231:
493:
cylinder, with the slider made from a number of metal fingers that grip lightly onto a small portion of the turns of resistance wire. The "fingers" can be moved along the coil of resistance wire by a sliding knob thus changing the "tapping" point. Wire-wound rheostats made with ratings up to several thousand watts are used in applications such as DC motor drives, electric welding controls, or in the controls for generators. The rating of the rheostat is given with the full resistance value and the allowable power dissipation is proportional to the fraction of the total device resistance in circuit. Carbon-pile rheostats are used as
384:
354:
particularly those from Europe, may be marked with an "A" for linear taper, a "C" or "B" for logarithmic taper, or an "F" for reverse logarithmic taper. The code used also varies between different manufacturers. When a percentage is referenced with a non-linear taper, it relates to the resistance value at the midpoint of the shaft rotation. A 10% log taper would therefore measure 10% of the total resistance at the midpoint of the rotation; i.e. 10% log taper on a 10 kOhm potentiometer would yield 1 kOhm at the midpoint. The higher the percentage, the steeper the log curve.
621:
has a transparent resistive coating. A finger or stylus deforms the glass to contact the underlying layer. Edges of the resistive layer have conductive contacts. Locating the contact point is done by applying a voltage to opposite edges, leaving the other two edges temporarily unconnected. The voltage of the top layer provides one coordinate. Disconnecting those two edges, and applying voltage to the other two, formerly unconnected, provides the other coordinate. Alternating rapidly between pairs of edges provides frequent position updates. An
504:
34:
519:
281:
63:
543:
799:
70:
246:
of the resistive element is connected to a terminal (E, G) on the case. The wiper is connected to a third terminal (F), usually between the other two. On panel potentiometers, the wiper is usually the center terminal of three. For single-turn potentiometers, this wiper typically travels just under one revolution around the contact. The only point of ingress for contamination is the narrow space between the shaft and the housing it rotates in.
334:
555:
677:
617:, FR4, and Kapton. Membrane potentiometer manufacturers offer linear, rotary, and application-specific variations. The linear versions can range from 9 mm to 1000 mm in length and the rotary versions range from 20 to 450 mm in diameter, with each having a height of 0.5 mm. Membrane potentiometers can be used for position sensing.
613:
a theoretically infinite resolution. The service life of these types of potentiometers is typically 1 million to 20 million cycles depending on the materials used during manufacturing and the actuation method; contact and contactless (magnetic) methods are available (to sense position). Many different material variations are available such as
192:
531:
1410:
589:
problematic. A digipot is generally immune to the effects of moderate long-term mechanical vibration or environmental contamination, to the same extent as other semiconductor devices, and can be secured electronically against unauthorised tampering by protecting the access to its programming inputs by various means.
404:
profile. A logarithmic taper potentiometer is constructed with a resistive element that either "tapers" in from one end to the other, or is made from a material whose resistivity varies from one end to the other. This results in a device where output voltage is a logarithmic function of the slider position.
293:
341:
The relationship between slider position and resistance, known as the "taper" or "law", can be controlled during manufacture by changing the composition or thickness of the resistance coating along the resistance element. Although in principle any taper is possible, two types are widely manufactured:
316:
User-accessible rotary potentiometers can be fitted with a switch which operates usually at the anti-clockwise extreme of rotation. Before digital electronics became the norm such a component was used to allow radio and television receivers and other equipment to be switched on at minimum volume with
628:
Advantages of such sensors are that only five connections to the sensor are needed, and the associated electronics is comparatively simple. Another is that any material that depresses the top layer over a small area works well. A disadvantage is that sufficient force must be applied to make contact.
612:
A membrane potentiometer uses a conductive membrane that is deformed by a sliding element to contact a resistor voltage divider. Linearity can range from 0.50% to 5% depending on the material, design and manufacturing process. The repeat accuracy is typically between 0.1 mm and 1.0 mm with
576:
A digital potentiometer (often called digipot) is an electronic component that mimics the functions of analog potentiometers. Through digital input signals, the resistance between two terminals can be adjusted, just as in an analog potentiometer. There are two main functional types: volatile, which
407:
Most (cheaper) "log" potentiometers are not accurately logarithmic, but use two regions of different resistance (but constant resistivity) to approximate a logarithmic law. The two resistive tracks overlap at approximately 50% of the potentiometer rotation; this gives a stepwise logarithmic taper. A
249:
Another type is the linear slider potentiometer, which has a wiper which slides along a linear element instead of rotating. Contamination can potentially enter anywhere along the slot the slider moves in, making effective sealing more difficult and compromising long-term reliability. An advantage of
245:
Many inexpensive potentiometers are constructed with a resistive element (B in cutaway drawing) formed into an arc of a circle usually a little less than a full turn and a wiper (C) sliding on this element when rotated, making electrical contact. The resistive element can be flat or angled. Each end
725:
In audio systems, the word linear, is sometimes applied in a confusing way to describe slide potentiometers because of the straight line nature of the physical sliding motion. The word linear when applied to a potentiometer regardless of being a slide or rotary type, describes a linear relationship
620:
For touch-screen devices using resistive technology, a two-dimensional membrane potentiometer provides x and y coordinates. The top layer is thin glass spaced close to a neighboring inner layer. The underside of the top layer has a transparent conductive coating; the surface of the layer beneath it
