335:. It is possible that Shakespeare originally intended the name to be pronounced with a short "i", rather than a long one. In this scenario, the modern pronunciation would have changed because the standard spelling with a "y" signifies to readers a long 'i' pronunciation. Other scholars emphasise that, although the name echoes some Hebrew names, "Shylock" was a common sixteenth-century English name that would have been familiar to Shakespeare's fellow Londoners, and the name is notable for its Saxon origin, meaning "white-haired". The Shylocks of sixteenth-century London included "goldsmiths, mercers, and, most visibly of all, scriveners", according to prominent scholar Stephen Orgel, a Stanford professor who serves (with A. R. Braunmuller) as general editor of The Pelican Shakespeare series from Penguin.
364:– Shylock is charged with attempted murder of a Christian, carrying a possible death penalty, and Antonio is freed without punishment. Shylock is then ordered to surrender half of his wealth and property to the state and the other half to Antonio. However, as an act of "mercy", Antonio modifies the verdict, asking Shylock to hand over only one-half of his wealth – to him (Antonio) for his own as well as Lorenzo's need – provided that he keeps two promises. First, Shylock has to sign an agreement bequeathing all his remaining property to Lorenzo and Jessica, which is to become effective after his demise, and second, he is to immediately convert to Christianity. Shylock is forced to agree to these terms, and he exits citing illness.
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If you tickle us, do we not laugh? If you poison us, do we not die? And if you wrong us, shall we not revenge? If we are like you in the rest, we will resemble you in that. If a Jew wrong a
Christian, what is his humility? Revenge. If a Christian wrong a Jew, what should his sufferance be by Christian example? Why, revenge. The villainy you teach me, I will execute, and it shall go hard but I will better the instruction.
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accusations that Jews engaged in ritual murder, profanation of the host, and the poisoning of wells. With the prejudices of the day against Jews, atheists and non-Christians in general, Jews found it hard to fit in with society. Some say that these attitudes provided the foundations of anti-semitism in the 20th century.
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ow does it happen that
Shylock's defense becomes an accusation? ... The answer must be a perfectly simple one. God and Shakespeare did not create beings of paper, they gave them flesh and blood! Even if the poet did not know Shylock and did not like him, the justice of his genius took the part of his
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Hath not a Jew eyes? Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions; fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons, subject to the same diseases, heal'd by the same means, warm'd and cool'd by the same winter and summer as a
Christian is? If you prick us, do we not bleed?
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Many modern readers and audiences have read the play as a plea for tolerance, with
Shylock as a sympathetic character. Shylock's trial at the end of the play is a mockery of justice, with Portia acting as a judge when she has no real right to do so. Shakespeare does not question Shylock's intentions,
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is abused by the
Christian population of the city. One of the last shots of the film also highlights that, as a convert, Shylock would have been cast out of the Jewish community in Venice, no longer allowed to live in the ghetto. But he would likely not have been fully accepted by the Christians, as
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Today the word
Shylock is often used to refer to any "relentless and revengeful moneylender"; in fact, any relentless person. In the early 20th century - as even now - doctors were often referred to as Shylocks, because of their exorbitant charges. A one page paper from a medical journal of that
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The depiction of Jews in the literature of
England and other English-speaking countries throughout the centuries was influenced by the character of Shylock and similarly stereotypical Jewish characters. Jewish characters in English literature were frequently depicted as "monied, cruel, lecherous,
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England. It was not until the twelfth century that in northern Europe (England, Germany, and France), a region until then peripheral but at this point expanding fast, a form of
Judeophobia developed that was considerably more violent because of a new dimension of imagined behaviors, including
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gentleman he is made to appear. He has insulted the Jew and spat on him, yet he comes with hypocritical politeness to borrow money of him." Shylock's fatal flaw is to depend on the law, but "would he not walk out of that courtroom head erect, the very apotheosis of defiant hatred and scorn?"
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at all times in public to ensure that they were easily identified. If they did not comply with this rule, they could face the death penalty. In Venice, Jews had to live in a ghetto protected by
Christians which was probably for their own safety. The Jews were expected to pay their guards.
