Primacy of Peter - Knowledge

1820: 1530:, when speaking of the "hierarchs" of the Church, refers immediately to the image of St Peter. A careful analysis of ecclesiastical literature both Eastern and Western, of the first millennium, including such documents as the lives of the saint, would certainly show that this tradition was a persistent one; and indeed it belongs to the essence of Christian ecclesiology to consider any local bishop to be the teacher of his flock and therefore to fulfill sacramentally, through apostolic succession, the office of the first true believer, Peter. ...There exists, however, another succession, equally recognized by Byzantine theologians, but only on the level of the analogy existing between the apostolic college and the episcopal college, this second succession being determined by the need for ecclesiastical order. Its limits are determined by the Councils, and – in the Byzantine practice – by the "very pious emperors." 893:, Irenaeus wrote, "Although there are many dialects in the world, the force of the tradition is one and the same. For the same faith is held and handed down by the churches established in the German states, the Spains, among the Celtic tribes, in the East, in Libya, and in the central portions of the world." In Book 3, Irenaeus continues his defense of the unity of the church around the bishop, writing, "By pointing out the apostolic tradition and faith announced to mankind, which has been brought down to our time by successions of bishops, in the greatest, most ancient, and well known church, founded and established by the two most glorious apostles, Peter and Paul, at Rome, we can confound all who in any other way … gather more than they ought." 2548:, had both care to hold firm to his Jewish heritage – which Paul lacked – and an openness to the demands of developing Christianity, which James lacked. John might have served as a figure of the center holding together the extremes, but if the writings linked with his name are at all indicative of his own stance, he was too much of an individualist to provide such a rallying point. Others could link the developing new religion more firmly to its founding events and to Jesus himself. But none of them, including the rest of the twelve, seem to have played any role of continuing significance for the whole sweep of Christianity—though James the brother of John might have proved an exception had he been spared." 1689:

representing the face of each of them severally. Achaia is very near you, (in which) you find Corinth. Since you are not far from Macedonia, you have Philippi; (and there too) you have the Thessalonians. Since you are able to cross to Asia, you get Ephesus. Since, moreover, you are close upon Italy, you have Rome, from which there comes even into our own hands the very authority (of apostles themselves). How happy is its church, on which apostles poured forth all their doctrine along with their blood! where Peter endures a passion like his Lord's! where Paul wins his crown in a death like John's where the Apostle John was first plunged, unhurt, into boiling oil, and thence remitted to his island-exile!

809:, defined the primacy of the bishop of Rome over the whole Catholic Church as an essential institution of the church that can never be relinquished. This is based on the statement in Matthew 16:18 "And so I say to you, you are Peter, and upon this rock I will build my church,* and the gates of the netherworld shall not prevail against it", and John 21:17 "He said to him the third time, “Simon, son of John, do you love me?” Peter was distressed that he had said to him a third time, “Do you love me?” and he said to him, “Lord, you know everything; you know that I love you.” said to him, “Feed my sheep." This conversation with Peter established Peter as the leader of the disciples in Jesus’ absence. 1040:, bishop of Eugubium, Innocent writes, "Who does not know or observe that it was delivered by Peter the chief of the apostles to the Roman church, and is kept until now, and ought to be retained by all, and that nothing ought to be imposed or introduced which has no authority, or seems to derive its precedents elsewhere?" It is also during this time that bishops began to recognize Innocent's primacy as Pope over other bishops in the West. This is made evident, among others, in a letter from the Council at Mileve to Innocent in 416 AD, which alludes to the authority of "his holiness" drawn from the authority of Scripture. The doctrine of primacy was beginning to take shape with Innocent's papacy. 1664:...Peter, the first of the apostles, received the keys of the kingdom of heaven for the binding and loosing of sins; and for the same congregation of saints, in reference to the perfect repose in the bosom of that mysterious life to come did the evangelist John recline on the breast of Christ. For it is not the former alone but the whole Church, that bindeth and looseth sins; nor did the latter alone drink at the fountain of the Lord's breast, to emit again in preaching, of the Word in the beginning, God with God, and those other sublime truths regarding the divinity of Christ, and the Trinity and Unity of the whole Godhead. 5344: 87: 2320:. This Creed binds Rome to explain the Scriptures only according to the unanimous consent of the Fathers. In the year 1870 when the Fathers gathered and the pope declared his infallibility, the cardinals were not in agreement on Matthew 16, 18. They had five different interpretations. Seventeen insisted, Peter is the rock. Sixteen held that Christ is the rock. Eight were emphatic that the whole apostolic college is the rock. Forty-four said, Peter's faith is the rock, The remainder looked upon the whole body of believers as the rock. – And yet Rome taught and still teaches that Peter is the rock. 995:

withal, to show him that he must thenceforward have confidence, as the denial was done away with, He puts into his hands the presidency over the brethren. And He brings not forward the denial, nor reproaches him with what had past, but says, "If you love me, preside over the brethren." ...And the third time He gives him the same injunction, showing what a price He sets the presidency over His own sheep. And if one should say, "How then did James receive the throne of Jerusalem?," this I would answer that He appointed this man (Peter) teacher, not of that throne, but of the whole world.

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remitted to him; but that whosoever should believe and should repent, and turn from his sins, should be saved by the same faith and repentance on the ground of which he is received into the bosom of the Church. For he who does not believe that his sins can be pardoned, falls into despair, and becomes worse as if no greater good remained for him than to be evil, when he has ceased to have faith in the results of his own repentance.

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was at Jesus' disposal, as was his fishing boat, when needed. Jesus cured Peter's mother-in-law, and Peter was among those who attended the wedding at Cana. He plays a prominent part in the account of the miraculous catch of fish, and the walking on the water. In John 20, when Peter and the other disciple run to the empty tomb, the other disciple arrives first, but it is Peter who enters the tomb.

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According to this view, Peter has a weak symbolic primacy or primacy of honor (in the sense of a purely honorary primacy). In the patristic era, this was actually the Western view held by St. Augustine. Others (see above), following the traditional Byzantine view of John Chrysostom see Peter as the icon of the bishop and therefore endowed with authority in the church (i.e. the diocese).

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development of the Roman primacy in the West remained unnoticed for...a long time in the West. ... Even in the ninth century they did not realize that their previous acclamations were being interpreted in Rome as formal definitions of the Roman right to a primacy of power." The Roman way of using the idea of "Development of Doctrine" is often viewed critically in Orthodoxy.

2376:"And upon this rock I will build my church." Upon what rock? Peter? Upon a man? No, not upon a man, upon the rock of revelation, the thing which they were talking about. He had just said, "... flesh and blood hath not revealed it unto thee, but my Father which is in heaven." This revelation that Jesus is the Christ is the foundation upon which he would build his Church. 1053:

was imparted to all entrusted to but one. Therefore this is commended to Peter separately, because all the rulers of the Church are invested with the figure of Peter. …So then in Peter the strength of all is fortified, and the help of divine grace is so ordered that the stability which through Christ is given to Peter, through Peter is conveyed to the apostles." The

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of the apostles alone has grown strong in authority, which in three places is the See of one. ...He himself stablished (sic) the See in which, though he was to leave it, he sat for seven years. Since then it is the See of one, and one See, over which by Divine authority three bishops now preside, whatever good I hear of you, this I impute to myself.

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and the gates of Hades will not prevail against it." Christ, the "living Stone", thus assures his Church, built on Peter, of victory over the powers of death. Because of the faith he confessed Peter will remain the unshakable rock of the Church. His mission will be to keep this faith from every lapse and to strengthen his brothers in it.

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Church, do not allow the Church to recall and bring back the lapsed. There is one God, and one Christ, and one Church, and one chair founded by the voice of the Lord on the rock. Another altar cannot be set up, nor a new priesthood made, besides the one altar and the one priesthood. Whoever gathers elsewhere scatters." In his 251 AD

755:. However, they believe the bishop of Jerusalem was not by that fact the head of the Catholic church, since the leadership rested in Peter as the "Rock" and "Chief Shepherd". Catholics who believe Peter was the first bishop of Jerusalem also believe he entrusted the community to James when he was forced to leave Jerusalem, due to 2031:) considered the "foundation rock" as applying to both Peter personally and his confession of faith (or the faith of his confession) symbolically, as well as seeing Christ's promise to apply more generally to his twelve apostles and the Christian Church at large. This "double meaning" interpretation is present in the current 827:"From the beginning and with increasing clarity, the Church has understood that, just as there is a succession of the Apostles in the ministry of Bishops, so too the ministry of unity entrusted to Peter belongs to the permanent structure of Christ's Church and that this succession is established in the see of his martyrdom. 1853:, which states "...one holy Church is to continue forever. The Church is the congregation of saints, in which the Gospel is rightly taught and the Sacraments are rightly administered." Here the rock from Matthew 16:18 refers to the preaching and ministry of Jesus as the Christ, a view discussed at length in the 1537 1086:

primacy over all other churches. Gregory's papacy also bolstered the power of the church over that of the State. The Gregorians defended the ideal of a separation of powers, claiming "Let kings have what belongs to kings, and priests have what belongs to priests." The Petrine primacy was now more affirmed than ever.

743:, "the brother of the Lord" (Galatians 1:19), appears as the bishop of Jerusalem at the earliest church community in Acts 15. The Ecclesiastical History (4th century) states: "James, ... was the first (as the records tell us) to be elected to the episcopal throne of the Jerusalem church.... Clement, in 2543:

James the brother of Jesus, and Paul of Tarsus, the two other most prominent leading figures in first-century Christianity, were too much identified with their respective "brands" of Christianity, at least in the eyes of Christians at the opposite ends of this particular spectrum. But Peter, as shown

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Although Matthew 6 is used as a primary proof-text for the Catholic doctrine of Papal supremacy, Protestant scholars say that prior to the Reformation of the 16th century, Matthew 16 was very rarely used to support papal claims. Their position is that most of the early and medieval church interpreted

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meant "boulder" or "cliff". Accordingly, taking Peter's name to mean "pebble", they argue that the "rock" in question cannot have been Peter, but something else, either Jesus himself, or the faith in Jesus that Peter had just professed. However, the New Testament was written in Koiné Greek, not Attic

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made it possible for him to become the Rock on which the Church is founded, and that in a certain sense all those who share the same faith are his successors." In this traditional Orthodox and Patristic view, the church is the local Eucharistic assembly ("the diocese" in today's terminology) and the

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all dealt with the issue of primacy in that they amended the power of the popes over the other bishops. The third canon of the First Council of Constantinople of 381 AD declares Constantinople the new Rome, gives the Bishop of Rome the seat of honor and gives the Bishop of Constantinople second place

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identified with the authority bestowed on Peter as bishop of Rome. Leo himself was consecrated bishop of Rome in 440 AD. He writes that "The right of this power did indeed pass on to other apostles, and the order of this decree passed on to all the chiefs of the Church; but not in vain was that which

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or "New Greek Testament", Matthew 16:16–18 reports that Jesus changed Simon's name to Peter. Elsewhere in Scripture such a name change always denotes some change in status (e.g., Abram to Abraham, or Jacob to Israel). In the gospels, Peter is shown as a close associate of Jesus. His home at Capernaum

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Chrysostom says thus: "Upon this rock," not upon Peter. For He built His Church not upon man, but upon the faith of Peter. But what was his faith? "Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living God." And Hilary says: To Peter the Father revealed that he should say, "Thou art the Son of the living God."

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There is no biblical or historical evidence for the claims of the Roman Catholic church that Peter was the first pope. In fact there is no evidence that there even was a pope in the first century. Even Catholic historians recognize this as a historical fact. ...We honor Peter and in fact some of our

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for both "Peter" and "rock" in Matthew 16:18. John 1:42 says Jesus called Simon "Cephas", as does Paul in some letters. He was instructed by Christ to strengthen his brethren, i.e., the apostles. Peter also had a leadership role in the early Christian church at Jerusalem according to the Acts of the

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I will build my Church." Catholics interpret the verse as saying that Jesus would build his church on Peter, the apostle: Jesus told Peter (Rock) that he would build his Church on this Rock (Peter), and that Peter was made the shepherd of the apostolic flock – hence their assertion of the Primacy of

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churches was that its Petrine and Pauline 'apostolicity' was in fact added to the city's position as the capital city, and only the conjunction of both of these elements gave the Bishop of Rome the right to occupy the place of a primate in the Christian world with the consensus of all the churches."