305:
resistive element and a wiper that turns through 10, 20, or more complete revolutions, moving along the helix as it rotates. Multiturn potentiometers, both user-accessible and preset, allow finer adjustments; rotation through the same angle changes the setting by typically a tenth as much as for a
427:
use an optical disk to trigger an infrared sensor, or a magnet to trigger a magnetic sensor (as long as there are other types of sensors, such as capacitive, other types of non-contact potentiometers can probably be built), and then an electronic circuit does the signal processing to provide an
403:
is a potentiometer that has a bias built into the resistive element. Basically this means the center position of the potentiometer is not one half of the total value of the potentiometer. The resistive element is designed to follow a logarithmic taper, aka a mathematical exponent or "squared"
492:
Where the rheostat must be rated for higher power (more than about 1 watt), it may be built with a resistance wire wound around a semi-circular insulator, with the wiper sliding from one turn of the wire to the next. Sometimes a rheostat is made from resistance wire wound on a heat-resisting
353:
A letter code may be used to identify which taper is used, but the letter code definitions are not standardized. Potentiometers made in Asia and the US are usually marked with an "A" for logarithmic taper or a "B" for linear taper; "C" for the rarely seen reverse logarithmic taper. Others,
324:
Other potentiometers are enclosed within the equipment and are intended to only be adjusted when calibrating the equipment during manufacture or repair, and not otherwise touched. They are usually physically much smaller than user-accessible potentiometers, and may need to be operated by a
588:
Usage of a digipot is far more complex than that of a simple mechanical potentiometer, and there are many limitations to observe; nevertheless they are widely used, often for factory adjustment and calibration of equipment, especially where the limitations of mechanical potentiometers are
1863:; The AS5600 is an easy to program magnetic rotary position sensor with a high-resolution 12-bit analog or PWM output. This contactless system measures the absolute angle of a diametric magnetized on-axis magnet. This AS5600 is designed for contactless potentiometer applications;
375:
to the distance between them. Linear taper potentiometers are used when the division ratio of the potentiometer must be proportional to the angle of shaft rotation (or slider position), for example, controls used for adjusting the centering of the display on an analog cathode-ray
317:
an audible click, then the volume increased by turning the same knob. Multiple resistance elements can be ganged together with their sliding contacts on the same shaft, for example in stereo audio amplifiers for volume control. In other applications, such as domestic light
629:
Another is that the sensor requires occasional calibration to match touch location to the underlying display. (Capacitive sensors require no calibration or contact force, only proximity of a finger or other conductive object. However, they are significantly more complex.)
968:
242:, a sliding contact (wiper) that moves along the element, making good electrical contact with one part of it, electrical terminals at each end of the element, a mechanism that moves the wiper from one end to the other, and a housing containing the element and wiper.
489:, "to set, to cause to stand") meaning "setter, regulating device", which is a two-terminal variable resistor. For low-power applications (less than about 1 watt) a three-terminal potentiometer is often used, with one terminal unconnected or connected to the wiper.
1287:
250:
the slider potentiometer is that the slider position gives a visual indication of its setting. While the setting of a rotary potentiometer can be seen by the position of a marking on the knob, an array of sliders can give a visual impression of settings as in a
734:
Potentiometers were formerly used to control picture brightness, contrast, and color response. A potentiometer was often used to adjust "vertical hold", which affected the synchronization between the receiver's internal sweep circuit (sometimes a
370:
describes the electrical characteristic of the device, not the geometry of the resistive element) has a resistive element of constant cross-section, resulting in a device where the resistance between the contact (wiper) and one end terminal is
300:
Multiturn potentiometers are also operated by rotating a shaft, but by several turns rather than less than a full turn. Some multiturn potentiometers have a linear resistive element with a sliding contact moved by a lead screw; others have a
790:, using a non-linear resistance card to supply approximations to trigonometric functions. For example, the shaft rotation might represent an angle, and the voltage division ratio can be made proportional to the cosine of the angle.
659:
User-actuated potentiometers are widely used as user controls, and may control a very wide variety of equipment functions. The widespread use of potentiometers in consumer electronics declined in the 1990s, with rotary
825:
1070:
120:
Potentiometers are commonly used to control electrical devices such as volume controls on audio equipment. It is also used in speed control of fans. Potentiometers operated by a mechanism can be used as position
276:
Conductive track potentiometers use conductive polymer resistor pastes that contain hard-wearing resins and polymers, solvents, and lubricant, in addition to the carbon that provides the conductive properties.
1448:
In addition, the load resistance is often not known and therefore simply placing a variable resistor in series with the load could have a negligible effect or an excessive effect, depending on the load.
1271:
321:, the normal usage pattern is best satisfied if the potentiometer remains set at its current position, so the switch is operated by a push action, alternately on and off, by axial presses of the knob.
577:
lose their set position if power is removed, and are usually designed to initialise at the minimum position, and non-volatile, which retain their set position using a storage mechanism similar to
739:) and the received picture signal, along with other things such as audio-video carrier offset, tuning frequency (for push-button sets) and so on. It also helps in frequency modulation of waves.
