1312:; that the practice of extraordinary rendition was normal and pragmatic; that interrogation techniques, although harsh, were legal (apart from isolated acts of abuse), necessary and successful in preventing future acts of terror; and that Guantánamo was a model prison. Key British Administration messages were of initial ministerial ignorance (until 2004) of American intelligence agencies’ new interrogation strategies, after which intelligence agencies’ guidelines were tightened; and of no direct involvement of British intelligence agencies in extraordinary rendition. Key messages common to both British and American Administrations were that the Abu Ghraib sousveillance and similar visual evidence involving British soldiers were examples of isolated abuse rather than a torture policy from which lessons had been learned regarding Army training and interrogation guidance (new Army guidelines on interrogation were produced under the Bush and Blair Administrations). These key messages were propagated through a range of discursive activity (including
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crowdsourcing, big data and traditional public media sources must also be incorporated into the mix, and peacekeeping should maximize its use of open source information and analysis tools.” United
Nations, “Performance Peacekeeping: Final Report of the Expert Panel on Technology and Innovation in UN Peacekeeping,” 2015. See also: Ingrid A. Lehmann, “Still Caught in the Crossfire? UN Peace Operations and Their Information Capacities,” in Communication and Peace, Julia Hoffmann and Virgil Hawkins, eds. (London: Routledge, 2015).
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1324:) and were periodically bolstered by selective public release of once–secret documents. The consistency of key messages over time, together with the offering up of specific evidence, gives the appearance of official disclosure and truth–telling, positioning the public as a force to which political administrations willingly hold themselves accountable. However, the strategic generation of key messages and selectivity of supporting information presented across all these discursive modes means that full
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distrust of itself. While admitting that political communication in the mass media has diversified and developed some more liberal patterns in recent years”. In general, “Mass media have long been linked to the historical development and emergence of national identities and the modern nation-state by creating bounded spaces of political communication and discourse".
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more dynamic communications efforts.”, "This required missions to better understand key audiences, make better use of national staff, embrace technology, train leaders in effective communication, proactively engage with local populations, and tailor both the message and means of communication to particular audiences."
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With almost half of the
Australian voting population active on social media, political parties are adapting quickly to influence and connect with their voters. Studies have found that journalists in Australia widely use social media in a professional context and that it has become a viable method of
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According to Jake
Sherman and Albert Trithart, “United Nations peace operations often struggle to communicate their messages to the local population and the broader global community.” It argued, therefore, that “the outdated public information approach of the United Nations must be transformed into
845:
notes that the expensive nature of the printing press meant that early on in the technology's existence, labour and co-operative organisations were easily priced out of press media markets due to funding issues, meaning that corporations obtained an early grip on the market. Herman therefore states
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In cases of on-going war like Syria and
Palestine, the majority of media formats are censored towards the Middle East in order to avoid further catastrophization of an event, possibly by the West. For example, in Syria, 'The Rebel Free Syrian Army' was created as an opposition to Bashar al-Assad's
1555:
In
Australia 86% of Australians access the Internet, and with a 17,048,864 voting age population, around 14,662,023 voting population has access to Internet, and 65% of them use social media, with 9,530,314 Australian voters using social media. The 2013 Yellow™ Social Media Report also found that
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Social media creates greater opportunity for political persuasion due to the high number of citizens that regularly engage and build followings on social media. The more that a person engages on social media, the more influential they believe themselves to be, resulting in more people considering
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has become an increasingly important tool for political communication. For certain demographics it is one of the main platforms from which individuals acquire their news, and allows them to interact with it via commenting and sharing. Social media has dramatically changed the way in which modern
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and criminal investigations proceeded; destruction of videotapes of CIA interrogations; and withholding key information from intelligence oversight committees. These position those in the know as part of an elite force policing the public sphere to keep the wider public and their representatives
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Social media experience relies heavily on the user themselves due to the platforms' algorithms which tailor consumer experience for each user. This results in each person seeing more like-minded news due to the increase in digital social behavior. Additionally, social media has changed politics
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stated that "the very structure of political communication involves a division between movers and shakers at the top and bystanders below." However, one way that contemporary media has tried to combat the imbalances of political communication is through the creation of public access television.
