926:
740:, changing between transparent and opaque colony phenotypes. The transparent phenotype has a thinner capsule and expresses large amounts of phosphorylcholine (ChoP) and choline-binding protein A (CbpA), contributing to the bacteria's ability to adhere and colonize in the nasopharynx. The opaque phenotype is characterized by a thicker capsule, resulting in increased resistance to host clearance. It expresses large amounts of capsule and pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) which help the bacteria survive in the blood. Phase-variation between these two phenotypes allows
335:
44:
65:
914:
806:-independent immunity and requires revaccination 5 years after the first vaccination because of its temporary nature. PCV13 was developed when determining its low efficacy in children and infants. PCV13 elicits a T-cell-dependent response and provides enduring immunity by promoting interaction between
801:
Currently, there are two vaccines available for S. pneumoniae: the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) and the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13). PPV23 functions by utilizing CPS to stimulate the production of type-specific antibodies, initiating processes such as complement activation,
416:
and is commonly attached to the peptidoglycan of the cell wall. It consists of a viscous substance derived from a high-molecular-weight polymer composed of repeating oligosaccharide units linked by covalent bonds to the cell wall. The virulence and invasiveness of various strains of
756:
diseases which include symptoms such as fever and chills, cough, rapid breathing, difficulty breathing, and chest pain. For the elderly, they may include confusion, low alertness, and the former listed symptoms to a lesser degree.
2280:
797:
recommends routine childhood pneumococcal vaccination; it is incorporated into the childhood immunization schedule in a number of countries including the United
Kingdom, the United States, Greece,and South Africa.
1153:"Asociaciones de probióticos para la prevención de la enterocolitis necrosante y la reducción de la sepsis tardía y la mortalidad neonatal en recién nacidos pretérmino de menos de 1.500g: una revisión sistemática"
655:
to repair oxidative DNA damage in its genome caused by this host defense likely contributes to the pathogen's virulence. Consistent with this premise, Li et al. reported that, among different highly transformable
2730:
933:
of possible bacterial infection in cases with no specifically requested targets (non-bacteria, mycobacteria etc.), with most common situations and agents seen in a New
England community hospital setting.
1670:"Studies on the chemical nature of the substance inducing transformation of pneumococcal types: induction of transformation by a desoxyribonucleic acid fraction isolated from pneumococcus type III"
572:
Natural bacterial transformation involves the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another through the surrounding medium. Transformation is a complex developmental process requiring
560:. Genetic information can vary up to 10% between strains. The pneumococcal genome is known to contain a large and diverse repertoire of antimicrobial peptides, including 11 different
822:
have been harnessed for a range of applications in biotechnology. Through engineering of surface molecules from this bacterium, proteins can be irreversibly linked using the
730:, the body responds by stimulating the inflammatory response, causing plasma, blood, and white blood cells to fill the alveoli. This condition is called bacterial pneumonia.
1528:"The Families and Genera of the Bacteria: Final Report of the Committee of the Society of American Bacteriologists on Characterization and Classification of Bacterial Types"
445:
In 1881, the organism, known later in 1886 as the pneumococcus for its role as a cause of pneumonia, was first isolated simultaneously and independently by the U.S. Army
3112:
1859:
Bernstein H, Bernstein C, Michod RE. Sex in microbial pathogens. Infect Genet Evol. 2018 Jan;57:8-25. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.10.024. Epub 2017 Oct 27. PMID 29111273
802:
opsonization, and phagocytosis to combat bacterial infections. It elicits a humoral immune response targeting the CPS present on the bacterial surface. PPSV23 offers
771:, and even death. The symptoms include confusion, shortness of breath, elevated heart rate, pain or discomfort, over-perspiration, fever, shivering, or feeling cold.