388:, and Jews were excluded from many fields of work. At the same time, most Christian kings forbade Jews to own land for farming or to serve in the government, and craft guilds usually refused to admit Jews as artisans. Thus money-lending was one of the few occupations still open to Jews.
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Granach, Alexander, "There Goes an Actor," tr. Willard Trask, Doubleday, Doran, Garden City, NY, 1945. Also
Granach, Alexander, "From the Shtetl to the Stage: The Odyssey of a Wandering Actor," with new Introduction by Herbert S., Lewis, Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, NJ, 2010,
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black obstacle and, out of its prodigal and endless wealth, gave Shylock human greatness and spiritual strength and a great loneliness—things that turn Antonio's gay, singing, sponging, money-borrowing, girl-stealing, marriage-contriving circle into petty idlers and sneak thieves.
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to Christianity to be a "happy ending" for the character, as it 'redeems' Shylock both from his unbelief and his specific sin of wanting to kill Antonio. This reading of the play would certainly fit with the antisemitic trends present in Elizabethan-era England.
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time argued that most physicians - even preeminent ones - did not have adequate incomes because the code of medical ethics prevented them from charging the poor for their services . The paper ends with an ironic remark - Is the doctor a Shylock?
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at a pound of Antonio's flesh. When a bankrupt Antonio defaults on the loan, Shylock demands the pound of flesh. This decision is fuelled by his sense of revenge, for Antonio had previously insulted, physically assaulted and spat on him in the
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Shylock's characterisation is composed of stereotypes, for instance greediness and vengefulness, although there were no legally practising Jews who lived in England during Shakespeare's time. Jews were expelled from the country in 1290 by
485:. Adler's Shylock evolved over the years he played the role, first as a stock Shakespearean villain, then as a man whose better nature was overcome by a desire for revenge, and finally as a man who operated not from revenge but from
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are unhappy, Antonio is an obsessive bore reminiscing about his escape from death, but Shylock, freed from religious prejudice, is richer than before and a close friend and confidant of the Doge.
828:. In the 16th and early 17th centuries, Jews were often presented on the Elizabethan stage in hideous caricature, with hooked noses and bright red wigs. They were usually depicted as avaricious
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561:(1976) is a reimagining of Shakespeare's story. In this retelling, Shylock and Antonio are friends and share a disdain for the crass antisemitism of the Christian community's laws.
873:. One interpretation of the play's structure is that Shakespeare meant to contrast the mercy of the main Christian characters with the vengeful Shylock, who lacks the religious
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Antisemites have used the play to support their views throughout its history. The 1619 edition has a subtitle of "With the Extreme Cruelty of Shylock the Jew ..." The
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but that the very people who berated Shylock for being dishonest have resorted to trickery in order to win. Shakespeare gives Shylock one of his most eloquent speeches:
582:. Davies is portrayed both in and out of character, presenting and stripping down the layers between character and actor. Composed in one 80-minute act, it premiered at
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they would remember his Jewish birth. Another interpretation of Shylock and a vision of how "must he be acted" appears at the conclusion of the autobiography of
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magazine, Adler pointed out that Shylock is a wealthy man, "rich enough to forgo the interest on three thousand ducats" and that Antonio is "far from the
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had been a fairly common occupation among Jews, in part because Christians were not able to offer interest-bearing loans, then considered the sin of
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470:) has been called "the summit of his career". Jacob Adler was the most notable of the early 20th century actors in this role, speaking in
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where it was directed by Deborah Block, starred William Leach and was "Barrymore Recommended". It has since been produced at theatres,
578:. Jon addresses his audience at a "talk back" session, after the play is closed abruptly due to controversy over the play's alleged
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added an almost comedic shade to the role when he appeared as Shylock in a 1989 production at New York’s 46th Street Theater.
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and others report that the tradition of playing Shylock sympathetically began in the first half of the 19th century with
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Since Kean's time, many other actors who have played the role have chosen a sympathetic approach to the character.
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408:(here represented by Portia) argues for the forgiveness of human souls, as against the implacable accusations of
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peoples. All the names of Jewish characters in the play derive from minor figures listed in genealogies in the
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or, alternatively, as a monster of unrelieved evil". Kean's Shylock established his reputation as an actor.
