(England)
2479:Gymnasium
2431:Secondary
2370:Preschool
2059:CiteSeerX
1394:The Times
1297:25 August
751:dyspraxia
632:expulsion
486:Selection
352:status.
268:Victorian
199:endowment
3259:Category
3047:By scope
2974:Gurukula
2697:Academy
2655:Combined
2620:Seminary
2535:Tertiary
2227:Archived
2175:Archived
2155:Archived
2136:Archived
2116:Archived
2096:Archived
2036:15976024
1975:28 April
1969:Archived
1945:28 April
1939:Archived
1935:BBC News
1914:28 April
1908:Archived
1811:Exposure
1756:Archived
1730:Archived
1704:Archived
1683:Archived
1646:Archived
1591:Archived
1584:and now
1557:Archived
1488:(2019).
1439:Archived
1398:Archived
1367:Archived
1336:Archived
1315:Archived
1266:Archived
1247:Archived
1228:Archived
1203:Archived
1177:Archived
1158:Archived
1118:Archived
949:Archived
898:28 April
892:Archived
818:See also
747:dyslexia
720:series,
713:Exposure
685:Scotland
621:Thatcher
605:Oxbridge
457:and the
407:Scotland
376:Scotland
276:prefects
184:Oswestry
32:schools.
3269:Commons
2989:Yeshiva
2984:Madrasa
2771:private
2580:College
2575:Academy
2390:Primary
2027:1172254
2004:Bibcode
1815:ITV Hub
1373:5 April
1342:5 April
1092:2 March
1029:2 March
1000:1 March
974:1 March
924:1 March
625:Toryism
540:A-level
208:Horsham
125:Origins
64:endowed
3124:Lyceum
2776:public
2761:public
2567:Higher
2489:Lyceum
2343:School
2303:25 May
2203:2 July
2061:
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2024:
1621:22 May
1616:GOV.UK
1566:3 July
1508:
1498:
1469:3 June
1421:22 May
1416:GOV.UK
1209:19 May
888:GOV.UK
453:, the
370:Ofsted
305:school
225:(1844)
2345:types
2297:(PDF)
2290:(PDF)
2099:(PDF)
2084:(PDF)
1667:(PDF)
1560:(PDF)
1553:(PDF)
1465:. ISC
1459:(PDF)
1136:(PDF)
867:Notes
695:Abuse
235:Rugby
3224:K–12
2305:2010
2270:2010
2235:2016
2205:2020
2199:. UK
2032:PMID
1977:2018
1947:2018
1916:2018
1885:2024
1857:2024
1827:2024
1793:2024
1764:2013
1738:2013
1712:2013
1623:2019
1568:2011
1536:2024
1506:OCLC
1496:ISBN
1471:2024
1423:2019
1375:2011
1344:2011
1299:2014
1211:2010
1094:2023
1031:2023
1002:2023
976:2023
926:2023
900:2018
755:ADHD
753:and
609:only
536:GCSE
477:and
399:and
360:The
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