1134:
711:
which is simply the reverse of a logarithmic potentiometer. It is almost always used in a ganged configuration with a logarithmic potentiometer, for instance, in an audio balance control.
1222:
1178:
435:
integrated circuit. However, absolute encoders must also use similar principles, although being for industrial use, certainly the cost must be unfeasible for use in domestic appliances.
703:
is approximately logarithmic. It ensures that on a volume control marked 0 to 10, for example, a setting of 5 sounds subjectively half as loud as a setting of 10. There is also an
637:
Potentiometers are rarely used to directly control significant amounts of power (more than a watt or so). Instead they are used to adjust the level of analog signals (for example
337:
Size scaled 10k and 100k pots that combine traditional mountings and knob shafts with newer and smaller electrical assemblies. The "B" designates a linear (USA/Asian style) taper.
810:
to obtain a manually adjustable output voltage at the slider (wiper) from a fixed input voltage applied across the two ends of the potentiometer. This is their most common use.
1424:
One of the advantages of the potential divider compared to a variable resistor in series with the source is that, while variable resistors have a maximum resistance where some
1405:{\displaystyle {2\ \mathrm {k\Omega } \over 1\ \mathrm {k\Omega } +2\ \mathrm {k\Omega } }\cdot 10\ \mathrm {V} ={2 \over 3}\cdot 10\ \mathrm {V} \approx 6.667\ \mathrm {V} .}
1655:
From p. 309: "As the principal use of this instrument is to adjust or regulate the circuit so that any constant degree of force may be obtained, I have called it a
Rheostat."
688:
Low-power potentiometers, both slide and rotary, are used to control audio equipment, changing loudness, frequency attenuation, and other characteristics of audio signals.
411:
Logarithmic taper potentiometers are often used for volume or signal level in audio systems, as human perception of audio volume is logarithmic, according to the
325:
screwdriver rather than having a knob. They are usually called "trimmer", "trim", or "preset" potentiometers (or pots), or the genericized brand name "trimpot".
408:
logarithmic potentiometer can also be simulated with a linear one and an external resistor. True logarithmic potentiometers are significantly more expensive.
313:
is a multi-turn potentiometer operated by an attached reel of wire turning against a spring, allowing it to convert linear position to a variable resistance.
988:
503:
158:: a potentiometer that is adjusted by sliding the wiper left or right (or up and down, depending on the installation), usually with a finger or thumb
691:
The 'log pot', that is, a potentiometer has a resistance, taper, or, "curve" (or law) of a logarithmic (log) form, is used as the volume control in
1888:
1935:
604:
can be used in place of a digipot, and this can offer higher setting resolution, less drift with temperature, and more operational flexibility.
600:
or other functional logic which can store settings and reload them to the "potentiometer" every time the equipment is powered up, a multiplying
1457:
Ageing may cause intermittent contact between the resistive track and the wiper as it is rotated. In volume control use this causes crackling.
518:
1761:
668:, and other digital controls now more common. However they remain in many applications, such as volume controls and as position sensors.
2809:
1883:
1908:
432:
656:
Preset potentiometers are widely used throughout electronics wherever adjustments must be made during manufacturing or servicing.
2450:
1787:
963:{\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {L} }={R_{2}R_{\mathrm {L} } \over R_{1}R_{\mathrm {L} }+R_{2}R_{\mathrm {L} }+R_{1}R_{2}}\cdot V_{s}.}
239:
1227:
1441:(zero volts) as the wiper moves from one end of the potentiometer to the other. There is, however, always a small amount of
2367:
106:
20:
2148:
1928:
1727:
1834:
1719:
1096:
542:
2131:
2027:
1673:
1625:
1504:
2271:
1998:
453:. Because of the change in resistance, they can also be used to adjust magnitude of current in a circuit. The word
1909:
How to build a potentiometer with familiar outputs – and unfamiliar qualities (AS5600 - contactless potentiometer)
1183:
1139:
2319:
2118:
230:
269:. Other materials used include resistance wire, carbon particles in plastic, and a ceramic/metal mixture called
1921:
782:, high precision potentiometers are used to scale intermediate results by desired constant factors, or to set
2973:
372:
133:), since the power dissipated in the potentiometer would be comparable to the power in the controlled load.
2350:
2102:
1811:
p3-61 (PDF 207/1224): 3.9 Resistors, variable wirewound (lead screw actuated) – 3.9.7.4 Failure mechanisms
2154:
2091:
1839:
1744:
681:
622:
601:
1643:"An account of several new Instruments and processes for determining the constants of a voltaic circuit"
530:
182:
potentiometer typically meant to be adjusted once or infrequently for "fine-tuning" an electrical signal
2814:
2361:
1739:
614:
2568:
2282:
2125:
2010:
1693:
383:
255:
1642:
554:
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2435:
2287:
2143:
1852:
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of the pot's position versus the measured value of the pot's tap (wiper or electrical output) pin.
2588:
2308:
2107:
1698:
1476:
380:. Precision potentiometers have an accurate relationship between resistance and slider position.
168:: a small rotating potentiometer meant to be adjusted infrequently by means of a small thumbwheel
1893:
234:
Single-turn potentiometer with metal casing removed to expose wiper contacts and resistive track
2757:
2324:
2189:
2165:
755:. This method of motion control is the simplest method of measuring the angle or displacement.