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In the Middle East, “even those supported by a U.S. administration, are at best visionary and without any real practical use”. As explained by
Hussein Amin from the American University of Cairo, “-because many people view censorship as a sign of social responsibility, civil society has a deep
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Ibid., paras. 307–308. Technology was also emphasized in the 2014 final report of the Expert Panel on
Technology and Innovation in UN Peacekeeping: “A more modern approach to strategic communications can enhance the mission's ability to deliver across its mandate. In addition, social media,
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that silenced detainees, censoring Guantánamo detainees’ descriptions of their own torture in pre–trial hearings, deals with journalists to censor or withhold information that affected national security, weeding out personal sousveillance of torture online, suppression of visual
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by Dr. Laura Stein "public access has opened up a space for grassroots political communication on television" this is because public access communication has allowed for an open space in a variety of fields of communication no matter the speakers ideological view points.
1904:
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David L. Swanson and Dan Nimmo define political communication as "the strategic use of communication to influence public knowledge, beliefs, and action on political matters." They emphasize the strategic nature of political communication, highlighting the role of
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because it has given politicians a direct medium to give their constituents information and the people to speak directly to the politicians. This informal nature can lead to informational mistakes because it is not being subjected to the same "
1426:
of the mass media and its attempts to communicate news, using the United States
Corporate media (and it's basis in the British Corporate-Capitalist model) to critique modern Western communications, looking at the communications in relation to
1377:. Political figures understand the role of the media in gaining the acceptance of voters. For example, political communication delivered through social media tends to be accompanied by social interaction and public opinion.
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representations such as dress attire, make-up, hairstyle or logo design. In other words, it also includes all those aspects that develop a "political identity" or "image". According to Harald
Borgebund, the author of
909:' bad situations that showed the government in a bad light, via press briefings with the British media. Campbell became an influential and controversial addition to the political communication toolkit of Tony Blair's
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and the media environment in order to inform effectively what should be communicated – encompassing its detail and overall direction – and what should be withheld, with the aim of taking into account and influencing
1254:, was kept secret for several years, as remains the level of complicity of many other nation-states' governments. While this secret policy was gradually revealed from 2004 onwards, initiated by the
1995:
1155:. Brian McNair provides a similar definition when he writes that political communication is "purposeful communication about politics." For McNair, this means that this not only covers
794:. During this era it was common for rulers to use symbols and monuments to communicate power and authority to the masses. In ancient Greece, public speeches such as those delivered by
1138:) that considers who has authority to sanction the allocation of public resources, who has authority to make decisions, as well as social meaning like what makes someone American.
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ignorant of unpalatable but necessary official practices, relegating the likely emotional and/or moral public dissent towards such practices as unaffordable niceties.
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in the 20th century, which transformed political communication, giving rise to new forms of propaganda, advertising, and public relations. Political leaders such as
961:'s presidential campaigns in 2008 and 2012 are notable for mobilizing supporters, as they helped innovate the use of social media to engage voters and raise funds.
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Enli, Gunn (2017). "Twitter as arena for the authentic outsider: exploring the social media campaigns of Trump and
Clinton in the 2016 US presidential election".
53:
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define Political communication as the ways and intentions of message senders to influence the political environment. This includes public discussion (e.g.
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Jerry L. Miller & Raymie E. McKerrow (2010) History of Political Communication, Review of Communication, 10:1, 61-74, DOI: 10.1080/15358590903370233
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929:, with dedicated 'briefing rooms' whereby members of government address and communicate with the countries' press, which have also come to be known as
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population, social media has become an important medium where politicians can establish themselves and engage with voters. In an increasingly
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way. Therefore Herman and Chomsky argue that the interests of the corporate elite (trying to profit maximize) are not often interested in the
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2622:"Learning Politics From Social Media: Interconnection of Social Media Use for Political News and Political Issue and Process Knowledge"
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is generally used in the context of the globalized American corporate media and how it organically acts in the interests of corporate
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Political communication - scholar commons. (n.d.). https://scholarcommons.scu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1100&context=comm
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analytics have begun to reshape how campaigns can target and persuade voters. However, this has led to large concerns regarding
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2458:"Political persuasion on social media: A moderated moderation model of political discussion disagreement and civil reasoning"
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activity included the propagation and repetition of a few key messages consistently over time, with the aim of misdirecting
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Bakir, V. Torture, Intelligence and Sousveillance in the War on Terror: Agenda–Building Struggles. Farnham: Ashgate (2013)
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Kreiss, Daniel (2016). "Seizing the moment: The presidential campaigns' use of Twitter during the 2012 electoral cycle".
