Anti-nuclear movement

2213: 885: 72: 2249: 3248: 2869: 1631: 3081: 2152: 60: 4106: 2634: 2911: 3842: 2172: 2666: 3184: 3911: 3830:. Nuclear-powered and nuclear-armed ships are prohibited from entering the country's territorial waters. Dumping of foreign radioactive waste and development of nuclear weapons in the country are outlawed. This followed a decades long campaign by peace activists which included the disruption of US warship visits. Despite common misconception, this act does not make nuclear power plants illegal, nor does it make radioactive medical treatments produced in overseas reactors illegal. A 2008 survey shows that 19% of New Zealanders favour nuclear power as the best energy source, while 77% prefer 4113: 2650: 1202: 1218: 2658: 3682: 13197: 107: 3197: 841: 316: 1181: 3364: 2787: 1808:

to today's energy costs. Many have since referred to Jacobson's work to justify advocating for all 100% renewables, however, in February, 2017, a group of twenty-one scientists published a critique of Jacobson's work and found that his analysis involves "errors, inappropriate methods and implausible assumptions" and failed to provide "credible evidence for rejecting the conclusions of previous analyses that point to the benefits of considering a broad portfolio of energy system options."

2457: 861: 2237: 2900: 14174: 13675: 2270:, in Germany, was a proposed site for a nuclear power station. In the years that followed, public opposition steadily mounted, and there were large protests. Television coverage of police dragging away farmers and their wives helped to turn nuclear power into a major issue. In 1975, an administrative court withdrew the construction licence for the plant. The Wyhl experience encouraged the formation of citizen action groups near other planned nuclear sites. 1589: 15443: 2881: 2892: 1608: 1052: 2225: 4148:(Basic Books, 1982) Samuel MacCracken of Boston University argued that in 1982, 50,000 deaths per year could be attributed directly to non-nuclear power plants, if fuel production and transportation, as well as pollution, were taken into account. He argued that if non-nuclear plants were judged by the same standards as nuclear ones, each US non-nuclear power plant could be held responsible for about 100 deaths per year. 15455: 14164: 2188: 3269: 3789:, and some other U.S. states have a moratorium on construction of nuclear power plants. Between 1975 and 1980, a total of 63 nuclear units were canceled in the United States. Anti-nuclear activities were among the reasons, but the primary motivations were the overestimation of future demand for electricity and steadily increasing capital costs, which made the economics of new plants unfavorable. 4207:. Lovelock goes further to refute claims about the danger of nuclear energy and its waste products. In a January 2008 interview, Moore said that "It wasn't until after I'd left Greenpeace and the climate change issue started coming to the forefront that I started rethinking energy policy in general and realised that I had been incorrect in my analysis of nuclear as being some kind of evil plot." 3041:, "populations around proposed Indian NPP sites have launched protests that are now finding resonance around the country, raising questions about atomic energy as a clean and safe alternative to fossil fuels". Assurances by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh that all safety measures will be implemented, have not been heeded, and there have thus been mass protests against the French-backed 9900 MW 2372:, clashes between anti-nuclear protesters and West German police were common. More than 400 people were injured in mid-May at a nuclear-waste reprocessing plant being built near Wackersdorf. Also in May 1986, an estimated 150,000 to 200,000 people marched in Rome to protest against the Italian nuclear program, and 50,000 marched in Milan. Hundreds of people walked from Los Angeles to 1238: 1723:...the transition from coal, oil, and gas to wind, solar, and geothermal energy is well under way. In the old economy, energy was produced by burning something – oil, coal, or natural gas – leading to the carbon emissions that have come to define our economy. The new energy economy harnesses the energy in wind, the energy coming from the sun, and heat from within the earth itself. 722:, an estimated 150,000 to 200,000 people marched in Rome to protest against the Italian nuclear program. In Australia unions, peace activists and environmentalists opposed uranium mining from the 1970s onwards and rallies bringing together hundreds of thousands of people to oppose nuclear weapons peaked in the mid- 1980s. In the US, public opposition preceded the shutdown of the 40: 8984: 2569:. This was the largest anti-nuclear rally in the U.S. for several decades. In the 2000s there were protests about, and campaigns against, several new nuclear reactor proposals in the United States. In 2013, four aging, uncompetitive, reactors were permanently closed: San Onofre 2 and 3 in California, Crystal River 3 in Florida, and Kewaunee in Wisconsin. 1838: 3256:

events were held around other Taiwanese cities attended by around 30,000 people. Among the participants are the organizations from Green Citizen Action's Alliance, Homemakers United Foundation, Taiwan Association for Human Rights and Taiwan Environmental Protection Union. Facing on-going opposition and a host of delays, construction of the

1510:. Several milestones of the project has already been finished, but the finishing date for First Plasma has been discussed and postponed many times with various conclusions. In late 2016, the ITER council agreed on an updated project schedule, with a planned First Plasma opening by 2025, nine years after the originally anticipated opening. 4225:, an English writer known for his environmental and political activism, once expressed deep antipathy to the nuclear industry. He finally rejected his later neutral position regarding nuclear power in March 2011. Monbiot now advocates its use, having been convinced of its relative safety by what he considers the limited effects of the 8981: 3946:, the Italian government put a one-year moratorium on plans to revive nuclear power. On 11–12 June 2011, Italian voters passed a referendum to cancel plans for new reactors. Over 94% of the electorate voted in favor of the construction ban, with 55% of the eligible voters participating, making the vote binding. 2987:, the oldest in Switzerland, which started operating 40 years ago. Days after the anti-nuclear rally, Cabinet decided to ban the building of new nuclear power reactors. The country's five existing reactors would be allowed to continue operating, but "would not be replaced at the end of their life span". 1063:. The Soviet Union conducted 456 nuclear tests at Semipalatinsk from 1949 until 1989 with little regard for their effect on the local people or environment. The full impact of radiation exposure was hidden for many years by Soviet authorities and has only come to light since the test site closed in 1991. 687:. Nuclear power became an issue of major public protest in the 1970s and while opposition to nuclear power continues, increasing public support for nuclear power has re-emerged over the last decade in light of growing awareness of global warming and renewed interest in all types of clean energy (see the 4086:

poll (2010) indicated a "clear correlation between knowledge and support", so respondents who were more aware of the greenhouse gas emissions from energy sector were more likely to support low-emission nuclear power. A 2012 meta-analysis also confirmed positive correlation between support for nuclear

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Today, some 26,000 nuclear weapons remain in the arsenals of the nine nuclear powers, with thousands on hair-trigger alert. Although U.S., Russian, and British nuclear arsenals are shrinking in size, those in the four Asian nuclear nations—China, India, Pakistan, and North Korea—are growing, in large

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in June 2011, environmental groups demonstrated against Taiwan's nuclear power policy. The Taiwan Environmental Protection Union, together with 13 environmental groups and legislators, gathered in Taipei and protested against the nation's three operating nuclear power plants and the construction of a

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Anti-nuclear power organisations have emerged in every country that has had a nuclear power programme. Protest movements against nuclear power first emerged in the United States, at the local level, and spread quickly to Europe and the rest of the world. National nuclear campaigns emerged in the late

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survey showed that 73 per cent of the public surveyed favours the elimination of all nuclear weapons, 64 per cent support removing all nuclear weapons from high alert, and 59 per cent support reducing U.S. and Russian nuclear stockpiles to 400 weapons each. Given the unpopularity of nuclear weapons,

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representative to the International Atomic Energy Agency, told a conference in Vienna in September 2011 that the Japanese nuclear disaster created new concerns about the safety of nuclear plants globally. Auxiliary bishop of Osaka Michael Goro Matsuura said this serious nuclear power incident should

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in 77 countries. Since 2014, however, FOE (UK) has softened its stance; the fierce opposition against nuclear reactors has shifted into a more pragmatic opposition, which still opposes the construction of new nuclear (fission) reactors, but doesn't campaign against closing down the existing ones any