387:
84:
2826:
2778:
2599:
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2097:
1903:
1706:
1471:
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982:
764:
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571:
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285:
179:
141:
Some terms in the electronics industry used to describe certain types of potentiometers are:
2978:
2900:
2644:
2539:
2313:
2206:
2060:
2021:
1952:
1944:
1438:
770:
because of the simplicity of construction and because they can give a large output signal.
719:
715:
310:
8:
2620:
2528:
2420:
2256:
2233:
1275:
Since the load resistance is large compared to the other resistances, the output voltage
748:
661:
1808:
p3-11 (PDF 157/1224): 3.1.5.5 General characteristics of variable resistors, RJR and RTR
2925:
2785:
2493:
2460:
2276:
2160:
2138:
1898:
1442:
787:
509:
458:
114:
1774:
1565:
802:
A potentiometer with a resistive load, showing equivalent fixed resistors for clarity.
2920:
2841:
2732:
2684:
2513:
2440:
2402:
1830:
1669:
1621:
1500:
783:
251:
117:(voltage); the component is an implementation of the same principle, hence its name.
54:
47:
33:
1594:
129:. Potentiometers are rarely used to directly control significant power (more than a
2636:
2583:
2410:
2049:
2445:
1904:
Potentiometer calculations as voltage divider - loaded and open circuit (unloaded)
280:
19:
This article is about the electrical component. For the measuring instrument, see
2913:
2846:
2699:
2430:
2340:
2184:
1749:
807:
779:
642:
449:
The most common way to vary the resistance in a circuit continuously is to use a
444:
195:
110:
91:
2071:
1687:
191:
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2669:
2659:
2425:
2228:
752:
593:
259:
1520:
62:
2967:
2950:
2689:
2508:
2335:
2303:
1889:
Electrical calibration equipment including various measurement potentiometers
1735:
1542:
1428:
will always flow, dividers are able to vary the output voltage from maximum (
1414:
Because of the load resistance, however, it will actually be slightly lower:
736:
2831:
2819:
2707:
2674:
2503:
2488:
2055:
747:
Potentiometers can be used as position feedback devices in order to create
578:
377:
798:
2873:
2615:
2564:
2470:
2455:
2238:
2200:
665:
1913:
1796:
292:
2945:
2935:
2868:
2742:
2712:
2679:
2654:
2649:
2626:
2498:
2478:
2356:
2218:
2195:
2081:
1983:
1978:
1973:
767:
645:), and as control inputs for electronic circuits. For example, a light
122:
69:
1773:"3.1.5.5 General characteristics of variable resistors, RJR and RTR".
1065:{\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {L} }={R_{2} \over R_{1}+R_{2}}\cdot V_{s}.}
328:
94:. If only two terminals are used, one end and the wiper, it acts as a
2908:
2752:
2747:
2737:
2664:
2544:
2378:
2373:
2298:
2223:
696:
494:
347:
265:
The resistive element of inexpensive potentiometers is often made of
1878:
2930:
2878:
2858:
2836:
2722:
2717:
2605:
2594:
2523:
2293:
985:), the output voltage can be approximated by the simpler equation:
638:
266:
126:
87:
2790:
2727:
2549:
2534:
2388:
2345:
1993:
1894:
The Secret Life of Pots - Dissecting and repairing potentiometers
981:
is large compared to the other resistances (like the input to an
786:
for a calculation. A motor-driven potentiometer may be used as a
288:
potentiometers, or "trimpots", intended for infrequent adjustment
431:
An example of a non-contact potentiometer can be found with the
333:
2863:
2554:
2518:
2483:
2043:
2015:
1988:
1963:
1497:
714:
Potentiometers used in combination with filter networks act as
646:
582:
343:
318:
270:
1499:(seventh ed.). Piscataway, New Jersey: IEEE Press. 2000.
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2851:
2610:
2383:
2176:
2038:
2033:
1728:
1720:
650:
481:
471:
462:
302:
1864:
695:, where it is also called an "audio taper pot", because the
90:
with a sliding or rotating contact that forms an adjustable
2883:
2266:
2212:
2113:
2066:
2004:
1783:
597:
130:
1266:{\displaystyle R_{\mathrm {L} }=100\ \mathrm {k\Omega } .}
1647:
700:
676:
1805:
p3-5 (PDF 151/1224): 3.1.3.2 Resistors, variable – Noise
524:
Charles
Wheatstone's 1843 rheostat with a moving whisker
763:
Potentiometers are also very widely used as a part of
1620:. New Delhi: Selina Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 189.
653:
and so indirectly to control the brightness of lamps.
218:) terminals connected to ends of resistance element, (
1290:
1230:
1186:
1142:
1099:
991:
828:
497:
for testing automobile batteries and power supplies.
206:) stationary carbon composition resistance element, (
1802:
p3-4 (PDF 150/1224): 3.1. Resistors, general – Noise
649:uses a potentiometer to control the switching of a
512:'s 1843 rheostat with a metal and a wooden cylinder
1686:
1404:
1265:
1216:
1172:
1128:
1064:
962:
222:) terminal connected to wiper. A mechanical stop (
1129:{\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {S} }=10\ \mathrm {V} }
2965:
1829:; 1ed; Carl Todd; McGraw-Hill; 300 pages; 1975;
1776:MIL-HDBK-978B - NASA Parts Application Handbook
428:output signal that can be analogue or digital.