1142:"...the crucial factor that makes communication 'political' is not the source of a message, but its content and purpose."
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torture photos, the Bush administration engaged in SPC to publicly reframe and protect its secret policy. SPC included
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from the silence–generating activities. Key Bush Administration messages were that detainees were evil, dangerous
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During the era of the Roman Empire, political communication took on a more sophisticated form with the use of
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in order to try and influence public opinion. Figures famed for their political communication skills include
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in Athens, played a crucial role in shaping political discourse and rallying public support for war efforts.
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Wei, Ran; Xu, Larry Zhiming (2019). "New Media and Politics: A Synopsis of Theories, Issues, and Research".
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Digital Crusades: observing the political communications of populist-nativist parties SVP, PVV & the FN
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world, new research has shown that social media is becoming increasingly important in electoral politics.
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To further expand on why political communication can be viewed as manipulative, Michael Gurevitch and
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1451:. The picture of the world that's presented to the public has only the remotest relation to reality."
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are key methods of communication theories known to be used in political public speaking to persuade.
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Chesebro, J. W. (1974, February 28). Theoretical Approaches to Political Communication. 1974-Mar.
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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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2904:"Voter turnout data for Australia (Parliamentary) | Voter Turnout | International IDEA"
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Reflecting on the relationship between political communication and contemporary agenda-building,
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defines Strategic Political Communication (SPC) as comprising 'political communication that is
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user's facebook data, leading to a further distrust of corporate and political institutions.
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1070:, further suggests five critical approaches to the modern study of Political Communication:
957:, which has changed how the public and voters receive their political news and information.
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After the creation of the print media with the dawn of the modern printing press in modern
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965:'s successful 2019 Presidential Campaign also featured heavy usage of social media posts.
8:
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utilized radio broadcasts to reach millions of listeners during times of crisis and war.
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Today, Political communication continues to evolve quickly, as new technologies such as
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Torture, Intelligence and Sousveillance in the War on Terror: Agenda–Building Struggles
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1996:"Gordon Brown's former spin doctor is set for a surprise return to frontline politics"
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Political Communication section of the International Communication Association (ICA)
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Political Communication section at the American Political Science Association (APSA)
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2327:"Challenging the State: Transnational TV and Political Identity in the Middle East"
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2864:"Online Influence? Social Media Use, Opinion Leadership, and Political Persuasion"
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2280:"Guest Editor's Introduction: Mediated Political Communication in the Middle East"
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would also be damaged by this type of political communication in the mass media:
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A core theoretical model in political communication during the modern era is the
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Political Communication Division of the National Communication Association (NCA)
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Freelon, D., & Wells, C. (2020). Disinformation as Political Communication.
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among internet users, 65% of Australians use social media, up from 62% in 2014.
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and an enabling environment for government policies – both at home and abroad'.
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945:, political communication has come to include the use of online platforms like
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2051:(C. Reinemann, Ed.). De Gruyter Mouton,. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110238174
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Access Television and Grassroots Political Communication in the United States,
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Weeks, Brian E.; Ardèvol-Abreu, Alberto; Gil de Zúñiga, Homero (2015-12-31).
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President George W. Bush during his speech on immigration in Glynco, Georgia.
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is the study of political messaging that is communicated to the public i.e.
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2063:"The evil genius of Cambridge Analytica was to exploit those we trust most"
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to run their publications, essentially stopped organised working class and
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Working Papers on Political Communications - Kennedy School of Government
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2422:(2 ed.), Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc., pp. 258–277,
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Gil de Zúñiga, Homero; Barnidge, Matthew; Diehl, Trevor (2018-11-15).
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has been served, all–the–while being constant targets of manipulation.
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is avoided, while the public is potentially fooled into thinking that
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that this meant that early on in the mass media of Britain, corporate
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917:. This practice has now become standard in subsequent governments in
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The SAGE Handbook of Persuasion: Developments in Theory and Practice
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During the 1990s and the early 2000s (after successful campaigns by
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769:. Modern societal changes that have affected the field include the
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1868:(3rd ed.). New York: New York Pantheon Books. pp. 3–4.
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1329:
1172:, "Political communication is essential in a democratic polity."
1160:
1089:- looking at redundant and superficial political acts and symbols
1077:- power relationships and manipulation in political communication
851:
746:
544:
202:
2954:"Benefits of Social Media for Business | the Social Savior"
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communication between the mainstream media and wider audiences.