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by 2030 is feasible and existing energy supply arrangements could be replaced by 2050. Barriers to implementing the renewable energy plan are seen to be "primarily social and political, not technological or economic". Jacobson says that energy costs with a wind, solar, water system should be similar

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advocates a reduction of fossil fuels by 50% by 2050 as well as phasing out nuclear power, contending that innovative technologies can increase energy efficiency, and suggests that by 2050 most electricity will come from renewable sources. The International Energy Agency estimates that nearly 50% of

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issued a press statement criticizing government funding of the ITER, believing the money should have been diverted to renewable energy sources and claiming that fusion energy would result in nuclear waste and nuclear weapons proliferation issues. A French association including about 700 anti-nuclear

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at nuclear facilities is high, because of insufficient protection. While majorities of citizens generally supported the continued use of existing nuclear power reactors, most people did not favor the building of new nuclear plants, and 25% of respondents felt that all nuclear power plants should be

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In March 2012, about 2,000 people staged an anti-nuclear protest in Taiwan's capital following the massive tsunami that hit Japan one year ago. The protesters rallied in Taipei to renew calls for a nuclear-free island. They "want the government to scrap a plan to operate a newly constructed nuclear

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Thousands of demonstrators took to the streets of Yokohama, Japan, on 14–15 January 2012, to show their support for a nuclear power-free world. The demonstration showed that organized opposition to nuclear power has gained momentum following the Fukushima nuclear disaster. The most immediate demand

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explores connections between technological concerns and political concerns. Falk suggests that concerns of citizen groups or individuals who oppose nuclear power have often focused initially on the "range of physical hazards which accompany the technology" and leads to a "concern over the political

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explored "what might happen within the Pentagon ... if some maniac Air Force general should suddenly order a nuclear attack on the Soviet Union". One reviewer called the movie "one of the cleverest and most incisive satiric thrusts at the awkwardness and folly of the military that has ever been on

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In March 2014, around 130,000 Taiwanese marched for an anti-nuclear protest around Taiwan. They demanded that the government remove nuclear power plants in Taiwan. The march came ahead of the 3rd anniversary of Fukushima disaster. Around 50,000 people marched in Taipei while another three separate

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Three months after the Fukushima nuclear disaster, thousands of anti-nuclear protesters marched in Japan. Company workers, students, and parents with children rallied across Japan, "venting their anger at the government's handling of the crisis, carrying flags bearing the words 'No Nukes!' and 'No

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there. New Zealand activists sailed boats into the test zone, interrupting the testing program. In Australia, thousands of people joined protest marches in Adelaide, Melbourne, Brisbane, and Sydney. Scientists issued statements demanding an end to the nuclear tests. In Fiji, anti-nuclear activists

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Faced with public antipathy, the nuclear industry has "tried a variety of strategies to persuade the public to accept nuclear power", including the publication of numerous "fact sheets" that discuss issues of public concern. M.V. Ramana says that none of these strategies have been very successful.

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by accidental or deliberate nuclear strike. Some climate scientists estimate that a war between two countries that resulted in 100 Hiroshima-size atomic explosions would cause significant loss of life, in the tens of millions from climatic effects alone as well as disabled future generations. Soot

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from 2000 to end 2022, caused among other things a rise in fossil gas power production from 49.2 TWh in 2000 to 94.7 TWh in 2020. In the same interval total electricity generation barely changed (576.6 TWh in 2000 vs 574.2 TWh in 2020) while it did rise and fall in the meantime, reaching a peak of

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Clack, Christopher T. M.; Qvist, Staffan A.; Apt, Jay; Bazilian, Morgan; Brandt, Adam R.; Caldeira, Ken; Davis, Steven J.; Diakov, Victor; Handschy, Mark A.; Hines, Paul D. H.; Jaramillo, Paulina; Kammen, Daniel M.; Long, Jane C. S.; Morgan, M. Granger; Reed, Adam; Sivaram, Varun; Sweeney, James;

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expects anti-nuclear petition drives to start in at least six European Union countries in 2012 in an effort to have the EU abandon nuclear power. Under the EU's Lisbon Treaty, petitions that attract at least one million signatures can seek legislative proposals from the European Commission, which

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in Tamil Nadu. The state government of West Bengal state has also refused permission to a proposed 6000 MW facility where six Russian reactors were to be built. A Public Interest Litigation (PIL) has also been filed against the government's civil nuclear program at the apex Supreme Court. The PIL

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power plant. On 14 March 110,000 people protested in 450 other German towns, with opinion polls indicating 80% of Germans opposed the government's extension of nuclear power. On 15 March 2011, Angela Merkel said that seven nuclear power plants which went online before 1980 would be closed and the

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In May 2010, some 25,000 people, including members of peace organizations and 1945 atomic bomb survivors, marched for about two kilometers from downtown New York to the United Nations headquarters, calling for the elimination of nuclear weapons. In September 2010, German government policy shifted

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says that "distrust of the social institutions that manage nuclear energy is widespread", and a 2001 survey by the European Commission found that "only 10.1 percent of Europeans trusted the nuclear industry". This public distrust is periodically reinforced by nuclear safety violations, or through

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In April 2007, Dan Becker, Director of Global Warming for the Sierra Club, declared, "Switching from dirty coal plants to dangerous nuclear power is like giving up smoking cigarettes and taking up crack." James Lovelock criticizes holders of such a view: "Opposition to nuclear energy is based on

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is the only global trade body. In seeking to counteract the arguments of nuclear opponents, it points to independent studies that quantify the costs and benefits of nuclear energy and compares them to the costs and benefits of alternatives. NEI sponsors studies of its own, but it also references

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In West Germany, between February 1975 and April 1979, some 280,000 people were involved in seven demonstrations at nuclear sites. Several site occupations were also attempted. Following the Three Mile Island accident in 1979, some 120,000 people attended a demonstration against nuclear power in

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by 2010. On 5 February 2009, the Government of Sweden announced an agreement allowing for the replacement of existing reactors, effectively ending the phase-out policy. Globally, the number of operable reactors remains nearly the same over the last 30 years, and nuclear electricity production is

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In September 2011, anti-nuclear protesters, marching to the beat of drums, "took to the streets of Tokyo and other cities to mark six months since the March earthquake and tsunami and vent their anger at the government's handling of the nuclear crisis set off by meltdowns at the Fukushima power

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In March 2011, more than 200,000 people took part in anti-nuclear protests in four large German cities, on the eve of state elections. Organisers called it the largest anti-nuclear demonstration the country has seen. Thousands of Germans demanding an end to the use of nuclear power took part in

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has argued that anti-nuclear sentiment and activism led directly to government policy shifts about nuclear weapons. Public opinion influenced policymakers by limiting their options and also by forcing them to follow certain policies over others. Wittner credits public pressure and anti-nuclear

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In March 2012, South Korean environmental groups held a rally in Seoul to oppose nuclear power. Over 5,000 people attended, and the turnout was one of the largest in recent memory for an anti-nuclear rally. The demonstration demanded that President Lee Myung Bak abandon his policy of promoting

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six-reactor complex, 420 km south of Mumbai. If built, it would be one of the world's largest nuclear power complexes. Protests have escalated following Japan's Fukushima nuclear disaster and during two days of violent rallies in April 2011, a local man was killed and dozens were injured.

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for more than two decades. In November 2010, there were violent protests against a train carrying reprocessed nuclear waste in Germany. Tens of thousands of protesters gathered in Dannenberg to signal their opposition to the cargo. Around 16,000 police were mobilised to deal with the protests.

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as proof that nuclear power can never be 100% safe. Costs resulting from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster are likely to exceed 12 trillion yen ($ 100 billion) and the clean up effort to decontaminate affected areas and decommission the plant is estimated to take 30 to 40 years. Excluding

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will take 40 or more years, and cost tens of billions of dollars. However it has also been criticised that the initial decontamination target of the Japanese government to of 5 mSv has been abandoned in favour of a plan to limit the additional radiation dosage to less than 1 mSv increasing the

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be a lesson for Japan and other countries to abandon nuclear projects. He called on the worldwide Christian solidarity to provide wide support for this anti-nuclear campaign. Statements from bishops' conferences in Korea and the Philippines called on their governments to abandon atomic power.

