154:
ancestral, is used in reference to characters and character state. In doing so, a derived character is depicted as a character procured through evolution from the previous ancestral state, and persisting due to fixation of derived alleles. Whereas, a primitive character is one that is originally present in the ancestral population. Primitive characters are avoided as they depict the ancestral character state. Conversely, derived characters depict the alteration of characters from the ancestral state because selection favored organisms with that derived trait.
78:
phylogenetic tree, or cladogram, where varying relatedness amongst species is evidently depicted. Through this tree, organisms can be categorized by divergence from the common ancestor, and primitive characters, to clades of organisms with shared derived character states. Furthermore, cladograms allow researchers to view the changes and evolutionary alterations occurring in a species over time as they move from primitive characters to varying derived character states.
943:
620:
955:
184:'ladder of nature'), which is the thought that all species are evolving because they are striving toward supremacy. When this form of thinking is used, humans are typically considered perfect and all other organisms are of less quality than them. This can cause the misconception of one species being an ancestor to another species, when in fact both species are extant.
153:
The amount of variation of characters can assist in depicting greater relatedness amongst species, and conversely show the lack of relatedness between species. Analysis of character variation also aids in distinguishing primitive characters from derived characters. The term derived and primitive, or
77:
Phylogenetics is utilized to determine evolutionary relationships and relatedness, to ultimately depict accurate evolutionary lineages. Evolutionary relatedness between living species can be connected by descent from common ancestry. These evolutionary lineages can thereby be portrayed through a
73:
A primitive trait is the original condition of that trait in the common ancestor; advanced indicates a notable change from the original condition. These terms in biology contain no judgement about the sophistication, superiority, value or adaptiveness of the named trait. "Primitive" in biology
81:
Cladograms are important for scientists as they allow them to classify and hypothesize the origin and future of organisms. Cladograms allow scientists to propose their evolutionary scenarios about the lineage from a primitive trait to a derived one. By understanding how the trait came to be,
188:, for example have large brains (a derived trait) and five fingers (a primitive trait) in their lineage. Species are constantly evolving, so a frog is not biologically more primitive than a human as each has been evolving continuously since each lineage split from their common ancestor.
177:
The terms "primitive" and "advanced", etc., are not properly used in referring to a species or an organism as any species or organism is a mosaic of primitive and derived traits. Using "primitive" and "advanced" may lead to "ladder thinking" (compare the Latin term
97:
At least three other sets of terms are synonymous with the terms "primitive" and "advanced". The technical terms are considered preferable because they are less likely to convey the sense that the trait mentioned is inferior, simpler, or less adaptive (e.g., as in
162:"Primitive" and "advanced" are relative terms. When a trait is called primitive, the determination is based on the perspective from which the trait is viewed. Any trait can be both primitive (ancestral) and advanced (derived) depending on the context.
74:
means only that the character appeared first in the common ancestor of a clade group and has been passed on largely intact to more recent members of the clade. "Advanced" means the character has evolved within a later subgroup of the clade.
106:). The terms "plesiomorphy" and "apomorphy" are typically used in the technical literature: for example, when a plesiomorphic trait is shared by more than one member of a clade, the trait is called a
174:
of vertebrates, legs are an advanced trait since it is a feature that appears in the clade. However, in the clade of tetrapods, legs are primitive since they were inherited from a common ancestor.
82:
scientists can hypothesize the environment that specific organism was in and how that affected the evolutionary adaptations of the trait that came to be.
474:
470:
413:
85:
Other, more technical, terms for these two conditions—for example, "plesiomorphic" and "synapomorphic"—are frequently encountered;
558:
524:
497:
359:
326:
247:
214:
753:
17:
270:
V., Kardong, Kenneth. Vertebrates : comparative anatomy, function, evolution (Seventh edition ed.). New York, NY.
713:
446:
275:
793:
798:
731:
959:
808:
738:
981:
718:
625:
581:
551:
908:
288:
788:
586:
947:
671:
544:
923:
601:
514:
58:
the clade group (that is, is present in any subgroup within the clade but not all) is called
760:
666:
180:
70:
is a group of organisms that consists of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants.
