332:
lever could not provide enough power to engage and lock the brake band, thus the need for the foot pedal. The actual movement of the brake bands was controlled by the 'toggle' mechanism, a distinctive feature of the Wilson design. When the pedal was pressed and released, a series or 'busbar' of finger-like levers were pressed upwards by a strong coil spring, against a series of light linkages or 'operating struts'. The position of each linkage was controlled by the gear selection camshaft. If the cam (for each gear) held the linkage in place, rather than allowing it to swing out of the way, the busbar finger would then press, via the operating strut, onto the toggles controlling the brake bands themselves. These toggles provided the additional leverage necessary to hold the brake band in place, under the force of the coil spring, until the pedal was next pressed. A further characteristic of the Wilson design was the use of self-adjusting nuts on each band, to compensate for wear. The action of engaging and disengaging each band was sufficient to advance the ratchet nuts and so adjust for wear by taking up any slack.
346:
358:
143:
491:
ratios from the overall set, and the two clutches select which gearbox is in effect. Changes within the gearbox are done automatically, to predict which ratio the driver will require next. Provided that the next ratio has been selected correctly (i.e. the computer guessed correctly as to an up-shift vs. a down-shift) the shift itself is merely a rapid movement of the clutch. Unexpected shifts may confuse the system though and it must first select the correct ratio before engaging the clutch, giving a far slower shift.
430:
and controlling dog clutches for gear trains arranged on four shafts. The cylinders were controlled by a rotary valve on a simple quadrant gear lever and activated by pushing the lever sideways into its gate. The combination of the three cylinders permitted eight different ratios, although in reverse these were limited to just the lowest four. When a captured Tiger I tank was studied by the
British in 1943, the report on the gearbox was carried out by Armstrong Siddeley motors.
2329:
2319:
227:
644:
472:
clutches were multi-plate oil-supplied wet clutches. The first gearboxes gained a reputation for unreliability and in 1985 the original developers, Brockhouse, licensed them to Avon
Maxwell Transmissions. A developed version, with an enlarged oil pump, was available as a retrofit for most UK buses. An unusual feature of this gearbox was the ability to engage first and second gear simultaneously. This acted as a 50 hp hydraulic
324:. Although this same arrangement of epicyclics would become the precursor for the post-war automatic transmission, the automatic transmission's use of a torque converter, together with the broad power band and excess power of US V8 engines, meant that wider-spaced, thus fewer, ratios were acceptable. Unlike the "crash" gearboxes of the first half of the 20th century, the gearwheels in a preselector box are permanently in mesh in an
311:, avoided a clutch altogether and relied on the progressive engagement of the gearbox's band brake on lowest gear when starting. When fitted with a centrifugal clutch or fluid coupling, starting from a standstill involved simply selecting first gear, then the clutch would automatically engage once the accelerator pedal was pressed. On other cars, the gear change pedal functioned like a clutch when starting from a standstill.
373:(instead of band brakes) to engage the gears. A downside to this approach was that a loss of electrical power meant that the engine could no longer drive the wheels. The clutches were controlled by a simple dashboard or column-mounted switch, described as "a cherry on a cocktail stick", and relays. There was no mechanical servo action, so no need for the Wilson's cam or toggle arrangements and the change gear pedal.
573:
aggregating over 160,000 h.p., incorporate this transmission ... it has yet to be proved that any other system offers all the advantages of the
Daimler Fluid Flywheel Transmission. Our Daimler, Lanchester and BSA cars remain what we set out to make them ā the aristocrats of their class and type ... We have also received numerous inquiries from overseas markets. (Applause)".
213:. This meant that non-rotating brake bands could be used for the parts which are subject to wear, which results in a simpler design than a rotating component such as a typical clutch. The wearing components could also be mounted on the outside of the mechanism (rather than buried within it), providing easier access for maintenance and adjustment.
