1687:
telegraphy, specifically fire-signalling. To send a message, the sender would initially hold up two torches and wait for the recipient to do the same to signal that they were ready to receive the message. The sender would then hold up the first set of torches on his left side to indicate to the recipient which tablet (or row of the square) was to be consulted. The sender would then raise a set of torches on his right side to indicate which letter on the tablet was intended for the message. Both parties would need the same tablets, a telescope (a tube to narrow view, no real magnification), and torches.
2767:
20:
1666:
86:, and further developed by Polybius himself. The device partitioned the alphabet into five tablets with five letters each (except for the last one with only four). There are no surviving tablets from antiquity. Letters are represented by two numbers from one to five, allowing the representation of 25 characters using only 5 numeric symbols.
457:
Each letter is then represented by its coordinates in the grid. For example, "BAT" becomes "12 11 44". The 26 letters of the Latin/English alphabet do not fit in a 5 × 5 square, two letters must be combined (usually I and J as above, though C and K is an alternative). Alternatively, a 6 × 6 grid may
1677:
Polybius outlines the need for effective signalling in warfare, leading to the development of the square. Previously, fire-signalling was useful only for expected, predetermined messages, with no way to convey novel messages about unexpected events. According to
Polybius, in the 4th century BCE,
1686:
consisting of matching vessels with sectioned rods labelled with different messages such as "Heavy
Infantry", "Ships", and "Corn". This system was slightly better than the basic fire-signalling, but still lacked the ability to convey any needed message. The Polybius square was used to aid in
825:
using a shift equal to the side of our square (5). To do it, locate the letter of the text and insert the one immediately below it in the same column for the ciphertext. If the letter is in the bottom row, take the one from the top of the same column.
480:
could be used to reorder the alphabet in the square, with the letters (without duplicates) of the key being placed at the beginning and the remaining letters following it in alphabetical order. For example, the key phrase
453:
This alphabet, and this latter form of the
Polybius square, is used when implementing the square in other Western European languages such as English, Spanish, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Dutch.
1513:
An advanced variation, which involves the following: the obtained primary ciphertext (result From Method2) is encrypted again. In this case, it is written out without being split into pairs.
66:. The device was originally used for fire signalling, allowing for the coded transmission of any message, not just a finite number of predetermined options as was the convention before.
2747:
2577:
2004:
1931:
1935:
2430:
1776:
The
Polybius square is also used as a basic cipher called the Polybius cipher. This cipher is quite insecure by modern standards, as it is a
83:
79:
2800:
1907:
1519:
The resulting sequence of digits is cyclically shifted to the left by one step (an odd number of steps (move 3 to the end)):
1997:
1683:
2423:
2220:
1953:
2210:
1990:
1107:
The message is transformed into coordinates on the
Polybius square, and the coordinates are recorded vertically:
2215:
2626:
1865:
266:
Modern Greek still uses that same alphabet, as do implementations of the
Polybius square in that language.
2416:
2742:
2697:
2510:
1792:
The
Polybius square and the Polybius cipher can be combined with other cryptographic methods such as the
48:
2230:
2795:
2621:
2737:
636:
There are several encryption methods using the
Polybius square. Three of them are described below.
2810:
2727:
2717:
2572:
2722:
2712:
2515:
2475:
2468:
2458:
2453:
1822:
2805:
2463:
1832:
1768:
in a string, stitches on a quilt, contiguous letters before a wider space or many other ways.
2770:
2616:
2562:
2341:
2032:
1805:
470:
2266:
54:
characters so that they can be represented by a smaller set of symbols, which is useful for
2732:
2656:
2372:
2276:
2202:
8:
2495:
2391:
2386:
2300:
2134:
1777:
2601:
2585:
2532:
2367:
2286:
2192:
2124:
1925:
1781:
477:
2055:
1780:
with characters being substituted for pairs of digits, which is easily broken through
1740:.) Indeed, it can be signalled in many simple ways (flashing lamps, blasts of sound,
2661:
2651:
2522:
2336:
2256:
2225:
2119:
2050:
1913:
1903:
1810:
1737:
1699:
462:
2596:
2013:
1732:
1713:
458:
be used to allow numerals or special characters to be included as well as letters.