1850:; Alpsalpine talks about some care with pots.
1685:
16:Type of resistor, usually with three terminals
1929:
1766:
1566:"Linear Type Precision Potentiometer Diagram"
357:
1217:{\displaystyle R_{2}=2\ \mathrm {k\Omega } }
1173:{\displaystyle R_{1}=1\ \mathrm {k\Omega } }
418:
394:
1797:NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging Program
1786:. 1988-03-01. p. 3-11 (PDF 157/1224).
296:Electronic symbol for pre-set potentiometer
1936:
1922:
1640:
607:
1943:
329:Resistance–position relationship: "taper"
797:
675:
565:
382:
332:
291:
279:
229:
190:
2966:
1615:
793:
548:Electronic symbol for trimmer rheostat
1917:
1666:Sir Charles Wheatstone FRS: 1802-1875
2368:Three-dimensional integrated circuit
1884:Pictures of measuring potentiometers
1707:participating institution membership
1563:
1543:"Beginners' Guide to Potentiometers"
560:A high-power wirewound potentiometer
350:(aka "audio taper") potentiometers.
226:) prevents rotation past end points.
21:Potentiometer (measuring instrument)
2149:Programmable unijunction transistor
806:The potentiometer can be used as a
38:A typical single-turn potentiometer
13:
2050:Multi-gate field-effect transistor
1879:Beginners' Guide to Potentiometers
1820:
1762:Membrane Potentiometer White Paper
1540:
1395:
1381:
1354:
1337:
1334:
1320:
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1237:
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912:
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863:
835:
423:Unlike mechanical potentiometers,
105:The measuring instrument called a
14:
2990:
2028:Insulated-gate bipolar transistor
1872:
742:
198:of potentiometer showing parts: (
148:: abbreviation for potentiometer.
2272:Heterostructure barrier varactor
1999:Chemical field-effect transistor
1848:Potentiometer caution (Problems)
1793:from the original on 2024-05-27.
671:
553:
541:
529:
517:
502:
68:
61:
32:
2320:Mixed-signal integrated circuit
1755:
1713:
1618:Concise Physics Class IX (ICSE)
632:
401:logarithmic taper potentiometer
390:Helipot precision potentiometer
186:
136:
1679:
1658:
1634:
1609:
1587:
1557:
1534:
1513:
1489:
773:
758:
536:Electronic symbol for rheostat
1:
1482:
729:
306:simple rotary potentiometer.
2351:Silicon controlled rectifier
2213:Organic light-emitting diode
2103:Diffused junction transistor
1641:Wheatstone, Charles (1843).
238:Potentiometers consist of a
214:) shaft attached to wiper, (
7:
2155:Static induction transistor
2092:Bipolar junction transistor
2044:MOS field-effect transistor
2016:Fin field-effect transistor
1460:
623:analog-to-digital converter
438:
10:
2995:
2362:Static induction thyristor
1827:The Potentiometer Handbook
1729:
1721:
1452:
1081:and cancelling terms with
569:
482:
472:
463:
457:was coined in 1843 by Sir
442:
425:non-contact potentiometers
364:linear taper potentiometer
358:Linear taper potentiometer
210:) phosphor bronze wiper, (
18:
2899:
2799:
2766:
2698:
2635:
2563:
2531:(Hexode, Heptode, Octode)
2469:
2401:
2283:Hybrid integrated circuit
2247:
2175:
2126:Light-emitting transistor
2080:
1962:
1951:
1861:Contactless potentiometer
1694:Oxford English Dictionary
592:In equipment which has a
419:Contactless potentiometer
395:Logarithmic potentiometer
60:
53:
43:
31:
2578:Backward-wave oscillator
2288:Light emitting capacitor
2144:Point-contact transistor
2114:Junction Gate FET (JFET)
1545:. Elliott Sound Products
1072:(dividing throughout by
2589:Crossed-field amplifier
2108:Field-effect transistor
1745:A Greek–English Lexicon
1699:Oxford University Press
1477:Motorized potentiometer
1284:will be approximately:
608:Membrane potentiometers
470:meaning "stream", and -
2758:Voltage-regulator tube
2325:MOS integrated circuit
2190:Constant-current diode
2166:Unijunction transistor
1406:
1267:
1218:
1174:
1130:
1093:As an example, assume
1066:
964:
822:can be calculated by:
803:
699:response of the human
693:audio power amplifiers
685:
680:Slide potentiometers (
625:provides output data.
391:
338:
297:
289:
235:
227:
2827:Electrolytic detector
2600:Inductive output tube
2416:Low-dropout regulator
2331:Organic semiconductor
2262:Printed circuit board
2098:Darlington transistor
1945:Electronic components
1736:Liddell, Henry George
1616:Jhakki, Akki (2020).