490:
The idea of rapid shifting by clutch alone has also been developed as the dual-clutch transmission, in recent high-performance cars. This combines the simplicity of a shifting gearbox with the rapid shifts of a clutch-based design. There are effectively two separate gearboxes, each offering alternate
787:
engines and a preselector gearbox. These were operated by pressing the gear pedal down to select 1st gear, then pulling in the clutch lever and on its return the gear engaged and drove forward. Pressing the gear pedal again selected 2nd gear, which was engaged only after the lever has been pulled in
683:
Typical operation of London buses was they had a very low first gear, only used on hills, so the driver when starting would select second gear, depress and release the change gear pedal to engage the transmission, and then select third ready for changing gear on the move, all this done while the bus
169:
pedal and shift lever in order to achieve a smooth shift in a non-synchromesh manual transmission. Most pre-selector transmissions avoid a driver-controlled clutch entirely. Some use one solely for starting from a standstill. Preselector gearboxes were most common prior to the widespread adoption of
331:
Changing gear with the Wilson box relied on the control of the brake bands that held each epicyclic's annulus in fixed position. The brake band to be selected was controlled by a rotating cam, moved by the gear shift lever. Only one band was engaged for each gear selection. This small hand-operated
161:
mostly used on passenger cars and racing cars in the 1930s, in buses from 1940ā1960 and in armoured vehicles from the 1930s to the 1970s. The defining characteristic of a preselector gearbox is that the gear shift lever allowed the driver to "pre-select" the next gear, usually with the transmission
447:
at all. It operates as a number of separate gearboxes, each one controlled by a separate clutch, interlocked to avoid multiple selection. Selecting a gear is a matter of selecting the appropriate clutch. An advantage of this type is that it's simple to arrange remote operation, as there is no gear
429:
armoured tank used a form of pre-selective gearbox that was built by
Maybach and offered 8 ratios. The shift mechanism was hydraulic, to reduce driver effort. Clutches were used in combinations, allowing many more ratios than actuators. There were three hydraulic cylinders, each with two positions
471:
with rear-mounted transverse engines. Their use also involves much stop-start driving, thus heavy clutch wear for conventional gearboxes. The advantage of this arrangement was its use of four clutches, all easily serviced from outside the engine assembly, without needing to remove the engine. The
319:
for the straight-through top gear and a further epicyclic for reverse. Four gears were provided, at a time when many cars (especially
American ones) usually only had a three speed gearbox. This was owing to the sporting, or indeed racing, market for the Wilson gearbox, so that the ratios could be
404:
This gearbox would automatically pre-select first gear when reverse was engaged. On engaging second gear, the gearbox would then pre-select third, and fourth when third was engaged. It would then cycle between third and fourth until another gear was pre-selected manually. Initial versions were
572:
model in 1958. The
Daimler chairman reported to the shareholders at their Annual General Meeting in November 1933 "The Daimler Fluid Flywheel Transmission now has three years of success behind it and more than 11,000 vehicles, ranging from 10 h.p. passenger cars to double-deck omnibuses,
509:, only automate the clutch system, and have used various different control systems to facilitate clutch operation, while still requiring the driver's input to manually change gear. These systems were introduced by numerous production car manufacturers, prior to the arrival and production of
314:
The Wilson gearbox relied on a number of epicyclic gears, coupled in an ingenious manner that was also Wilson's invention. Successive gears operated by compounding or 'reducing the reduction' provided by the previous gear. A separate epicyclic was required for each intermediate gear, with a
513:, starting from the mid-1930s, to the early-to-mid-1990s. These systems would either fully eliminate the clutch pedal, or would retain the clutch pedal, but the clutch would only be required to be operated for performing standing starts from a stationary position, not for shifting gears.
401:ā used an "accelerating gearbox" designed by Georges Roesch, based on the Wilson patents. The Roesch gearbox was vastly revised in both design and materials, resulting in a lighter gearbox that was able to withstand three times the power of the Wilson gearbox.
1386:
185:
There are several radically different mechanical designs of preselector gearbox. The best known is the Wilson design. Some gearboxes, such as the Cotal, shift gears immediately as the control is moved, without requiring the separate gear change pedal.
250:, had become an advocate for the benefits of the epicyclic gearbox, which allowed large torques to be transmitted whilst still being controllable through a small input force. Walter Wilson was a major co-inventor of the armoured tank during and after
405:
produced without any form of clutch, however a centrifugal clutch was soon added to the design. Described by Talbot as the 'Traffic Clutch'. this was a simple device, with two radially swinging shoes (similar to a drum brake).
655:
Preselector gearboxes were used in several racing cars and motorbike, including the
International Six Days Trial 1921 and 1922 ā Switzerland were Marcel Viratelle motorcycles were entered with series motorcycles; the 1935
687:
The preselector buses were also exported to various countries ā the AEC Regent III with the Wilson type gearboxes were used in
Western Australia for 25 years as part of the public transport fleet from 1950 until 1976.
516:
Further advancements and development were introduced later, and several other methods have been used to automate the process of clutch operation and gear selection together simultaneously, most notably with the modern
177:
Preselector gearboxes were often marketed as "self-changing" gearboxes, however this is an inaccurate description as the driver is required to choose the gear (and often manually actuate the gear change). An
1381:
389:. It was broadly similar to the Wilson, but used direct hydraulic actuation of the brake bands (selected via a lever on the steering column) therefore avoiding the need for a change-gear pedal.