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Some modern productions explore the justification of Shylock's thirst for vengeance. For instance, in the
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and starred popular Canadian radio host, David Berner. Its American debut was in 1998 at Philadelphia's
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Shylock is not a Jewish name. However, some scholars believe it probably derives from the biblical name
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After World War II, productions were sometimes featured on TV and in film as well as on stage, such as
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in 1290). However, stereotypes of Jews as money lenders remained from the Middle Ages. Historically,
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1303:"David Serero to Star in THE MERCHANT OF VENICE at the Center for Jewish History This June"
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Shakespeare's play possibly reflected the antisemitic tradition. The title page of the
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moneylender, Shylock is the play's principal villain. His defeat and conversion to
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Adler erroneously dates this from 1847 (at which time Kean was already dead); the
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where the characters meet again some years later. All of the marriages that ended
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to comprehend mercy. Similarly, it is possible that Shakespeare meant Shylock's
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was a notable exception, playing him as a simple villain, although his father
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1509:, translated and with commentary by Lulla Rosenfeld, Knopf, New York, 1999,
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Mirsky, David. "The Fictive Jew in the Literature of England 1890–1920".
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Alexander Granach, who played Shylock in Germany in the 1920s, writes,
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in its day, which suggests that it was seen as similar to Marlowe's
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and has been staged twice by the original actor, Berner, in Venice.
443:. Previously the role had been played "by a comedian as a repulsive
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Festivals and Fringes throughout Canada and the US (including the
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This article is about the literary character. For other uses, see
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Patrick Stewart illustrates approaches to the Shylock character
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Shylock Reconsidered: Jews, Moneylending, and Medieval Society
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to reinforce stereotypes. Productions of the play followed in
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as slang for a particularly onerous or unpleasant obligation.
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Kean and Irving presented a Shylock justified in wanting his
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1380:"Venice, Italy Jewish History Tour – Jewish Virtual Library"
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Since Shakespeare's time, the character's name has become a
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in 1290; Jews were not allowed to return until the rule of
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745:. Shylock was played by five actors, four men and a woman.
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and produced it while acting in the role in 1987 and 2001.
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where it was staged opposite a controversial production of
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as Shylock, the film begins with text and a montage of how
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In Shakespeare's time, no Jews had been legally present in
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1000:(1917), an antisemitic pamphlet authored by Australian MP
842:, which features a comically wicked Jewish villain called
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1234:"Arnold Wesker, 83, Writer of Working-Class Dramas, Dies"
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in 1938, the German radio had broadcast a production of
289:; this was not reversed until the mid-17th century (the
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Bronstein, Herbert (1969). "Shakespeare, the Jews, and
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avaricious tolerated only because of golden hoard".
1031:(1940), and elsewhere within Nazi-occupied territory.
733:. In 2016, as part of the 500 year anniversary of the
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The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World
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Antisemitism and Modernity: Innovation and Continuity
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244:
37:"Pound of flesh" redirects here. For other uses, see
1435:
Lecture by James Shapiro: "Shakespeare and the Jews"
1262:"Arnold Wesker: the radical bard of working Britain"
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853:and in other regions, Jews were required to wear a
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76:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Character in Shakespeare's "The Merchant of Venice"
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628:Notable actors who have portrayed Shylock include
1557:Cambridge Student Guide to The Merchant of Venice
1322:The Merchant in Venice: Shakespeare in the Ghetto
1175:Cambridge Student Guide to The Merchant of Venice
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1128:Nachum Gross (Ed.), Schocken Books, 1975, p. 257
343:Shylock is a Jewish moneylender who loans 3,000
1352:Nazi Anti-Semitism: From Prejudice to Holocaust
1177:dates Kean's performance to a more likely 1814.
865:indicates that the play was sometimes known as
741:was performed in the ghetto main square by the
1461:"Is the Doctor a Shylock?: Physicians Incomes"
668:presented a notoriously extreme production of
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1746:
458:had portrayed the character sympathetically.