412:
The capsular polysaccharide (CPS) serves as a critical defense mechanism against the host immune system. It composes the outermost layer of encapsulated strains of
4069:
1453:
426:
760:
Pneumococcal meningitis is an infection of the tissue covering the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms include stiff neck, fever, headache, confusion, and
2592:"Inhibitory and Bactericidal Effects of Hydrogen Peroxide Production by Streptococcus pneumoniae on Other Inhabitants of the Upper Respiratory Tract"
1585:
4043:
3105:
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1487:(30 April 1881). "A fatal form of septicaemia in the rabbit produced by the subcutaneous injection of human saliva. An experimental research".
3081:
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4082:
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vary according to their serotypes, determined by their chemical composition and the quantity of CPS they produce. Variations among different
3533:
1869:
Claverys JP, Prudhomme M, Martin B (2006). "Induction of competence regulons as a general response to stress in gram-positive bacteria".
3098:
2250:
1039:). In 2015, in the US, there were an estimated 30,000 cases, and in 30% of them the strains were resistant to one or more antibiotics.
1053:
2124:
Loughran AJ, Orihuela CJ, Tuomanen EI (2019-04-12). Fischetti VA, Novick RP, Ferretti JJ, Portnoy DA, Braunstein M, Rood JI (eds.).
496:
of life turning harmless pneumococcus into a lethal form by co-inoculating the live pneumococci into a mouse along with heat-killed
4030:
684:. As with many natural flora, it can become pathogenic under the right conditions, typically when the immune system of the host is
4056:
3389:
945:
is generally made based on clinical suspicion along with a positive culture from a sample from virtually any place in the body.
1593:
1461:
1086:
4061:
3523:
2541:"Structural Analysis of a Family 101 Glycoside Hydrolase in Complex with Carbohydrates Reveals Insights into Its Mechanism"
982:
3413:
643:. On the basis of these findings, they suggested that transformation is an adaptation for repairing oxidative DNA damage.
4133:
1200:
van de Beek D, de Gans J, Tunkel AR, Wijdicks EF (5 January 2006). "Community-Acquired
Bacterial Meningitis in Adults".
3969:
2748:
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2690:"The Role of Innate Immune Responses in the Outcome of Interspecies Competition for Colonization of Mucosal Surfaces"
1294:
Paton JC, Trappetti C (2019-04-12). Fischetti VA, Novick RP, Ferretti JJ, Portnoy DA, Braunstein M, Rood JI (eds.).
1997:"Addiction of Hypertransformable Pneumococcal Isolates to Natural Transformation for In Vivo Fitness and Virulence"
627:
against the bactericidal effect of mitomycin C. Michod et al. summarized evidence that induction of competence in
2045:
4138:
4087:
3364:
3344:
3312:
3293:
245:
and by auto inoculation in persons carrying the bacteria in their upper respiratory tracts. It can be a cause of
1058:
960:
have enabled the development of robust and reliable molecular methods for the detection and identification of
3267:
2437:
Nikghalb, Kevyan D. (2018). "Expanding the Scope of
Sortase-Mediated Ligations by Using Sortase Homologues".
660:
isolates, nasal colonization fitness and virulence (lung infectivity) depend on an intact competence system.
2932:
Block SL, Harrison CJ, Hedrick JA, Tyler RD, Smith RA, Keegan E, Chartrand SA (1995). "Penicillin-resistant
2589:
938:
is mentioned at gram stain near top right, and again in the alpha-hemolytic workflow in lower left quadrant.
429:, determining bacterial survival and likelihood of causing invasive disease. Additionally, the CPS inhibits
4143:
3902:
3576:
3185:
256:
17:
3032:
64:
3405:
3284:
1006:
1719:"The Transformation of Genetics by DNA: An Anniversary Celebration of Avery, Macleod and Mccarty (1944)"
651:(granulocytes) to produce an oxidative burst that is potentially lethal to the bacteria. The ability of
3562:
1245:"The persisting burden of invasive pneumococcal disease in HIV patients: an observational cohort study"
986:
925:
2067:"Regulation of pneumococcal epigenetic and colony phases by multiple two-component regulatory systems"
229:
resides asymptomatically in healthy carriers typically colonizing the respiratory tract, sinuses, and
4158:
4097:
3317:
2744:"Optochin Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: Mechanism, Significance, and Clinical Implications"
2181:
1766:
van der Poll T, Opal SM (2009). "Pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention of pneumococcal pneumonia".