2157:
2114:
2083:
1723:
1679:
2671:
2591:
2552:
2500:
2485:
2376:
2271:
2152:
2045:
2040:
270:
90:
36:
465:(the most common variant has 33 letters, but some have up to 37) or Japanese
2789:
2752:
2707:
2666:
2646:
2542:
2505:
2480:
2328:
2182:
2162:
2142:
2093:
2073:
1917:
1793:
1761:
822:
59:
2702:
2547:
2537:
2527:
2490:
2439:
2261:
2172:
2078:
1745:
1741:
1698:
by tapping the numbers on pipes or walls. It is said to have been used by
924:
63:
2681:
2346:
2313:
2308:
2177:
1717:
211:
1210:
Next, the coordinates are converted into letters using the same square:
2641:
2611:
2606:
2567:
2380:
2362:
2167:
2098:
1817:
1752:. However, it is also somewhat less efficient than more complex codes.
1749:
1691:
55:
2631:
2318:
1748:) and is much easier to learn than more sophisticated codes like the
51:
40:
2676:
2636:
2088:
1827:
466:
44:
1900:
Data privacy and security : encryption and information hiding
1531:
And is replaced with the final ciphertext according to the table:
927:
without a key (or, in other words, with a key of plain alphabet):
19:
2557:
2281:
2147:
2021:
1727:
1703:
1695:
2251:
2246:
2187:
1765:
1706:
1690:
The
Polybius square has also been used in the form of the "
1897:
1665:
256:
251:
246:
241:
231:
226:
221:
216:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
1726:
describes the code being used by political prisoners of
1710:
2578:
Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1009:
1004:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
718:
713:
709:
704:
699:
694:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
355:
350:
346:
341:
336:
331:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
1974:
1764:. The figures from one to five can be indicated by
1525:This sequence is again divided into groups of two:
1951:
1736:. (Koestler had been a prisoner-of-war during the
1669:Diagram of a fire signal using the Polybius cipher
39:Cleoxenus and Democleitus, and made famous by the
2787:
1760:The simple representation also lends itself to
2424:
1998:
1930:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1730:in the 1930s in his anti-totalitarian novel
2431:
2417:
2012:
2005:
1991:
1954:"Cryptography Worksheet — Polybius Square"
1934:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1204:Then the coordinates are read row by row:
485:would lead to the reordered square below.
461:A 6 × 6 grid is also usually used for the
821:Let's encrypt the word "SOMETEXT" with a
1664:
18:
631:
2788:
1694:" to signal messages between cells in
23:The Greek letters of a Polybius square
2412:
1986:
1947:
1945:
923:A more complicated method involves a
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1898:Salomon, D. (David), 1938- (2011).
13:
1942:
14:
2822:
1882:
1845:
1207:34 25 45 34 43 31 41 54
2766:
2765:
2438:
1866:"Polybius • Histories — Book 10"
1755:
1627:Thus, after encryption, we get:
1306:Thus, after encryption, we get:
893:Thus, after encryption, we get:
1796:, Homophonic cipher and more.
1771:
1655:
2627:Information-theoretic security
1787:
35:, is a device invented by the
1:
2801:History of telecommunications
1838:
1660:
89:The original square used the
69:
273:, this is the typical form:
7:
2743:Message authentication code
2698:Cryptographic hash function
2511:Cryptographic hash function
1799:
1331:
918:
816:
78:the device was invented by
10:
2827:
2622:Harvest now, decrypt later
1684:hydraulic semaphore system
2761:
2738:Post-quantum cryptography
2690:
2446:
2408:
2355:
2327:
2299:
2239:
2201:
2133:
2107:
2064:
2031:
2020:
1982:
1978:
47:. The device is used for
2728:Quantum key distribution
2718:Authenticated encryption
2573:Random number generation
1952:Daniel Rodriguez-Clark.