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Filmmakers Taylor Dunne and Eric Stewart are working on a documentary called "Off country" that looks at the devastating effects of atomic bomb testing on the communities around the White Sands missile range in New Mexico, the Nevada Test Site and the Rocky Flats Plant in Colorado. They were

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In April 2013, thousands of Scottish campaigners, MSPs, and union leaders, rallied against nuclear weapons. The Scrap Trident Coalition wants to see an end to nuclear weapons, and says saved monies should be used for health, education and welfare initiatives. There was also a blockade of the

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Renewable energy is derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly. In its various forms, it derives directly from the sun, or from heat generated deep within the earth. Included in the definition is electricity and heat generated from solar, wind, ocean, hydropower, biomass,

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for a reduction of the maximum number of deployed nuclear weapons on each side from 2,200 to between 1,500 and 1,675—a reduction of some 30 per cent. In addition, President Obama has committed $ 15 billion over the next five years to improving the safety of the nuclear weapons stockpile.

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plant". Protesters called for a complete shutdown of Japanese nuclear power plants and demanded a shift in government policy toward alternative sources of energy. Among the protestors were four young men who started a 10-day hunger strike to bring about change in Japan's nuclear policy.

967:, the Pennsylvania Independent Oil and Gas Association and Marcellus Shale Coalition were engaged in anti-nuclear lobbying in the late 2010s and from 2019, large fossil fuel suppliers started advertising campaigns portraying fossil gas as a "perfect partner for renewables" (wording from 3808:

nuclear power was off the policy agenda in most countries. In recent years, intense public relations activities by the nuclear industry, increasing evidence of climate change and failures to address it, have brought nuclear power issues back to the forefront of policy discussion in the

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In March 2012, hundreds of anti-nuclear demonstrators converged on the Australian headquarters of global mining giants BHP Billiton and Rio Tinto. The 500-strong march through southern Melbourne called for an end to uranium mining in Australia, and included speeches and performances by

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in the late 1970s. To deal with proliferation problems, President Carter promoted stronger international control over nuclear technology, including nuclear reactor technology. Although a strong supporter of nuclear power generally, Carter turned against the breeder reactor because the

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on nuclear reactors in the region. Subsequently, he has harshly condemned the anti-nuclear movement, writing that it "has misled the world about the impacts of radiation on human health ... made ungrounded in science, unsupportable when challenged and wildly wrong." He singled out

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In 2030, gas plants provide most of the non-renewable electricityand serve as a flexible backup for wind and solar power. Between 2030 and 2050, natural gas as a fuel is phased out and replacedby dispatchable renewable energy such as hydro, geothermal, concentrated solar power and

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magazine, in the September 1975 issue, reported that "the anti-nuclear coalition has been remarkably successful ... has certainly slowed the expansion of nuclear power." California has banned the approval of new nuclear reactors since the late 1970s because of concerns over

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In January 2012, 22 South Korean women's groups appealed for a nuclear free future, saying they believe nuclear weapons and power reactors "threaten our lives, the lives of our families and all living creatures". The women said they feel an enormous sense of crisis after the

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are being increasingly used to produce medical radioisotopes to the point where nuclear reactors are no longer needed to make the most common medical isotopes. However, the development of newer, more reliable and efficient particle accelerators also fuels the proposals for

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power and understanding of nuclear power operations, with a significant effect where people living closer to nuclear power plant showed higher levels of support in general. In the United States, support and opposition to nuclear power plants is split almost equally.

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In March 2013, 68,000 Taiwanese protested across major cities against nuclear power and the island's fourth nuclear plant, which is under construction. Taiwan's three existing nuclear plants are near the ocean, and prone to geological fractures, under the island.

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In France, there were mass protests in the early 1970s, organized at nearly every planned nuclear site in France. Between 1975 and 1977, some 175,000 people protested against nuclear power in ten demonstrations. In 1977 there was a massive demonstration at the

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In March 2011, around 2,000 anti-nuclear protesters demonstrated in Taiwan for an immediate halt to the construction of the island's fourth nuclear power plant. The protesters were also opposed to plans to extend the lifespan of three existing nuclear plants.

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accidents, the standard amount of high-level radioactive waste is claimed to be manageable (UK has produced just 2150 m during its 60 years nuclear program), with the Geological Society of London alleging that it can be effectively recycled and stored safely.

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A convoy of 350 farm tractors and 50,000 protesters took part in an anti-nuclear rally in Berlin on 5 September 2009. The marchers demanded that Germany close all nuclear plants by 2020 and close the Gorleben radioactive dump. Gorleben is the focus of the

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For many years after the 1986 Chernobyl disaster nuclear power was off the policy agenda in most countries, and the anti-nuclear power movement seemed to have won its case. Some anti-nuclear groups disbanded. In the 2000s (decade), however, following

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from sugar cane, and ethanol now provides 18% of the country's automotive fuel. Ethanol fuel is also widely available in the United States. As of 2020 expansion of biomass as fuel, which was previously praised by environmental organizations such as

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On 26 February 1990, FW de Klerk issued orders to terminate the country's nuclear weapons programme, which until then had been a state secret. South Africa becomes the first country in the world to voluntary give-up its nuclear weapons programme.

1293:, but it has recently rebounded in response to the climate crisis. Anti-nuclear critics see nuclear power as a dangerous, expensive way to boil water to generate electricity. Opponents of nuclear power have raised a number of related concerns: 4072:. In countries with existing nuclear programmes, people are significantly more opposed than they were in 2005, with only the UK and US bucking the trend. Most believed that boosting energy efficiency and renewable energy can meet their needs. 3325:. The French Government initially denied any involvement with the sinking but eventually admitted its guilt in October 1985. Two French agents pleaded guilty to charges of manslaughter, and the French Government paid $ 7 million in damages. 5603: 12833: 3025:

Tens of thousands of people marched in central Tokyo in September 2011, chanting "Sayonara nuclear power" and waving banners, to call on Japan's government to abandon atomic energy in the wake of the Fukushima nuclear disaster. Author

880:. The New Zealand curve is representative for the Southern Hemisphere, the Austrian curve is representative for the Northern Hemisphere. Atmospheric nuclear weapon tests almost doubled the concentration of C in the Northern Hemisphere. 4211:

has apologized for his past anti-nuclear stance in the 2010 book Whole Earth Discipline, saying that "Greens caused gigatons of carbon dioxide to enter the atmosphere from the coal and gas burning that went ahead instead of nuclear".

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protestors marched against plans to build a new nuclear power station at Wylfa in the UK. The march was organised by Pobl Atal Wylfa B, Greenpeace and Cymdeithas yr Iaith, which are supporting a farmer who is in dispute with Horizon.

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benefits of nuclear energy positively influences 10% of people to be more supportive of expanding the role of nuclear power in the world, but there is still a general reluctance to support the building of more nuclear power plants.

2151: 2778:, which has tried to derail train transports of waste and to destroy or block the approach roads to the site. Two above-ground storage units house 3,500 containers of radioactive sludge and thousands of tonnes of spent fuel rods. 955:, Germany. The project was cancelled in 1975 and anti-nuclear success at Wyhl inspired opposition to nuclear power in other parts of Europe and North America. Nuclear power became an issue of major public protest in the 1970s. 10532: 3957:

and anti-nuclear protests within Germany. Seven of the German power stations were closed temporarily in March, and they will remain off-line and be permanently decommissioned. An eighth was already off line, and will stay so.

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In June 2007, 4,000 local residents, students and anti-nuclear activists took to the streets in the city of Kudzus in Indonesia's Central Java, calling on the Government to abandon plans to build a nuclear power plant there.