1048:
794:
580:, at least 23 genes are required for transformation. For a bacterium to bind, take up, and recombine
493:
3057:
1295:
1102:
3797:
3791:
3498:
3358:
1581:
Medical
Illuminations: Using Evidence, Visualization and Statistical Thinking to Improve Healthcare
1343:"Purification of Capsular Polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae: Traditional and New Methods"
711:
513:
350:
241:
and spread to other locations to cause disease. It spreads by direct person-to-person contact via
186:
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1484:
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449:
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3647:
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3210:
851:
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636:
272:
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Koiuszko S, Bialucha A, Gospodarek E (2007). "The drug susceptibility of penicillin-resistant
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uses hydrogen peroxide as a virulence factor. However, in a study adding both bacteria to the
3875:
3868:
3707:
3517:
3453:
3228:
2258:
346:
149:
4110:
2936:
in acute otitis media: risk factors, susceptibility patterns and antimicrobial management".
2850:"Atromentin and leucomelone, the first inhibitors specific to enoyl-ACP reductase (FabK) of
2380:"Streptococcus pneumoniae's Virulence and Host Immunity: Aging, Diagnostics, and Prevention"
4004:
3881:
3860:
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3247:
3240:
2590:
Pericone, Christopher D., Overweg, Karin, Hermans, Peter W. M., Weiser, Jeffrey N. (2000).
2493:
1882:
957:
827:
780:
209:
106:
3062:(12th ed.). Washington DC: Public Health Foundation. pp. 233–248. Archived from
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8:
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1311:
505:
242:
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2818:
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2716:
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2665:
2640:
2567:
2540:
2516:
2481:
2462:
2414:
2379:
2352:
2327:
2158:
2125:
2101:
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2021:
1996:
1995:
Li G, Liang Z, Wang X, Yang Y, Shao Z, Li M, Ma Y, Qu F, Morrison DA, Zhang JR (2016).
1935:
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723:
589:
521:
489:
246:
59:
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1779:
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1527:
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Sepsis is caused by overwhelming response to an infection and leads to tissue damage,
4105:
3991:
3893:
3624:
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3418:
2984:
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2949:
2914:
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2521:
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2419:
2401:
2357:
2214:
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2145:
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2088:
2026:
1977:
1927:
1922:
1905:
1886:
1842:
1783:
1748:
1699:
1650:
1589:
1557:
1506:(1881). "Sur une maladie nouvelle provoquée par la salive d'un enfant mort de rage".
1457:
1409:
1382:
1364:
1323:
1315:
1276:
1225:
1217:
1182:
1174:
1082:
942:
878:
715:
704:
700:
685:
374:
234:
2607:
2466:
2302:"Critical decline in pneumococcal disease and antibiotic resistance in South Africa"
1939:
1811:"Genome Sequencing Reveals a Large and Diverse Repertoire of Antimicrobial Peptides"
1795:
520:, as was widely believed at the time, but DNA. Avery's work marked the birth of the
3996:
3845:
2945:
2906:
2865:
2814:
2803:"Detection of "Xisco" gene for identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates"
2757:
2711:
2701:
2660:
2652:
2611:
2603:
2562:
2552:
2511:
2501:
2446:
2409:
2391:
2347:
2339:
2153:
2137:
2096:
2078:
2016:
2008:
1969:
1917:
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1209:
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681:
632:
545:
390:
308:
220:
116:
2897:
by children in day-care centers during an intervention program in Malmo, Sweden".