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Image of the collection of flags belonging to the United Nations
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Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media
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Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media
1008:
An outline of key areas of political communication study are:
3025:
2031:"Ukraine media demands access to runoff frontrunner Zelensky"
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1460:
1419:
1382:
1378:
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Social media and political communication in the United States
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were known for instituting spin within their communications.
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http://mb.cision.com/Public/329/9316712/8978ed4b0993062c.pdf
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2822:(2), 145–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2020.1723755
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1483:
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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
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726:. Political communication is concerned with ideas such as
2995:
2218:"Representation of Power and Ideology on Jokowi's Speech"
2097:
AN Introduction to Political Communication: Sixth Edition
1250:'s torture-for-intelligence policy, initiated soon after
881:
started to come into mainstream usage. Governments like
858:
voices from participating in the mass media via lack of
1486:
corporations), which has damaging effects on different
1447:"The more elusive or imaginary the foe, the better for
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Political Communication and the Realities of Democracy
3006:
The Political Communication Lab - Stanford University
1213:
Political Communication Systems and Democratic Values
1187:
techniques and heuristic devices to understand human
1101:- the idea that politics is symbolically constructed
2585:(3rd ed.). New York: New York Pantheon Books.
2372:DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON DC (2000-09-15).
2215:
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2164:
2162:
1320:, real–time reporting, official investigations and
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2868:International Journal of Public Opinion Research
2325:Nisbet, Erik C.; Myers, Teresa A. (2010-10-29).
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2271:
2216:Sutanto, Haryo; Purbaningrum, Dwi (2022-12-29).
2159:
1373:Political communication has long used political
953:where news channels can post freely, and online
2507:"Logos Ethos and Pathos in Political Discourse"
1591:Issue tracking systems in governmental services
1471:of citizens and therefore create a new form of
1864:S. Herman, Edward (and Chomsky, Noam) (1988).
905:' in the media) had the job of deflecting or '
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2784:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication
2504:
2268:
2028:
749:. The field also focuses on the study of the
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3016:Political Communications Web Archive Project
3001:Centre for European Political Communications
2968:Journalists Views and Usage of Social Media.
2605:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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1888:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
829:, this lead to the ability to create modern
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2047:Reinemann, C., & Reinemann, C. (2014).
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790:Political communication has existed since
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2673:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
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1902:
1863:
1730:Learn how and when to remove this message
1547:themselves to be politically persuasive.
1455:In terms of political communication, the
83:Learn how and when to remove this message
3021:A list of Political communications books
1931:"Campbell lambasts BBC over Iraq 'lies'"
1750:
1543:processes as institutional journalism."
1359:
1104:
2514:Theory and Practice in Language Studies
2415:
2029:Varshalomidze, Tamila (16 April 2019).
1928:
1903:Greenberg, David (September 24, 2006).
1753:A Dictionary of Media and Communication
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1392:
1368:
1060:Political communication in relation to
14:
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2792:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.104
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2581:Herman, E.S., and Chomsky, N. (1988).
2538:
2093:
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1806:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1601:List of basic political science topics
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2931:. Political Marketing. Archived from
2929:"Political Campaign and Social Media"
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2222:WACANA: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Komunikasi
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1964:"Inside story of a Campbell briefing"
1961:
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2553:10.1093/acref/9780199646241.001.0001
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1857:
1855:
1701:, as they are easily broken. Please
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1235:
996:'s election campaign unethically by
990:Facebook-Cambridge Analytica scandal
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36:
1755:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1124:Political Communication in America,
773:of media, and a movement towards a
24:
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1435:. They suggest that the political
984:, and online polarization. Recent
949:, free online video services like
785:
25:
3646:
2979:
2835:; Dunaway, Johanna (2017-07-20).
2704:European Journal of Communication
2374:"The Army Public Affairs Program"
2147:Reference for listed work needed.
1852:
1626:Political Communication (journal)
1316:and media interviews, authorized
992:which was found to have assisted
555:Biology and political orientation
32:Political Communication (journal)
3594:
3593:
3248:
2838:Mass Media and American Politics
2019:Source/ linked example required.
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1415:theorized that the interests of
1083:- analysing political symbollism
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3113:Computer-mediated communication
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2186:. Farnham: Ashgate. p. 3.