369:
During the 1920s and 1930s, several French luxury car manufacturers used three-speed or four-speed preselector gearbox manufactured by Cotal. A unique aspect of the Cotal gearbox was the use of
273:
Walter Wilson continued experimentation with epicyclic gearboxes for cars and in 1928 his "Wilson gearbox" was invented. Walter and one of the co-owners of
Armstrong Siddeley Motors formed the
684:
was still stationary. On starting, just the accelerator pedal was pressed, with the eventual shift into third gear made by simply pressing the gear change pedal.
285:
was one of the first cars to use the Wilson gearbox. The gearbox was also built under licence by other manufacturers including Cord, ERA, Daimler and
Maybach.
307:, similar to racing manual clutches of the time, but with the pressure plate centrifugally actuated to engage at around 600rpm. Pure racing cars, such as the
288:
The driver pre-selected the next gear using a lever mounted to the steering wheel, then pressed the 'gear change pedal' (often located in place of the usual
460:. Each ratio has its own shaft, and its own clutch. Provided the clutches are interlocked so that only one may be engaged at a time, the system is simple.
676:
Several buses built in the United Kingdom from around 1940 to 1960 had preselector transmission, including those built by Leyland, Daimler and AEC. The
129:
1314:
680:, a bus commonly used in London during this period, used compressed air to actuate the gear shifts, while other gearboxes used mechanical actuation.
198:) manual transmissions, preselector gearboxes were easier for drivers to operate smoothly, since they did not require techniques such as double
1770:
2353:
202:. Preselector gearboxes also had faster shift times, could handle greater power outputs and had less mass and could shift under load.
35:
1645:
1069:
262:
in the United Kingdom also produced cars with manually-controlled epicyclic gearboxes from 1900 and built an experimental tank (the
1426:
1400:
897:
1197:
1719:
457:
122:
1466:
1932:
17:
1846:
761:
862:
Peter Banjo Meyer: The Wilson Preselector Gearbox, Armstrong Siddeley Type; pbm verlag, Seevetal, Hamburg, Germany, 2011
719:
2048:
1365:
98:
299:, used for touring cars such as the Daimler (Armstrong Siddeley used a centrifugal clutch). Sports cars used a Newton
2358:
1901:
1879:
1858:
924:
473:
115:
1043:
2058:
1286:
386:
1795:
456:
This type of gearbox appeared in the March 1917 Oldbury gearbox trials testing different transmissions on eight
2005:
506:
51:
2083:
518:
103:
199:
171:
56:
2158:
1694:
500:
74:
345:
242:. A precursor to the Wilson gearbox was the manually-controlled epicyclic gearbox used in the 1901ā1904
1995:
308:
2294:
2183:
2123:
2088:
162:
remaining in the current gear until the driver pressed the "gear change pedal" at the desired time.
2073:
1925:
1018:
588:
485:
259:
182:
is a true "self-changing gearbox" since it is able to change gears without any driver involvement.
93:
282:
2043:
2015:
1533:
1551:
2033:
2023:
1319:
1091:
577:
510:
370:
179:
83:
70:
1650:
1470:
648:
2128:
2063:
872:
357:
247:
8:
2133:
1918:
1655:
1496:
1077:
737:
592:
414:
413:
An early pre-selector gearbox was a prototype three-speed motorcycle gearbox patented by
321:
274:
158:
42:
443:
A multi-clutch gearbox avoids the difficulties of shifting gear by avoiding the need to
2299:
2204:
565:
547:
300:
142:
2318:
2093:
2028:
1980:
1962:
1897:
1889:
1875:
1854:
1361:
677:
468:
325:
304:
239:
205:
A design advantage of many preselector gearboxes is that the friction components are
1669:
1236:
463:
In the early 1980s this transmission was developed for urban buses in the UK as the
2168:
1975:
1512:
1202:
929:
902:
1744:
295:
The Wilson gearbox was produced with a variety of clutches. The best-known is the
2188:
2118:
1869:
1474:
731:
569:
561:
231:
147:
1116:
2289:
2103:
2098:
1989:
1985:
780:
620:
521:, introduced by several car manufacturers in the 1990s, but first pioneered by
382:
296:
243:
1261:
2347:
2332:
2271:
2256:
2236:
2163:
2000:
1970:
1452:
749:
743:
725:
665:
2241:
2178:
2148:
2143:
1803:
801:
784:
767:
705:
661:
626:
398:
365:
2300S; gear selection lever mounted on the left side of the steering column
238:
The most common type of pre-selector gearbox was the Wilson, which used an
165:
The design removed the need for the driver to master the timing of using a
170:
the automatic transmission, so they were considered in comparison to the "
2322:
2246:
2219:
2214:
2078:
2068:
1816:
316:
255:
251:
195:
1165:
1163:
1161:
2304:
2266:
2108:
1941:
755:
715:
699:
613:
609:
605:
1339:
1337:
2261:
2251:
2173:
2138:
1621:
1595:
1578:
1158:
632:
599:
226:
88:
1453:"Technical data on the gearbox and transmission of the Tiger I tank"
643:
2053:
1334:
819:
817:
385:
cars were fitted with a four-speed preselector gearbox produced by
350:
800:
in the 1930s used the Wilson preselector gearbox. The AEC-engined
1497:"Fleetline bus with experimental Maxwell-Brockhouse transmission"
1217:
797:
657:
554:
426:
362:
1134:
814:
417:
in France in 1906. The design and production were very compact.