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was for one of the essential texts for the organization of the Church: "'It is for right reasons that accorded privileges to old Rome, for this city was the seat of the Emperor and the Senate.' ...The reason why the Roman Church had been accorded an incontestable precedence over all other apostolic

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Orthodox historians also maintain that Rome's authority in the early Eastern Roman (or Byzantine) empire was recognized only partially because of Rome's Petrine character, and that this factor was not the decisive issue. Moreover, the Orthodox view is that Rome's privileges were not understood as an

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of 208 AD, Tertullian wrote, "No delay or inquest will meet Christians on the threshold. …For though you think that heaven is still shut up, remember that the Lord left the keys of it to Peter here, and through him to the Church, which keys everyone will carry with him, if he has been questioned and

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Simon Peter holds the first place in the college of the Twelve; Jesus entrusted a unique mission to him. Through a revelation from the Father, Peter had confessed: "You are the Christ, the Son of the living God." Our Lord then declared to him: "You are Peter, and on this rock I will build my Church,

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There are other Protestant scholars who also partially defend the historical Catholic position about the "Rock". Taking a somewhat different approach from Cullman, they point out that the Gospel of Matthew was not written in the classical Attic form of Greek, but in the Hellenistic Koine dialect in

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Yet, Cullmann sharply rejects the Catholic claim that Peter began the papal succession. He writes: "In the life of Peter there is no starting point for a chain of succession to the leadership of the church at large." While he believes the Matthew text is entirely valid and is in no way spurious, he

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which makes him the chief of Apostles, it would contradict the Bible's teaching in Ephesians 2:20, which says that the church's foundation is the apostles and prophets, not Peter alone. They posit that the meaning of Matthew 16:18 is that Jesus uses a play on words with Peter's name to say that the

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being a "small stone" or "pebble". (James G. McCarthy translates the two as "mass of rock" and "boulder or detached stone", respectively.) Jesus is not referring to Peter when talking about "this rock", but is in fact referring to Peter's confession of faith in the preceding verses. Jesus thus does

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Your most sweet Holiness has spoken much in your letter to me about the chair of Saint Peter, Prince of the apostles, saying that he himself now sits on it in the persons of his successors. ...Wherefore though there are many apostles, yet with regard to the principality itself the See of the Prince

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states, "Peter in many places in the Scriptures appears to represent the Church, especially in that place where it was said 'I give to thee the keys … shall be loosed in heaven'. What! did Peter receive these keys, and Paul not receive? Did Peter receive and John and James not receive, and the rest

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In December 1996, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith held a doctrinal symposium on "The Primacy of the Successor of Peter". One of the "Reflections" on the essential points of Catholic doctrine on the primacy is that it is a necessary service to unity. A listing of some of the essential

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An alternate Protestant argument is that when Jesus said "upon this rock" in the aforementioned Matthew verse, he referred to himself, in reference to Deuteronomy 32:3–4, which states that "God ... is the Rock, his work is perfect". This idea also appears in 1 Corinthians 10:4, which says "...that

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One Protestant view on the Matthew verse agrees with the Catholic view, with disagreements about primacy stemming from doctrinal sources, and disagreements such as those over the identification of Simon Peter with the Pope. Other Protestants assert the following, based specifically on the verse in

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was made bishop of Carthage in 248 AD. but died only ten years later. Throughout his writings, Cyprian asserts that the Rock is Peter, and the church rests upon him. He also claims that as the church is settled upon the bishops, they too have authority. He writes, "They, who have departed from the

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in 115 AD, he encouraged the Smyrnaeans to "Avoid divisions, as the beginning of evil. Follow, all of you, the bishop, as Jesus Christ followed the father; and follow the presbytery as the apostles. Let no man do aught pertaining to the Church apart from the bishop. Wheresoever the bishop appears,

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Irenaeus asserted the Doctrine of Apostolic Succession to counter the claims of heretics, especially the Gnostics who were attacking the theology and authority of the mainstream church. He stated that one could find true teaching in several leading episcopal sees, not just at Rome. The doctrine he

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All of the arguments Roman Catholicism brings to set Peter up as the first Pope are done only to uphold its false teaching which says that people are saved, not by Christ's saving alone, but also by the deeds of penance they do. It is this teaching, which Roman Catholicism says has been taught by

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Was anything withheld from the knowledge of Peter, who is called "the rock on which the church should be built," who also obtained "the keys of the kingdom of heaven," with the power of "loosing and binding in heaven and on earth?" Was anything, again, concealed from John, the Lord's most beloved

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And why, then, passing by the others, does He converse with Peter on these things? (John 21:15). He was the chosen one of the Apostles, and the mouth of the disciples, and the leader of the choir. On this account, Paul also went up on a time to see him rather than the others (Galatians 1:18). And

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around 347 and would fight for the reform of the church until his exile in 404. His homilies emphasize his belief in the primacy. He called Peter "the leader of the choir, the mouth of all the apostles, the head of that tribe, the ruler of the whole world, the foundation of the Church, the ardent

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Many Protestant scholars, however, reject this position, such as Craig L. Blomberg who states, "The expression 'this rock' almost certainly refers to Peter, following immediately after his name, just as the words following 'the Christ' in verse 16 applied to Jesus. The play on words in the Greek

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John Meyendorff writes, "ur Byzantine documents authentically reflect the position of the Orthodox Church in regard to Roman ecclesiology, and have, as such, the value of a testimony very little known, often unpublished, and therefore ignored by a great number of contemporary theologians. ... he

1124:, the Council also resulted in limitations to the powers of the bishops. Many letters of the Council identify its position as in agreement with papal primacy. Those present employ titles such as "the most holy and beloved of God" and "ecumenical archbishop and patriarch of great Rome" to address 1085:

outlines his policies and ideals, as well as those of the Catholic Church. In this work, Gregory claims that the pope has power to depose and restore bishops, and also effectively reduces the authority of other bishops. This doctrine supported the idea that Rome and the church here also afforded

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t has been ever understood by the Catholic Church ...that Peter in his single person, preferably to all the other Apostles, whether taken separately or together, was endowed by Christ with a true and proper primacy of jurisdiction; ...bestowed immediately and directly upon blessed Peter himself,

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This faith it is which is the foundation of the Church; through this faith the gates of hell cannot prevail against her. This is the faith which has the keys of the kingdom of heaven. Whatsoever this faith shall have loosed or bound on earth shall be loosed or bound in heaven. This faith is the

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authority in the church must come through a line of authority traceable directly from Christ through Peter. However, in contrast to other groups, they believe that the line of succession was at some point broken following the death of the apostles, necessitating a restoration of the priesthood

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is the first known historical reference to the keys pertaining to anyone other than Peter. In it, he saw the keys as pertaining to "everyone" if they "made confession", rather than according to the modern interpretation concerning the bishops of Rome alone. Tertullian later retracted even this

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illustrates the leading role that Peter played among the Apostles, speaking up on matters that concern them all, being called by Jesus by a name linking him with the rock on which Jesus would build his church, being charged with pastoring the flock of Christ, and taking the leading role in the

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Schaff, Philip., American Ed., 1994. Alexander Roberts, D.D. & James Donaldson, LL.D. with notes by A. Cleveland Coxe, D.D.. AnteNicene Fathers: Fathers of the Third Century: Tertullian, Part Fourth; Minucius Felix; Commodian; Origen, Parts First and Second. On Modesty "Chap. XXI - Of the

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However, still other Protestant scholars believe that Jesus in fact did mean to single out Peter as the very rock which he will build upon, but that the passage does nothing to indicate a continued succession of Peter's implied position. They assert that Matthew uses the demonstrative pronoun

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Come now, you who would indulge a better curiosity, if you would apply it to the business of your salvation, run over the apostolic churches, in which the very thrones of the apostles are still pre-eminent in their places, in which their own authentic writings are read, uttering the voice and

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Some Orthodox scholars do not see Peter as being in any way above the other apostles, arguing that Peter did not have power and authority over them during Christ's public ministry. There were no positions of power between the twelve disciples, only "degrees of intimacy" or "degrees of honor."

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He has given, therefore, the keys to His Church, that whatsoever it should bind on earth might be bound in heaven, and whatsoever it should loose on earth might be, loosed in heaven; that is to say, that whosoever in the Church should not believe that his sins are remitted, they should not be

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Book VI, puts it thus, 'Peter, James and John, after the Ascension of the Saviour, did not claim pre-eminence because the Saviour had especially honored them, but chose James the Righteous as Bishop of Jerusalem.... James the Righteous, John, and Peter were entrusted by the Lord after his

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by looking at the Aramaic language, as while it is true that Jews spoke mostly Aramaic at home, in public, they typically spoke in Greek. The few Aramaic words spoken by Jesus in public were unusual, and noted for this reason. Also contributing to the view held by many Lutherans that the

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absolute power (i.e., the difference between primacy and supremacy). In the East, there were numerous "apostolic sees", Jerusalem being considered the "mother of all churches", and the bishop of Antioch could also claim the title of successor to Peter, being that Peter was the first

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states, "There are many other things which rightly keep me in the bosom of the Catholic Church. …The succession of the priests keeps me, from the very seat of the apostle Peter (to whom the Lord after his resurrection gave charge to feed his sheep) down to the present episcopate."

1637:) the Son of thunder, the beloved of Christ, the pillar of the Churches throughout the world, who holds the keys of heaven, who drank the cup of Christ, and was baptized with His baptism, who lay upon his Master's bosom, with much confidence, this man now comes forward to us now. 792:, points out that keys are still a symbol of authority in today's culture; he uses the example of someone giving the keys of his house to another person, and that the latter represented the owner of the house in his absence. In receiving the keys, Peter takes on the office of 1507:

one who holds the "Chair of Peter" (Cyprian's expression) is the bishop. As a result, the primacy of Peter is relevant to the relationship between the bishop and the presbyters, not between the bishop of Rome and the other bishops who are all equally holding Peter's chair.

3382:: Chapter XXXVI.-The Apostolic Churches the Voice of the Apostles. Let the Heretics Examine Their Apostolic Claims, in Each Case, Indisputable. The Church of Rome Doubly Apostolic; Its Early Eminence and Excellence. Heresy, as Perverting the Truth, is Connected Therewith 1679:

Moreover, Eastern Orthodox theologians follow such Church Fathers as John Chrysostom by clarifying that "rock" simultaneously refers to Peter (instrumentally) as well as Peter's confession of faith which is what has ultimate significance in establishing the church.

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Both Latin and Greek writers in the early church referred to "rock" as applying to both Peter personally and his faith symbolically, as well as seeing Christ's promise to apply more generally to his twelve apostles and the Catholic Church at large.

1073:, formerly the Archdeacon Hildebrand. Gregory became Pope in 1073 with the objective of reforming not the body of the church, but a purification of the clergy in general. Gregory is perhaps most recognized with the quarrel between himself and 773:, wrote that "nay more, that Peter was the prime mover in issuing the decree by which this was affirmed," in relation to the Council of Jerusalem, and again, "and to his opinion the Apostle James, and all the elders together, gave consent." 639: 2090:) is also used in 1 Corinthians 10:4 in describing Jesus, which reads: "They all ate the same spiritual food and drank the same spiritual drink; for they drank from the spiritual rock that accompanied them, and that rock was Christ." 2341:(LDS Church) accepts the primacy of Peter, although it does not generally use the term. The LDS Church teaches that Peter was the chief apostle and head of the church after Christ's ascension. The LDS Church further teaches that all 1588:

theologians agree that in Matthew 16:18, "rock" is a likely reference to Peter personally since the very name "Peter" means "rock". However, Matthew 18:18 implies that the other Apostles were given the same powers. Although the word

2147:. He disagrees with Luther and the Protestant reformers who held that by "rock" Christ did not mean Peter, but meant either himself or the faith of His followers. He believes the meaning of the original Aramaic is very clear: that 1605:

What, now, (has this to do) with the Church, and your (church), indeed, Psychic? For, in accordance with the person of Peter, it is to spiritual men that this power will correspondingly appertain, either to an apostle or else to a

947:, listing various reasons why the Keys of Peter pertained to Peter alone. The churches later declared him an apostate along with the followers of Montanus for insisting that authority must be associated with demonstrable power. 1952:"), since the word was used both for a name and for a "rock". The Peshitta (written in Syriac, a language cognate with Aramaic) makes no distinction between the words in the two clauses. The Greek makes the distinction between 1674:

How the Church? Why, to her it was said, "To thee I will give the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatsoever thou shall loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven, and whatsoever thou shall bind on earth shall be bound in

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Rykle Borger, "Remarks of an Outsider about Bauer's Worterbuch, BAGD, BDAG, and Their Textual Basis," Biblical Greek Language and Lexicography: Essays in Honor of Frederick W. Danker, Bernard A. Tayler (et al. eds.) pp.

1306:, many non-Catholics have challenged the Catholic Church's position, questioning whether the feminine πέτρα refers to Peter, and claiming it may instead refer to either Peter's confession of faith or to Jesus himself. 2011:), two words that, while not identical, give an impression of one of many times when Jesus used a play on words. Furthermore, since Jesus presumably spoke to Peter in their native Aramaic language, he would have used 2134:

churches are named after him, but he was not the first pope, nor was he Roman Catholic. If you read his first letter, you will see that he did not teach a Roman hierarchy, but that all Christians are royal priests.

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Moved by the grace of the Holy Spirit and drawn by the Father, we believe in Jesus and confess: "You are the Christ, the Son of the living God." On the rock of this faith confessed by St. Peter, Christ built his

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While the reasons for disagreement on the nature of the primacy are complex, hinging on matters of doctrine, history and politics, the debate is often reduced to a discussion of the meaning and translation of

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the 'rock' as being a reference either to Christ or to Peter's faith, not Peter himself. They understand Jesus' remark to have been his affirmation of Peter's testimony that Jesus was the Son of God.

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in 431 AD offers debate as to whether the results determine that the pope is at the head of the church, or rather that it is under the authority of a council of bishops. Although the highlight of the

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agree with the above, and hold the same essential doctrines as all other Catholics, but also as a theological reflection usually consider Peter in some way to exemplify the other bishops as well.