1595:"Potentiometer taper"
1467:Potentiometric sensor
1407:
1268:
1219:
1175:
1131:
1067:
983:operational amplifier
965:
801:
679:
572:Digital potentiometer
566:Digital potentiometer
386:
336:
295:
283:
233:
194:
2974:Resistive components
2645:Beam deflection tube
2314:Metal oxide varistor
2207:Light-emitting diode
2061:Thin-film transistor
2022:Floating-gate MOSFET
1664:Brian Bowers (ed.),
1597:. the Resistor Guide
1288:
1228:
1184:
1140:
1097:
989:
826:
662:incremental encoders
311:string potentiometer
125:, for example, in a
2621:Traveling-wave tube
2421:Switching regulator
2257:Printed electronics
2234:Step recovery diode
2011:Depletion-load NMOS
1795:(Description page:
1697:(Online ed.).
1564:Peterson, Phillip.
813:The voltage across
794:Theory of operation
749:closed-loop control
709:reverse audio taper
113:used for measuring
28:
2926:Crystal oscillator
2786:Variable capacitor
2461:Switched capacitor
2403:Voltage regulators
2277:Integrated circuit
2161:Tetrode transistor
2139:Pentode transistor
2132:Organic LET (OLET)
2119:Organic FET (OFET)
1443:contact resistance
1402:
1263:
1214:
1170:
1126:
1062:
960:
804:
788:function generator
784:initial conditions
686:
510:Charles Wheatstone
459:Charles Wheatstone
392:
339:
298:
290:
236:
228:
115:electric potential
26:
2961:
2960:
2921:Ceramic resonator
2733:Mercury-arc valve
2685:Video camera tube
2637:Cathode-ray tubes
2397:
2396:
2005:Complementary MOS
1899:Making a rheostat
1857:
1844:
1705:(Subscription or
1573:Precision Sensors
1393:
1379:
1369:
1352:
1342:
1332:
1315:
1299:
1251:
1205:
1161:
1120:
1044:
942:
461:, from the Greek
413:Weber–Fechner law
252:graphic equalizer
240:resistive element
109:is essentially a
96:variable resistor
77:
76:
55:Electronic symbol
2986:
2815:electrical power
2700:Gas-filled tubes
2584:Cavity magnetron
2411:Linear regulator
1960:
1959:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1915:
1914:
1851:
1838:
1814:
1794:
1792:
1781:
1770:
1764:
1759:
1753:
1732:
1731:
1724:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1702:
1690:
1683:
1677:
1662:
1656:
1654:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1570:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1521:"Resistor Guide"
1517:
1511:
1510:
1493:
1436:
1420:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1362:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1330:
1323:
1313:
1308:
1307:
1297:
1292:
1283:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1249:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1203:
1196:
1195:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1159:
1152:
1151:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1090:as denominator)
1089:
1080:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1029:
1028:
1018:
1017:
1008:
1003:
1002:
1001:
980:
969:
967:
966:
961:
956:
955:
943:
941:
940:
939:
930:
929:
917:
916:
915:
905:
904:
892:
891:
890:
880:
879:
869:
868:
867:
866:
856:
855:
845:
840:
839:
838:
821:
780:analog computers
557:
545:
533:
521:
506:
485:
484:
475:
474:
466:
465:
72:
65:
36:
29:
25:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2895:
2810:audio and video
2795:
2762:
2694:
2631:
2559:
2540:Photomultiplier
2465:
2393:
2341:Quantum circuit
2249:
2243:
2185:Avalanche diode
2171:
2083:
2076:
1965:
1954:
1947:
1942:
1875:
1823:
1821:Further reading
1818:
1817:
1790:
1779:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1756:
1750:Perseus Project
1718:
1714:
1704:
1684:
1680:
1663:
1659:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1614:
1610:
1600:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1568:
1562:
1558:
1548:
1546:
1539:
1535:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1463:
1455:
1435:
1429:
1415:
1394:
1380:
1361:
1353:
1333:
1316:
1309:
1300:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1276:
1252:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1206:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1162:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1121:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1053:
1049:
1037:
1033:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1013:
1009:
1007:
997:
996:
992:
990:
987:
986:
979:
973:
951:
947:
935:
931:
925:
921:
911:
910:
906:
900:
896:
886:
885:
881:
875:
871:
870:
862:
861:
857:
851:
847:
846:
844:
834:
833:
829:
827:
824:
823:
820:
814:
808:voltage divider
796:
776:
761:
751:, such as in a
745:
732:
674:
643:audio equipment
635:
610:
574:
568:
561:
558:
549:
546:
537:
534:
525:
522:
513:
507:
447:
445:Liquid rheostat
441:
421:
397:
360:
331:
196:Cutaway drawing
189:
139:
111:voltage divider
92:voltage divider
73:(ANSI Standard)
67:
39:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2992:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2905:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2889:Wollaston wire
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2704:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2670:Selectron tube
2667:
2662:
2660:Magic eye tube
2657:
2652:
2647:
2641:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2597:
2592:
2586:
2581:
2574:
2572:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2475:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2322:
2317:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2285:
2280:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2253:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2229:Schottky diode
2226:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2163:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2088:
2086:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1957:
1949:
1948:
1941:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1874:
1873:External links
1871:
1870:
1869:
1858:
1845:
1835:978-0070066908
1822:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1782:(B ed.).