2281:"Greek Ministry of Health 2023 Immunisation schedule for children and adolescents"
1150:
3618:
3332:
3159:
3085:
3036:
2706:
2083:
1973:
1734:
1579:
1447:
1435:
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1152:
737:
601:
406:
288:
2232:
2199:
1543:
3776:
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Wang J, Li JW, Li J, Huang Y, Wang S, Zhang JR (2020-03-18). Wessels MR (ed.).
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386:
296:
43:
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Rezaei Javan R, Van Tonder A, King J, Harrold C, Brueggemann A (August 2018).
1636:
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is a closed, circular DNA structure that contains between 2.0 and 2.1 million
4127:
3954:
3322:
3175:
2826:
2771:
2405:
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2149:
2092:
1827:
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581:
475:
453:
328:
304:
193:
182:
126:
2802:
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2506:
2343:
1011:
Resistant pneumococcal strains are called penicillin-resistant pneumococci (
553:
3754:
3439:
2988:
2918:
2879:
2834:
2787:
2725:
2674:
2625:
2576:
2525:
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2450:
2423:
2361:
2218:
2167:
2110:
2030:
1981:
1931:
1890:
1846:
1787:
1703:
1654:
1561:
1413:
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1327:
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can be found in the human upper respiratory system. A study of competition
616:
612:
561:
501:
430:
320:
312:
292:
3051:
2957:
2656:
1752:
556:, which contribute to virulence and 176 genes that maintain a noninvasive
3963:
3908:
3683:
3653:
2012:
1906:"Competence increases survival during stress in Streptococcus pneumoniae"
1685:
1213:
1151:
Baucells B, Mercadal Hally M, Álvarez Sánchez A, Figueras Aloy J (2015).
761:
708:
693:
648:
608:
597:
484:
played a central role in demonstrating that genetic material consists of
434:
316:
230:
2870:
2849:
2779:
2641:"Dual Role of Hydrogen Peroxide as an Oxidant in Pneumococcal Pneumonia"
4035:
3983:
3836:
3821:
3810:
3673:
3554:
3482:
3327:
3301:
3127:
1443:
990:
975:
697:
640:
604:
585:
464:
402:
324:
300:
280:
260:
201:
2800:
2328:"The role of vaccination in preventing pneumococcal disease in adults"
1242:
968:
gene was recently described as a biomarker for PCR-based detection of
4017:
3781:
3688:
3545:
3508:
3353:
3131:
3123:
635:
and increased expression of the RecA protein, a key component of the
557:
541:
446:
398:
276:
216:
86:
3925:
2801:
Salvà-Serra F, Connolly G, Moore ER, Gonzales-Siles L (2017-12-15).
2046:"Pathogenic Properties (Virulence Factors) of Some Common Pathogens"
4022:
3948:
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3637:
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3487:
3194:
3164:
2762:
2743:
950:
897:
survives; further analysis showed that neutrophils exposed to dead
865:
810:
and T cells, leading to an enhanced and prolonged immune response.
689:
497:
394:
354:
284:
238:
237:, such as the elderly and young children, the bacterium may become
76:
3978:
3727:
3610:
3150:
2251:"Pneumococcal Vaccination: Information for Health Care Providers"
1808:
823:
790:
517:
382:
96:
2893:
Nilsson P, Laurell MH (2001). "Carriage of penicillin-resistant
1199:
913:
4009:
3041:
2482:"Programmable polyproteams built using twin peptide superglues"
979:
978:
and leucomelone possess antibacterial activity, inhibiting the
807:
803:
793:
have been developed to protect against invasive infection. The
573:
533:
467:
378:
264:
3029:
2325:
890:
727:
366:
190:
826:
enzyme or using the SnoopTag/SnoopCatcher reaction. Various
3059:
Epidemiology and
Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
2126:"Streptococcus pneumoniae : Invasion and Inflammation"
953:
sensitive, although optochin resistance has been observed.