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writes: "he ancient Christian father Cyprian used it to prove the authority of the bishop—not merely of the Roman bishop, but of every bishop," referring to Maurice Bevenot's work on St. Cyprian.

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Despite the acceptance of Peter's primacy, several leaders of the LDS Church have taught that the rock referred to by Jesus in Matthew 16:18 was neither Peter nor his confession, but the gift of

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Father's gift by revelation; even the knowledge that we must not imagine a false Christ, a creature made out of nothing, but must confess Him the Son of God, truly possessed of the Divine nature.

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as Pope. Germany, Italy, England, and the rest of Northern and Eastern Europe remained loyal to Urban, while France, Spain, Scotland, and Rome followed Clement VII (1378–1394) and his successor,

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Although these quotes may represent normative LDS belief, none of them are from canonized doctrinal sources. The LDS Church therefore has no official doctrinal interpretation of Matthew 16:18.

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Other theologically conservative Christians, including Confessional Lutherans, also rebut comments made by Karl Keating and D.A. Carson who claim that there is no distinction between the words

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in Hebrew into Greek is tenuous at best as there is no real evidence or indication that the New Testament (in Greek) was ever translated from Hebrew or Aramaic texts; for that argument see

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and other early Christian writings attribute to Peter is due to their seeing him as a unifying factor in contrast to other figures identified with disputed interpretations of Christianity.

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can mean "stone" and "rock" respectively in earlier Greek, the distinction is largely confined to poetry. Moreover the underlying Aramaic is in this case unquestionable; and most probably

1833::18. Most present-day Catholics interpret Jesus as saying he was building his church on the rock of the Apostle Peter and the succession of popes which claim Apostolic succession from him. 1257:, of the words presumably used by Jesus would be "Thou art Rock, and upon this rock will I build my church". To preserve a supposed pun, the Greek text chose to translate Peter's name as 710: 484: 2250:, the pronoun refers back to the preceding noun. The second rock Jesus refers to must then be the same rock as the first one; and if Peter is the first rock he must also be the second. 2040:

Protestant counter-claims to the Catholic interpretation are largely based on the difference between the Greek words translated "Rock" in the Matthean passage. In classical Attic Greek

6115: 5952: 4642: 5105: 332:. This belief makes a distinction between the personal prestige of Peter and the supremacy of the office of pope which Catholics believe Jesus instituted in the person of Peter. 3394::Chapter XXII.-Attempt to Invalidate This Rule of Faith Rebutted. The Apostles Safe Transmitters of the Truth. Sufficiently Taught at First, and Faithful in the Transmission. 1015:

in 387 AD. He was also bishop of Hippo from 397 AD until his death in 430 AD. Augustine taught that Peter was first amongst the apostles, and thus represents the church. His

4818: 1911:

not declare the primacy of Peter, but rather declares that his church will be built upon the foundation of the revelation of and confession of faith of Jesus as the Christ.

3955: 3747: 1915:

between Peter's name (Petros) and the word 'rock' (petra) makes sense only if Peter is the Rock and if Jesus is about to explain the significance of this identification."

4656: 3059:

Schatz, Klaus. Papal Primacy: From Its Origins to the Present. Translated by John A. Otto and Linda M. Maloney. Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press, 1996. p. 100.

1518:

on the "See of Peter" being present in every local Church, and not only in Rome, is well-known. It is also found in the East, among people who certainly never read the

4798: 3694: 5707: 4884: 1819: 7122: 4894: 4637: 4620: 703: 4737: 2753: 1898:. This scripture was written in Greek, not Aramaic; what Jesus might have said in Aramaic is conjecture. In Greek, there is a distinction between the two words, 1706:

As a king sending forth governors, gives power to cast into prison and to deliver from it, so in sending these forth, Christ investeth them with the same power.

5737: 4793: 3984: 2346:

authority. The LDS Church teaches that this restoration occurred with the appearance of the resurrected Peter, James, and John, who conferred the authority on

5149: 5075: 4732: 2238:, which allegedly means "this very" or "this same", when he refers to the rock on which Jesus' church will be built. He also uses the Greek word for "and", 7042: 5173: 4879: 4026: 1502:

John Meyendorff, a 20th century Orthodox scholar, states, "he great Cappadocians, St. John Chrysostom, and St. Augustine all concur in affirming that the

328:

has authority delegated from Jesus to rule over the entire Church. There are various views on the nature of the primacy and how it has been exercised and

6140: 4052: 3998: 696: 796:, which was well-known to ancient and contemporary Hebrews, and depicted in the Old Testament, as the one who had authority from God to bind and loose. 5181: 4808: 2210:

distinction is irrelevant considering the Aramaic language in which the phrase might well have been spoken. In Greek, of any period, the feminine noun

1701:

disciple, who used to lean on His breast to whom alone the Lord pointed Judas out as the traitor, whom He commended to Mary as a son in His own stead?

6607: 4874: 4742: 5393: 4803: 752: 6928: 5296: 4605: 4404: 2338: 2384:

Jesus in His teachings says, "Upon this rock I will build my Church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it." What rock? Revelation.

1226:

16:18: "And I say to thee: That thou art Peter; and upon this rock I will build my church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it."

4813: 3781: 575: 445: 2313: 665: 7320: 7107: 6110: 5447: 5228: 4788: 1855: 1717:... though He has delegated the care of His sheep to many shepherds, yet He has not Himself abandoned the guardianship of His beloved flock. 5990: 4562: 1156:, an Italian, took the reins over a predominantly French college of Cardinals. The Cardinals called the election into question and elected 1036:

held the papal office from 402 to 417. Modern theories of papal primacy developed around Innocent and his writings. In a 416 AD letter to

6659: 6402: 5940: 4869: 4615: 4610: 4596: 7315: 6344: 6247: 2160:

Cullmann concludes that while Peter was the original head of the apostles, Peter was not the founder of any visible church succession.

1128:. Thus, as not all can be satisfied with the results, the Council of Chalcedon resulted in a schism with the Oriental Orthodox Church. 1020:

of the apostles? But since in a figure Peter represented the Church, what was given to him singly was given to the Church." His 395 AD

3551: 7280: 7142: 6060: 3217: 129: 5655: 4985: 4012: 2354:

in 1829. Members of the LDS Church can request a written line of authority tracing back to Christ through Peter through this path.

2784: 963:, Cyprian asks, "He who deserts the chair of Peter, upon whom the Church was founded, does he trust himself to be in the Church?" 7227: 6321: 4864: 4724: 3844: 3465: 5555: 5550: 4111:

The Faith of Catholics: confirmed by Scripture, and attested by the Fathers of the five first centuries of the Church, Volume 1

3923: 3124: 1384: 289:

of Jesus, making him "the most prominent and influential member of the Twelve during Jesus' ministry and in the early Church".

17: 3877: 1526:, for example, affirms that Christ "through Peter gave to the bishops the keys of the heavenly honors," and the author of the 7259: 7207: 5839: 4651: 3176: 2770: 1356: 990:

lover of Christ." His writings also emphasize the mortality of Peter, linking him more closely to the people of the church.

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resurrection with the higher knowledge. They imparted it to the other apostles, and the other apostles to the seventy...'"

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Based on his knowledge of the Petrine texts of the Gospel, and his writings which expound upon it, it is easy to see that

780:." Especially for the Hebrew people, keys were a symbol of authority; keys are also used to symbolise power over death in 7237: 7067: 5975: 5722: 5260: 4859: 4841: 4426: 2129:, indeed list both words and the passages that give different meanings for each. Conservative Lutheran apologists state: 86: 4096:(9th ed.) London: Virtue & Co., 1925. (Provides citations for the use of "πέτρος" to mean "rock" in classical works) 1830: 1363: 6896: 6393: 6002: 5727: 5265: 4975: 4392: 4244: 277: 144: 3109: 7473: 6879: 6481: 6128: 5962: 5413: 5043: 4904: 4836: 4591: 4209: 4198: 4169: 3201: 3149: 2730: 2304:

Modern Lutheran historians even disclose that the Catholic Church did not, at least unanimously, regard Peter as the

1801: 1779: 1403: 1337: 1495:

regards the Apostle Peter, together with the Apostle Paul, as "preeminent apostles". Paul and Peter are both termed

677: 653: 7393: 6941: 6694: 6639: 6504: 6239: 6235: 5980: 5765: 5712: 5017: 4980: 4899: 3818: 3621: 2947: 2033: 1522:

of Cyprian, but who share its main idea, thus witnessing to it as part of the catholic tradition of the Church. St

832: 2512: 2284:

Therefore, the building of the Church is upon this rock of confession; this faith is the foundation of the Church.

1370: 477: 418: 7402: 6744: 6719: 6684: 6679: 6644: 6524: 6123: 6007: 5597: 5560: 5443: 5423: 5379: 5205: 5085: 4889: 4752: 4632: 4517: 3032:

Morris, Colin. The Papal Monarchy: The Western Church from 1050 to 1250. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. p. 133.

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Morris, Colin. The Papal Monarchy: The Western Church from 1050 to 1250. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. p. 129.

3014:

Morris, Colin. The Papal Monarchy: The Western Church from 1050 to 1250. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. p. 101.

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through the Aramaic is pointless is the fact that the New Testament was written in Koine Greek, and not Aramaic.

1108: 874: 388: 230: 1432: 7340: 7052: 6739: 6709: 6689: 6629: 6419: 6135: 5673: 5665: 5577: 5438: 5418: 4769: 4380: 4076: 2358: 1783: 1341: 648: 6714: 6704: 6030: 5901: 5799: 5496: 5157: 5007: 4278: 1736: 1352: 433: 317: 3634: 3525: 1514:

A very clear patristic tradition sees the succession of Peter in the episcopal ministry. The doctrine of St

1302:), was used for both Peter's name and for the rock on which Jesus said he would build his church. Since the 7295: 7266: 7249: 7157: 6769: 6734: 6724: 6302: 6283: 6145: 5896: 5809: 4627: 4497: 4452: 4421: 4296: 3005:

Giles, E., ed. Documents Illustrating Papal Authority: A.D. 96-454. London: S.P.C.K., 1952. pp. 280, 323.

2707: 1074: 560: 114: 3514: 7305: 6055: 5923: 5792: 5162: 5080: 5038: 4479: 4338: 4134: 3050:

Giles, E., ed. Documents Illustrating Papal Authority: A.D. 96-454. London: S.P.C.K., 1952. p. 297-321.

2366: 2329:

Popes ever since Peter, which also gives us the reason for the way Roman Catholicism interprets Mt 16:18.

69: 3041:

Giles, E., ed. Documents Illustrating Papal Authority: A.D. 96-454. London: S.P.C.K., 1952. Pp. 238-256.

2886:

Giles, E., ed. Documents Illustrating Papal Authority: A.D. 96-454. London: S.P.C.K., 1952. pp. 29-30.

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difference Between Discipline and Power, and of the Power of the Keys." pp. 98-101. Published online at

2580: 7478: 7222: 7020: 6674: 6326: 6292: 6251: 5255: 5060: 4922: 4574: 4487: 3168: 2671: 823:. Noting that in the list of the Twelve Apostles in the Synoptics and Acts, Simon/Peter appears first. 613: 3671: 3536: 3415:. (On His Birthday, III: Delivered on the Anniversary of His Elevation to the Pontificate, Chapter II) 285:

There is general agreement among scholars on the preeminence that the historical Peter held among the

7412: 7358: 7029: 6979: 6669: 6624: 5732: 5237: 5065: 5055: 3682: 3609: 3453: 3280: 3254: 2996:

Giles, E., ed. Documents Illustrating Papal Authority: A.D. 96-454. London: S.P.C.K., 1952. p. 198.

2987:

Giles, E., ed. Documents Illustrating Papal Authority: A.D. 96-454. London: S.P.C.K., 1952. p. 194.

2978:

Giles, E., ed. Documents Illustrating Papal Authority: A.D. 96-454. London: S.P.C.K., 1952. p. 182.

2969:

Giles, E., ed. Documents Illustrating Papal Authority: A.D. 96-454. London: S.P.C.K., 1952. p. 175.

2960:

Giles, E., ed. Documents Illustrating Papal Authority: A.D. 96-454. London: S.P.C.K., 1952. p. 163.

2937:

Giles, E., ed. Documents Illustrating Papal Authority: A.D. 96-454. London: S.P.C.K., 1952. p. 126.

1136:

The papacy's most widely known crisis, as well as its largest challenge to authority, came with the "

1069:

was rather a series of movements many of which involved the reform of the Catholic Church, headed by

971: 912:, was well known for his insistence on the authority of the bishop. In his writings to the church at 2895:

Giles, E., ed. Documents Illustrating Papal Authority: A.D. 96-454. London: S.P.C.K., 1952. p. 53.

2864:

Giles, E., ed. Documents Illustrating Papal Authority: A.D. 96-454. London: S.P.C.K., 1952. p. 23.