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1988:
1955:
1929:Barrett, Patrick (2003-06-25).
3635:Subfields of political science
2620:Park, Chang Sup (2019-05-27).
2061:Wolffe, Richard (2018-03-21).
1922:
1896:
1843:
1834:
1825:
1814:
1769:
1744:
1113:
1095:- looking at political leaders
1028:The media as a political actor
899:Downing Street Press Secretary
850:voices that would self-select
550:Theories of political behavior
176:Political history of the world
30:For the academic journal, see
13:
1:
2638:10.1080/10510974.2019.1581627
2505:Mshvenieradze, Tamar (2013).
2475:10.1080/01972243.2018.1497743
1962:White, Michael (2000-03-15).
1849:Cited examples required here.
1715:), or an abbreviated title.
1657:
1275:activity aimed at generating
820:
565:Critique of political economy
3235:Text and conversation theory
2416:Perloff, Richard M. (2012),
2343:10.1080/10584609.2010.516801
2094:McNair, Brian (2017-07-06).
1550:
1511:Social media use in politics
1495:The United States Government
146:Outline of political science
7:
2547:, Oxford University Press,
2539:Harcup, Tony (2014-09-18),
2526:10.4304/tpls.3.11.1939-1945
2156:Reference for quote needed.
1563:
1216:According to a study done,
901:(who was referred to as a '
765:that communicate to affect
10:
3651:
2545:A Dictionary of Journalism
2235:10.32509/wacana.v21i2.2143
1508:
1396:
1239:
1228:
780:
151:Index of politics articles
29:
3589:
3378:
3257:
3246:
3086:
3068:
2296:10.1080/10584600252907399
2278:Hafez, Kai (April 2002).
2100:(6 ed.). Routledge.
2049:Political Communication /
1636:Technological nationalism
1527:citizens coming into the
3193:Nonviolent communication
3123:History of communication
2761:10.1177/1461444814562445
2716:10.1177/0267323116682802
763:non-profit organisations
18:Political communications
3620:Political communication
3188:Nonverbal communication
3178:Models of communication
2816:Political Communication
2749:New Media & Society
2670:Political communication
2667:Foster, Steven (2010).
2462:The Information Society
2331:Political Communication
2284:Political Communication
1705:by replacing them with
1697:Knowledge's style guide
1231:Strategic communication
1225:Strategic communication
745:, and their effects on
700:Political communication
560:Political organisations
323:International relations
161:Politics by subdivision
2397:Cite journal requires
1453:
1424:journalistic integrity
1365:
1144:
1110:
897:, a journalist turned
839:Franklin. D. Roosevelt
718:field that draws from
63:by rewriting it in an
3625:Communication studies
3340:Mediated cross-border
3062:Communication studies
2626:Communication Studies
2428:10.4135/9781452218410
2106:10.4324/9781315750293
1751:Chandler, D. (2011).
1606:Government operations
1463:, specifically in an
1449:manufacturing consent
1445:
1363:
1268:discursive activity.
1163:statements, but also
1140:
1118:Robert E. Denton and
1108:
986:election manipulation
710:, usually within the
640:Political campaigning
380:Public administration
213:Collective leadership
3275:Communication theory
3270:Communication design
2881:10.1093/ijpor/edv050
2376:. Fort Belvoir, VA.
1703:improve this article
1505:Role of social media
1393:The propaganda model
1369:Political persuasion
1183:in intent, utilizes
1122:, via their work in
490:Separation of powers
361:Political psychology
336:Comparative politics
314:political scientists
301:Academic disciplines
181:Political philosophy
2956:. 28 November 2015.
1909:The Washington Post
1675:Constructs such as
1616:Official statistics
1523:are run. With more
1521:political campaigns
1248:Bush Administration
1202:strategic alliances
1153:political discourse
1132:news media coverage
963:Volodymyr Zelenskyy
921:countries like the
777:media environment.
767:political processes
761:, corporations and
704:political campaigns
663:Politics portal
512:Election commission
483:Government branches
366:Political sociology
218:Confessional system
156:Politics by country
3305:Discourse analysis
3230:Telecommunications
3173:Meta-communication
2541:"propaganda model"
2382:10.21236/ada407635
2182:Bakir, V. (2013).
1821:Citation required.