246:
cars built in the United Kingdom. One of the company directors,
2224:
2038:
1427:"Le secret de la boite de vitesse VIRATELLE - Marcel VIRATELLE"
1401:"Le secret de la boite de vitesse VIRATELLE - Marcel VIRATELLE"
448:
shift linkage as such, merely duplication of a clutch linkage.
289:
210:
166:
1146:
2209:
2113:
1910:
1609:
Daimler Days, Part Four 1958, Brian E. Smith, 1996, p.818-819
1384:, Marcel-Narcisse Viratelle, published 30 August 1906
526:
522:
206:
1832:(7th ed.). Motor Racing Publications. pp. 159ā171.
1635:
Lanchester Legacy Volume Two 1931 to 1956, C. S. Clark, 2016
1180:
1178:
925:"The Ill-Fated 1930s Racing Tech That's Mounting a Comeback"
2231:
1841:. Vol. II (2 June 1956 ed.). Caxton. p. 109.
1837:
Chapman, G.W. (1949). "7: Oil-engined Locos and Railcars".
950:
948:
1510:
Bryan Jarvis (8 March 1986). "No Longer a Pandora's Box".
1952:
1546:
1544:
1175:
965:
963:
1771:"Tanks That Will Rule the World: Abrams and Challengers"
999:
945:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
397:
Several Talbot cars in the 1930sā such as the 1932ā1935
987:
292:
pedal) to activate the gearchange at the desired time.
1541:
960:
433:
146:
Gear selection lever on the steering column of a 1934
1380:
829:
505:
Semi-automatic transmissions, usually in the form of
975:
1445:
1044:"Sticktory: The Evolution Of Classic Transmissions"
281:) to design and build the Wilson gearbox. The 1929
1815:
1343:
1223:
1169:
1152:
1140:
823:
467:, with a four-speed gearbox. UK buses are mostly
2345:
1593:"A New Daimler Novel Transmission Combination".
1646:"Track test of 1935 ERA R4D vs Porsche 911 GT3"
1625:. No. 46604. 17 November 1933. p. 22.
494:
1315:"Origin and Development of the Roesch Talbots"
1926:
1828:Blower, W.E. (1958). "Pre-selector gearbox".
1459:
123:
1509:
1117:"The Armstrong Siddely Pre-Selector Gearbox"
1603:
254:, and was responsible for the 1918 British
1933:
1919:
1830:The Complete MG Workshop and Tuning Manual
1599:. No. 45553. 1 July 1930. p. 14.
1552:"Crossley Regis - ENV Preselector Gearbox"
564:ā various models, beginning with the 1930
451:
335:
130:
116:
1867:
1768:
1695:"1939 AEC Regent III prototype bus - RT1"
1582:. No. 45501. 1 May 1930. p. 13.
1005:
981:
616:and several other models during this time
438:
258:using an epicyclic steering gearbox. The
1888:
1845:
1358:Georges Roesch and the Invincible Talbot
993:
969:
954:
873:"ENV Type 75 Preselector Gearbox Manual"
850:
642:
356:
344:
234:cockpit, with Wilson preselector gearbox
225:
141:
1836:
1769:Robertson, Jackson (2 September 2014).
1638:
349:Pre select lever of Cotal gearbox in a
14:
2346:
1892:(1976). "Gearbox". In Ian Ward (ed.).
1827:
1355:
1184:
796:Some early petrol- and diesel-engined
1914:
2354:Automotive transmission technologies
1524:
1198:"An Electrically Controlled Gearbox"
691:
270:) fitted with an epicyclic gearbox.