660: 7442: 7378: 7300: 7271: 6891: 6886: 6764: 6664: 6649: 6634: 6476: 6297: 6187: 6105: 5929: 5906: 5857: 5530: 4675: 4539: 4492: 4333: 4328: 2855:

Giles, E., ed. Documents Illustrating Papal Authority: A.D. 96-454. London: S.P.C.K., 1952. p. 4.

2846:

Giles, E., ed. Documents Illustrating Papal Authority: A.D. 96-454. London: S.P.C.K., 1952. p. 9.

2837:

Giles, E., ed. Documents Illustrating Papal Authority: A.D. 96-454. London: S.P.C.K., 1952. p. 8.

2828:

Giles, E., ed. Documents Illustrating Papal Authority: A.D. 96-454. London: S.P.C.K., 1952. p. 6.

2545: 1113: 1057:

would later refer to Leo as "him who had been charged with the custody of the vine by the savior."

620: 308:, it is held that the primacy of Peter is a basis for the primacy of the bishop of Rome over other 5048: 3645: 3068:

Logan, F. Donald. A History of the Church in the Middle Ages. New York: Routledge, 2002. p. 297.

1188:), meaning "rock," that Jesus gave the man previously known as Simon. The Greeks translated it as 7363: 6995: 6956: 6923: 6369: 6349: 6217: 6095: 6045: 5824: 5625: 5565: 5070: 4970: 4398: 4387: 3598: 3077: 2591: 2549: 1826: 1772: 1585: 1492: 1330: 1104: 607: 286: 199: 154: 2564:

Knight, Kevin. "Question 106. The law of the Gospel, called the New Law, considered in itself."

423: 7483: 7432: 7373: 7368: 7002: 6808: 6729: 6654: 6534: 6212: 6100: 6040: 5717: 5605: 5316: 5290: 4704: 4237: 4048: 2624: 2342: 2289: 2198:

refers to a boulder used as a landmark, obviously something more than a pebble. In any case, a

1303: 1161: 518: 472: 149: 104: 2473: 2292:

and many other Protestant apologists agree that it is meaningless to elaborate the meaning of

1572:

Of the church of Rome, Linus the son of Claudia was the first, ordained by Paul; and Clemens (

1377: 7137: 6964: 6389: 6170: 6035: 5881: 5587: 5525: 5484: 5469: 5144: 5115: 4780: 4557: 4310: 4155:

Chronicle of the Popes: the Reign-by-Reign Record of the Papacy from St. Peter to the Present

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was the Aramaic word for "rock", and that it was also the name by which Christ called Peter.

917:

there let the people be, even as wheresoever Christ Jesus is, there is the Catholic Church."

806: 763: 413: 182: 1099:

Many challenges faced the popes claiming primacy throughout the history of Catholicism. The

7463: 6541: 6510: 6407: 6288: 6202: 6082: 5985: 5702: 5697: 5620: 5570: 5501: 5479: 5138: 5027: 4663: 4522: 3555: 2397: 2254: 1740: 1480: 1157: 1117: 1054: 736: 587: 527: 329: 172: 124: 2875: 2053:

Greek, and some authorities say no significant difference existed between the meanings of

1439: 933:

became a priest around the age of forty and worked tirelessly to defend the faith. In his

8: 7330: 7232: 7025: 7009: 6529: 6439: 5890: 5834: 5782: 5683: 5645: 5348: 5321: 4929: 4760: 2541:

who did more than any other to hold together the diversity of first-century Christianity.

2412: 1515: 1078: 905: 383: 355: 223: 139: 134: 109: 46: 1839: 7350: 7167: 6025: 6017: 5760: 5461: 5428: 5360: 5167: 5090: 4569: 3211: 2788: 2402: 2188: 1625: 1254: 1004: 781: 770: 3851: 3427:"Peter's Primacy in the New Testament and the Early Tradition" in The Primacy of Peter 3268:"Peter's Primacy in the New Testament and the Early Tradition" in The Primacy of Peter 3194:"Peter's Primacy in the New Testament and the Early Tradition" in The Primacy of Peter 2816:"Peter's Primacy in the New Testament and the Early Tradition" in The Primacy of Peter 7310: 6546: 5871: 5751: 5518: 5474: 5095: 4851: 4828: 4445: 4365: 4360: 4300: 4230: 4205: 4194: 4165: 4133: 3469: 3197: 3172: 3145: 2519: 2504: 2480: 2454:, preserves exactly the play on words in what is believed to be the original Aramaic. 2182:

was a smallish stone, there are instances of its use to refer to larger rocks, as in

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sfn error: no target: CITEREF"The_Primacy_of_the_Successor_of_Peter",_§3 (

7172: 6946: 6908: 6866: 6794: 6789: 6756: 6563: 6496: 6459: 6454: 6434: 6429: 6354: 6207: 6197: 6157: 5688: 5489: 5306: 4552: 4191:

Upon This Rock: St. Peter and the Primacy of Rome in Scripture and the Early Church

4100: 3908: 3884: 2905: 2369: 1634: 1523: 1484: 1287: 1278:

One common Protestant argument historically has been that the translation from the

1148:

risked returning to turbulent Italy and the Roman seat. Following the close of the

1121: 1070: 1066: 967: 882: 439: 6412: 4105: 3245:, Book 7, Chapter XLVI – "Who Were They that the Holy Apostles Sent and Ordained?" 2948:"If Peter had primacy, why did James make the decision on circumcision? (Acts 15)" 897:

asserted, therefore, has two parts: lineage from the Apostles and right teaching.

428: 7407: 7290: 7147: 7112: 6918: 6913: 6838: 6833: 6774: 6699: 6449: 6379: 5911: 5852: 5402: 5301: 4696: 4282: 3657: 3160: 3128: 2764: 2451:

je bâtirai mon Église, et les portes de l'enfer ne prévaudront point contre elle"

2437: 2417: 2275: 2028: 1642: 1283: 1145: 1033: 982: 801: 735:

Though among the twelve disciples, Peter is predominant in the first chapters of

378: 351: 313: 264: 119: 58: 3089: 2648: 7325: 7254: 7102: 7037: 6823: 6813: 6799: 6784: 6464: 6359: 6243: 6222: 5756: 5635: 5610: 5582: 5513: 5002: 4962: 4764: 4708: 4527: 4482: 4414: 4370: 4348: 4343: 3494: 3439: 2351: 2144: 1984: 1594: 1573: 1565: 1548: 1149: 1137: 1100: 886: 793: 777: 740: 554: 325: 252: 216: 204: 177: 2683: 7457: 7217: 7177: 7062: 6984: 6969: 6818: 6779: 6585: 6469: 6266: 5935: 5650: 5233: 4713: 4355: 4318: 4267: 4264: 2258: 2126: 1975:

Rock is Christ." In Ephesians 2:20, Jesus is called "the chief cornerstone".

1544: 1279: 1241:), and in the second half of the same verse the word translated as "rock" is 1153: 785: 756: 724: 672: 408: 373: 347: 293: 95: 54: 50: 31: 3822: 3576: 2496:

Theodore Stylianopoulos "Concerning the Biblical Foundation of Primacy", in

2257:

believes in the re-established Apostle ministry. It sees Peter as the first

2223: 2216:

could not be used as the given name of a male, which may explain the use of

2148: 2018: 2012: 1947: 1941: 1935: 1297: 1183: 7192: 7127: 7057: 7047: 6974: 6874: 6843: 6619: 6568: 6336: 6278: 6175: 5946: 5863: 5819: 5814: 5804: 5615: 5542: 5110: 5012: 4474: 4409: 4375: 4291: 4274: 4135:"Ninth Article: 'The Holy Catholic Church; the Communion of Saints.'" 2347: 2262: 1964:

simply because it is trying to preserve the pun, and in Greek the feminine

682: 565: 513: 493: 467: 2569: 2333: 2312:

Rome's rule for explaining the Scriptures and determining doctrine is the

2017:

in both instances. The Peshitta Text and the Old Syriac text use the word

582: 339: 7388: 7244: 7117: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7072: 6374: 6309: 6165: 6090: 6068: 5916: 5678: 5640: 5328: 4547: 4436: 4287: 2754:"The Primacy of the Successor of Peter in the Mystery of the Church", CDF 2362: 2122: 1867: 1140:" in the late Middle Ages, dating from 1378–1417. Seven popes ruled from 570: 548: 305: 260: 188: 77: 3196:(in eng). Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. pp. 67–68. 2121:

in Koine Greek. The Lutheran theologians state that the dictionaries of

1472: 7082: 7077: 6901: 6828: 6444: 6364: 5995: 5311: 4509: 4204:

Webster, William. "The Matthew 16 Controversy". Calvary Press, 1996. (

4184:

Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession

1786: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1722: 1611: 1561: 1344: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1172:

Controversy has surrounded one particular text that is linked with the

1125: 1049: 930: 2106:

confession he had just made is the rock on which the church is built.

1200:), a new form, appropriately masculine, of the standard feminine word 7187: 7182: 7152: 6848: 6611: 6595: 6580: 6424: 6314: 6192: 6182: 6050: 5829: 5217: 5032: 4680: 4579: 3845:"The Doctrine of Church and Ministry in the Life of the Church Today" 2245: 2239: 2233: 2217: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2183: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2116: 2110: 2079: 2069: 2060: 2054: 2047: 2041: 2006: 1994: 1965: 1959: 1953: 1929: 1923: 1893: 1887: 1656: 1270: 1248: 1236: 1207: 1195: 1037: 1761: 1319: 1291: 1177: 7427: 7335: 7162: 6261: 5630: 5355: 4463: 4253: 1601:

is implicitly there, and that the rest of the church has the keys:

926: 878: 870: 37: 5371: 1499:, which could be translated as "Choir-director," or lead singer. 7132: 5970: 5844: 5787: 4162:

The Primacy of Peter: Essays in Ecclesiology and the Early Church

2317: 2176:. Moreover, even in Attic Greek, in which the regular meaning of 1173: 1141: 1008: 986: 955: 309: 259:, "Peter"), is the position of preeminence that is attributed to 4119:

The Church in Ancient Society: From Galilee to Gregory the Great

3878:"Cross-Cultural And Multicultural Ministry In The New Testament" 3807:

Jesus, Peter & the Keys: A Scriptural Handbook on the Papacy

7285: 6590: 6575: 6519: 6486: 4668: 4142:. Translated by Rev. John Fander. Schwartz, Kirwin & Fauss. 2244:. It is alleged that when a demonstrative pronoun is used with 1286:. According to the Protestant transliteration argument, in the 913: 766: 42: 4104: 2078:

in the phrase "on this rock I will build my church," the word

7383: 6551: 6515: 2157:

says it cannot be used as "warrant of the papal succession."

2085: 2000: 1988: 1905: 1899: 1264: 1258: 1242: 1230: 1201: 1189: 1012: 819:

points of the doctrine was issued by the prefect of the CDF,

316:. This extension of Petrine primacy to popes is known as the 5061:

Palace of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples

4092:

Addis, William E. & Thomas Arnold (rev. T.B. Scannell).

3985:"The Restoration of the Aaronic and Melchizedek Priesthoods" 2809: 2807: 2805: 6556: 6275: 4943: 4471: 4271: 4222: 3441:

Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope, paragraph 22

3403:"On the Gospel of John" On John xx. 10, 11. (Homily LXXXVI) 1870:

centers on Matthew 16:18 where Jesus tells Peter: "You are

1580: 1476: 321: 1212:), also meaning "rock;" this was translated into Latin as 776:

Jesus said to Peter in verse 19, "I will give to thee the

751:

For Catholics, St. Peter is commonly considered the first

3554:. Catholic Answers Magazine. October 1999. Archived from 2925:

St. Cyprian: The Lapsed, The Unity of the Catholic Church

2802: 1447: 5178:

House of Retreat for the Clergy of Saints John and Paul

1576:), after Linus' death, the second, ordained by me Peter. 1443: 2876:

http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf04.iii.viii.xxi.html

2649:"CHURCH FATHERS: Letter 75 (Augustine) or 112 (Jerome)" 2555:. McDonald & Sanders editors, 2002, ch. 32, p. 577. 2334:

View of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

1593:

is explicitly absent from this later verse a number of

1467: 856: 3999:"Dating the Restoration of the Melchizedek Priesthood" 3961:. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Archived from 3753:. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Archived from 3725:

The concise Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament

3701:. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Archived from 3356:

A Treatise Concerning the Correction of the Donatists.

2380:

Church founder Joseph Smith is quoted as having said:

270: 4179:. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1994. 2143:

Partial support for the Catholic position comes from

2097:

Another rebuttal of the Catholic position is that if

1547:

were 'of Peter' had also once been held in the West.