1621:Political campaign
1596:Intelligence cycle
1366:
1337:The United Nations
1211:, contributors of
1128:political speeches
1111:
1004:Key areas of study
988:scandals like the
913:government in the
887:The United Kingdom
827:industrial Britain
755:political speeches
346:Political analysis
278:Semi-parliamentary
65:encyclopedic style
52:is written like a
3630:Political science
3607:
3606:
2680:978-0-7486-3114-8
2562:978-0-19-964624-1
2520:(11): 1939–1945.
2172:Reference needed.
2115:978-1-315-75029-3
1740:
1739:
1732:
1469:democratic rights
1422:were warping the
1314:press conferences
1288:of torture while
1236:The United States
1185:social scientific
895:Alistair Campbell
866:21st century spin
835:Winston Churchill
724:political science
716:interdisciplinary
697:
696:
645:Political parties
585:Electoral systems
309:Political science
283:Semi-presidential
195:Political systems
171:Political history
166:Political economy
93:
92:
85:
16:(Redirected from
3642:
3597:
3596:
3252:
3203:Public relations
3098:Biocommunication
3055:
3048:
3041:
3032:
3031:
2973:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2906:. Archived from
2900:
2894:
2893:
2883:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2833:Graber, Doris A.
2829:
2823:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2755:(8): 1473–1490.
2744:
2738:
2737:
2727:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2604:
2596:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2511:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2477:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2385:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2275:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2237:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2157:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2139:
2129:
2120:
2119:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2058:
2052:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1887:
1879:
1861:
1850:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1805:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1788:
1782:. Archived from
1781:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1748:
1735:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1707:named references
1670:
1669:
1662:
1457:propaganda model
1409:Edward S. Herman
1405:propaganda model
1399:Propaganda model
1322:public inquiries
1306:public attention
1120:Gary C. Woodward
1045:public relations
1037:The politics of
941:Now, during the
728:information flow
689:
682:
675:
661:
660:
451:
396:
351:Political theory
341:Election science
331:
317:
95:
94:
88:
81:
77:
74:
68:
45:
44:
37:
21:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3585:
3374:
3253:
3244:
3091:
3089:
3082:
3064:
3059:
2982:
2977:
2976:
2966:Cision (2012).
2965:
2961:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2938:
2936:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2913:
2911:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2860:
2856:
2849:
2830:
2826:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2780:
2776:
2745:
2741:
2700:
2696:
2681:
2665:
2661:
2618:
2614:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2579:
2575:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2537:
2533:
2509:
2503:
2499:
2454:
2450:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2414:
2410:
2398:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2370:
2366:
2323:
2319:
2276:
2269:
2263:
2259:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2092:
2088:
2079:
2077:
2059:
2055:
2046:
2042:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2005:
2003:
2000:The Independent
1994:
1993:
1989:
1980:
1978:
1960:
1956:
1947:
1945:
1927:
1923:
1913:
1911:
1901:
1897:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1862:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1815:
1799:
1798:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1777:"Archived copy"
1775:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1749:
1745:
1736:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1695:discouraged by
1671:
1667:
1660:
1655:
1576:Open government
1566:
1553:
1513:
1507:
1481:privately owned
1465:anti-democratic
1433:Neo-Imperialism
1401:
1395:
1371:
1348:
1347:The Middle East
1339:
1244:
1238:
1233:
1227:
1200:, and creating
1134:, and ordinary
1116:
1052:pressure groups
1032:Political party
1024:Political media
1006:
939:
868:
823:
788:
786:Ancient History
783:
693:
655:
650:
649:
580:
579:
570:
569:
527:
526:
517:
516:
485:
484:
475:
474:
470:Public interest
455:Domestic policy
445:
438:
437:
426:
425:
390:
383:
382:
371:
370:
332:
325:
318:
311:
303:
302:
293:
292:
198:
197:
186:
185:
141:
140:
131:
100:Politics series
89:
78:
72:
69:
61:help improve it
58:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3648:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3345:Organizational
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3295:Cross-cultural
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3143:Intrapersonal
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3094:
3092:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3058:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2981:
2980:External links
2978:
2975:
2974:
2959:
2945:
2920:
2895:
2854:
2847:
2824:
2807:
2800:
2774:
2739:
2694:
2679:
2659:
2632:(3): 253–276.
2612:
2591:
2573:
2561:
2531:
2497:
2468:(5): 302–315.
2448:
2436:
2408:
2399:|journal=
2364:
2337:(4): 347–366.