549:
370:
2970:
1243:
Siemieniuk RA, Gregson, Dan B., Gill, M. John (Nov 2011).
841:
2931:
2741:
2687:
1144:
485:
268:
2326:
Aliberti S, Mantero M, Mirsaeidi M, Blasi F (May 2014).
2123:
1525:
1868:
956:
The recent advances in next-generation sequencing and
3047:
PATH's
Vaccine Resource Library pneumococcal resources
2681:
1952:
463:
from 1920 because of its characteristic appearance in
381:
bacteria have a distinctive morphology on Gram stain,
365:
can also be distinguished based on its sensitivity to
1434:
588:, it must enter a special physiological state called
576:
and is dependent on expression of numerous genes. In
219:
in the late 19th century, and is the subject of many
2688:
Lysenko ES, Ratner AJ, Nelson AL, Weiser JN (2005).
855:
has been a significant cause of infection, and both
3052:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012).
2742:Pikis A, Campos JM, Rodriguez WJ, Keith JM (2001).
2436:
2373:
2371:
1667:
2479:
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1296:"Streptococcus pneumoniae Capsular Polysaccharide"
972:and differentiation from closely related species.
4125:
2368:
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1765:
279:. These invasive pneumococcal diseases include
1994:
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3056:. In Atkinson W, Wolfe S, Hamborsky J (eds.).
2892:
2807:Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease
2538:
1955:"Adaptive value of sex in microbial pathogens"
1903:
1430:
1428:
1293:
1236:
3106:
2064:
2060:
2058:
1347:Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
512:demonstrated that the transforming factor in
2847:
2638:
1988:
1609:
744:to survive in different human body systems.
373:, the so-called "bile solubility test". The
1716:
1425:
1399:
785:Due to the importance of disease caused by
631:is associated with increased resistance to
233:. However, in susceptible individuals with
208:and are non motile. As a significant human
3113:
3099:
2377:
2186:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2055:
1568:
596:is induced by DNA-damaging agents such as
393:for the organism; more than 100 different
42:
2869:
2841:
2761:
2715:
2705:
2664:
2615:
2566:
2556:
2515:
2505:
2413:
2395:
2351:
2157:
2100:
2082:
2020:
1921:
1836:
1826:
1742:
1693:
1644:
1551:
1483:
1477:
1376:
1358:
1270:
1260:
1168:
1054:Pneumococcal Awareness Council of Experts
271:. The organism also causes many types of
2938:The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
2899:The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
1904:Engelmoer DJ, Rozen DE (December 2011).
1668:Avery OT, MacLeod CM, McCarty M (1944).
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924:
912:
747:
333:
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3079:- the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
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1502:
1496:
1076:
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474:in 1974 because it was very similar to
14:
4126:
2977:Medycyna Doswiadczalna I Mikrobiologia
2225:
1883:10.1146/annurev.micro.60.080805.142139
1574:
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3930:
3929:
3094:
917:Optochin sensitivity in a culture of
397:are known, and these types differ in
4154:Polysaccharide encapsulated bacteria
4098:5ad242c7-8276-415a-b117-5318292d35a9
3524:Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
2142:10.1128/microbiolspec.GPP3-0004-2018
2043:
1312:10.1128/microbiolspec.GPP3-0019-2018
983:enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase
752:Pneumonia is the most common of the
263:in children and the elderly, and of
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1584:. Oxford University Press. p.
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215:was recognized as a major cause of
24:
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2749:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
2539:Gregg, Katie J (16 October 2015).
2233:"Children to be given new vaccine"
901:were more aggressive in attacking
338:S.pneumoniae growth on blood agar.
200:cells are usually found in pairs (
25:
4170:
3760:Clostridial necrotizing enteritis
3023:
2378:Brooks LR, Mias GI (2018-06-22).