5071:

Palace of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches

3577:"Peshitta Aramaic/English Interlinear New Testament" 2537:

Peter was probably in fact and effect the bridge-man

1825:

Stained glass window in a Catholic church depicting

5246: 5128: 4054:

Teachings of Presidents of the Church: Joseph Smith

3924:"The Specific Functions of the Church in the World" 4157:. 2nd ed. London : Thames & Hudson, 2006. 4126:Upon This Rock: The Popes and their Changing Roles 4106:"Primacy of Saint Peter and His Successors." 2684:"Dr Scott Hahn on the Papacy | Catholic-Pages.com" 2222:as the Greek word with which to translate Aramaic 966:Regarding the interpretation of Matthew 16:18-19, 739:, the focus shifts to Paul in the later chapters. 2164:which there is no distinction in meaning between 1829:in Rome sitting "Upon this rock," a reference to 7455: 3270:. St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. pp. 47–48. 2818:. St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. pp. 61–66. 2027:Early Catholic Latin and Greek writers (such as 419:Apiarius of Sicca § Appeal to the bishop of Rome 4049:"Chapter 16: Revelation and the Living Prophet" 3819:"Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope" 3784:" "Time," Dec. 07, 1953. Accessed Oct. 08, 2009 2339:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 1164:(1394–1417) who would reside in Avignon. 320:. This Catholic Church doctrine holds that the 292:In one interpretation, the prominence that the 4128:. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2000. 3424: 3265: 2813: 1978: 1970:could not very well serve as a masculine name. 1253:). A literal translation, in the style of the 873:has been called the most important witness of 486:To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation 5387: 5229:Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide 4238: 4140:A Complete Catechism of the Catholic Religion 3929:. Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary. Archived from 3883:. Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary. Archived from 3850:. Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary. Archived from 3466:"PETER IS THE ROCK (This Rock: January 1998)" 2515:A Marginal Jew. 3. Companions and Competitors 2365:which made Christ's divinity known to Peter. 2138: 1442:. Consider transferring direct quotations to 704: 489:§ The Third Wall: Authority to Call a Council 224: 3956:"And On THIS ROCK I Will Build My Church..." 3836: 3429:. St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. p. 68. 2441: 678:Josip Juraj Strossmayer § Catholic diplomacy 666:Old Catholic Church § First Vatican Council, 4657:Permanent Observer to the Council of Europe 3165:The Primacy of Peter in the Orthodox Church 2765:"The Primacy of the Successor of Peter", §3 2602:Eusebius. Ecclesiastical History. Book 1:1. 1213: 1144:in France in the early 14th century, until 389:First Vatican Council § Papal infallibility 27:Position of preeminence attributed to Peter 7316:International Alliance of Catholic Knights 5394: 5380: 4245: 4231: 4186:. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. 3915: 3546: 3544: 3191: 3122:"The Rock-Foundation of Matthew 16:17-20". 2592:"The Primacy of Peter", Catholic Tradition 1669:...the keys that were given to the Church, 711: 697: 434:Gregory II Youssef § First Vatican Council 231: 217: 4099: 3948: 3869: 3687: 3368:Ten Homilies on the First Epistle of John 3090:"Cephas - Dictionary.com - Reference.com" 2731:"Church of the Primacy of Peter", FaithND 1802:Learn how and when to remove this message 1404:Learn how and when to remove this message 1229:In the Greek text, the new name given is 4986:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls 4121:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. 4013:"Request a Priesthood Line of Authority" 3842: 1729: 1581:'Keys' and 'rock' not exclusive to Peter 1471: 1309: 642:Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox 36: 4131: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3541: 2912:. New York: Abingdon Press. p. 78. 2904: 2570:http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2106.htm 2544:particularly by the Antioch episode in 2068:However, even though the feminine noun 578:bishops § Centralization of papal power 14: 7456: 5775: 3114: 2024:Apostles chapters 1–2, 10–11, and 15. 900: 640:Ecclesiastical differences between the 424:Pentarchy § After the East–West Schism 5375: 4723: 4226: 3875: 3216:: CS1 maint: unrecognized language ( 3187: 3185: 3134: 1892:. However he refers to the "rock" as 1866:A major debate between Catholics and 1433:too many or overly lengthy quotations 999: 649:Ignaz von Döllinger § Papal authority 3769: 3748:"Responses to previous questions..." 3740: 3493:. Users.stargate.net. Archived from 3243:Apostolic Teaching and Constitutions 1784:adding citations to reliable sources 1755: 1564:, not Peter, was actually the first 1468:A Different Understanding of Primacy 1415: 1342:adding citations to reliable sources 1313: 1292: 1178: 1120:in 451 AD was the confession of the 857:Individuals supporting Roman primacy 5401: 5261:Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi 4177:Peter: Apostle for the Whole Church 4148:The Church in the Early Middle Ages 3843:Gawrisch, Wilbert R. (5 Aug 1991). 2922: 2127:Bauer-Danker-Arndt-Gingrich Lexicon 1999:) and that translated as "rock" is 1940:was used in both clauses ("you are 1751: 1060: 271:Primacy of Peter among the Apostles 24: 5266:Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua 4976:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 4086: 3921: 3695:"Matthew 16:18 - Peter, This Rock" 3182: 2785:"Cathecism of the Catholic Church" 2476:Evangelical Dictionary of Theology 1987:the word translated as "Peter" is 1028: 977: 473:Conciliarism § Modern conciliarism 278:Evangelical Dictionary of Theology 25: 7495: 5044:Pontifical North American College 4606:Section for Relations with States 4219:. Baltimore: Helicon Press, 1960. 3876:Balge, Richard D. (6 June 1995). 3821:. Book of Concord. Archived from 3392:The Prescription Against Heretics 3380:The Prescription Against Heretics 3231:To Eulogius, Bishop of Alexandria 7438: 7437: 7426: 7394:Society of Saint Vincent de Paul 6942:Criticism of the Catholic Church 5354: 5342: 4738:Extraordinary general assemblies 4069: 4041: 4019: 4005: 3991: 3977: 3797:(Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1984). 3795:The Expositor's Bible Commentary 3622:Catechism of the Catholic Church 2268: 2046:generally meant "pebble," while 2034:Catechism of the Catholic Church 1838: 1818: 1760: 1560:The Orthodox also consider that 1420: 1318: 1167: 833:Catechism of the Catholic Church 661:Papal infallibility § Objections 338: 299: 85: 5561:First seven ecumenical councils 5206:Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo 5106:Pontifical Oratory of San Paolo 5086:Pontifical Minor Roman Seminary 4885:Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno 3902: 3811: 3800: 3787: 3782:Religion: Peter & the Rock. 3730: 3717: 3676: 3665: 3650: 3639: 3628: 3614: 3603: 3592: 3569: 3530: 3519: 3508: 3483: 3458: 3447: 3433: 3418: 3406: 3397: 3385: 3373: 3361: 3349: 3337: 3321: 3316:Homilies on the Gospel of John. 3309: 3297: 3285: 3274: 3259: 3248: 3236: 3224: 3154: 3103: 3082: 3071: 3062: 3053: 3044: 3035: 3026: 3017: 3008: 2999: 2990: 2981: 2972: 2963: 2954: 2940: 2931: 2916: 2910:The Riddle of Roman Catholicism 2898: 2889: 2880: 2867: 2858: 2849: 2840: 2831: 2822: 2777: 2747: 2735: 2724: 2700: 2676: 2665: 2641: 2629: 2430: 2324:Lutheran apologists criticize: 1886:Jesus gives Simon the new name 1845:A 17th century illustration of 1771:needs additional citations for 1597:recognised that the meaning of 1329:needs additional citations for 1109:First Council of Constantinople 961:De Catholicae Ecclesiae Unitate 875:Christianity in the 2nd century 478:Ecumenical council § Acceptance 414:Episcopal see § Catholic Church 6136:Separation of church and state 4895:Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo 4150:. I.B. Tauris: New York, 2007. 4027:"New Testament Student Manual" 3910:Some thoughts on Matthew 16:18 3468:. Catholic.com. Archived from 2618: 2605: 2596: 2585: 2574: 2558: 2529: 2490: 2467: 2125:, including the authoritative 1510:As John Meyendorff explained: 1011:in 354 AD and was baptized in 13: 1: 5158:Pontifical Oriental Institute 4077:"Approaching Mormon Doctrine" 2461: 1918:Donald A. Carson III states: 1089: 1043: 920: 881:, who had been instructed by 778:keys of the kingdom of heaven 668:Old Catholic Union of Utrecht 318:primacy of the Bishop of Rome 41:An imaginative depiction of " 4981:Basilica of Saint Mary Major 4252: 3332:The Keys Given to the Church 2787:. Vatican.va. Archived from 2487:), entry "Peter, Primacy of" 2246: 2240: 2234: 2224: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2200: 2194: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2149: 2117: 2111: 2080: 2070: 2061: 2055: 2048: 2042: 2019: 2013: 2007: 1995: 1966: 1960: 1954: 1948: 1942: 1936: 1930: 1924: 1894: 1888: 1479:of St. Peter (15th century, 1298: 1271: 1249: 1237: 1208: 1196: 1184: 956:Thascius Caecilius Cyprianus 654:Ultramontanism § Position of 7: 7469:Bible-related controversies 5163:Pontifical Lombard Seminary 5039:Pontifical Urban University 4733:Ordinary general assemblies 4480:Cardinal Secretary of State 3659:The Shape of Sola Scriptura 2613:The Dictionary of the Bible 2526:), pp. 221–225, and others. 2474:Walter A. Elwell (editor), 2391: 1094: 865: 799:The Dogmatic Constitution, 506:Catholic episcopal councils 446:Eastern Orthodox opposition 10: 7500: 7433:Catholic Church portal 5256:Basilica of the Holy House 4880:Frosinone-Veroli-Ferentino 4288:Sovereignty and government 3092:. Dictionary.reference.com 2139:Partial Protestant support 2086: 2001: 1989: 1906: 1900: 1847:Article VII: Of the Church 1265: 1259: 1243: 1231: 1202: 1190: 1077:of Germany, known as the " 1022:Contra Epistolam Manichaei 950: 634:Objections and controversy 614:Cum ex apostolatus officio 29: 7421: 7359:Aid to the Church in Need 7349: 7206: 7019: 6980:Vatican Television Center 6955: 6865: 6755: 6625:Eastern Catholic Churches 6606: 6495: 6388: 6335: 6260: 6231: 6156: 6081: 6016: 5961: 5880: 5750: 5664: 5596: 5541: 5460: 5437: 5409: 5337: 5282: 5213:Gardens of the Villa Cybo 5196: 5066:Palace of the Holy Office 5056:Palazzo della Cancelleria 5028:Palace of Saint Callixtus 4998: 4961: 4951: 4940: 4921: 4850: 4827: 4779: 4751: 4695: 4590: 4538: 4508: 4462: 4435: 4309: 4297:Sovereign judicial entity 4260: 4217:Saint Peter and the Popes 3192:Meyendorff, John (1992). 2708:"St. Peter and the Popes" 1922:Although it is true that 1288:language that Jesus spoke 1131: 1067:Gregorian Reform movement 821:Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger 7474:1st-century Christianity 7301:Communion and Liberation 6765:Eastern Catholic liturgy 5930:Mystici Corporis Christi 5858:Sixto-Clementine Vulgate 5154:Archaeological Institute 4339:Old St. Peter's Basilica 4334:Patrimony of Saint Peter 4329:History of papal primacy 4132:Deharbe, Joseph (1912). 3144:. Broadman Press, 1962. 2498:Walter Kasper (editor), 2423: 1440:summarize the quotations 790:The Faith of Our Fathers 656:other apostolic churches 644:Church § Papal authority 621:Pascendi Dominici gregis 30:Not to be confused with 6116:Philosophy of canon law 6046:Mariology of the saints 5626:Investiture Controversy 5349:Vatican City portal 5081:Palace of the Vicariate 4875:Civitavecchia-Tarquinia 4399:Prisoner in the Vatican 4388:Investiture Controversy 3425:Veselin Kesich (1992). 3294:. Book VII. Chapter XXI 3266:Veselin Kesich (1992). 3169:St. Vladimir's Seminary 2814:Veselin Kesich (1992). 2288:Unlike Oscar Cullmann, 1493:Eastern Orthodox Church 608:Development of doctrine 576:Appointment of Catholic 7369:Catholic Charities USA 7003:Acta Apostolicae Sedis 6991:Vatican Polyglot Press 6041:Mariology of the popes 5679:Protestant Reformation 5361:Catholicism portal 5317:Apostolic Penitentiary 5291:Acta Apostolicae Sedis 5238:Santa Maria di Galeria 4563:For Vatican City State 4160:Meyendorff, John, ed. 3723:Danker, Frederick W., 3625:, Articles 424 and 552 3330:Book I. Chapter 18.17 3142:New Testament Theology 2688:www.catholic-pages.com 2518:(Knopf Doubleday 2001 2442: 2386: 2378: 2343:Melchizedek Priesthood 2331: 2322: 2290:Confessional Lutherans 2286: 2136: 1972: 1879:the Catholic Pontiff. 1727: 1714: 1703: 1697: 1677: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1647: 1630: 1616: 1578: 1558: 1541: 1488: 1304:Protestant Reformation 1214: 997: 854: 845: 829: 816: 727:, which some call the 256: 62: 18:Primacy of Simon Peter 7123:Good Shepherd Sisters 6965:Holy See Press Office 6203:Doctors of the Church 6036:Immaculate Conception 5991:Anointing of the Sick 5526:History of the papacy 5145:San Carlo ai Catinari 5116:Paul VI Audience Hall 5102:Benedictine monastery 5049:Bambino Gesù Hospital 4819:Sabina-Poggio Mirteto 4153:Maxwell-Stuart, P.G. 3344:On the Gospel of John 3328:On Christian Doctrine 3318:Preface to Homily 1.2 3171:Press, Crestwood NY, 2511:), pp. 43–44, citing 2479:(Baker Academic 2001 2408:Historical episcopate 2382: 2374: 2326: 2310: 2281: 2131: 1920: 1730:Examples from history 1715: 1704: 1698: 1686: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1648: 1631: 1617: 1603: 1570: 1553: 1543:The notion that many 1512: 1475: 1310:Eastern Orthodox view 992: 846: 837: 825: 811: 807:First Vatican Council 40: 6996:L'Osservatore Romano 6934:Role in civilisation 6660:Croatian and Serbian 6408:Episcopal conference 6370:St. Peter's Basilica 5728:Sexual abuse scandal 5684:Catholic Reformation 4971:St. Peter's Basilica 4664:Apostolic nunciature 4523:College of Cardinals 4518:Secretariat of State 4094:Catholic Dictionary. 