432:as Shylock in a late 19th century performance
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586:on 5 August 1996, where it was directed by
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1319:; Chillington Rutter, Carol, eds. (2021).
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526:(and later in Hollywood and on Broadway).
394:argues that the play is based on medieval
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1291:. 18 June 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2013
1038:
936:Learn how and when to remove this message
522:, a noted Jewish stage and film actor in
136:Learn how and when to remove this message
1703:. Johns Hopkins University Press: 1997.
1688:. University of California Press: 1990.
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2072:Literary characters introduced in 1590
2057:Fictional Italian people in literature
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1404:"THEATER; Shylock and Nazi Propaganda"
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1124:Baron, Salo, Kahan, Arcadius; et al.,
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608:), was translated for a production in
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1662:S.L. Lee, "The Original of Shylock,"
1651:. University of Chicago Press: 2006.
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1260:Billington, Michael (13 April 2016).
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376:for several hundred years (since the
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1103:, 2006, University of Chicago Press.
918:adding citations to reliable sources
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74:adding citations to reliable sources
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1673:. Columbia University Press: 1997.
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24:
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1444:
729:played Shylock in New York at the
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1715:
1666:, Vol. CCXLVI, January/June 1880.
809:Antisemitic views were common in
1634:Shylock: A Legend and Its Legacy
1447:Samuel K. Mirsky Memorial Volume
1327:Ca' Foscari University of Venice
1287:Charlesbois, Gaetan. "Shylock".
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1701:Shylock and the Jewish Question
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905:needs additional citations for
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177:Shylock portrayed by the actor
61:needs additional citations for
39:Pound of Flesh (disambiguation)
1232:Chan, Sewell (13 April 2016).
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1149:. London: Routledge. pp.
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570:(1996) by Canadian playwright
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277:form the climax of the story.
252:) is a fictional character in
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1:
2047:Male Shakespearean characters
2006:All that glitters is not gold
1507:A Life on the Stage: A Memoir
1289:Canadian Theatre Encyclopedia
1126:Economic History of the Jews,
1064:
1054:History of the Jews in Venice
721:played this character at the
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182:
2077:Stereotypes of Jewish people
1987:The Maori Merchant of Venice
1402:Gross, John (4 April 1993).
1222:Granach 1945; 2010, 275–279.
698:Shylock: Shakespeare's Alien
564:The award-winning monologue
415:
319:. Shalah is the grandson of
7:
1726:Shakespeare Teaching Videos
1529:. New York: Penguin Books.
1382:. jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
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793:. In addition, the phrase "
725:in 2006. In 2015 and 2016,
709:acted as Shylock in a 2004
600:San Diego Repertory Theatre
489:. In a 1902 interview with
421:Shylock on stage and screen
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2052:Antisemitism in literature
1594:Folger Shakespeare Library
1392:Granach 1945, 2010: 276–77
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1195:Wells and Dobson, p. 290.
988:Influence on antisemitism
731:Center for Jewish History
723:Royal Shakespeare Company
664:rule in 1943, the Vienna
624:1911 Italian-French film.
327:, biblical progenitor of
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1671:Shakespeare and the Jews
1664:The Gentleman's Magazine
1521:Ferguson, Niall (2009).
1350:Burrin, Philipe (2005).
749:Shylock and antisemitism
642:William Charles Macready
32:Shylock (disambiguation)
1083:Oxford University Press
1011:used Shylock for their
797:" has also entered the
743:Compagnia de' Colombari
347:to his Christian rival
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203:In-universe information
2062:Fictional Italian Jews
2042:The Merchant of Venice
1927:The Merchant of Venice
1767:The Merchant of Venice
1649:Shylock Is Shakespeare
1580:The Merchant of Venice
1097:Shylock is Shakespeare
1079:The Merchant of Venice
1077:Halio, Jay L. (1994).
1039:Shylock as an allusion
1021:The Merchant of Venice
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998:The Kingdom of Shylock
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739:The Merchant of Venice
713:version as well as in
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670:The Merchant of Venice
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605:The Merchant of Venice
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547:The Merchant of Venice
543:The Merchant of Venice
541:(1924) is a sequel to
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259:The Merchant of Venice
163:The Merchant of Venice
1921:Le marchand de Venise
1585:Shakespeare Quarterly
1471:(4): 246. July 1907.