567:
2950:10.1097/00006454-199509000-00005
2911:10.1097/00006454-200112000-00010
1923:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01402.x
813:
425:strains significantly influence
385:-shaped diplococci. They have a
63:
3365:Group B streptococcal infection
3313:Group A streptococcal infection
2995:
2964:
2925:
2886:
2794:
2735:
2632:
2608:10.1128/IAI.68.7.3990-3997.2000
2583:
2545:Journal of Biological Chemistry
2532:
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1946:
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1853:
1802:
1759:
1710:
1661:
1519:
1452:. Elsevier – Saunders. p.
1202:New England Journal of Medicine
345:can be differentiated from the
3054:"Ch. 16: Pneumococcal Disease"
1393:
1334:
1287:
1119:
1095:
1077:Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004).
1059:Facultative anaerobic organism
881:. There is also evidence that
13:
1:
1780:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61114-4
1064:
1000:
3903:Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
2707:10.1371/journal.ppat.0010001
2182:"Symptoms and Complications"
2084:10.1371/journal.ppat.1008417
1974:10.1016/j.meegid.2008.01.002
1400:Dion CF, Ashurst JV (2024),
1170:10.1016/j.anpedi.2015.07.038
1079:Sherris Medical Microbiology
908:
663:
649:polymorphonuclear leukocytes
548:. It has a core set of 1553
257:community acquired pneumonia
7:
2480:Veggiani, Gianluca (2014).
2213:(14): 129–44. Apr 6, 2012.
1544:10.1128/JB.5.3.191-229.1920
1042:
830:have also been cloned from
527:
437:' access to the cell wall.
10:
4175:
4134:Bacteria described in 1884
1735:10.1093/genetics/136.2.423
1402:"Streptococcus pneumoniae"
1103:"Streptococcus pneumoniae"
1004:
778:
774:
667:
623:. Transformation protects
440:
3938:
3892:
3844:
3835:
3808:
3774:
3738:
3697:
3681:
3672:
3635:
3592:
3544:
3507:
3496:
3481:
3437:
3404:
3375:
3343:
3318:Streptococcal pharyngitis
3292:
3283:
3221:
3193:
3184:
3173:
3158:
3149:
1815:Frontiers in Microbiology
1637:10.1017/S0022172400031879
1049:Transformation (genetics)
1033:Strepotococcus pneumoniae
834:to help analysis of cell
795:World Health Organization
522:molecular era of genetics
349:, some of which are also
165:(Klein 1884) Chester 1901
155:
148:
60:Scientific classification
58:
50:
41:
34:
4075:streptococcus-pneumoniae
3970:Streptococcus pneumoniae
3940:Streptococcus pneumoniae
3798:Pseudomembranous colitis
3792:Clostridioides difficile
3073:Streptococcus pneumoniae
2973:Streptococcus pneumoniae
2934:Streptococcus pneumoniae
2895:Streptococcus pneumoniae
2852:Streptococcus pneumoniae
2397:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01366
1828:10.3389/fmicb.2018.02012
1360:10.3389/fbioe.2018.00145
1262:10.1186/1471-2334-11-314
1025:Streptococcus pneumoniae
1017:Streptococcus pneumoniae
1015:), penicillin-resistant
936:Streptococcus pneumoniae
919:Streptococcus pneumoniae
675:Streptococcus pneumoniae
621:topoisomerase inhibitors
552:, plus 154 genes in its
482:Streptococcus pneumoniae
472:Streptococcus pneumoniae
459:The organism was termed
343:Streptococcus pneumoniae
253:Streptococcus pneumoniae
227:Streptococcus pneumoniae
174:Streptococcus pneumoniae
159:Streptococcus pneumoniae
36:Streptococcus pneumoniae
3749:Clostridium perfringens
3460:Urinary tract infection
2558:10.1074/jbc.M115.680470
2507:10.1073/pnas.1519214113
2384:Frontiers in Immunology
2344:10.1111/1469-0691.12518
1249:BMC Infectious Diseases
893:within two weeks, only
679:upper respiratory tract
639:machinery for removing
500:pneumococci. In 1944,
452:and the French chemist
389:capsule that acts as a
361:is optochin-sensitive.