3965:on 27 September 2009 3959:WELS Topical Q&A 3757:on 27 September 2009 3751:WELS Topical Q&A 3699:WELS Topical Q&A 3656:Mathison, Keith A., 3233:Book VII, Epistle XL 3131:Accessed 12 Mar 2013 2712:Catholic News Agency 2539:(pontifex maximus!) 2503:(Paulist Press 2008 2500:The Petrine Ministry 2398:Apostolic Succession 2255:New Apostolic Church 1827:St. Peter's Basilica 1780:improve this article 1536:The Primacy of Peter 1481:Russian State Museum 1338:improve this article 1118:Council of Chalcedon 1055:Council of Chalcedon 891:Against the Heresies 769:, in his epistle to 737:Acts of the Apostles 588:Papal deposing power 528:The Ratzinger Report 429:Pope John XIX § Life 7331:Neocatechumenal Way 7296:Charismatic Renewal 7010:Annuario Pontificio 6608:Particular churches 6284:Ecumenical councils 6056:Perpetual virginity 5891:Communitas perfecta 5835:Sermon on the Mount 5322:Apostolic Signatura 5150:Collegio Bellarmino 5022:Adjoining buildings 4597:Multilateral policy 4215:Winter, Michael M. 3110:bible Matthew 16:18 2440:, the translation, 2413:Papal infallibility 1904:being a "rock" but 1851:Augsburg Confession 1520:De unitate ecclesia 1516:Cyprian of Carthage 1079:Investiture Contest 938:made confession ." 901:Ignatius of Antioch 753:Bishop of Jerusalem 460:Ecumenical councils 384:Papal infallibility 140:Incident at Antioch 7168:Premonstratensians 5551:Ante-Nicene period 5429:Lists of Catholics 5091:Collegio Teutonico 5008:Lateran University 4852:Suffragan dioceses 4829:Territorial abbeys 4799:Porto-Santa Rufina 4781:Suburbicarian sees 4743:Special assemblies 4638:Permanent Observer 4182:Pham, John-Peter. 3922:Eckert, Harold H. 3705:on 2 December 2008 3635:1 Corinthians 10:4 3526:1 Corinthians 10:4 3515:Deuteronomy 32:3–4 3491:"Who is the Rock?" 3346:. Tractate CXXIV.7 3127:2016-06-23 at the 2923:Bevenot, Maurice. 2611:Mckenzie, John L. 2403:Early Christianity 2297:interpretation of 2189:Oedipus at Colonus 1626:Hilary of Poitiers 1489: 1353:"Primacy of Peter" 1255:King James Version 1114:Council of Ephesus 1005:Augustine of Hippo 1000:Augustine of Hippo 885:, Irenaeus became 771:Augustine of Hippo 448:to papal supremacy 63: 7479:Gospel of Matthew 7451: 7450: 6861: 6860: 6254: 6077: 6076: 5769: 5746: 5745: 5738:COVID-19 pandemic 5708:French Revolution 5698:Thirty Years' War 5606:Islamic conquests 5519:Apostolic fathers 5454: 5369: 5368: 5278: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5236:antennae area of 5227:Summer estate of 5192: 5191: 5124: 5123: 5096:Teutonic Cemetery 4994: 4993: 4957: 4956: 4953: 4934: 4917: 4916: 4913: 4912: 4870:Civita Castellana 4773: 4717: 4691: 4690: 4456: 4393:Age of Revolution 4366:Donation of Pepin 4361:Donation of Sutri 4301:international law 4117:Chadwick, Henry. 4101:Berington, Joseph 3177:978-0-88141-125-6 3163:, et al. (1963), 2906:Pelikan, Jaroslav 2653:www.newadvent.org 2636:The Navarre Bible 2308:until the 1870s: 2074:is translated as 1979:Meaning of "Rock" 1812: 1811: 1804: 1737:bishop of Antioch 1465: 1464: 1414: 1413: 1406: 1388: 1290:, the same word, 972:Eastern Catholics 910:bishop of Antioch 721: 720: 602:compared to popes 543:compared to popes 508:compared to popes 462:compared to popes 403:compared to popes 282:initial church. 241: 240: 130:Vision of a sheet 16:(Redirected from 7491: 7441: 7440: 7431: 7430: 7173:Redemptoristines 7021:Religious orders 6947:Anti-Catholicism 6897:Church buildings 6757:Catholic liturgy 6497:Consecrated life 6355:Apostolic Palace 6322:Synod of Bishops 6258: 6257: 6234: 5840:Ten Commandments 5773: 5772: 5755: 5656:Age of Discovery 5490:Great Commission 5458: 5457: 5442: 5396: 5389: 5382: 5373: 5372: 5359: 5358: 5347: 5346: 5345: 5249:extraterritorial 5244: 5243: 5222:Adjacent gardens 5182:Nympheum of Nero 5131:extraterritorial 5126: 5125: 5018:Sancta Sanctorum 4996: 4995: 4959: 4958: 4952: 4949: 4948: 4938: 4937: 4926: 4777: 4776: 4758: 4755:province of Rome 4721: 4720: 4702: 4553:Apostolic Camera 4460: 4459: 4442: 4324:Primacy of Peter 4247: 4240: 4233: 4224: 4223: 4189:Ray, Stephen K. 4175:Perkins, Pheme. 4143: 4137: 4114: 4108: 4081: 4080: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4023: 4017: 4016: 4009: 4003: 4002: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3935: 3928: 3919: 3913: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3889: 3882: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3856: 3849: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3830: 3815: 3809: 3804: 3798: 3793:D. A. Carson in 3791: 3785: 3778: 3767: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3744: 3738: 3734: 3728: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3691: 3685: 3680: 3674: 3669: 3663: 3654: 3648: 3643: 3637: 3632: 3626: 3618: 3612: 3607: 3601: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3587: 3586: 3581: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3563: 3552:"Peter the Rock" 3548: 3539: 3534: 3528: 3523: 3517: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3502: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3477: 3462: 3456: 3451: 3445: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3263: 3257: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3215: 3207: 3189: 3180: 3158: 3152: 3138: 3132: 3118: 3112: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3098: 3097: 3086: 3080: 3075: 3069: 3066: 3060: 3057: 3051: 3048: 3042: 3039: 3033: 3030: 3024: 3021: 3015: 3012: 3006: 3003: 2997: 2994: 2988: 2985: 2979: 2976: 2970: 2967: 2961: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2944: 2938: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2902: 2896: 2893: 2887: 2884: 2878: 2871: 2865: 2862: 2856: 2853: 2847: 2844: 2838: 2835: 2829: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2811: 2800: 2799: 2797: 2796: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2762: 2756: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2719: 2718: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2695: 2694: 2680: 2674: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2660: 2659: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2622: 2616: 2609: 2603: 2600: 2594: 2589: 2583: 2581:Matthew 16:16–18 2578: 2572: 2568:Sept. 11, 2009: 2562: 2556: 2553:The Canon Debate 2550:Dunn, James D.G. 2533: 2527: 2524:978-0-38546993-7 2509:978-0-80914334-4 2494: 2488: 2485:978-0-80102075-9 2471: 2455: 2453: 2434: 2370:Howard W. Hunter 2249: 2243: 2237: 2227: 2221: 2215: 2209: 2203: 2197: 2181: 2175: 2169: 2152: 2120: 2114: 2089: 2088: 2083: 2073: 2064: 2058: 2051: 2045: 2022: 2016: 2010: 2004: 2003: 1998: 1992: 1991: 1983:In the original 1969: 1963: 1957: 1951: 1945: 1939: 1933: 1927: 1909: 1908: 1903: 1902: 1897: 1891: 1842: 1822: 1807: 1800: 1796: 1793: 1787: 1764: 1756: 1752:Protestant views 1725: 1712: 1695: 1659: 1645: 1628: 1614: 1586:Eastern Orthodox 1539: 1524:Gregory of Nyssa 1485:Saint Petersburg 1460: 1457: 1451: 1424: 1423: 1416: 1409: 1402: 1398: 1395: 1389: 1387: 1346: 1322: 1314: 1301: 1295: 1294: 1274: 1268: 1267: 1262: 1261: 1252: 1246: 1245: 1240: 1234: 1233: 1217: 1211: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1193: 1192: 1187: 1181: 1180: 1122:Person of Christ 1105:Council of Nicea 1061:Pope Gregory VII 968:Jaroslav Pelikan 883:John the apostle 805:, issued by the 786:Cardinal Gibbons 762:The 4th century 759:'s persecution. 713: 706: 699: 583:Concordat § List 541:Political rulers 520:Christus Dominus 440:Ravenna Document 370:Primacy of Peter 342: 335: 334: 247:, also known as 245:primacy of Peter 233: 226: 219: 105:Walking on water 89: 65: 64: 53:" as written in 21: 7499: 7498: 7494: 7493: 7492: 7490: 7489: 7488: 7454: 7453: 7452: 7447: 7425: 7417: 7396: 7379:Relief Services 7345: 7291:Catholic Action 7281:Military orders 7218:Confraternities 7210:of the faithful 7209: 7202: 7024: 7015: 6951: 6857: 6751: 6610: 6602: 6535:Prior, Prioress 6491: 6384: 6380:Vatican Museums 6331: 6264: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6233: 6227: 6152: 6106:Social teaching 6073: 6012: 5957: 5912:One true church 5876: 5853:Sixtine Vulgate 5849:Official Bible 5763: 5759: 5754: 5742: 5660: 5592: 5537: 5507:Petrine primacy 5450: 5446: 5441: 5433: 5405: 5403:Catholic Church 5400: 5370: 5365: 5353: 5343: 5341: 5333: 5302:Papal household 5270: 5248: 5242: 5198: 5188: 5174:Sant'Apollinare 5172:Two Palaces of 5168:Russian College 5130: 5120: 4990: 4963:Major basilicas 4942: 4931: 4928: 4925: 4909: 4846: 4823: 4768: 4757: 4754: 4747: 4711: 4707: 4701: 4698: 4687: 4616:Of the Holy See 4611:To the Holy See 4594: 4592:Foreign affairs 4586: 4534: 4504: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4439:judicial entity 4438: 4431: 4305: 4283:Diocese of Rome 4256: 4251: 4124:Collins, Paul. 4089: 4087:Further reading 4084: 4075: 4074: 4070: 4060: 4058: 4047: 4046: 4042: 4032: 4030: 4025: 4024: 4020: 4011: 4010: 4006: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3983: 3982: 3978: 3968: 3966: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3939: 3937: 3933: 3926: 3920: 3916: 3907: 3903: 3893: 3891: 3887: 3880: 3874: 3870: 3860: 3858: 3854: 3847: 3841: 3837: 3828: 3826: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3805: 3801: 3792: 3788: 3779: 3770: 3760: 3758: 3746: 3745: 3741: 3735: 3731: 3722: 3718: 3708: 3706: 3693: 3692: 3688: 3681: 3677: 3670: 3666: 3655: 3651: 3644: 3640: 3633: 3629: 3619: 3615: 3608: 3604: 3597: 3593: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3575: 3574: 3570: 3561: 3559: 3550: 3549: 3542: 3535: 3531: 3524: 3520: 3513: 3509: 3500: 3498: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3475: 3473: 3464: 3463: 3459: 3452: 3448: 3438: 3434: 3423: 3419: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3398: 3390: 3386: 3378: 3374: 3366: 3362: 3354: 3350: 3342: 3338: 3326: 3322: 3314: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3290: 3286: 3279: 3275: 3264: 3260: 3253: 3249: 3241: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3190: 3183: 3161:John Meyendorff 3159: 3155: 3139: 3135: 3129:Wayback Machine 3119: 3115: 3108: 3104: 3095: 3093: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3036: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3013: 3009: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2955: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2932: 2927:. pp. 6–8. 2921: 2917: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2881: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2812: 2803: 2794: 2792: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2768: 2763: 2759: 2752: 2748: 2742:Pastor aeternus 2740: 2736: 2729: 2725: 2716: 2714: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2692: 2690: 2682: 2681: 2677: 2672:Revelation 1:18 2670: 2666: 2657: 2655: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2634: 2630: 2623: 2619: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2597: 2590: 2586: 2579: 2575: 2563: 2559: 2534: 2530: 2513:John P. Meier, 2495: 2491: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2458: 2447:, et sur cette 2435: 2431: 2426: 2418:Papal supremacy 2394: 2336: 2276:Book of Concord 2271: 2192:v. 1595, where 2141: 2029:John Chrysostom 1981: 1946:" and "on this 1864: 1863: 1862: 1861: 1860: 1843: 1835: 1834: 1823: 1808: 1797: 1791: 1788: 1777: 1765: 1754: 1739:. "Canon 28 of 1732: 1726: 1721: 1713: 1711:John Chrysostom 1710: 1696: 1693: 1660: 1655: 1646: 1643:John Chrysostom 1641: 1629: 1624: 1615: 1610: 1583: 1540: 1534: 1470: 1461: 1455: 1452: 1446:or excerpts to 1437: 1425: 1421: 1410: 1399: 1393: 1390: 1347: 1345: 1335: 1323: 1312: 1284:Aramaic primacy 1263:rather than as 1170: 1134: 1097: 1092: 1063: 1046: 1031: 1029:Pope Innocent I 1002: 983:John Chrysostom 980: 978:John Chrysostom 953: 943:association in 929:around 155 AD, 923: 903: 889:in 178. In his 868: 859: 802:Pastor aeternus 717: 688: 687: 667: 655: 643: 641: 635: 627: 626: 603: 601: 593: 592: 577: 544: 542: 534: 533: 509: 507: 499: 498: 488: 480:of the councils 479: 463: 461: 453: 452: 447: 404: 402: 394: 393: 379:Papal supremacy 365: 314:Catholic Church 312:throughout the 302: 273: 265:Twelve Apostles 249:Petrine primacy 237: 59:Pietro Perugino 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7497: 7487: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7449: 7448: 7446: 7445: 7435: 7422: 7419: 7418: 7416: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7397: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7355: 7353: 7347: 7346: 7344: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7326:Legion of Mary 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7277: 7276: 7275: 7274: 7264: 7263: 7262: 7255:Lay Carmelites 7252: 7242: 7241: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7214: 7212: 7204: 7203: 7201: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7103:Conceptionists 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7038:Assumptionists 7034: 7032: 7017: 7016: 7014: 7013: 7006: 6999: 6992: 6989: 6988: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6967: 6961: 6959: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6905: 6904: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6883: 6882: 6871: 6869: 6863: 6862: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6855: 6854: 6853: 6852: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6806: 