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632:in the 16th century,
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592:Walnut Street Theatre
530:Other representations
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368:Historical background
2082:Shakespeare villains
2020:The quality of mercy
1684:Joseph Shatzmiller,
1636:. Touchstone: 1994.
1305:. BroadwayWorld.com.
914:improve this article
676:as an evil Shylock.
515:the Jewish community
503:2004 film adaptation
70:improve this article
2087:Literary archetypes
1762:William Shakespeare
1213:Adler 1999, 344–350
1204:Adler 1999, 342–44.
1081:. Oxford, England:
886:Sympathetic reading
834:Christopher Marlowe
805:Antisemitic reading
758:Shylock and Jessica
539:The Lady of Belmont
456:Junius Brutus Booth
254:William Shakespeare
197:William Shakespeare
150:Fictional character
1909:Incidental music:
1408:The New York Times
1239:The New York Times
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953:Shylock and Portia
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616:Notable portrayals
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378:Edict of Expulsion
323:and the father of
287:Edict of Expulsion
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2013:Between you and I
1955:Serenade to Music
1550:978-1-4128-1347-1
1465:Atlanta J Rec Med
1354:. New York City:
1336:978-88-6969-503-2
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879:forced conversion
867:The Jew of Venice
719:F. Murray Abraham
584:Bard on the Beach
572:Mark Leiren-Young
520:Alexander Granach
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179:Ernst von Possart
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826:Oliver Cromwell
811:Elizabethan era
807:
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735:Venetian Ghetto
691:in 1965 at the
689:Patrick Stewart
660:in 1937. Under
634:Charles Macklin
630:Richard Burbage
618:
535:St. John Ervine
532:
507:Michael Radford
423:
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789:at exorbitant
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1109:
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1101:Kenneth Gross
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693:Theatre Royal
690:
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674:Werner Krauss
671:
667:
663:
659:
656:in 1928, and
655:
654:George Arliss
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509:and starring
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87: –
86:
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81:Find sources:
75:
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65:
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59:This article
57:
53:
48:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
1985:
1977:
1969:
1963:The Merchant
1961:
1953:
1934:
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1632:John Gross,
1589:
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1579:
1556:
1555:Smith, Rob:
1524:
1506:
1503:Adler, Jacob
1497:Bibliography
1468:
1464:
1455:
1446:
1440:
1431:
1419:. Retrieved
1407:
1397:
1388:
1374:
1351:
1345:
1321:
1317:Bassi, Shaul
1311:
1296:
1288:
1283:
1273:16 September
1271:. Retrieved
1267:The Guardian
1265:
1255:
1245:16 September
1243:. Retrieved
1237:
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1218:
1209:
1200:
1191:
1182:
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1125:
1120:
1108:
1096:
1095:quoted from
1091:
1078:
1072:
1042:
1033:
1020:
1006:
1002:Frank Anstey
997:
981:
977:
966:
961:
957:Thomas Sully
952:
932:
923:
912:Please help
907:verification
904:
870:
866:
860:
848:
837:
818:English Jews
816:
808:
780:
766:
757:
738:
727:David Serero
715:Central Park
711:feature film
696:
678:
669:
658:John Gielgud
650:Henry Irving
627:
603:
588:John Juliani
580:antisemitism
575:
565:
563:
558:The Merchant
556:
551:
546:
542:
538:
533:
505:directed by
500:
490:
480:
478:production.
460:Henry Irving
449:
435:
430:Henry Irving
399:
392:Hyam Maccoby
390:
371:
342:
312:
300:
291:Cromwell Era
279:
275:Christianity
257:
220:
219:
161:
147:
132:
123:
113:
106:
99:
92:
80:
68:Please help
63:verification
60:
43:
1947:Adaptations
1826:Il Pecorone
1421:22 February
1325:. Venezia:
926:August 2014
775:, and as a
666:Burgtheater
646:Edwin Booth
638:Edmund Kean
596:Shakespeare
468:Ellen Terry
452:Edwin Booth
441:Edmund Kean
437:Jacob Adler
412:(Shylock).