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For many years after the 1986 Chernobyl disaster, nuclear power was off the policy agenda in most countries, and the anti-nuclear power movement seemed to have won its case, so some anti-nuclear groups disbanded. In the

9248: 1278:. When compared to other energy sources, nuclear power has one of the lowest death rates per unit of energy produced – 0.07 per TWh, as compared to over 32 per TWh in case of brown coal. This figure is driven by a 2005 3170:

In June 2012, tens of thousands of Japanese protesters participated in anti-nuclear power rallies in Tokyo and Osaka, over the government's decision to restart the first idled reactors since the Fukushima disaster, at

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and the largest political demonstration in American history. International Day of Nuclear Disarmament protests were held on 20 June 1983 at 50 sites across the United States. In 1986, hundreds of people walked from

3934:'s successful U.S. presidential election campaign, he advocated the abolition of nuclear weapons. Since his election he has reiterated this goal in several major policy addresses. In 2010, the Obama administration 3013:

In August 2011, about 2,500 people including farmers and fishermen marched in Tokyo. They are suffering heavy losses following the Fukushima nuclear disaster, and called for prompt compensation from plant operator

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In 2008 and 2009, there have been protests about, and criticism of, several new nuclear reactor proposals in the United States. There have also been some objections to license renewals for existing nuclear plants.

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During a weekend in October 2008, some 15,000 people disrupted the transport of radioactive nuclear waste from France to a dump in Germany. This was one of the largest such protests in many years and, according to

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The Japanese government's decontamination target of reducing the permissible radiation exposure to 1 mSv/a is regarded by experts as pointless and cannot be justified by the radiological facts. (Translated from

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Critics of the anti-nuclear movement point to independent studies that show that the capital resources required for renewable energy sources are often prohibitively higher than those required for nuclear power.

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emerged in the early 1960s, and in the late 1960s some members of the scientific community began to express their concerns. In the early 1970s, there were large protests about a proposed nuclear power plant in

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representatives of the expatriate Japanese community as well as Australia's Indigenous communities, who are concerned about the effects of uranium mining near tribal lands. There were also events in Sydney.

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On Palm Sunday 1982, 100,000 Australians participated in anti-nuclear rallies in the nation's largest cities. Growing year by year, the rallies drew 350,000 participants in 1985. On 29 October 1983, the

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irrational fear fed by Hollywood-style fiction, the Green lobbies and the media." ". . .I am a Green and I entreat my friends in the movement to drop their wrongheaded objection to nuclear energy."

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through referendum campaigns and involvement in elections. Anti-nuclear groups have also tried to influence policy implementation through litigation and by participating in licensing proceedings.

13583: 12936: 11781: 10176: 5507: 2711: 10211: 5633: 13711: 12830: 10785: 2759:. In 2009, the coalition of green parties in the European parliament, who are unanimous in their anti-nuclear position, increased their presence in the parliament from 5.5% to 7.1% (52 seats). 1306:: mining waste of nuclear fuels like uranium and thorium, results in its radioactive decay. That causes radium pollution and radon pollution in environment and ultimately affects public health. 10242: 4904: 3480:

industries, with a strong emphasis on the individual human and protracted U.S. environmental costs involved. A clear point made by the film is that while only two bombs were dropped on Japan,

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The fossil fuel industry starting from the 1950s was engaging in campaigns against the nuclear industry which it perceived as a threat to their commercial interests. Organizations such as the

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capacity expanded 16% to 369,553 MW. Yearly wind energy production is also growing rapidly and has reached around 4% of worldwide electricity usage, 11.4% in the EU, and it is widely used in

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nuclear waste, was run over by the wheels of the train. The event happened in Avricourt, France, and the fuel (totaling 12 containers) was from a German plant, on its way to be reprocessed.

1970:, which held annual conventions in the 1980s involving thousands of anti-nuclear weapons activists mostly from Western Europe but also from Eastern Europe, the United States, and Australia. 1286:

reports in its 2008 summary on Chernobyl that no increases in cancer incidence (other than thyroid cancer) have been observed to date that can be attributed to radiation from the accident.

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have said that fusion "presents so far insurmountable scientific and engineering challenges". Construction of the ITER facility began in 2007, but the project has run into many delays and

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s primary aim is to inform the public about nuclear policy debates while advocating for the international control of nuclear weapons. One of the driving forces behind the creation of the

3392: 1943:, the anti-nuclear power movement mobilised political and economic forces which for some years "made nuclear energy untenable in many countries". In the 1970s and 1980s, the formation of 9715: 7633: 2093:

organisation, which held anti-nuclear exhibitions in Japanese cities during the late 1970s, and gathered 10 million signatures on petitions calling for the abolition of nuclear weapons

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reactor design. These groups appealed to three federal agencies to suspend the licensing process because they believed containment in the new design is weaker than existing reactors.

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Of these concerns, nuclear accidents and disposal of long-lived radioactive waste have probably had the greatest public impact worldwide. Anti-nuclear campaigners point to the 2011

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in 1979, an anti-nuclear protest was held in New York City, involving 200,000 people. In 1981, Germany's largest anti-nuclear power demonstration took place to protest against the

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Many studies have shown that the public "perceives nuclear power as a very risky technology" and, around the world, nuclear energy declined in popularity in the aftermath of the

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back toward nuclear energy, and this generated some new anti-nuclear sentiment in Berlin and beyond. On 18 September 2010, tens of thousands of Germans surrounded Chancellor

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specifically asks for the "staying of all proposed nuclear power plants till satisfactory safety measures and cost-benefit analyses are completed by independent agencies".

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measures. Energy efficiency can reduce energy consumption while providing the same level of energy "services". Renewable energy flows involve natural phenomena such as

1447:(EDF) €1.5m and jailed two senior employees for spying on Greenpeace, including hacking into Greenpeace's computer systems. Greenpeace was awarded €500,000 in damages. 1003:

plants which would provide "flexible backup for wind and solar power". However, Greenpeace has since distanced itself from advocating for fossil gas, instead proposing

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in New York City in September 1979. On 23 September 1979, almost 200,000 people attended a large anti-nuclear rally staged by MUSE on the then-empty north end of the

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Ridding the world of nuclear weapons has been a cause for pacifists for decades. But more recently mainstream politicians and retired military leaders have advocated

13126: 8960: 8350: 6458: 2621:. This was the largest anti-nuclear rally in the U.S. for several decades. In Britain, there were many protests about the government's proposal to replace the aging 2187: 1815:

inefficiencies and data that claims to forecast, "...biomass, wind, and solar power are set to occupy an area equivalent of the size of the European Union by 2050."

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In January 2004, up to 15,000 anti-nuclear protesters marched in Paris against a new generation of nuclear reactors, the European Pressurised Water Reactor (EPWR).

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global electricity supplies will need to come from renewable energy sources in order to halve carbon dioxide emissions by 2050 and minimise climate change impacts.

14992: 12653: 9175: 7573: 12199: 7947: 5663: 2499:. In New York City on 23 September 1979, almost 200,000 people attended a protest against nuclear power. Anti-nuclear power protests preceded the shutdown of the 2406:

in September 1992. Anti-nuclear speakers from all continents, including indigenous speakers and scientists, testified to the health and environmental problems of

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2008 poll indicated 44% supporting and 45% opposing nuclear energy in the European Union. Majority (over 62%) also appreciated nuclear power as means to prevent

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power plant – the fourth in densely populated Taiwan". Scores of aboriginal protesters "demanded the removal of 100,000 barrels of nuclear waste stored on their

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emerged in the early 1960s, and in the late 1960s some members of the scientific community began to express their concerns. In the early 1970s, there were large

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organised a demonstration in The Hague, Netherlands which was attended by 550,000 people, and was the largest demonstration in the history of the Netherlands.