1528:42 54 53 44 33 14 15 43
2723:Public-key cryptography
2713:Symmetric-key algorithm
2516:Key derivation function
2476:Cryptographic primitive
2469:Authentication protocol
2459:Outline of cryptography
2454:History of cryptography
1823:Straddling checkerboard
1539:Horizontal coordinate:
1218:Horizontal coordinate:
1144:Horizontal coordinate:
74:According to Polybius'
2464:Cryptographic protocol
2014:Classical cryptography
1833:Topics in cryptography
1670:
24:
2617:End-to-end encryption
2563:Cryptojacking malware
1870:penelope.uchicago.edu
1806:Optical communication
1668:
1568:Vertical coordinate:
1247:Vertical coordinate:
1173:Vertical coordinate:
471:cryptography in Japan
93:laid out as follows:
33:Polybius checkerboard
22:
2733:Quantum cryptography
2657:Trusted timestamping
2373:Index of coincidence
2277:Reservehandverfahren
632:Encryption Principle
31:, also known as the
2496:Cryptographic nonce
2392:Kasiski examination
2387:Information leakage
1778:substitution cipher
1635:Before encryption:
1631:
1535:
1314:Before encryption:
1310:
1214:
1111:
901:Before encryption:
897:
863:Cipher text letter
834:Letter of the text
830:
2602:Subliminal channel
2586:Pseudorandom noise
2533:Key (cryptography)
2368:Frequency analysis
2267:Rasterschlüssel 44
1782:frequency analysis
1671:
1643:After encryption:
1630:
1534:
1322:After encryption:
1309:
1213:
1110:
909:After encryption:
896:
829:
25:
2796:Classical ciphers
2783:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2662:Key-based routing
2652:Trapdoor function
2523:Digital signature
2404:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2295:
2294:
1909:978-1-4419-1816-1
1811:Optical telegraph
1738:Spanish Civil War
1702:prisoners of the
1650:
1649:
1625:
1624:
1522:4254534433141543
1516:3425453443314154
1511:
1510:
1329:
1328:
1304:
1303:
1201:
1200:
1105:
1104:
916:
915:
891:
890:
814:
813:
629:
628:
463:Cyrillic alphabet
451:
450:
264:
263:
2818:
2769:
2768:
2597:Insecure channel
2433:
2426:
2419:
2410:
2409:
2029:
2028:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1966:
1964:
1958:
1949:
1940:
1939:
1929:
1921:
1895:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1862:
1733:Darkness at Noon
1714:prisoners of war
1632:
1629:
1536:
1533:
1336:
1335:
1311:
1308:
1215:
1212:
1112:
1109:
930:
929:
898:
895:
831:
828:
639:
638:
488:
487:
483:polybius cipher"
276:
275:
96:
95:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2811:Ancient Arcadia
2786:
2785:
2784:
2775:
2757:
2686:
2442:
2437:
2396:
2351:
2323:
2291:
2235:
2197:
2129:
2103:
2066:Polybius square
2060:
2024:
2016:
2011:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1963:. pp. 1–3.
1956:
1950:
1943:
1923:
1922:
1910:
1896:
1883:
1874:
1872:
1864:
1863:
1846:
1841:
1802:
1790:
1774:
1758:
1724:Arthur Koestler
1680:Aeneas Tacticus
1663:
1658:
1652:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1334:
1208:
1203:
921:
819:
634:
72:
29:Polybius square
17:
12:
11:
5:
2824:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2748:Random numbers
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2672:Garlic routing
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2592:Secure channel
2589:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2553:Key stretching
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2503:
2501:Cryptovirology
2498:
2493:
2488:
2486:Cryptocurrency
2483:
2478:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2461:
2456:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2436:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2413:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2305:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2272:Reihenschieber
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2207:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2035:
2033:Polyalphabetic
2026:
2018:
2017:
2010:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1987:
1968:
1967:
1941:
1908:
1881:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1801:
1798:
1789:
1786:
1773:
1770:
1757:
1754:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1206:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1007:
998:
993:
988:
983:
979:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
949:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
920:
917:
914:
913:
910:
906:
905:
902:
889:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
860:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
818:
815:
812:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
782:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
752:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
722:
721:
716:
707:
702:
697:
692:
688:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
658:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
642:
633:
630:
627:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
605:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
583:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
561:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
539:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
517:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
449:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
419:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
389:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
359:
358:
353:
344:
339:
334:
329:
325:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
295:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
271:Latin alphabet
262:
261:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
235:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
205:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
175:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
145:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