2317:
2290:(2): 121–124.
2267:
2257:
2228:(2): 238–251.
2208:
2199:
2192:
2174:
2158:
2149:
2140:
2121:
2114:
2086:
2053:
2040:
2021:
2012:
1987:
1954:
1921:
1905:"Spin Doctors"
1895:
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1824:
1813:
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1613:
1611:Media populism
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1552:
1549:
1525:digital native
1509:Main article:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1397:Main article:
1394:
1391:
1370:
1367:
1346:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1326:accountability
1294:
1290:courts–martial
1240:Main article:
1237:
1234:
1229:Main article:
1226:
1223:
1209:Jay G. Blumber
1198:public opinion
1193:human behavior
1136:citizens' talk
1115:
1112:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1068:James Chesebro
1065:
1064:
1058:
1048:
1041:
1035:
1034:communications
1029:
1026:
1021:
1015:
1005:
1002:
978:misinformation
938:
935:
923:United Kingdom
915:United Kingdom
891:George W. Bush
879:political spin
867:
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819:
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525:Related topics
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73:September 2023
49:
47:
40:
27:Field of study
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3647:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
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3522:
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3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
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3474:
3472:
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3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
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3434:
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3429:
3427:
3424:
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3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3335:Media studies
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3325:International
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3310:Environmental
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3300:Developmental
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3280:Communicology
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3251:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3221:
3220:
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3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
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3201:
3199:
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3171:
3169:
3168:Media ecology
3166:
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3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3138:Interpersonal
3136:
3134:
3133:Intercultural
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3108:Communication
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3051:
3049:
3044:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
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3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2972:
2969:
2963:
2955:
2949:
2935:on 2014-01-16
2934:
2930:
2924:
2910:on 2016-03-06
2909:
2905:
2899:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2874:(2): edv050.
2873:
2869:
2865:
2858:
2850:
2848:9781506340227
2844:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2828:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2803:
2801:9780190228613
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2743:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2698:
2690:
2686:
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3118:Conversation
3103:Broadcasting
2967:
2962:
2948:
2937:. Retrieved
2933:the original
2923:
2912:. Retrieved
2908:the original
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2841:. CQ Press.
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2089:
2078:. Retrieved
2067:The Guardian
2066:
2056:
2048:
2043:
2034:
2024:
2015:
2004:. Retrieved
2002:. 2016-02-19
1999:
1990:
1979:. Retrieved
1968:The Guardian
1967:
1957:
1946:. Retrieved
1935:The Guardian
1934:
1924:
1912:. Retrieved
1908:
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1791:. Retrieved
1784:the original
1771:
1752:
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1717:
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1676:
1651:Social media
1586:Politainment
1558:
1554:
1545:
1537:
1516:Social media
1514:
1454:
1446:
1413:Noam Chomsky
1402:
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1345:
1344:
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1181:manipulative
1174:
1169:
1145:
1141:
1123:
1117:
1093:Confirmation
1066:
1007:
994:Donald Trump
967:
959:Barack Obama
947:social media
940:
883:Tony Blair's
869:
824:
800:
789:
771:digitization
699:
698:
393:street-level
268:Presidential
228:Dictatorship
98:Part of the
79:
70:
51:
3265:Closed-loop
3128:Information
3090:terminology
2725:10852/55266
1712:quick guide
1491:governments
1114:Definitions
1099:Dramatistic
1087:Ritualistic
1039:advertising
943:digital age
903:spin doctor
877:companies)
875:advertising
714:. It is an
708:advertising
532:Sovereignty
497:Legislature
400:Technocracy
388:Bureaucracy
253:Meritocracy
233:Directorial
3614:Categories
3581:Wertheimer
3461:Horkheimer
3198:Propaganda
3153:Mass media
3148:Journalism
3088:Topics and
2939:2014-01-16
2914:2016-06-10
2568:2024-04-14
2443:2023-05-09
2080:2024-09-13
2035:Al Jazeera
2006:2024-04-14
1981:2024-04-14
1948:2024-04-14
1793:2016-06-10
1658:References
1581:Propaganda
1488:democratic
1477:mass media
1473:propaganda
1441:electorate
1429:Capitalism
1417:globalized
1407:. In 1988
1375:persuasion
1310:terrorists
1302:discursive
1298:Persuasive
1279:comprised
1273:Discursive
1266:persuasive
1256:Abu Ghraib
1189:motivation
1177:Vian Bakir
1149:persuasion
1050:Political
1043:Political
931:spin rooms
848:right-wing
831:mass media
821:Modern era
811:spectacles
803:propaganda
775:post-truth
759:propaganda
712:mass media
622:Governance
612:Government
607:Federalism
208:City-state
3365:Technical
3350:Political
3258:Subfields
3183:New media
2890:0954-2892
2769:206728421
2734:149265798
2689:650304204
2654:151230215
2646:1051-0974
2601:cite book
2484:0197-2243
2351:1058-4609
2312:144202049
2304:1058-4609
2252:255654982
2244:2598-7402
2075:0261-3077
1976:0261-3077
1943:0261-3077
1914:April 14,
1884:cite book
1684:loc. cit.