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In May 2011, some 20,000 people turned out for Switzerland's largest anti-nuclear power demonstration in 25 years. Demonstrators marched peacefully near the

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for use in spacecraft, faced a significant shortage after a single reactor producing it shut down, before the U.S. established a capacity to produce it from

1438: 1431: 1134:. But they now reversed their previous position and asserted that instead of making the world safer, nuclear weapons had become a source of extreme concern. 1099:, in which it found that 'the threat or use of nuclear weapons would generally be contrary to the rules of international law applicable in armed conflict'. 14977: 14028: 13728: 13720: 13588: 12794: 10825: 10435: 9003: 8618: 7705:

IEA urges governments to adopt effective policies based on key design principles to accelerate the exploitation of the large potential for renewable energy

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Nuclear proponents have tried to regain public support by offering newer, purportedly safer, reactor designs. These designs include those that incorporate

1253: 1041: 710:; some 100,000 people came face to face with 10,000 police officers. The largest protest was held on 12 June 1982, when one million people demonstrated in 8692: 8003: 6136: 14831: 13772: 11274: 10180: 9452: 1927:

which have included occupations of nuclear plant sites. Other salient strategies have included lobbying, petitioning government authorities, influencing

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On the anniversary of the 11 March earthquake and tsunami, protesters across Japan called for the abolishment of nuclear power and nuclear reactors. In

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in March 2011, which demonstrated the destructive power of radiation in the disruption of human lives, environmental pollution, and food contamination.

1498:(Get Out of Nuclear Energy), claimed that ITER was a hazard because scientists did not yet know how to manipulate the high-energy deuterium and tritium 884: 14917: 11951: 10803: 10203: 10018: 7603: 5757: 5625: 3097:

of the demonstrators was for the protection of rights, including basic human rights such as health care, for those affected by the Fukushima accident.

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as nuclear power emits no or negligible amounts of carbon dioxide during operations. Anti-nuclear groups highlighted the fact that other stages of the

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On 12 December 1982, 30,000 women held hands around the 6 miles (9.7 km) perimeter of the base, in protest against the decision to site American

1336:: a concern that nuclear power plants are very expensive to build, and that clean up from nuclear accidents are highly expensive and can take decades. 13812: 13131: 12075: 11885: 11526: 10234: 4901: 3666: 2857: 2350:. In the UK, on 1 April 1983, about 70,000 people linked arms to form a 14-mile-long human chain between three nuclear weapons centres in Berkshire. 2017: 1168:

It should however be noted, that countries can possess nuclear weapons without possessing nuclear power plants (as is almost certainly the case with

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demonstration was held in May 1979 in Washington, D.C., when 65,000 people including the Governor of California, attended a march and rally against

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for, he wrote, making unsourced and inaccurate claims, dismissing contrary evidence as part of a cover-up, and overstating the death toll from the

3752: 2551: 2377: 2075: 1832: 1626:. The Andasol plant uses tanks of molten salt to store solar energy so that it can continue generating electricity even when the sun isn't shining. 1467: 10325: 10097: 9429: 8849: 7196: 3953:'s coalition announced on 30 May 2011, that Germany's 17 nuclear power stations will be shut down by 2022, in a policy reversal following Japan's 13076: 11060: 10912: 9920: 8483: 7258: 6655: 5074: 4124:

continue, and pro-nuclear environmentalists seek to reverse the traditionally anti-nuclear attitudes of environmentalists. Filmmaker Rob Stone's

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site. Members of the Stop New Nuclear alliance barred access to the site in protest at EDF Energy's plans to build two new reactors on the site.

2994:. This was part of a nationwide "No Nuke Action" protest, urging the government to stop construction of a Fourth Nuclear Plant and pursue a more 2958:

nationwide demonstrations on 2 April 2011. About 7,000 people took part in anti-nuclear protests in Bremen. About 3,000 people protested outside

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There are large variations in peoples' beliefs regarding the issues surrounding nuclear power, including the technology itself, its deployment,

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for "Outstanding individual achievement in news and documentary." For the opening scenes and about half of its length, the film focuses on the

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it came to light that significant amounts of Russian lobbying was involved in both the continued anti-nuclear movement in Germany and the anti-

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has been described as a "gripping 1979 drama about the dangers of nuclear power" which had an extra impact when the real-life accident at the

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Nuclear Industry Spent Hundreds of Millions of Dollars Over the Last Decade to Sell Public, Congress on New Reactors, New Investigation Finds

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said that "his agency had been pushed in the right direction on safety issues because of the pleas and protests of nuclear watchdog groups".

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Kitschelt, Herbert P. (January 1986). "Political Opportunity Structures and Political Protest: Anti-Nuclear Movements in Four Democracies".

15050: 15024: 13827: 13817: 13797: 13528: 12695: 11926: 6866: 5991: 4860: 4064:

There was little support across the world for building new nuclear reactors, a 2011 poll for the BBC indicated. The global research agency

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countries. But some countries are not prepared to expand nuclear power and are still divesting themselves of their nuclear legacy, through

515: 10942: 8541: 5960: 679:, West Germany. The project was cancelled in 1975 and anti-nuclear success at Wyhl inspired opposition to nuclear power in other parts of 13889: 13834: 13306: 13301: 7878: 6731: 2903: 2799: 2751: 2383:

The anti-nuclear organisation "Nevada Semipalatinsk" was formed in 1989 and was one of the first major anti-nuclear groups in the former

1481:(EU), India, Japan, China, Russia, South Korea and the United States, the project aims to make a transition from experimental studies of 504: 284: 224: 219: 11844: 10264: 10154: 8315: 5931: 5559: 4926: 15485: 14982: 14177: 13851: 13311: 9857: 9403: 4751: 4176: 2638: 2465: 2451: 525: 234: 229: 11773: 9214: 8178: 7654: 7475: 6966: 6593: 4508:

Gamson, William A.; Modigliani, Andre (July 1989). "Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: A Constructionist Approach".

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with a newer model. The largest protest had 100,000 participants and, according to polls, 59 per cent of the public opposed the move.

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which operates at the local, national, and international level. Various types of groups have identified themselves with the movement:

71: 15505: 14987: 14799: 14057: 14034: 13954: 11550: 11477: 9026: 8145: 6885: 6808:"Is nuclear energy a possible solution to global warming?: [Paper in: The Nuclear Debate Re-visited. Eddy, Elizabeth (ed.).]" 5895: 4633: 4406: 3725: 2918:

In January 2011, five Japanese young people held a hunger strike for more than a week, outside the Prefectural Government offices in

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ineffectiveness or corruption of the nuclear regulatory authorities. Once lost, says Ramana, trust is extremely difficult to regain.

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Photovoltaic SUDI shade is an autonomous and mobile station in France that provides energy for electric vehicles using solar energy.

1312:: a concern that nuclear power results in large amounts of radioactive waste, some of which remains dangerous for very long periods. 15480: 15344: 15320: 14948: 14913: 13895: 13256: 13151: 12931: 8201: 2317: 2124: 2044: 1754: 1230: 622: 499: 174: 12565: 12506: 10555: 9876: 9834: 7726:"Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part II: Reliability, system and transmission costs, and policies" 6097: 5693: 15090: 15019: 14094: 13787: 13742: 13136: 12045: 9745: 9672: 9332: 8255: 8082: 7171: 6249: 5193: 4298: 2423: 1309: 11122: 10859: 10653: 10286: 9152: 9102: 8882: 8669: 6202: 5477: 4588: 3136:, anti-nuclear protesters and atomic-bomb survivors marched together and demanded that Japan should end its nuclear dependency. 2766:

at Aldermaston for 10 years. The demonstration marked the start of the UN World Disarmament Week and involved about 400 people.