91:Greek alphabet
71:
68:
37:ancient Greeks
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2823:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2806:Steganography
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2772:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2754:
2753:Steganography
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2708:Stream cipher
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2667:Onion routing
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2647:Shared secret
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2543:Key generator
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2506:Hash function
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2481:Cryptanalysis
2479:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2429:
2427:
2422:
2420:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:Cryptanalysis
2354:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2329:Steganography
2326:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2203:Transposition
2200:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1962:
1961:Crypto Corner
1955:
1948:
1946:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1844:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1797:
1795:
1794:ADFGVX cipher
1785:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1762:steganography
1756:Steganography
1753:
1751:
1747:
1746:smoke signals
1743:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1667:
1653:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1205:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
981:
980:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
951:
950:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
932:
931:
928:
926:
911:
908:
907:
903:
900:
899:
894:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
861:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
832:
827:
824:
823:Caesar cipher
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
784:
783:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
754:
753:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
724:
723:
720:
717:
715:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
690:
689:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
660:
659:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
641:
640:
637:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
610:
607:
606:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
588:
585:
584:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
566:
563:
562:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
544:
541:
540:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
522:
519:
518:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
489:
486:
484:
479:
474:
472:
468:
464:
459:
455:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
421:
420:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
391:
390:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
361:
360:
357:
354:
352:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
327:
326:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
297:
296:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
278:
277:
274:
272:
267:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
237:
236:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
147:
146:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
117:
116:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
98:
97:
94:
92:
87:
85:
81:
77:
67:
65:
61:
60:steganography
57:
53:
50:
49:fractionating
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
21:
2703:Block cipher
2548:Key schedule
2538:Key exchange
2528:Kleptography
2491:Cryptosystem
2440:Cryptography
2262:One-time pad
2135:Substitution
2065:
1971:
1960:
1902:. Springer.
1899:
1873:. Retrieved
1869:
1791:
1775:
1772:Cryptography
1759:
1731:
1722:
1709:and also by
1689:
1674:
1672:
1656:Applications
1651:
1626:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1305:
1209:
1202:
1106:
925:Bifid cipher
922:
892:
820:
635:
608:
586:
564:
542:
520:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
482:
475:
460:
456:
452:
268:
265:
88:
75:
73:
64:cryptography
43:and scholar
32:
28:
26:
16:Type of code
2691:Mathematics
2682:Mix network
2314:Code talker
2193:Running key
2125:Four-square
1788:Adaptations
1718:Vietnam War
1716:during the
84:Democleitus
2790:Categories
2642:Ciphertext
2612:Decryption
2607:Encryption
2568:Ransomware
2363:Cryptogram
2257:Kama Sutra
2226:Rail fence
2221:Myszkowski
2168:Chaocipher
2120:Two-square
2099:VIC cipher
2051:Trithemius
1875:2020-04-13
1839:References
1818:Phryctoria
1750:Morse code
1692:knock code
1682:devised a
1675:Histories,
1661:Telegraphy
76:Histories,
70:Basic form
56:telegraphy
2632:Plaintext
2287:Solitaire
2025:by family
1926:cite book
1918:752480143
1646:iuptnqvo
1638:sometext
1325:swysocdu
1317:sometext
912:xtrkykcy
904:sometext
269:With the
80:Cleoxenus
52:plaintext
41:historian
2771:Category
2677:Kademlia
2637:Codetext
2580:(CSPRNG)
2375:(Units:
2211:Columnar
2158:Beaufort
2115:Playfair
2089:Tap code
2084:Nihilist
2056:Vigenère
1828:Tap code
1800:See also
1700:nihilist
1332:Method 3
919:Method 2
817:Method 1
467:hiragana
45:Polybius
2447:General
2153:Autokey
2041:Alberti
2022:Ciphers
1704:Russian
1696:prisons
1673:In his
1597:Letter
1276:Letter
1115:Letter
2558:Keygen
2342:Grille
2282:Slidex
2216:Double
2183:Pigpen
2163:Caesar
2148:Atbash
2143:Affine
2108:Square
2094:Trifid
2074:ADFGVX
2046:Enigma
1965:
1916:
1906:
1728:Stalin
62:, and
2588:(PRN)
2337:Bacon
2301:Codes
2252:DRYAD
2247:BATCO
2240:Other
2231:Route
2188:ROT13
2173:Great
2079:Bifid
1957:(PDF)
1766:knots
1742:drums
1707:Czars
469:(see
2379:and
2347:Null
2319:Poem
2309:Book
2178:Hill
1936:link
1932:link
1914:OCLC
1904:ISBN
547:I/J
82:and
27:The
2381:Nat
2377:Ban
478:key
473:).