406:Virgin Mary
339:In the play
305:, which is
186: 1904
2036:Categories
1775:Characters
1065:References
1013:propaganda
955:(1835) by
787:lend money
773:loan shark
495:chivalrous
466:played by
214:(daughter)
193:Created by
96:newspapers
1933:Musical:
1843:On screen
1618:0037-3222
1610:1538-3555
1416:0362-4331
820:had been
785:means to
717:in 2010.
707:Al Pacino
652:in 1880,
648:in 1861,
644:in 1840,
640:in 1814,
636:in 1741,
511:Al Pacino
416:Portrayal
410:the Devil
266:1600). A
166:character
85:"Shylock"
1924:(1935);
1792:Bassanio
1596:: 3–10.
1487:36020055
1141:(2006).
1048:See also
1027:(1938),
971:—
836:'s play
822:expelled
555:'s play
537:'s play
401:exemplum
353:security
283:Edward I
268:Venetian
256:'s play
1998:Related
1971:Shylock
1936:Shylock
1918:Opera:
1912:Shylock
1866:Shylock
1811:Sources
1802:Jessica
1787:Antonio
1782:Shylock
1626:2868968
1478:9001488
855:red hat
844:Barabas
830:usurers
799:lexicon
782:shylock
769:synonym
683:at the
610:Denmark
567:Shylock
491:Theater
483:revenge
472:Yiddish
374:England
349:Antonio
285:in the
221:Shylock
212:Jessica
156:Shylock
110:scholar
1990:(2002)
1982:(2001)
1979:Yasser
1974:(1996)
1966:(1976)
1958:(1938)
1939:(1987)
1930:(1982)
1915:(1889)
1869:(1940)
1797:Portia
1707:
1692:
1677:
1655:
1640:
1624:
1616:
1608:
1563:
1548:
1533:
1513:
1485:
1475:
1414:
1362:
1333:
1157:
1029:Berlin
1025:Lübeck
863:Quarto
851:Venice
464:Portia
362:Portia
358:Rialto
345:ducats
329:Hebrew
317:Hebrew
303:Shalah
271:Jewish
208:Family
112:
105:
98:
91:
83:
1903:Music
1622:JSTOR
1606:eISSN
1592:(1).
1153:–90.
1009:Nazis
875:grace
791:rates
672:with
487:pride
445:clown
386:usury
315:) in
313:Šélaḥ
117:JSTOR
103:books
1894:2004
1890:(TV)
1888:1980
1883:1969
1878:1961
1873:1953
1860:1923
1855:1916
1850:1914
1705:ISBN
1690:ISBN
1675:ISBN
1653:ISBN
1638:ISBN
1614:ISSN
1561:ISBN
1546:ISBN
1531:ISBN
1511:ISBN
1483:PMID
1423:2016
1412:ISSN
1360:ISBN
1331:ISBN
1275:2018
1247:2018
1155:ISBN
777:verb
771:for
662:Nazi
325:Eber
321:Shem
297:Name
89:news
1764:'s
1724:on
1598:doi
1582:".
1473:PMC
1099:by
916:by
779:to
760:by
308:שלח
293:).
72:by
2038::
1620:.
1612:.
1604:.
1590:20
1588:.
1559:.
1505:,
1481:.
1467:.
1463:.
1410:.
1406:.
1329:.
1264:.
1236:.
1151:86
398:,
264:c.
233:aɪ
183:c.
181:,
2022:"
2018:"
2015:"
2011:"
2008:"
2004:"
1754:e
1747:t
1740:v
1711:.
1696:.
1681:.
1659:.
1644:.
1628:.
1600::
1567:.
1552:.
1539:.
1517:.
1489:.
1469:9
1449:.
1425:.
1368:.
1339:.
1277:.
1249:.
1163:.
939:)
933:(
928:)
924:(
910:.
311:(
262:(
248:/
245:k
242:ɒ
239:l
236:ˈ
230:ʃ
227:/
223:(
139:)
133:(
128:)
124:(
114:·
107:·
100:·
93:·
66:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
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