194:Compared with the contemporary (non-
1823:(13th ed.). Iliffe & Sons.
1262:"1935 Talbot Saloon Darracq bodied"
762:Fox armoured reconnaissance vehicle
434:Comparison with other transmissions
24:
2049:Continuously variable transmission
1819:(c. 1935). "Clutch and Gear Box".
1720:"1952 AEC Regent III bus - RT2775"
1070:"Porsche 911 GT3: Put to the Test"
898:"The Wilson Pre-selective Gearbox"
25:
2370:
1619:"Birmingham Small Arms Company".
540:
511:hydraulic automatic transmissions
376:
2328:
2327:
2317:
1788:
1762:
1737:
1712:
1687:
1662:
1629:
1612:
1586:
1569:
1503:
1489:
1419:
1393:
1374:
1349:
1307:
1279:
1254:
1229:
1190:
1109:
1084:
1062:
1036:
1011:
638:
507:clutchless manual transmissions
174:" type of manual transmission.
1940:
917:
890:
865:
856:
774:
479:
420:
13:
1:
2084:Automated manual transmission
1839:Modern High-Speed Oil Engines
1796:"British Diesel Rail Coaches"
1576:"Simpler And Safer Driving".
807:
783:motorcycles were built using
519:automated manual transmission
1851:The British Tanks, 1915ā1919
802:GWR 'Flying Banana' railcars
584:used the ENV Type 75 gearbox
495:Semi-automatic transmissions
408:
7:
2159:Semi-automatic transmission
1537:. 22 April 1931. p. 5.
1467:"Rebuilding Tiger tank 131"
1019:"The cars from 1919 ā 1960"
791:
591:ā all models, except a few
501:Semi-automatic transmission
189:
27:Type of manual transmission
10:
2375:
1996:Internal combustion engine
1294:www.talbotownersclub.co.uk
666:Auto Union 'Silver Arrows'
498:
483:
277:company (initially called
264:Lanchester Gearbox Machine
216:
2313:
2295:Hybrid vehicle drivetrain
2282:
2197:
2184:Transmission control unit
2124:Limited-slip differential
2089:Electrorheological clutch
2014:
1961:
1948:
1237:"The Talbot AX65 Darracq"
1096:www.armstrongsiddeley.org
1092:"The Preselector Gearbox"
595:cars with manual gearbox.
392:
305:multiple plate dry clutch
283:Armstrong Siddeley Thirty
221:
2359:Automobile transmissions
2074:Dual-clutch transmission
1894:Anatomy of the Motor Car
1868:Glanfield, John (2001).
1745:"AEC Regal III (MTT378)"
1670:"Leyland Worldmaster 34"
1360:. Grenville Publishing.
1356:Blight, Anthony (1970).
720:Maybach-Variorex gearbox
671:
486:Dual-clutch transmission
371:electromagnetic clutches
340:
275:Self-Changing Gears Ltd.
260:Lanchester Motor Company
36:Automotive transmissions
2044:Constant-velocity joint
1724:www.londonbusmuseum.com
1699:www.londonbusmuseum.com
1534:The Manchester Guardian
1287:"The Talbot Gearbox v2"
1266:www.carandclassic.co.uk
1048:www.historicvehicle.org
664:cars such as the 1930s
452:Single ratio per clutch
336:Other epicyclic designs
2024:Automatic transmission
1654:. 2004. Archived from
1556:www.crossley-regis.org
1344:Autocar handbook, 13th
1224:Autocar handbook, 13th
1170:Autocar handbook, 13th
1153:Autocar handbook, 13th
1141:Autocar handbook, 13th
877:www.crossley-regis.org
824:Autocar handbook, 13th
652:
535:
439:Multi-clutch gearboxes
387:Laycock-de Normanville
366:
354:
268:Experimental Machine K
235:
180:automatic transmission
150:
1896:. Orbis. p. 91.
1471:Bovington Tank Museum
1074:www.automobilemag.com
646:
425:The 1942ā1945 German
360:
348:
229:
145:
99:Continuously variable
2129:Locking differential
2064:Direct-shift gearbox
1871:The Devil's Chariots
1806:on 18 February 2013.
1431:www.sites.google.com
1405:www.sites.google.com
804:had such a gearbox.
568:and ending with the
248:Walter Gordon Wilson
18:Pre-selector gearbox
2154:Preselector gearbox
2134:Manual transmission
1187:, pp. 159ā171.
1172:, pp. 115ā116.
458:British Heavy Tanks
415:fr:Marcel Viratelle
399:Talbot AX65 Darracq
353:sportscar from 1935
279:Improved Gears Ltd.