6805: 6804: 6803: 6802: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6761: 6759: 6753: 6752: 6750: 6749: 6748: 6747: 6742: 6740:Syro-Malankara 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6690:Italo-Albanian 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6622: 6616: 6614: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6600: 6599: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6578: 6573: 6572: 6571: 6561: 6560: 6559: 6554: 6544: 6539: 6538: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6508: 6501: 6499: 6493: 6492: 6490: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6473: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6417: 6416: 6415: 6410: 6399: 6397: 6386: 6385: 6383: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6360:Lateran Treaty 6357: 6352: 6347: 6341: 6339: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6318: 6317: 6307: 6306: 6305: 6300: 6286: 6281: 6272: 6270: 6255: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6179: 6178: 6173: 6162: 6160: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6150: 6149: 6148: 6143: 6133: 6132: 6131: 6121: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6096:Moral theology 6093: 6087: 6085: 6079: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6071: 6066: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6022: 6020: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5999: 5998: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5967: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5955: 5950: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5926: 5921: 5920: 5919: 5914: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5886: 5884: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5874: 5869: 5868: 5867: 5860: 5855: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5796: 5795: 5790: 5779: 5777: 5770: 5748: 5747: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5694: 5693: 5692: 5691: 5681: 5670: 5668: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5611:Pope Gregory I 5608: 5602: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5590: 5585: 5583:Biblical canon 5580: 5578:Late antiquity 5575: 5574: 5573: 5568: 5558: 5553: 5547: 5545: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5535: 5534: 5533: 5523: 5522: 5521: 5514:Church fathers 5511: 5510: 5509: 5504: 5494: 5493: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5466: 5464: 5455: 5448:Ecclesiastical 5435: 5434: 5432: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5410: 5407: 5406: 5399: 5398: 5391: 5384: 5376: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5363: 5351: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5331: 5326: 5325: 5324: 5319: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5286: 5284: 5280: 5279: 5276: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5252: 5250: 5241: 5240: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5223: 5220: 5214: 5211: 5202: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5185: 5184: 5176: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5152: 5147: 5141: 5137:Palace of the 5134: 5132: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5098: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5052: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5030: 5025: 5024: 5023: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5003:Lateran Palace 4999: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4967: 4965: 4955: 4954: 4946: 4935: 4932:territoriality 4919: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4856: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4844: 4839: 4833: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4794:Velletri-Segni 4791: 4785: 4783: 4774: 4753:Ecclesiastical 4749: 4748: 4746: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4729: 4727: 4718: 4709:full communion 4693: 4692: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4685: 4684: 4683: 4673: 4672: 4671: 4661: 4660: 4659: 4652:European Union 4649: 4648: 4647: 4646: 4645: 4633:United Nations 4630: 4625: 4624: 4623: 4613: 4608: 4602: 4600: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4584: 4583: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4566: 4565: 4555: 4544: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4532: 4531: 4530: 4528:Papal conclave 4520: 4514: 4512: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4502: 4501: 4500: 4495: 4485: 4483:Pietro Parolin 4477: 4468: 4466: 4457: 4433: 4432: 4430: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4418: 4417: 4415:Lateran Treaty 4407: 4402: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4384: 4383: 4381:Temporal power 4373: 4371:Avignon Papacy 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4352: 4351: 4344:Lateran Palace 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4315: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4303: 4294: 4285: 4261: 4258: 4257: 4250: 4249: 4242: 4235: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4213: 4202: 4187: 4180: 4173: 4158: 4151: 4144: 4129: 4122: 4115: 4113:. Jos. Booker. 4097: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4082: 4068: 4040: 4018: 4004: 3990: 3976: 3947: 3914: 3901: 3868: 3835: 3810: 3799: 3786: 3768: 3739: 3729: 3716: 3686: 3675: 3672:Ephesians 2:20 3664: 3649: 3638: 3627: 3613: 3602: 3591: 3568: 3540: 3537:Ephesians 2:20 3529: 3518: 3507: 3482: 3457: 3446: 3432: 3417: 3405: 3396: 3384: 3372: 3360: 3348: 3336: 3320: 3308: 3304:On the Trinity 3296: 3284: 3273: 3258: 3247: 3235: 3223: 3202: 3181: 3153: 3140:Stagg, Frank. 3133: 3113: 3102: 3081: 3070: 3061: 3052: 3043: 3034: 3025: 3016: 3007: 2998: 2989: 2980: 2971: 2962: 2953: 2939: 2930: 2915: 2897: 2888: 2879: 2866: 2857: 2848: 2839: 2830: 2821: 2801: 2776: 2757: 2746: 2734: 2723: 2699: 2675: 2664: 2640: 2628: 2617: 2604: 2595: 2584: 2573: 2557: 2528: 2489: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2456: 2450: 2446: 2428: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2393: 2390: 2352:Oliver Cowdery 2335: 2332: 2270: 2267: 2145:Oscar Cullmann 2140: 2137: 1980: 1977: 1874:, and on this 1844: 1837: 1836: 1824: 1817: 1816: 1815: 1814: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1768: 1766: 1759: 1753: 1750: 1731: 1728: 1719: 1708: 1691: 1653: 1639: 1622: 1608: 1595:Church Fathers 1582: 1579: 1566:Bishop of Rome 1549:Pope Gregory I 1532: 1504:faith of Simon 1469: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1428: 1426: 1419: 1412: 1411: 1326: 1324: 1317: 1311: 1308: 1169: 1166: 1150:Avignon papacy 1138:Western Schism 1133: 1130: 1112:in honor. The 1101:Edict of Milan 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1062: 1059: 1045: 1042: 1030: 1027: 1001: 998: 979: 976: 952: 949: 922: 919: 902: 899: 887:Bishop of Lyon 867: 864: 858: 855: 794:prime minister 788:, in his book 741:James the Just 719: 718: 716: 715: 708: 701: 693: 690: 689: 686: 685: 680: 675: 670: 663: 658: 651: 646: 636: 633: 632: 629: 628: 625: 624: 617: 610: 604: 600:Existing dogma 599: 598: 595: 594: 591: 590: 585: 580: 573: 568: 563: 558: 555:Patronato real 551: 545: 540: 539: 536: 535: 532: 531: 524: 516: 510: 505: 504: 501: 500: 497: 496: 491: 482: 475: 470: 464: 459: 458: 455: 454: 451: 450: 443: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 405: 400: 399: 396: 395: 392: 391: 386: 381: 376: 366: 363: 362: 359: 358: 344: 343: 326:Bishop of Rome 301: 298: 272: 269: 239: 238: 236: 235: 228: 221: 213: 210: 209: 208: 207: 202: 197: 192: 185: 180: 175: 167: 166: 162: 161: 160: 159: 158: 157: 152: 142: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 99: 98: 91: 90: 82: 81: 74: 73: 72:of articles on 47:Keys of Heaven 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7496: 7485: 7484:Papal primacy 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7461: 7459: 7444: 7436: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7423: 7420: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7398: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7374:Home Missions 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7352: 7348: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7273: 7270: 7269: 7268: 7267:Saint Francis 7265: 7261: 7258: 7257: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7250:Saint Dominic 7248: 7247: 7246: 7243: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7220: 7219: 7216: 7215: 7213: 7211: 7205: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7063:Bethlehemites 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7035: 7033: 7031: 7027: 7022: 7018: 7012: 7011: 7007: 7005: 7004: 7000: 6998: 6997: 6993: 6990: 6986: 6985:Vatican Radio 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6972: 6971: 6970:Vatican Media 6968: 6966: 6963: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6954: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6881: 6878: 6877: 6876: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6868: 6864: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6831: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6811: 6810: 6807: 6801: 6798: 6797: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6767: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6758: 6754: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6617: 6615: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6583: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6570: 6567: 6566: 6565: 6562: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6549: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6517: 6514: 6513: 6512: 6509: 6506: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6494: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6422: 6421: 6418: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6338: 6334: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6316: 6313: 6312: 6311: 6308: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6295: 6294: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6267:List of popes 6263: 6259: 6256: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6230: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6168: 6167: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6155: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6137: 6134: 6130: 6127: 6126: 6125: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6084: 6080: 6070: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6051:Mother of God 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6015: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5997: 5994: 5993: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5960: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5948: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5936:People of God 5934: 5932: 5931: 5927: 5925: 5924:Infallibility 5922: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5909: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5892: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5883: 5879: 5873: 5870: 5866: 5865: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5800:Body and soul 5798: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5771: 5768: 5767: 5762: 5758: 5753: 5749: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5703:Enlightenment 5701: 5699: 5696: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5676: 5675: 5674:Protestantism 5672: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5663: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5651:Scholasticism 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5636:Schism (1378) 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5621:Schism (1054) 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5595: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5563: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5540: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5527: 5524: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5515: 5512: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5499: 5498: 5495: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5472: 5471: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5459: 5456: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5440: 5436: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5408: 5404: 5397: 5392: 5390: 5385: 5383: 5378: 5377: 5374: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5350: 5340: 5339: 5336: 5330: 5327: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5314: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5307:Peter's Pence 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5292: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5281: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5245: 5239: 5235: 5234:Vatican Radio 5232: 5230: 5226: 5221: 5219: 5215: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5207: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5195: 5183: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5142: 5140: 5139:Holy Apostles 5136: 5135: 5133: 5127: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5101: 5097: 5094: 5093: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5005: 5004: 5001: 5000: 4997: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4960: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4924: 4920: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4865:Anagni-Alatri 4863: 4861: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4849: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4775: 4771: 4766: 4762: 4756: 4750: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4722: 4719: 4715: 4714:Papal primacy 4710: 4706: 4700: 4694: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4677: 4674: 4670: 4667: 4666: 4665: 4662: 4658: 4655: 4654: 4653: 4650: 4644: 4641: 4640: 4639: 4636: 4635: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4622: 4619: 4618: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4593: 4589: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4575:Congregations 4573: 4571: 4568: 4564: 4561: 4560: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4550: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4537: 4529: 4526: 4525: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4507: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4490: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4461: 4458: 4454: 4449: 4446:international 4440: 4434: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4416: 4413: 4412: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4382: 4379: 4378: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4356:Duchy of Rome 4354: 4350: 4347: 4346: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4319:Apostolic see 4317: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4273: 4269: 4268:episcopal see 4266: 4263: 4262: 4259: 4255: 4248: 4243: 4241: 4236: 4234: 4229: 4228: 4225: 4218: 4214: 4211: 4210:1-87973-725-6 4207: 4203: 4200: 4199:0-89870-723-4 4196: 4192: 4188: 4185: 4181: 4178: 4174: 4171: 4170:0-88141-125-6 4167: 4163: 4159: 4156: 4152: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4130: 4127: 4123: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4098: 4095: 4091: 4090: 4079:. 