1765:
1754:
1712:
1678:
1657:
1633:
1626:
1608:
1586:
1556:
1533:
1512:
1505:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1433:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1373:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1346:
1339:
1336:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1296:
1280:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1248:
1245:
1239:
1234:
1212:
1209:
1202:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1168:
1165:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1124:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1103:
1086:
1077:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1012:
1006:
1000:
995:
977:
959:
954:
950:
946:
938:
934:
928:
924:
920:
914:
909:
903:
899:
895:
889:
884:
878:
874:
865:
860:
854:
850:
843:
837:
832:
818:
795:
792:
775:
772:
760:
757:
753:servomechanism
744:
743:Motion control
741:
731:
728:
673:
670:
634:
631:
609:
606:
594:microprocessor
570:Main article:
567:
564:
563:
562:
559:
552:
550:
547:
540:
538:
535:
528:
526:
523:
516:
514:
508:
501:
440:
437:
420:
417:
396:
393:
359:
356:
330:
327:
260:mixing console
188:
185:
184:
183:
169:
166:thumbwheel pot
159:
149:
138:
135:
75:
74:
66:(IEC Standard)
58:
57:
51:
50:
45:
41:
40:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2991:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2952:
2951:mercury relay
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2774:Potentiometer
2772:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2690:Williams tube
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2509:Fleming valve
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2336:Photodetector
2334:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2304:Memtransistor
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:Semiconductor
1950:
1946:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
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1880:
1877:
1876:
1868:
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1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1777:
1769:
1763:
1758:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1740:Scott, Robert
1737:
1733:
1725:
1716:
1708:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1674:0-85296-103-0
1671:
1667:
1661:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1629:
1627:9789388594387
1623:
1619:
1612:
1596:
1590:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1544:
1541:Elliot, Rod.
1537:
1522:
1516:
1508:
1506:0-7381-2601-2
1502:
1498:
1492:
1488:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1458:
1450:
1446:
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1422:
1419:
1412:
1399:
1388:
1385:
1374:
1371:
1366:
1363:
1358:
1347:
1344:
1327:
1324:
1310:
1294:
1279:
1273:
1260:
1246:
1243:
1232:
1200:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1156:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1115:
1112:
1101:
1091:
1085:
1076:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1014:
1010:
1004:
993:
984:
976:
970:
957:
952:
948:
944:
936:
932:
926:
922:
918:
907:
901:
897:
893:
882:
876:
872:
858:
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848:
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830:
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811:
809:
800:
791:
789:
785:
781:
771:
769:
766:
756:
754:
750:
740:
738:
737:multivibrator
727:
723:
721:
717:
716:tone controls
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
689:
683:
678:
672:Audio control
669:
667:
663:
657:
654:
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648:
644:
640:
630:
626:
624:
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616:
605:
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584:
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118:
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108:
107:potentiometer
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
86:
82:
81:potentiometer
71:
64:
59:
56:
52:
49:
46:
42:
35:
30:
27:Potentiometer
22:
2773:
2708:Cold cathode
2675:Storage tube
2565:Vacuum tubes
2514:Neutron tube
2489:Beam tetrode
2471:Vacuum tubes
2056:Power MOSFET
1865:
1860:
1853:
1847:
1840:
1826:
1775:
1768:
1757:
1743:
1715:
1692:
1681:
1668:, IET, 2001
1665:
1660:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1617:
1611:
1599:. Retrieved
1589:
1577:. Retrieved
1575:. Betatronix
1572:
1559:
1547:. Retrieved
1536:
1524:. Retrieved
1515:
1496:
1491:
1456:
1447:
1430:
1423:
1417:
1413:
1277:
1274:
1092:
1083:
1074:
974:
971:
815:
812:
805:
777:
765:displacement
762:
746:
733:
724:
713:
708:
705:anti-log pot
704:
690:
687:
666:push-buttons
658:
655:
636:
633:Applications
627:
619:
611:
591:
587:
579:flash memory
575:
491:
486:
477:
467:
454:
450:
448:
430:
424:
422:
410:
406:
400:
398:
378:oscilloscope
373:proportional
367:
363:
361:
352:
340:
323:
315:
308:
299:
275:
264:
248:
244:
237:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
187:Construction
175:
171:
165:
161:
155:
151:
145:
140:
137:Nomenclature
119:
104:
99:
95:
80:
78:
2979:Transducers
2874:Transformer
2616:Sutton tube
2456:Charge pump
2309:Memory cell
2239:Zener diode
2201:Laser diode
2084:transistors
1966:transistors
1601:19 November
774:Computation
768:transducers
759:Transducers
348:logarithmic
176:trimmer pot
123:transducers
83:is a three-
2968:Categories
2946:reed relay
2936:Parametron
2869:Thermistor
2847:resettable
2806:Connector
2767:Adjustable
2743:Nixie tube
2713:Crossatron
2680:Trochotron
2655:Iconoscope
2650:Charactron
2627:X-ray tube
2499:Compactron
2479:Acorn tube
2436:Buck–boost
2357:Solaristor
2219:Photodiode
2196:Gunn diode
2192:(CLD, CRD)
1974:Transistor
1854:(download)
1841:(download)
1709:required.)
1676:pp.104-105
1653:: 303–327.