159:manual transmission
155:preselector gearbox
2300:Electric generator
2205:Wheel hub assembly
1890:Setright, L. J. K.
1050:. 4 September 2012
933:. 18 February 2015
653:
566:Daimler Double-Six
548:Armstrong Siddeley
381:During the 1930s,
367:
355:
301:centrifugal clutch
236:
151:
2341:
2340:
2094:Epicyclic gearing
1963:Automotive engine
1853:. Crowood Press.
1346:, pp. 98ā99.
1121:www.v-twin.org.uk
957:, pp. 70ā74.
692:Armoured vehicles
649:Auto Union Type D
140:
139:
16:(Redirected from
2366:
2331:
2330:
2321:
2198:Wheels and tires
2169:Torque converter
1935:
1928:
1921:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1885:
1864:
1842:
1833:
1824:
1821:Autocar Handbook
1808:
1807:
1802:. Archived from
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1658:on 8 March 2005.
1642:
1636:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1548:
1539:
1538:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1513:Commercial Motor
1507:
1501:
1500:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1473:. Archived from
1463:
1457:
1456:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1291:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1203:Commercial Motor
1194:
1188:
1182:
1173:
1167:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1080:on 8 March 2005.
1076:. Archived from
1066:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1023:www.siddeley.org
1015:
1009:
1006:Glanfield (2001)
1003:
997:
991:
985:
982:Glanfield (2001)
979:
973:
967:
958:
952:
943:
942:
940:
938:
921:
915:
914:
912:
910:
903:Commercial Motor
894:
888:
887:
885:
883:
869:
863:
860:
854:
848:
827:
821:
708:and the related
557:ā various models
550:ā various models
240:epicyclic design
132:
125:
118:
104:Automated manual
32:
31:
21:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2309:
2278:
2193:
2189:Universal joint
2119:Hotchkiss drive
2010:
1957:
1944:
1939:
1904:
1882:
1861:
1847:Fletcher, David
1812:
1811:
1800:Engrail History
1794:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1777:
1767:
1763:
1753:
1751:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1728:
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1701:
1693:
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1613:
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1542:
1530:
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1525:
1508:
1504:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1478:
1477:on 5 March 2016
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1125:
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1089:
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1068:
1067:
1063:
1053:
1051:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1027:
1025:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1004:
1000:
994:Fletcher (2001)
992:
988:
980:
976:
970:Fletcher (2001)
968:
961:
955:Fletcher (2001)
953:
946:
936:
934:
923:
922:
918:
908:
906:
896:
895:
891:
881:
879:
871:
870:
866:
861:
857:
851:Setright (1976)
849:
830:
822:
815:
810:
794:
779:Some 1950s-era
777:
772:
732:Stridsvagn m/42
694:
674:
641:
543:
538:
503:
497:
488:
482:
454:
441:
436:
423:
411:
395:
379:
343:
338:
232:Bugatti Type 51
224:
219:
192:
148:Daimler Fifteen
136:
57:Non-synchronous
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2372:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2325:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2290:Electric motor
2286:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
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2222:
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2207:
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2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2104:Friction drive
2101:
2099:Fluid coupling
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1990:Plug-in hybrid
1983:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1938:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1915:
1909:
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1902:
1886:
1880:
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1834:
1825:
1810:
1809:
1787:
1775:www.medium.com
1761:
1736:
1711:
1686:
1661:
1637:
1628:
1611:
1602:
1585:
1568:
1540:
1523:
1520:(4161): 46ā47.
1502:
1488:
1458:
1444:
1418:
1392:
1373:
1367:978-0953206414
1366:
1348:
1333:
1306:
1278:
1253:
1228:
1226:, p. 120.
1216:
1189:
1174:
1157:
1145:
1133:
1108:
1083:
1061:
1035:
1010:
1008:, p. 271.
998:
996:, p. 122.
986:
974:
972:, p. 190.
959:
944:
916:
889:
864:
855:
828:
826:, p. 112.