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In October 2008 in the United Kingdom, more than 30 people were arrested during one of the largest anti-nuclear protests at the

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isotopes used in the fusion process. According to most anti-nuclear groups, nuclear fusion power "remains a distant dream". The

1349:: a concern that the risk of nuclear accidents, proliferation and terrorism may be used to justify restraints on citizen rights. 15065: 14617: 14531: 13792: 13782: 13568: 12954: 9793: 9612: 6938: 6562: 5162: 4477: 4411: 3447:. The plot suggests that corporate greed and cost-cutting "have led to potentially deadly faults in the plant's construction". 2817:. In this way they were demonstrating against the plans of the German government to extend the life of nuclear power reactors. 2512: 2248: 1169: 469: 459: 277: 8761: 7428: 4821: 14718: 14285: 13689: 13106: 12742: 12435: 12022: 11738: 11508: 11393: 10457: 9589: 8954: 8905: 8829: 8790: 8742: 8591: 8344: 7977: 7822: 7134: 6616: 6179: 5393: 4745: 4701: 4096: 3747:

to attempt to inform those interested about the dangers and destruction that atomic war could bring about. In the 1950s, the

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of "legacy" waste and/or power generation. Such reactors could also be used to produce medical isotopes. Some isotopes, like

1418:– mining, milling, transport, fuel fabrication, enrichment, reactor construction, decommissioning and waste management – use 1333: 485: 474: 464: 12308: 12108: 11353: 11244: 9954: 9544: 6707: 5836: 5399: 4707: 4226: 15132: 15070: 14923: 14875: 14089: 13884: 13578: 13291: 13276: 13241: 13171: 12726: 7535: 4018: 2833:

against the nuclear power policy of Angela Merkel's coalition government. The action was the largest anti-nuclear event in

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part because of tensions among them. This Asian arms race also has possibilities of bringing Japan into the nuclear club.

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Citing the Fukushima nuclear disaster, environmental activists at a U.N. meeting in April 2011 "urged bolder steps to tap

13246: 13069: 11446:"From Protest to Politics: The Effectiveness of Civil Society in shaping the Nuclear-free Policy in Aotearoa New Zealand" 11038: 10379: 7020: 6052: 5529: 4318: 3368: 2741:

and had the purpose of building consensus between nuclear weapon states and non-nuclear weapon states in relation to the

2591: 2106: 755: 438: 164: 12195: 11608: 8454: 8063: 7565: 15100: 15080: 14666: 14562: 14208: 14067: 14062: 13917: 13822: 13757: 13523: 13513: 13508: 13211: 12616: 12612: 11919: 10684: 9077: 6198: 5655: 5438: 4374: 4303: 4068:, commissioned by BBC News, polled 23,231 people in 23 countries from July to September 2011, several months after the 4044: 4006: 3962: 3943: 3887:

U.S. politicians have been wary of supporting new nuclear programs. Republican-dominated congresses "have defeated the

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On 1 May 2005, 40,000 anti-nuclear/anti-war protesters marched past the United Nations in New York, 60 years after the

2603: 2573:, in Vernon, is scheduled to close in 2014, following many protests. Protesters in New York State are seeking to close 2565:

On 1 May 2005, 40,000 anti-nuclear/anti-war protesters marched past the United Nations in New York, 60 years after the

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marched in 60 cities in the United States to demonstrate against nuclear weapons. In 1963, many countries ratified the

795: 775: 767: 214: 124: 80: 11214: 9048: 8404: 6773: 2814: 14928: 14592: 14250: 14083: 14052: 13912: 13841: 13557: 13518: 13236: 13045: 13003: 12971: 12784: 12768: 12678: 12534: 12481: 12392: 11193: 11139: 10973: 9977: 9381: 8503: 7920: 6488: 6298:"Sources and effects of ionizing radiation. UNSCEAR 2008 report to the general assembly Volume II Scientific annexes" 5020: 4982: 3713: 3440: 3328:

In 1990, two pylons holding high-voltage power lines connecting the French and Italian grid were blown up by Italian

3247: 2481: 2380:. The march took nine months to traverse 3,700 miles (6,000 km), advancing approximately fifteen miles per day. 1987:, an international non-partisan group of 300 world leaders dedicated to achieving the elimination of nuclear weapons. 1828: 992: 149: 11821: 8712: 6271: 6074: 5786: 2057:, a global network of over 700 parliamentarians from more than 75 countries working to prevent nuclear proliferation 1192:, with some 160,000 evacuees still living in temporary housing, and some land will be unfarmable for centuries. The 1020:

652.9 TWh in 2017. As much of that fossil gas was and is imported from Russia, controversial pipeline projects like

15159: 15007: 14997: 14612: 13944: 13231: 13216: 13116: 9895: 4038: 4014: 3966: 3600: 2937:, anti-nuclear opposition intensified in Germany. On 12 March 2011, 60,000 Germans formed a 45-km human chain from 2775: 2756: 2742: 2516: 2158: 2034: 1025: 803: 779: 598: 144: 129: 12161: 10811: 9124: 7362: 7324: 4790: 2895:

Buddhist monks of Nipponzan-Myōhōji protest against nuclear power near the Diet of Japan in Tokyo on 5 April 2011.

15495: 14380: 14375: 13846: 13286: 13266: 13261: 13226: 13221: 12831:'Rethinking the cultural politics of punk: anti-nuclear and anti-war (post-)punk popular music in 1980s Britain.' 10071: 8645: 7625: 4175:

Some people, including former opponents of nuclear energy, criticize the movement on the basis of the claim that

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is a nontechnical online magazine that has been published continuously since 1945, when it was founded by former

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Critics state that the anti-nuclear arguments overestimate the benefits of renewable energy and fail to consider

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organisations have identified themselves with the movement at the local, national, or international level. Major

204: 184: 179: 139: 134: 13296: 13181: 11180: 10829: 10431: 6221: 6128: 3771:, Eisenhower's efforts towards a nuclear test ban and the 1958 testing moratorium, and Kennedy's signing of the 2675: 1715:. Fossil fuels are being replaced by clean, climate-stabilizing, non-depletable sources of energy. According to 1495: 1300:: a safety concern that the core of a nuclear power plant could overheat and melt down, releasing radioactivity. 15475: 15332: 15230: 14955: 14295: 14245: 14144: 13678: 13643: 13281: 13062: 8689: 4353: 4308: 3308: 3042: 2976: 2868: 2842: 1707:

renewable energy technologies are essential contributors to the energy supply portfolio, as they contribute to

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and revived nuclear opposition worldwide, putting governments on the defensive. As of 2016, countries such as

15095: 14970: 14557: 13777: 13251: 11421: 11296: 11099: 9359: 6685: 6297: 3954: 3895: 3481: 3227:

Thousands of protesters marched in Tokyo on 11 March 2013 calling on the government to reject nuclear power.

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activists who were protesting the restart of work at the long-stalled Indian Kudankulam nuclear power plant.

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so the world doesn't have to choose between the dangers of nuclear power and the ravages of climate change".

2841:

In December 2010, some 10,000 people (mainly fishermen, farmers and their families) turned out to oppose the

2508: 2000: 1955: 1354: 1008: 731: 549: 367: 169: 12370: 11943: 9634: 7595: 7508: 6908: 5746: 2387:. It attracted thousands of people to its protests and campaigns which eventually led to the closure of the 14701: 14622: 14602: 14385: 14305: 14290: 14255: 13938: 13752: 13161: 10754: 7725: 4100: 3986: 3888: 3786: 3317:

in New Zealand waters, and a Greenpeace photographer was killed. The ship was involved in protests against

3015: 2825:'s office in an anti-nuclear demonstration that organisers said was the biggest of its kind since the 1986 2809:

On 24 April 2010, about 120,000 people built a human chain (KETTENreAKTION!) between the nuclear plants at

2763: 2680: 2653:

Anti-nuclear protest near nuclear waste disposal centre at Gorleben in Northern Germany, on 8 November 2008

2500: 2360: 2328: 1967: 964: 900:, as a source of energy and as an instrument of war, has been controversial. These issues are discussed in 723: 703: 12085: 11326: 9460: 4105: 2975:

In India, environmentalists, local farmers and fishermen have been protesting for months over the planned

15155: 15045: 14869: 14587: 14270: 13872: 13049: 11893: 9482: 7381: 7222: 7197:"Cobalt-60 — a life-saving medical isotope harvested at Onatrio [sic] Nuclear Generating Station" 6997: 5102: 4364: 4165: 3257: 3117: 2884:

Eight of the seventeen operating reactors in Germany were permanently shut down following the March 2011

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thrown up into the atmosphere could blanket the earth, causing food chain disruption in what is termed a

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Summy, Ralph (2009). "Confronting the Bomb: A Short History of the World Nuclear Disarmament Movement".