2792::
1959:.
1944:^
1928:}}
1924:{{
1912:.
1884:^
1868:.
1847:^
1784:.
1744:,
1720:.
1711:US
1621:o
1618:v
1615:q
1612:n
1609:t
1606:p
1603:u
1600:i
1592:3
1589:5
1586:4
1583:3
1580:4
1577:3
1574:4
1571:2
1563:4
1560:1
1557:1
1554:3
1551:4
1548:5
1545:5
1542:4
1482:5
1452:4
1422:3
1388:2
1358:1
1353:5
1300:u
1297:d
1294:c
1291:o
1288:s
1285:y
1282:w
1279:s
1271:4
1268:1
1265:1
1262:3
1259:4
1256:5
1253:5
1250:4
1242:5
1239:4
1236:3
1233:4
1230:3
1227:4
1224:2
1221:3
1197:4
1194:5
1191:1
1188:4
1185:1
1182:3
1179:3
1176:4
1168:4
1165:3
1162:5
1159:4
1156:5
1153:2
1150:4
1147:3
1139:t
1136:x
1133:e
1130:t
1127:e
1124:m
1121:o
1118:s
1076:5
1046:4
1016:3
982:2
952:1
947:5
887:y
884:c
881:k
878:y
875:k
872:r
869:t
866:x
858:t
855:x
852:e
849:t
846:e
843:m
840:o
837:s
785:5
755:4
725:3
691:2
661:1
656:5
625:Z
622:X
619:W
616:V
613:T
603:Q
600:N
597:M
594:K
591:G
581:F
578:D
575:A
572:R
569:E
559:H
556:C
553:S
550:U
537:B
534:Y
531:L
528:O
525:P
476:A
422:5
392:4
362:3
328:2
298:1
293:5
238:5
208:4
178:3
148:2
118:1
113:5
58:,
2432:e
2425:t
2418:v
2383:)
2006:e
1999:t
1992:v
1938:)
1920:.
1878:.
1506:Z
1501:Y
1496:X
1491:W
1486:V
1476:U
1471:T
1466:S
1461:R
1456:Q
1446:P
1441:O
1436:N
1431:M
1426:L
1416:K
1411:J
1409:/
1407:I
1402:H
1397:G
1392:F
1382:E
1377:D
1372:C
1367:B
1362:A
1350:4
1347:3
1344:2
1341:1
1100:Z
1095:Y
1090:X
1085:W
1080:V
1070:U
1065:T
1060:S
1055:R
1050:Q
1040:P
1035:O
1030:N
1025:M
1020:L
1010:K
1005:J
1003:/
1001:I
996:H
991:G
986:F
976:E
971:D
966:C
961:B
956:A
944:4
941:3
938:2
935:1
809:Z
804:Y
799:X
794:W
789:V
779:U
774:T
769:S
764:R
759:Q
749:P
744:O
739:N
734:M
729:L
719:K
714:J
712:/
710:I
705:H
700:G
695:F
685:E
680:D
675:C
670:B
665:A
653:4
650:3
647:2
644:1
609:5
587:4
565:3
543:2
521:1
514:5
509:4
504:3
499:2
494:1
481:"
446:Z
441:Y
436:X
431:W
426:V
416:U
411:T
406:S
401:R
396:Q
386:P
381:O
376:N
371:M
366:L
356:K
351:J
349:/
347:I
342:H
337:G
332:F
322:E
317:D
312:C
307:B
302:A
290:4
287:3
284:2
281:1
257:Ω
252:Ψ
247:Χ
242:Φ
232:Υ
227:Τ
222:Σ
217:Ρ
212:Π
202:Ο
197:Ξ
192:Ν
187:Μ
182:Λ
172:Κ
167:Ι
162:Θ
157:Η
152:Ζ
142:Ε
137:Δ
132:Γ
127:Β
122:Α
110:4
107:3
104:2
101:1
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