273:pneumococcal infections
267:in those infected with
4139:Gram-positive bacteria
3855:Ureaplasma urealyticum
3648:Listeria monocytogenes
3352:bacitracin resistant,
3211:Pneumococcal infection
2858:Journal of Antibiotics
2451:10.1002/cbic.201700517
1446:(September 22, 2012).
1107:microbewiki.kenyon.edu
1027:penicillin resistant (
939:
922:
877:by attacking it with
852:Haemophilus influenzae
844:Haemophilus influenzae
736:undergoes spontaneous
677:is part of the normal
670:Pneumococcal infection
637:recombinational repair
461:Diplococcus pneumoniae
339:
185:, spherical bacteria,
3876:Mycoplasma pneumoniae
3869:Mycoplasma genitalium
3708:Clostridium botulinum
3454:Enterococcus faecalis
3229:Viridans streptococci
2657:10.1089/ars.2019.7964
2645:Antioxid Redox Signal
2639:Mraheil, MA. (2021).
2130:Microbiology Spectrum
1300:Microbiology Spectrum
985:, (essential for the
928:
916:
748:Diseases and symptoms
647:infection stimulates
514:Griffith's experiment
347:viridans streptococci
337:
255:is the main cause of
235:weaker immune systems
3882:Mycoplasma pneumonia
3861:Ureaplasma infection
3571:novobiocin resistant
3529:Toxic shock syndrome
3468:Enterococcus faecium
2013:10.1128/IAI.00097-16
1871:Annu. Rev. Microbiol
1717:Lederberg J (1994).
1686:10.1084/jem.79.2.137
1214:10.1056/NEJMra052116
1031:) or drug-resistant
964:. For instance, the
958:comparative genomics
828:glycoside hydrolases
781:Pneumococcal vaccine
712:cell wall components
243:respiratory droplets
210:pathogenic bacterium
27:Species of bacterium
4144:Pathogenic bacteria
3814:(non-spore forming)
3424:Streptococcus bovis
3384:Streptococcus iniae
3132:Infectious diseases
2871:10.1038/ja.2006.108
2498:2016PNAS..113.1202V
1962:Infect. Genet. Evol
1157:Anales de Pediatría
247:neonatal infections
204:) and do not form
3722:Clostridium tetani
3605:Bacillus anthracis
3222:optochin resistant
3137:Bacterial diseases
3084:2020-04-20 at the
3035:2014-08-20 at the
2239:. 8 February 2006.
2207:Wkly Epidemiol Rec
1625:Journal of Hygiene
940:
923:
490:Frederick Griffith
340:
141:S. pneumoniae
4121:
4120:
4106:Open Tree of Life
3932:Taxon identifiers
3923:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3894:Anaeroplasmatales
3831:
3830:
3770:
3769:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3588:
3587:
3477:
3476:
3433:
3432:
3400:
3399:
3279:
3278:
3003:"Drug Resistance"
1774:(9700): 1543–56.
1595:978-0-19-966879-3
1463:978-1-4557-0090-5
1088:978-0-8385-8529-0
879:hydrogen peroxide
842:Interaction with
716:virulence factors
544:depending on the
470:. It was renamed
377:, Gram-positive,
170:
169:
16:(Redirected from
4166:
4159:Streptococcaceae
4114:
4113:
4101:
4100:
4091:
4090:
4078:
4077:
4065:
4064:
4052:
4051:
4039:
4038:
4026:
4025:
4013:
4012:
4000:
3999:
3987:
3986:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3927:
3926:
3846:Mycoplasmataceae
3842:
3841:
3822:Finegoldia magna
3695:
3694:
3679:
3678:
3577:S. saprophyticus
3505:
3504:
3494:
3493:
3290:
3289:
3191:
3190:
3182:
3181:
3171:
3170:
3156:
3155:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3092:
3091:
3067:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2873:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2765:
2739:
2733:
2729:
2719:
2709:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2668:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2619:
2602:(7): 3990–3997.