1483:References
730:Television
720:equalizers
664:, up/down
641:controls
495:load banks
443:See also:
284:PCB mount
202:) shaft, (
156:slider pot
2909:Capacitor
2753:Trigatron
2748:Thyratron
2738:Neon lamp
2665:Monoscope
2545:Phototube
2529:Pentagrid
2494:Barretter
2379:Trancitor
2374:Thyristor
2299:Memristor
2224:PIN diode
2001:(ChemFET)
1526:3 January
1386:≈
1372:⋅
1345:⋅
1338:Ω
1321:Ω
1305:Ω
1257:Ω
1211:Ω
1167:Ω
1047:⋅
945:⋅
697:amplitude
162:thumb pot
152:Slide pot
2931:Inductor
2901:Reactive
2879:Varistor
2859:Resistor
2837:Antifuse
2723:Ignitron
2718:Dekatron
2606:Klystron
2595:Gyrotron
2524:Nuvistor
2441:Split-pi
2327:(MOS IC)
2294:Memistor
2052:(MuGFET)
2046:(MOSFET)
2018:(FinFET)
1866:(AS5600)
1788:Archived
1579:29 April
1461:See also
1416:≈ 6.623
487:histanai
455:rheostat
451:rheostat
439:Rheostat
267:graphite
127:joystick
100:rheostat
88:resistor
85:terminal
2832:Ferrite
2800:Passive
2791:Varicap
2779:digital
2728:Krytron
2550:Tetrode
2535:Pentode
2389:Varicap
2370:(3D IC)
2346:RF CMOS
2250:devices
2024:(FGMOS)
1955:devices
1748:at the
1730:ἱστάναι
1472:Trimmer
1453:Failure
1426:current
483:ἱστάναι
388:Beckman
319:dimmers
303:helical
286:trimmer
180:trimmer
172:trimpot
48:Passive
2864:Switch
2555:Triode
2519:Nonode
2484:Audion
2364:(SITh)
2248:Other
2215:(OLED)
2177:Diodes
2128:(LET)
2110:(FET)
2082:Other
2030:(IGBT)
2007:(CMOS)
1994:BioFET
1989:BiCMOS
1833:
1688:"stat"
1672:
1624:
1549:7 June
1503:
1439:ground
1392:
1378:
1351:
1331:
1314:
1298:
1250:
1224:, and
1204:
1160:
1119:
682:faders
647:dimmer
639:volume
583:EEPROM
480:(from
478:states
473:στάτης
433:AS5600
368:linear
344:linear
271:cermet
256:faders
2941:Relay
2914:types
2852:eFUSE
2623:(TWT)
2611:Maser
2602:(IOT)
2591:(CFA)
2580:(BWO)
2504:Diode
2451:SEPIC
2431:Boost
2384:TRIAC
2353:(SCR)
2316:(MOV)
2290:(LEC)
2209:(LED)
2168:(UJT)
2157:(SIT)
2151:(PUT)
2094:(BJT)
2063:(TFT)
2039:LDMOS
2034:ISFET
1791:(PDF)
1780:(PDF)
1703:
1569:(PDF)
1437:) to
1389:6.667
651:TRIAC
468:rheos
258:on a
2884:Wire
2842:Fuse
2426:Buck
2279:(IC)
2267:DIAC
2203:(LD)
2072:UMOS
2067:VMOS
1984:PMOS
1979:NMOS
1964:MOS
1831:ISBN
1784:NASA
1722:ῥέος
1670:ISBN
1622:ISBN
1603:2012
1581:2015
1551:2012
1528:2018
1501:ISBN
598:FPGA
464:ῥέος
346:and
216:E, G
178:: a
131:watt
44:Type
2446:Ćuk
1651:133
1247:100
972:If
778:In
718:or
707:or
701:ear
615:PET
602:DAC
581:or
254:or
174:or
164:or
154:or
146:Pot
98:or
2970::
2820:RF
2569:RF
1837:.
1799:)
1742:;
1738:;
1734:.
1726:,
1691:.
1649:.
1645:.
1571:.
1445:.
1421:.
1375:10
1348:10
1180:,
1136:,
1116:10
722:.
596:,
585:.
415:.
399:A
362:A
309:A
273:.
262:.
102:.
79:A
2571:)
2567:(
1937:e
1930:t
1923:v
1752:.
1701:.
1630:.
1605:.
1583:.
1553:.
1530:.
1509:.
1434:S
1431:V
1418:V
1400:.
1396:V
1382:V
1367:3
1364:2
1359:=
1355:V
1335:k
1328:2
1325:+
1318:k
1311:1
1302:k
1295:2
1281:L
1278:V
1261:.
1254:k
1244:=
1238:L
1233:R
1208:k
1201:2
1198:=
1193:2
1189:R
1164:k
1157:1
1154:=
1149:1
1145:R
1123:V
1113:=
1107:S
1102:V
1087:L
1084:R
1078:L
1075:R
1060:.
1055:s
1051:V
1039:2
1035:R
1031:+
1026:1
1022:R
1015:2
1011:R
1005:=
999:L
994:V
978:L
975:R
958:.
953:s
949:V
937:2
933:R
927:1
923:R
919:+
913:L
908:R
902:2
898:R
894:+
888:L
883:R
877:1
873:R
864:L
859:R
853:2
849:R
842:=
836:L
831:V
819:L
816:R
684:)
476:-
366:(
224:H
220:F
212:D
208:C
204:B
200:A
23:.
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