812:
811:
809:
806:
793:
790:
776:
773:
771:
770:
764:
758:
752:
746:
740:
738:Daimler Ferret
734:
728:
722:
712:
702:
695:
693:
690:
673:
670:
640:
637:
636:
635:
629:
623:
621:Lagonda Rapier
617:
602:
596:
585:
582:Crossley Regis
574:
558:
551:
542:
541:Passenger cars
539:
537:
534:
499:Main article:
496:
493:
484:Main article:
481:
478:
469:double-deckers
453:
450:
440:
437:
435:
432:
422:
419:
410:
407:
394:
391:
378:
377:de Normanville
375:
342:
339:
337:
334:
322:closely spaced
297:fluid flywheel
244:Wilson-Pilcher
223:
220:
218:
215:
209:, rather than
191:
188:
138:
137:
135:
134:
127:
120:
112:
109:
108:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
78:
77:
75:Semi-automatic
67:
66:
65:
64:
59:
54:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2371:
2360:
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2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
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2202:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2164:Shift-by-wire
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
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2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
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2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
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2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2004:
2002:
2001:Petrol engine
1999:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1971:Diesel engine
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1954:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1924:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1905:
1903:0-85613-230-6
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1881:0-7509-4152-9
1877:
1873:
1872:
1866:
1862:
1860:1-86126-400-3
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
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1814:
1813:
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1801:
1797:
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1316:
1310:
1295:
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1267:
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1257:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1225:
1220:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1193:
1186:
1185:Blower (1958)
1181:
1179:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1154:
1149:
1143:, p. 98.
1142:
1137:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1007:
1002:
995:
990:
983:
978:
971:
966:
964:
956:
951:
949:
932:
931:
926:
920:
905:
904:
899:
893:
878:
874:
868:
859:
853:, p. 91.
852:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
825:
820:
818:
813:
805:
803:
799:
789:
786:
782:
769:
765:
763:
759:
757:
753:
751:
750:Alvis Saladin
747:
745:
744:Alvis Saracen
741:
739:
735:
733:
729:
727:
726:Daimler Dingo
723:
721:
717:
713:
711:
707:
703:
701:
697:
696:
689:
685:
681:
679:
669:
667:
663:
659:
651:hillclimb car
650:
645:
634:
630:
628:
624:
622:
618:
615:
611:
607:
603:
601:
597:
594:
590:
586:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
556:
552:
549:
545:
544:
533:
531:
529:
525:, with their
524:
520:
514:
512:
508:
502:
492:
487:
477:
475:
470:
466:
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449:
446:
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384:
374:
372:
364:
359:
352:
347:
333:
329:
327:
323:
318:
312:
310:
306:
303:. This was a
302:
298:
293:
291:
286:
284:
280:
276:
271:
269:
265:
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257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
233:
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214:
212:
208:
203:
201:
197:
187:
183:
181:
175:
173:
172:crash gearbox
168:
163:
160:
157:is a type of
156:
149:
144:
133:
128:
126:
121:
119:
114:
113:
111:
110:
105:
102:
100:
97:
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90:
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72:
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63:
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55:
53:
50:
49:
48:
47:
44:
41:
40:
37:
34:
33:
30:
19:
2242:Racing slick
2179:Transfer box
2153:
2149:Park-by-wire
2144:Parking pawl
2059:Differential
2034:Direct-drive
2016:Transmission
2006:Steam engine
1951:Part of the
1950:
1893:
1870:
1850:
1838:
1829:
1820:
1804:the original
1799:
1790:
1778:. Retrieved
1774:
1764:
1754:21 September
1752:. Retrieved
1748:
1739:
1727:. Retrieved
1723:
1714:
1702:. Retrieved
1698:
1689:
1679:21 September
1677:. Retrieved
1673:
1664:
1656:the original
1649:
1640:
1631:
1620:
1614:
1605:
1594:
1588:
1577:
1571:
1559:. Retrieved
1555:
1532:
1526:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1491:
1479:. Retrieved
1475:the original
1461:
1447:
1435:. Retrieved
1430:
1421:
1409:. Retrieved
1404:
1395:
1376:
1357:
1351:
1324:. Retrieved
1318:
1309:
1297:. Retrieved
1293:
1281:
1269:. Retrieved
1265:
1256:
1244:. Retrieved
1240:
1231:
1219:
1207:. Retrieved
1201:
1192:
1148:
1136:
1124:. Retrieved
1120:
1111:
1099:. Retrieved
1095:
1086:
1078:the original
1073:
1064:
1052:. Retrieved
1047:
1038:
1026:. Retrieved
1022:
1013:
1001:
989:
977:
935:. Retrieved
928:
919:
907:. Retrieved
901:
892:
880:. Retrieved
876:
867:
858:
795:
778:
768:Challenger 2
718:, using the
709:
706:Panzer 38(t)
686:
682:
675:
662:hillclimbing
654:
639:Motor racing
627:Cord 810/812
581:
578:Crossley Ten
530:transmission
527:
515:
504:
489:
464:
462:
455:
444:
442:
424:
412:
403:
396:
380:
368:
330:
313:
294:
287:
278:
272:
267:
263:
237:
204:
200:de-clutching
193:
184:
176:
164:
154:
152:
61:
29:
2220:Alloy wheel
2079:Drive wheel
2069:Drive shaft
2029:Chain drive
1817:The Autocar
1780:22 February
1749:BPSWA (INC)
1729:28 February
1704:28 February
1674:BPSWA (INC)
1561:18 February
1433:(in French)
1407:(in French)
1320:Motor Sport
1241:Classic Car
882:22 February
775:Motorcycles
710:Praga LT-38
678:AEC RT type
560:1930sā1958
532:, in 1985.