1631:Rhetorics
1571:E-tenders
1551:Australia
1533:digitized
1475:(via the
1261:silencing
1056:publicity
1018:Democracy
1013:Mediation
872:corporate
856:left-wing
792:antiquity
735:influence
732:political
602:Unitarism
590:Elections
578:Subseries
507:Judiciary
502:Executive
405:Adhocracy
288:Theocracy
243:Feudalism
223:Democracy
3599:Category
3551:Richards
3476:Jakobson
3456:Habermas
3411:Castells
3401:Benjamin
3379:Scholars
2492:59248808
2137:ED089379
1802:cite web
1564:See also
1277:silences
974:big data
925:and the
907:spinning
807:rhetoric
796:Pericles
747:citizens
630:Ideology
448:doctrine
409:Service
273:Republic
258:Monarchy
238:Federacy
127:Category
107:Politics
3571:Tankard
3566:Shannon
3561:Schramm
3546:Quebral
3541:Postman
3531:Packard
3511:McLuhan
3506:Marcuse
3501:Luhmann
3496:Lippman
3491:Kincaid
3486:Johnson
3451:Goffman
3446:Gerbner
3436:Flusser
3416:Chomsky
3396:Bateson
3391:Barthes
3360:Science
3290:Climate
3240:Writing
3208:Reading
3158:Meaning
3078:Outline
3073:History
2359:5548665
1641:Torture
1439:of the
1437:consent
1330:justice
1161:written
951:YouTube
919:Western
860:capital
852:editors
781:History
635:Culture
545:Country
203:Anarchy
117:Outline
59:Please
3576:Tannen
3556:Rogers
3536:Peirce
3521:Morgan
3466:Huxley
3441:Gasset
3431:Fisher
3386:Adorno
3370:Visual
3320:Health
3315:Global
3285:Crisis
3218:Symbol
3213:Speech
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2135:
2112:
2073:
1974:
1941:
1872:
1759:
1529:voting
1461:elites
1420:elites
1387:pathos
1385:, and
1165:visual
1157:verbal
1081:Iconic
998:mining
911:Labour
815:Cicero
706:, and
595:voting
537:Polity
435:Policy
414:Public
328:theory
3481:Janis
3471:Innis
3426:Ellul
3421:Craig
3406:Burke
3163:Media
2765:S2CID
2730:S2CID
2650:S2CID
2510:(PDF)
2488:S2CID
2355:S2CID
2308:S2CID
2248:S2CID
1787:(PDF)
1780:(PDF)
1678:ibid.
1493:i.e.
1383:ethos
1379:Logos
1318:leaks
751:media
618:forms
541:State
418:Civil
122:Index
3516:Mead
3355:Risk
3330:Mass
3223:list
2886:ISSN
2843:ISBN
2796:ISBN
2685:OCLC
2675:ISBN
2642:ISSN
2607:link
2587:ISBN
2557:ISBN
2480:ISSN
2432:ISBN
2403:help
2347:ISSN
2300:ISSN
2240:ISSN
2188:ISBN
2133:ERIC
2110:ISBN
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1972:ISSN
1939:ISSN
1916:2024
1890:link
1870:ISBN
1808:link
1757:ISBN
1693:are
1690:idem
1687:and
1484:news
1431:and
1411:and
1264:and
1252:9/11
1246:The
1054:and
1047:(PR)
972:and
889:and
837:and
743:news
722:and
3526:Ong
2876:doi
2788:doi
2757:doi
2720:hdl
2712:doi
2634:doi
2549:doi
2522:doi
2470:doi
2424:doi
2378:doi
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