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Ireland, in 1999, had no plans to change its non-nuclear stance and pursue nuclear power in the future.

1950:

Some of these anti-nuclear power organisations are reported to have developed considerable expertise on

15433: 15113: 14960: 14938: 14637: 14597: 14315: 14235: 13950: 13878: 13352: 13101: 12922: 11766: 10615: 10317: 8925: 8713:"Protests Stop Devastating Nuclear Tests: The Nevada-Semipalatinsk Anti-Nuclear Movement in Kazakhstan" 8281: 6647: 4369: 4246: 4188: 4069: 4002: 3994: 3620: 3428: 3410: 3090: 3038: 2984: 2885: 2795: 2574: 2485: 2321: 2273:

In 1972, the nuclear disarmament movement maintained a presence in the Pacific, largely in response to

1977: 1936: 1766: 1444: 1226: 1193: 1185: 1146: 988: 791: 699: 490: 335: 259: 52: 12749:

Social Protest and Policy Change: Ecology, Antinuclear, and Peace Movements in Comparative Perspective

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Social Protest and Policy Change: Ecology, Antinuclear, and Peace Movements in Comparative Perspective

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Social Protest and Policy Change: Ecology, Antinuclear, and Peace Movements in Comparative Perspective

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Social Protest and Policy Change: Ecology, Antinuclear, and Peace Movements in Comparative Perspective

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Beginning in the 1950s, anti-nuclear ideas received coverage in the popular media with novels such as

2327:

In 1981, Germany's largest anti-nuclear power demonstration protested against the construction of the

59: 15500: 15459: 15420: 15280: 15205: 15012: 14965: 14933: 14627: 14572: 14168: 14104: 14013: 13747: 13598: 13046:

Jennifer Fay Gow photographs of Brisbane anti-nuclear and civil liberties demonstrations October 1977

12702: 11064: 10041: 8738: 7704: 4343: 4161: 4156: 4134: 3978: 3970: 3570: 3289: 3125: 2730: 2633: 2060: 2030:, which had affiliates in 41 nations in 1985, representing 135,000 physicians; IPPNW was awarded the 1623: 1531: 1503: 1282:

projection of up to 4000 stochastic cancer deaths that could result from the Chernobyl disaster. The

1279: 1188:, authorities shut down the nation's 54 nuclear power plants. As of 2013, the Fukushima site remains 783: 154: 10709: 10413: 9521: 9499: 7674: 5530:"Above board competition in energy markets finally emerging. API Ohio pushing for nuclear shutdowns" 3443:" of the title) at a local nuclear plant, which was averted by a quick-thinking engineer, played by 1753:

stations operate in the United States and Spain, and as of 2016, the largest of these is the 392 MW

15490: 15270: 14888: 14821: 14691: 14671: 14654: 14310: 13156: 12595:

Strielkowski, Wadim, Can the War in Ukraine Turn into the Nuclear World War III? (October 29, 2022)

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which captured national public attention during the 1970s and 1980s. These included the well-known

2439: 1996: 1842: 1490: 799: 787: 542: 355: 12814:'"They've got a bomb": sounding anti-nuclearism in the anarcho-punk movement in Britain, 1978-84.' 7385: 6528:"Thorium is not an environmentally safe alternative type of nuclear energy, Norwegian report says" 5047:

Dealing with nuclear waste is so difficult that phasing out nuclear power would be the best option

1747:. As of 2020 wind power expansion slowed down due to protests of residents and environmentalists. 14881: 14567: 14370: 14300: 14129: 14119: 13623: 13613: 13492: 12236: 11870: 9566: 4359: 4313: 4026: 3998: 3990: 3982: 3814: 3772: 3318: 2080: 1158: 1056: 940: 924: 823: 819: 661: 649: 384: 350: 11923: 5983: 4852: 2910: 995:

are receiving grants from other fossil fuel companies. As of 2011, a strategy paper released by

14858: 14852: 14681: 14582: 14265: 14201: 14124: 13925: 13618: 13563: 13397: 12113: 11603: 11527:

Research and Markets: International Perspectives on Energy Policy and the Role of Nuclear Power

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report. Majorities of respondents in 14 of the 18 countries surveyed believed that the risk of

3883: 3841: 3573:. It features interviews with four American government officials who were in office during the 3485: 3172: 2665: 2538: 2274: 2229: 1913: 1567: 1396: 936: 901: 844: 586: 13719: 13573: 11498: 9522:

Anti-Nuclear Protest Reawakens: Nuclear Waste Reaches German Storage Site Amid Fierce Protests

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Some anti-nuclear organisations have acknowledged that their positions are subject to review.

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In February 2008, a group of concerned scientists and engineers called for the closure of the

15290: 15189: 14826: 14676: 13628: 13437: 13186: 13111: 11852: 11803: 11385: 11379: 10272: 10162: 8819: 8780: 8581: 8312: 5928: 4923: 4379: 4121: 3793: 3756: 3690: 3628: 3561: 3002: 2649: 2399: 2324:, which was built but never operated due to safety concerns and issues regarding corruption. 2261: 1812: 1535: 1400: 1315: 1275: 909: 409: 345: 264: 9854: 9395: 9304: 7764:"Evaluation of a proposal for reliable low-cost grid power with 100% wind, water, and solar" 5869:"Has Russia Been Funding Anti-Fracking, Anti-Nuclear Environmental Groups? (Audio: Podcast)" 5500:"How did leaders of the Hydrocarbon Establishment build the foundation for radiation fears?" 4735: 2972:

In mid-April, 17,000 people protested at two demonstrations in Tokyo against nuclear power.

1384:, a physicist, said "radiation is safe & all nations should embrace nuclear technology" 15327: 15305: 15300: 15285: 14696: 14607: 14114: 13976: 13608: 13372: 12949: 12252:

Fourth Ministerial Conference on Environment and Health: Budapest, Hungary, 23–25 June 2004

11770: 11639: 9279: 9206: 9176:"Anti-Nuclear Renaissance: A Powerful but Partial and Tentative Victory Over Atomic Energy" 8243: 8170: 7775: 7289: 7082: 6958: 6585: 6382: 4385: 4126: 3616: 3340: 3183: 2919: 2622: 1878: 1854: 1750: 1643: 1451: 1172:) or indeed the reverse, as is the case with most users of nuclear power past and present. 1072: 980: 905: 869: 848: 688: 633:. Many anti-nuclear groups oppose both nuclear power and nuclear weapons. The formation of 602: 574: 372: 360: 31: 12899:

Ronald Reagan and Antinuclear Movements in the United States and Western Europe, 1981–1987

11542: 11474: 11350:"Documentary "Off Country" Lets Survivors and Opponents of Nuclear Testing Do the Talking" 6881: 6333: 4645: 3898:

converts weapons-grade material from nuclear warheads into fuel for nuclear power plants.

3743:. In 1945 the public interest in atomic warfare and weaponry inspired contributors to the 2860:

warheads are stored in bunkers. Members of the group could face up to 10 years in prison.

2338:, triggered a new wave of protests about nuclear weapons. Older organizations such as the 8: 15405: 15174: 15124: 15055: 15029: 14769: 14754: 14749: 14739: 14706: 14496: 14491: 14429: 14099: 13427: 13039: 13017: 12109:"Pro-Nuclear Environmentalism: Should We Learn to Stop Worrying and Love Nuclear Energy?" 9328: 6944: 5198:

Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center

5167:

Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center

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and non-nuclear alternatives, and overstating the environmental costs of nuclear energy.