2007-05-04. 4078: 4072: 4056: 4055: 4050: 4044: 4028: 4022: 4014: 4008: 4000: 3994: 3986: 3980: 3964: 3960: 3957: 3951: 3936:on 2015-02-03 3932: 3925: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3905: 3890:on 2015-02-03 3886: 3879: 3872: 3857:on 2015-02-03 3853: 3846: 3839: 3825:on 2012-07-17 3824: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3803: 3796: 3790: 3783: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3756: 3752: 3749: 3743: 3733: 3726: 3720: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3683:Matthew 16:18 3679: 3673: 3668: 3661: 3660: 3653: 3647: 3642: 3636: 3631: 3624: 3623: 3617: 3611: 3610:Luke 22:31–32 3606: 3600: 3595: 3578: 3572: 3558:on 2016-06-01 3557: 3553: 3547: 3545: 3538: 3533: 3527: 3522: 3516: 3511: 3497:on 2012-02-16 3496: 3492: 3486: 3472:on 2011-07-26 3471: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3454:John 21:15–19 3450: 3444:and following 3443: 3442: 3436: 3428: 3421: 3414: 3409: 3400: 3393: 3388: 3381: 3376: 3370:. Homily X.10 3369: 3364: 3358:Chapter 10.45 3357: 3352: 3345: 3340: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3317: 3312: 3305: 3300: 3293: 3288: 3282: 3281:Matthew 18:18 3277: 3269: 3262: 3256: 3255:Matthew 16:18 3251: 3244: 3239: 3232: 3227: 3219: 3213: 3205: 3203:0-88141-125-6 3199: 3195: 3188: 3186: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3151: 3150:0-8054-1613-7 3147: 3143: 3137: 3130: 3126: 3123: 3120:John Engler. 3117: 3111: 3106: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3074: 3065: 3056: 3047: 3038: 3029: 3020: 3011: 3002: 2993: 2984: 2975: 2966: 2957: 2949: 2943: 2934: 2926: 2919: 2911: 2907: 2901: 2892: 2883: 2877: 2870: 2861: 2852: 2843: 2834: 2825: 2817: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2791:on 2012-06-23 2790: 2786: 2780: 2772: 2766: 2761: 2755: 2750: 2743: 2738: 2732: 2727: 2713: 2709: 2703: 2689: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2668: 2654: 2650: 2644: 2637: 2632: 2626: 2621: 2614: 2608: 2599: 2593: 2588: 2582: 2577: 2571: 2567: 2561: 2554: 2551: 2547: 2542: 2538: 2532: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2516: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2501: 2493: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2477: 2470: 2466: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2433: 2429: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2395: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2309: 2307: 2302: 2300: 2295: 2291: 2285: 2280: 2278: 2277: 2269:Lutheran view 2266: 2264: 2260: 2259:Chief Apostle 2256: 2251: 2248: 2242: 2236: 2229: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2191: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2174: 2168: 2161: 2158: 2154: 2151: 2146: 2135: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2113: 2107: 2104: 2101:really means 2100: 2095: 2091: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2066: 2063: 2057: 2050: 2044: 2038: 2036: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2021: 2015: 2009: 1997: 1986: 1976: 1971: 1968: 1962: 1956: 1950: 1944: 1938: 1932: 1926: 1919: 1916: 1912: 1896: 1890: 1884: 1880: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1858: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1841: 1832: 1828: 1821: 1806: 1803: 1795: 1792:December 2018 1785: 1781: 1775: 1774: 1769:This section 1767: 1763: 1758: 1757: 1749: 1745: 1742: 1738: 1724: 1718: 1707: 1702: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1670: 1665: 1658: 1652: 1644: 1638: 1636: 1627: 1621: 1613: 1607: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1577: 1575: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1557: 1552: 1551:states that: 1550: 1546: 1537: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1459: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1435: 1434: 1429:This section 1427: 1418: 1417: 1408: 1405: 1397: 1386: 1383: 1379: 1376: 1372: 1369: 1365: 1362: 1358: 1355: – 1354: 1350: 1349:Find sources: 1343: 1339: 1333: 1332: 1327:This section 1325: 1321: 1316: 1315: 1307: 1305: 1300: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1280:New Testament 1276: 1273: 1256: 1251: 1239: 1227: 1225: 1219: 1216: 1210: 1198: 1186: 1175: 1168:Matthew 16:18 1165: 1163: 1162:Benedict XIII 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1087: 1084: 1081:". Gregory's 1080: 1076: 1075:King Henry IV 1072: 1068: 1058: 1056: 1051: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1026: 1023: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 996: 991: 988: 984: 975: 973: 969: 964: 962: 957: 948: 946: 941: 936: 932: 928: 918: 915: 911: 907: 898: 894: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 863: 853: 850: 844: 841: 836: 834: 828: 824: 822: 815: 810: 808: 804: 803: 797: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 774: 772: 768: 765: 760: 758: 757:Herod Agrippa 754: 749: 746: 742: 738: 733: 730: 726: 725:New Testament 714: 709: 707: 702: 700: 695: 694: 692: 691: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 673:Sedevacantism 671: 669: 664: 662: 659: 657: 652: 650: 647: 645: 638: 637: 631: 630: 623: 622: 618: 616: 615: 611: 609: 606: 605: 597: 596: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 556: 552: 550: 547: 546: 538: 537: 530: 529: 525: 523: 522:§ Controversy 521: 517: 515: 512: 511: 503: 502: 495: 494:Ultrajectines 492: 490: 487: 483: 481: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 465: 457: 456: 449: 444: 442: 441: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 409:Papal primacy 407: 406: 398: 397: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 374:Papal primacy 371: 368: 367: 361: 360: 357: 356:infallibility 353: 349: 348:Papal primacy 346: 345: 341: 337: 336: 333: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 300:Catholic view 297: 295: 294:New Testament 290: 288: 283: 280: 279: 268: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 234: 229: 227: 222: 220: 215: 214: 212: 211: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 190: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 174: 171: 170: 169: 168: 164: 163: 156: 153: 151: 148: 147: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 115:Servant's ear 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 102: 101: 100: 97: 96:New Testament 93: 92: 88: 84: 83: 79: 76: 75: 71: 67: 66: 60: 56: 55:Matthew 16:18 52: 51:Apostle Peter 48: 44: 39: 33: 32:Papal primacy 19: 7413:Universities 7245:Third orders 7208:Associations 7198:Visitandines 7193:Trinitarians 7143:Mercedarians 7128:Hieronymites 7073:Camaldoleses 7058:Benedictines 7048:Augustinians 7008: 7001: 6994: 6975:Vatican News 6929:Distinctions 6735:Syro-Malabar 6620:Latin Church 6542:Grand master 6440:Metropolitan 6337:Vatican City 6232:Organisation 6111:Philosophers 5976:Confirmation 5953:In canon law 5947:Subsistit in 5945: 5941:Three states 5928: 5889: 5882:Ecclesiology 5864:Nova Vulgata 5862: 5820:Original sin 5815:Nicene Creed 5805:Divine grace 5764: 5646:Universities 5616:Papal States 5543:Great Church 5506: 5485:Resurrection 5462:Early Church 5289: 5111:Beda College 5013:Scala Sancta 4837:Montecassino 4770:Vatican City 4453:Legal status 4422:World War II 4410:Vatican City 4405:Savoyard era 4376:Papal States 4323: 4292:Vatican City 4216: 4190: 4183: 4176: 4161: 4154: 4147: 4146:Evans, G.R. 4139: 4125: 4118: 4110: 4093: 4071: 4059:. Retrieved 4057:. LDS Church 4053: 4043: 4031:. Retrieved 4029:. LDS Church 4021: 4007: 3993: 3979: 3967:. Retrieved 3963:the original 3958: 3950: 3938:. Retrieved 3931:the original 3917: 3909: 3904: 3892:. Retrieved 3885:the original 3871: 3859:. Retrieved 3852:the original 3838: 3827:. Retrieved 3823:the original 3813: 3806: 3802: 3794: 3789: 3759:. Retrieved 3755:the original 3750: 3742: 3732: 3724: 3719: 3707:. Retrieved 3703:the original 3698: 3689: 3678: 3667: 3662:, pp.184–185 3658: 3652: 3641: 3630: 3620: 3616: 3605: 3594: 3583:. Retrieved 3571: 3560:. Retrieved 3556:the original 3532: 3521: 3510: 3499:. Retrieved 3495:the original 3485: 3474:. Retrieved 3470:the original 3460: 3449: 3440: 3435: 3426: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3379: 3375: 3367: 3363: 3355: 3351: 3343: 3339: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3315: 3311: 3306:. Book VI.37 3303: 3299: 3291: 3287: 3276: 3267: 3261: 3250: 3242: 3238: 3230: 3226: 3193: 3164: 3156: 3141: 3136: 3116: 3105: 3094:. Retrieved 3084: 3073: 3064: 3055: 3046: 3037: 3028: 3019: 3010: 3001: 2992: 2983: 2974: 2965: 2956: 2942: 2933: 2924: 2918: 2909: 2900: 2891: 2882: 2869: 2860: 2851: 2842: 2833: 2824: 2815: 2793:. Retrieved 2789:the original 2779: 2760: 2749: 2744:, Chapter IV 2741: 2737: 2726: 2715:. Retrieved 2711: 2702: 2691:. Retrieved 2687: 2678: 2667: 2656:. Retrieved 2652: 2643: 2635: 2631: 2620: 2612: 2607: 2598: 2587: 2576: 2565: 2560: 2552: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2514: 2499: 2492: 2475: 2469: 2432: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2356: 2348:Joseph Smith 2337: 2327: 2323: 2311: 2305: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2287: 2282: 2274: 2272: 2263:Early Church 2252: 2230: 2187: 2162: 2159: 2155: 2142: 2132: 2108: 2102: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2075: 2067: 2039: 2032: 2026: 1982: 1973: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1885: 1881: 1875: 1871: 1865: 1854: 1850: 1798: 1789: 1778:Please help 1773:verification 1770: 1746: 1733: 1716: 1705: 1699: 1687: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1649: 1632: 1618: 1604: 1598: 1590: 1584: 1571: 1559: 1554: 1542: 1535: 1528:Areopagitica 1527: 1519: 1513: 1509: 1503: 1501: 1496: 1490: 1453: 1438:Please help 1430: 1400: 1391: 1381: 1374: 1367: 1360: 1348: 1336:Please help 1331:verification 1328: 1277: 1228: 1220: 1171: 1135: 1098: 1082: 1064: 1047: 1032: 1021: 1016: 1007:was born in 1003: 993: 985:was born at 981: 965: 960: 954: 945:De Pudecitia 944: 939: 934: 924: 904: 895: 890: 877:. Taught by 869: 860: 848: 847: 839: 838: 830: 826: 817: 812: 800: 798: 789: 775: 764:Latin Father 761: 750: 744: 734: 728: 722: 683:Ultrajectine 619: 612: 566:Febronianism 553: 526: 519: 514:Febronianism 485: 468:Conciliarity 438: 369: 303: 291: 284: 276: 274: 248: 244: 242: 194: 187: 80:in the Bible 45:handing the 7464:Saint Peter 7403:Health care 7389:Pax Christi 7341:Schoenstatt 7306:Sant'Egidio 7138:Legionaries 7118:Franciscans 7093:Cistercians 7088:Carthusians 7043:Annonciades 6902:Altarpieces 6795:West Syriac 6790:East Syriac 6770:Alexandrian 6394:Holy orders 6375:Swiss Guard 6315:Dicasteries 6310:Roman Curia 6208:Evangelists 6166:Holy Family 6101:Personalism 6091:Natural law 6069:Josephology 6003:Holy orders 5641:Inquisition 5598:Middle Ages 5588:Monasticism 5556:Constantine 5480:Crucifixion 5329:Swiss Guard 5076:Palazzo Pio 4580:Dicasteries 4558:Commissions 4548:Roman Curia 4427:Warsaw Pact 2638:, footnotes 2566:New Advent. 2546:Galatians 2 2363:Holy Spirit 2123:Koine Greek 1868:Protestants 1158:Clement VII 1083:Dictus Pape 1071:Gregory VII 571:Cisalpinism 561:Josephinism 549:Gallicanism 306:Catholicism 125:Restoration 7458:Categories 7158:Oratorians 7113:Dominicans 7083:Carmelites 7078:Camillians 7026:institutes 6839:Tridentine 6775:Antiochian 6695:Macedonian 6640:Belarusian 6530:Provincial 6445:Archbishop 6365:Roman Rota 6327:Properties 6252:By country 6248:Precedence 6213:Confessors 6193:Archangels 6183:Patriarchs 6083:Philosophy 6061:Veneration 6026:Assumption 5996:Last rites 5963:Sacraments 5907:Four marks 5718:Vatican II 5666:Modern era 5502:Succession 5312:Roman Rota 5210:Papal farm 5143:Palace of 5035:Hill area 4923:Properties 4809:Palestrina 4681:Concordats 4540:Government 4510:Governance 3829:2012-07-16 3646:Matthew 16 3585:2012-07-22 3562:2012-07-22 3501:2012-07-16 3476:2012-07-16 3413:Sermon III 3292:On Modesty 3096:2013-07-18 2795:2012-07-22 2717:2020-04-24 2693:2020-04-24 2658:2020-04-25 2615:(Catholic) 2462:References 2359:revelation 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