8:
803:
685:
54:(or clade group) and has undergone little change since. Conversely, a trait that appears
383:
726:
680:
596:
464:
99:
654:
520:
493:
452:
442:
365:
355:
332:
322:
271:
253:
243:
220:
210:
743:
697:
844:
47:
818:
103:
975:
813:
783:
690:
567:
456:
369:
336:
257:
224:
31:
918:
864:
859:
854:
839:
647:
642:
111:
107:
913:
606:
384:"University of California Museum of Paleontology Glossary: Phylogenetics"
591:
157:
928:
892:
887:
882:
777:
659:
414:"Trait Evolution on a Phylogenetic Tree | Learn Science at Scitable"
512:
110:, that is, a shared primitive trait; a shared derived trait is a
536:
619:
319:
Phylogenetics: theory and practice of phylogenetic systematics
240:
Phylogenetics: theory and practice of phylogenetic systematics
748:
676:
316:
237:
171:
67:
51:
43:
516:
The Nature of
Diversity: An Evolutionary Voyage of Discovery
439:
Vertebrates : comparative anatomy, function, evolution
352:
Tree thinking: an introduction to phylogenetic biology
207:
Tree thinking: an introduction to phylogenetic biology
615:
513:
Daniel R. Brooks; Deborah A. McLennan (2 May 2002).
158:
Primitiveness of characters is determined by context
349:
204:
506:
295:. University of California Museum of Paleontology
973:
42:) character, trait, or feature of a lineage or
321:(2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.
242:(2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.
552:
519:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 33–.
473:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
559:
545:
469:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
437:V., Kardong, Kenneth (14 February 2014).
350:Baum, David A.; Stacey D. Smith (2012).
317:E. O. Wiley; Bruce S. Lieberman (2011).
238:E. O. Wiley; Bruce S. Lieberman (2011).
205:Baum, David A.; Stacey D. Smith (2012).
487:
481:
14:
974:
27:Feature inherited from common ancestor
540:
312:
310:
954:
407:
405:
281:
376:
46:is one that is inherited from the
24:
492:. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates.
436:
354:. Greenwood Village, CO: Roberts.
343:
307:
289:"Reconstructing Trees: Cladistics"
209:. Greenwood Village, CO: Roberts.
198:
25:
993:
566:
402:
231:
953:
942:
941:
794:Phylogenetic comparative methods
618:
411:
799:Phylogenetic niche conservatism
441:(7th ed.). New York, NY.
430:
264:
13:
1:
191:
7:
719:Phylogenetic reconciliation
626:Evolutionary biology portal
582:Computational phylogenetics
165:
10:
998:
390:. University of California
104:vascular ("higher") plants
937:
909:Phylogenetic nomenclature
901:
875:
827:
769:
706:
635:
613:
574:
488:Futuyma, Douglas (1998).
92:
789:Molecular phylogenetics
739:Distance-matrix methods
587:Molecular phylogenetics
293:Understanding Evolution
809:Phylogenetics software
723:Probabilistic methods
672:Long branch attraction
100:non-vascular ("lower")
602:Evolutionary taxonomy
982:Evolutionary biology
761:Three-taxon analysis
667:Phylogenetic network
490:Evolutionary Biology
804:Phylogenetic signal
18:Primitive (biology)
732:Bayesian inference
727:Maximum likelihood
969:
968:
714:Maximum parsimony
707:Inference methods
655:Phylogenetic tree
526:978-0-226-07590-7
499:978-0-87893-189-7
361:978-1-936221-16-5
328:978-1-118-01786-9
249:978-1-118-01786-9
216:978-1-936221-16-5
151:
150:
89:the table below.
16:(Redirected from
989:
957:
956:
945:
944:
744:Neighbor-joining
698:Ghost population
628:
623:
622:
561:
554:
547:
538:
537:
531:
530:
510:
504:
503:
485:
479:
478:
468:
460:
434:
428:
427:
425:
424:
409:
400:
399:
397:
395:
380:
374:
373:
347:
341:
340:
314:
305:
304:
302:
300:
285:
279:
278:. OCLC 862149184
268:
262:
261:
235:
229:
228:
202:
144:Symplesiomorphic
117:
116:
21:
997:
996:
992:
991:
990:
988:
987:
986:
972:
971:
970:
965:
933:
897:
871:
845:Symplesiomorphy
823:
765:
702:
631:
624:
617:
611:
575:Relevant fields
570:
565:
535:
534:
527:
511:
507:
500:
486:
482:
462:
461:
449:
435:
431:
422:
420:
410:
403:
393:
391:
382:
381:
377:
362:
348:
344:
329:
315:
308:
298:
296:
287:
286:
282:
269:
265:
250:
236:
232:
217:
203:
199:
194:
168:
160:
108:symplesiomorphy
95:
48:common ancestor
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
995:
985:
984:
967:
966:
964:
963:
951:
938:
935:
934:
932:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
905:
903:
899:
898:
896:
895:
890:
885:
879:
877:
873:
872:
870:
869:
868:
867:
862:
857:
849:
848:
847:
842:
831:
829:
825:
824:
822:
821:
819:Phylogeography
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
773:
771:
770:Current topics
767:
766:
764:
763:
758:
757:
756:
751:
746:
736:
735:
734:
729:
721:
716:
710:
708:
704:
703:
701:
700:
695:
694:
693:
683:
674:
669:
664:
663:
662:
652:
651:
650:
639:
637:
636:Basic concepts
633:
632:
630:
629:
614:
612:
610:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
578:
576:
572:
571:
564:
563:
556:
549:
541:
533:
532:
525:
505:
498:
480:
447:
429:
418:www.nature.com
401:
375:
360:
342:
327:
306:
280:
263:
248:
230:
215:
196:
195:
193:
190:
167:
164:
159:
156:
149:
148:
147:Synapomorphic
145:
141:
140:
137:
133:
132:
129:
125:
124:
121:
94:
91:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
994:
983:
980:
979:
977:
962:
961:
952:
950:
949:
940:
939:
936:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
906:
904:
900:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
880:
878:
874:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
852:
850:
846:
843:
841:
838:
837:
836:
833:
832:
830:
826:
820:
817:
815:
814:Phylogenomics
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
784:DNA barcoding
782:
780:
779:
775:
774:
772:
768:
762:
759:
755:
754:Least squares
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
741:
740:
737:
733:
730:
728:
725:
724:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
711:
709:
705:
699:
696:
692:
691:Ghost lineage
689:
688:
687:
684:
682:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
661:
658:
657:
656:
653:
649:
646:
645:
644:
641:
640:
638:
634:
627:
621:
616:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
579:
577:
573:
569:
568:Phylogenetics
562:
557:
555:
550:
548:
543:
542:
539:
528:
522:
518:
517:
509:
501:
495:
491:
484:
476:
472:
466:
458:
454:
450:
448:9780078023026
444:
440:
433:
419:
415:
412:Baum, David.
408:
406:
389:
388:UCMP Glossary
385:
379:
371:
367:
363:
357:
353:
346:
338:
334:
330:
324:
320:
313:
311:
294:
290:
284:
277:
276:9780078023026
273:
267:
259:
255:
251:
245:
241:
234:
226:
222:
218:
212:
208:
201:
197:
189:
187:
183:
182:
181:scala naturae
175:
173:
163:
155:
146:
143:
142:
138:
136:Plesiomorphic
135:
134:
130:
127:
126:
122:
119:
118:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
90:
88:
83:
79:
75:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
32:phylogenetics
19:
958:
946:
919:Sister group
902:Nomenclature
865:Autapomorphy
860:Synapomorphy
840:Plesiomorphy
834:
828:Group traits
776:
648:Cladogenesis
643:Phylogenesis
515:
508:
489:
483:
438:
432:
421:. Retrieved
417:
392:. Retrieved
387:
378:
351:
345:
318:
297:. Retrieved
292:
283:
266:
239:
233:
206:
200:
186:Homo sapiens
185:
179:
176:
169:
161:
152:
112:synapomorphy
96:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
63:
59:
55:
39:
35:
29:
914:Crown group
876:Group types
607:Systematics
139:Apomorphic
592:Cladistics
423:2018-02-22
299:6 November
192:References
929:Supertree
893:Polyphyly
888:Paraphyly
883:Monophyly
855:Apomorphy
835:Primitive
778:PhyloCode
660:Cladogram
465:cite book
457:862149184
394:7 October
370:767565978
337:715182861
258:715182861
225:767565978
128:Ancestral
123:Advanced
120:Primitive
40:ancestral
36:primitive
976:Category
948:Category
851:Derived
597:Taxonomy
166:Examples
131:Derived
60:advanced
960:Commons
686:Lineage
170:In the
64:derived
523:
496:
455:
445:
368:
358:
335:
325:
274:
256:
246:
223:
213:
56:within
924:Basal
749:UPGMA
681:Grade
677:Clade
172:clade
93:Usage
68:clade
52:clade
50:of a
44:taxon
521:ISBN
494:ISBN
475:link
471:link
453:OCLC
443:ISBN
396:2015
366:OCLC
356:ISBN
333:OCLC
323:ISBN
301:2015
272:ISBN
254:OCLC
244:ISBN
221:OCLC
211:ISBN
102:and
66:. A
38:(or
34:, a
679:vs
87:see
62:or
30:In
978::
467:}}
463:{{
451:.
416:.
404:^
386:.
364:.
331:.
309:^
291:.
252:.
219:.
114:.
560:e
553:t
546:v
529:.
502:.
477:)
459:.
426:.
398:.
372:.
339:.
303:.
260:.
227:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.