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Thirty-one countries operate nuclear power plants. Nine nations possess nuclear weapons:

3810: 3763: 3662: 3332:, and the attack is believed to have been directly in opposition against the Superphénix. 3293: 3113: 3109: 1887: 1732: 1639: 1527: 1142: 1103: 1077:

From an anti-nuclear point of view, there is a threat to modern civilization from global

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were also donors to environmental organizations with clear anti-nuclear stances, such as

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and released in 2010. It is the third in Kamanaka's trilogy of films on the problems of

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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Rabl, Ari; Dreicer, Mona (2002). "Health and environmental impacts of energy systems".

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has one of the largest renewable energy programs in the world, involving production of

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Tynan, George R.; Victor, David G.; Weyant, John P.; Whitacre, Jay F. (27 June 2017).

7655:"World's Largest Solar Thermal Power Project at Ivanpah Achieves Commercial Operation" 7164: 6241: 5685: 5469: 5201: 3457:, who died in a suspicious car accident while investigating alleged wrongdoing at the 3363: 3336: 2484:, where thousands of protesters were arrested. Other large protests followed the 1979 1422:

and hence emit carbon dioxide. As this is the case with any energy sources, including

1380:, a social scientist, said that many people really do not trust the nuclear industry. 15362: 15339: 15247: 15184: 15075: 14461: 14240: 14217: 14194: 14109: 14072: 13603: 13546: 13487: 13442: 13176: 12999: 12890: 12780: 12764: 12738: 12721: 12674: 12431: 12424: 12142: 12130: 12018: 11655: 11504: 11389: 11189: 11119: 10851: 10645: 9149: 9099: 8950: 8879: 8825: 8786: 8666: 8587: 8340: 7803: 7305: 7100: 6584:

Health and Environmental Impact of Uranium Mining, Stanford study on uranium mining.

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priests, were convicted of conspiracy and trespass in Tacoma, US. They cut fences at

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Global Public Opinion on Nuclear Issues and the IAEA: Final Report from 18 Countries

11188:, DVD release date 27 March 2007, Directors: Judy Irving, Chris Beaver, Ruth Landy. 8010:. United Nations, Department of Public Information, Non-Governmental Organizations. 6558: 5170: 2456: 2331:

west of Hamburg. Some 100,000 people came face to face with 10,000 police officers.

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Dreams for a Decade: International Nuclear Abolitionism and the End of the Cold War

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Nuclear Nebraska: The Remarkable Story of the Little County That Couldn't Be Bought

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Nuclear America: Military and Civilian Nuclear Power in the United States 1940–1980

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A rebirth of the anti-nuclear weapons movement? Portents of an anti-nuclear upsurge

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In December 2010, five anti-nuclear weapons activists, including octogenarians and

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Anti-nuclear groups say that reliance on nuclear energy can be reduced by adopting

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that caused up to 2.4 million deaths by 2020. In 1963, many countries ratified the

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Infrastructure and Methodologies for the Justification of Nuclear Power Programmes

10525:"Prospects Dim for India's Nuclear Power Expansion as Grassroots Uprising Spreads" 8902: 8746: 8142: 3792:

The proliferation of nuclear weapons became a presidential priority issue for the

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was often a direct result of anti-nuclear politics (e.g., in Germany and Sweden).

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Some environmentalists criticise the anti-nuclear movement for under-stating the

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geothermal resources, and biofuels and hydrogen derived from renewable resources.

1346: 1342:: a concern that nuclear facilities could be targeted by terrorists or criminals. 1327: 1267: 1111: 340: 11807: 11349: 7981: 3472:

is a 1982 American documentary film that focuses on the connections between the

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Confronting the Bomb: A Short History of the World Nuclear Disarmament Movement

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Nuclear or Not? Does Nuclear Power Have a Place in a Sustainable Energy Future?

12076:"Stewart Brand + Mark Z. Jacobson: Debate: Does the world need nuclear energy?" 12017:, Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy, Woodhead Publishing, pp. 549–566, 11572: 11410:

Confronting the Bomb: A Short History of the World Nuclear Disarmament Movement

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Confronting the Bomb: A Short History of the World Nuclear Disarmament Movement

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Confronting the Bomb: A Short History of the World Nuclear Disarmament Movement

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Confronting the Bomb: A Short History of the World Nuclear Disarmament Movement

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Greenpeace International and European Renewable Energy Council (January 2007).

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Greenpeace International and European Renewable Energy Council (January 2007).

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was the amount of public interest surrounding atomic energy at the dawn of the

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German Federal Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation and Reactor Safety

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German Federal Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation and Reactor Safety

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World: Asia-Pacific: Kazakh anti-nuclear movement celebrates tenth anniversary

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Health and Environmental Impact of Uranium Mining, Radium from Uranium Decay.

6171: 4452: 3124:, 1,200 people marched in the streets of the city of Tsuruga, the home of the 2302: 2086: 15469: 15385: 14841: 14779: 14759: 14686: 14661: 14466: 13447: 13432: 13402: 13392: 13387: 13271: 11598: 8067: 6678:"The Geological Society of London - Geological Disposal of Radioactive Waste" 6583: 6556: 6432: 6394: 5223: 4737:

Forcing the Spring: The Transformation of the American Environmental Movement

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hold a prayer vigil during the Easter period of 1982 at the entrance to the

14794: 14632: 14486: 14424: 14390: 14360: 14077: 14023: 14018: 13551: 13457: 13417: 13412: 13166: 12885: 12754: 12134: 12126: 11206: 10943:"Thousands of anti-nuclear protesters attend Glasgow march against Trident" 9450: 7807: 7309: 7104: 4112: 3931: 3915: 3612: 3285: 3164: 3101: 2523: 2492: 2384: 2162: 2023:

International Network of Engineers and Scientists for Global Responsibility

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in the 1970s and 1980s was often a direct result of anti-nuclear politics.

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Nuclear and radioactive disasters, former facilities, tests and test sites

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Profiles in Power: The Anti-nuclear Movement and the Dawn of the Solar Age

12594: 9241:"Nuclear Plants, Old and Uncompetitive, Are Closing Earlier Than Expected" 7924: 5560:"Gloves are off in fossil fuel fight against nuclear - World Nuclear News" 5012: 4575:

Profiles in Power: The Anti-nuclear Movement and the Dawn of the Solar Age

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titled "Battle of Grids" proposed gradual replacement of nuclear power by

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International Perspectives of Energy Policy and the Role of Nuclear Power

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International Perspectives of Energy Policy and the Role of Nuclear Power

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Why radiation is safe & all nations should embrace nuclear technology

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In May 2011, 5,000 people joined a carnival-like anti-nuclear protest in

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subsequently undermined the nuclear power industry's proposed come back.

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Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons

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Hundreds of Marchers Hit Washington in Finale of Nationwaide Peace March

7047: 3288:, an American anti–nuclear weapons activist, was shot and killed by the 2899: 15295: 14836: 14648: 14526: 14511: 14501: 14320: 14139: 13638: 13452: 13121: 11100:

The threat of nuclear terrorism:from analysis to precautionary measures

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A-bomb survivors join 25,000-strong anti-nuclear march through New York

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Hundreds of Marchers Hit Washington in Finale of Nationwide Peace March

7596:"Norway's public backlash against onshore wind threatens sector growth" 7249:"Space Plutonium: US Once Again Producing Fuel for Deep-Space Missions" 5439:"Dagmar Wilson dies at 94; organizer of women's disarmament protesters" 5365: 5344:

MacKenzie, James J. (1977). "Review of The Nuclear Power Controversy".

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In 2007, Bonnie Raitt, Graham Nash, and Jackson Browne, as part of the

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Some anti-nuclear groups advocate reduced reliance on reactor-produced

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Since 2000 the nuclear power was promoted as potential solution to the

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Many anti-nuclear weapons groups cite the 1996 Advisory Opinion of the

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