480:Dual-clutch
421:Tiger tanks
317:cone clutch
256:Mark V tank
252:World War I
196:synchromesh
94:Dual-clutch
62:Preselector
2348:Categories
2305:Alternator
1953:Automobile
1942:Powertrain
1874:. Sutton.
1651:Automobile
1531:"Wilson".
1481:30 January
1437:24 January
1411:24 January
1382:FR 364844A
1326:26 January
1299:24 January
1271:24 January
1246:24 January
1209:24 January
1126:22 January
1101:22 January
1054:22 January
1028:22 January
937:22 January
909:22 January
808:References
766:1993ā2002
760:1972ā19??
756:OT-64 SKOT
754:1963ā197?
748:1958ā1972
742:1952ā1976
736:1952ā1971
730:1943ā1945
724:1940ā1974
716:Panzer III
714:1939ā1945
704:1939ā1945
700:Matilda II
698:1937ā1943
625:1936ā1937
619:1934ā1935
614:Riley 12/6
610:Riley 12/4
606:Riley Nine
604:1932ā1938
598:1932ā1934
589:Lanchester
587:1931ā1953
576:1931ā1937
570:One-O-Four
553:1929ā1941
546:1929ā1959
52:Sequential
2174:Transaxle
2139:Manumatic
2109:Gearshift
1981:Fuel cell
1622:The Times
1596:The Times
1579:The Times
1499:. Flickr.
633:Tucker 48
600:MG K-type
593:Roadrider
409:Viratelle
326:epicyclic
89:Manumatic
84:Hydraulic
71:Automatic
2333:Category
2272:Tubeless
2257:Run-flat
2237:Off-road
2054:Coupling
1976:Electric
1849:(2001).
798:railcars
792:Railcars
785:Villiers
474:retarder
351:Delahaye
328:layout.
211:clutches
190:Benefits
788:again.
658:ERA R4D
562:Daimler
555:Maybach
465:Maxwell
427:Tiger I
363:Salmson
217:Designs
2323:Portal
2283:Hybrid
2247:Radial
2225:Hubcap
2039:Clutch
1986:Hybrid
1955:series
1900:
1878:
1857:
1388:
1364:
660:, and
393:Talbot
383:Humber
341:Cotal
290:clutch
222:Wilson
207:brakes
167:clutch
43:Manual
2267:Spare
2210:Wheel
2114:Giubo
1290:(PDF)
930:Wired
781:James
672:Buses
647:1939
631:1948
528:NAVi5
523:Isuzu
445:shift
361:1954
320:more
230:1931
2262:Snow
2252:Rain
2232:Tire
1898:ISBN
1876:ISBN
1855:ISBN
1782:2020
1756:2023
1731:2020
1706:2020
1681:2023
1563:2020
1483:2009
1439:2020
1413:2020
1362:ISBN
1328:2020
1301:2020
1273:2020
1248:2020
1211:2020
1128:2020
1103:2020
1056:2020
1030:2020
939:2020
911:2020
884:2020
580:and
2215:Rim
1518:163
536:Use
309:ERA
266:or
2350::
1798:.
1773:.
1747:.
1722:.
1697:.
1672:.
1648:.
1554:.
1543:^
1516:.
1469:.
1429:.
1403:.
1336:^
1317:.
1292:.
1264:.
1239:.
1200:.
1177:^
1160:^
1119:.
1094:.
1072:.
1046:.
1021:.
962:^
947:^
927:.
900:.
875:.
831:^
816:^
668:.
612:,
608:,
476:.
153:A
73:/
1992:)
1988:(
1934:e
1927:t
1920:v
1906:.
1884:.
1863:.
1784:.
1758:.
1733:.
1708:.
1683:.
1565:.
1485:.
1455:.
1441:.
1415:.
1370:.
1330:.
1303:.
1275:.
1250:.
1213:.
1155:.
1130:.
1105:.
1058:.
1032:.
984:.
941:.
913:.
886:.
131:e
124:t
117:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