2587:
2581:
2580:
2570:
2560:
2551:(42): 25657–69.
2536:
2530:
2529:
2519:
2509:
2492:(5): 1202–1207.
2477:
2471:
2470:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2417:
2399:
2375:
2366:
2365:
2355:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2257:. Archived from
2247:
2241:
2240:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2204:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2161:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2104:
2086:
2062:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2024:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1959:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1925:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1840:
1830:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1746:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1697:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1648:
1619:(January 1928).
1613:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1555:
1523:
1517:
1515:
1500:
1494:
1492:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1432:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1380:
1362:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1274:
1264:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1172:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1074:
949:is, in general,
931:workup algorithm
818:Components from
633:oxidative stress
592:. Competence in
450:George Sternberg
405:, and extent of
391:virulence factor
309:septic arthritis
221:humoral immunity
161:
117:Streptococcaceae
68:
67:
46:
32:
31:
21:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4109:
4104:
4096:
4094:
4086:
4081:
4073:
4068:
4060:
4055:
4047:
4042:
4034:
4029:
4021:
4016:
4008:
4003:
3995:
3990:
3982:
3977:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3934:
3924:
3915:
3888:
3827:
3804:
3766:
3734:
3660:
3631:
3619:Bacillus cereus
3584:
3540:
3485:
3473:
3429:
3396:
3371:
3339:
3333:Rheumatic fever
3275:
3217:
3162:
3160:Lactobacillales
3145:
3119:
3086:Wayback Machine
3071:Type strain of
3037:Wayback Machine
3026:
3021:
3011:
3009:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2969:
2965:
2930:
2926:
2891:
2887:
2846:
2842:
2799:
2795:
2740:
2736:
2686:
2682:
2651:(34): 962–978.
2637:
2633:
2588:
2584:
2537:
2533:
2478:
2474:
2435:
2431:
2376:
2369:
2324:
2320:
2310:
2308:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2264:
2262:
2261:on 23 July 2016
2249:
2248:
2244:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2188:. 24 July 2023.
2180:
2179:
2175:
2122:
2118:
2077:(3): e1008417.
2063:
2056:
2048:
2042:
2038:
2007:(6): 1887–901.
1993:
1989:
1957:
1951:
1947:
1916:(12): 3475–85.
1902:
1898:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1807:
1803:
1764:
1760:
1715:
1711:
1666:
1662:
1614:
1610:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1573:
1569:
1524:
1520:
1501:
1497:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1433:
1426:
1418:
1416:
1398:
1394:
1339:
1335:
1292:
1288:
1241:
1237:
1198:
1194:
1149:
1145:
1135:
1133:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1111:
1109:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1081:. McGraw Hill.
1075:
1071:
1067:
1045:
1009:
1003:
911:
847:
816:
783:
777:
750:
738:phase variation
672:
666:
602:fluoroquinolone
570:
530:
443:
407:drug resistance
351:alpha-hemolytic
289:acute sinusitis
187:alpha-hemolytic
166:
163:
157:
144:
107:Lactobacillales
62:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4172:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4102:
4092:
4079:
4066:
4053:
4040:
4027:
4014:
4001:
3988:
3975:
3960:
3944:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3921:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3898:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3872:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3850:
3848:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3817:
3815:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3787:
3785:
3777:Clostridioides
3772:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3744:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3703:
3701:
3692:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3643:
3641:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3625:Food poisoning
3615:
3614:
3613:
3600:
3598:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3563:S. epidermidis
3550:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3513:
3511:
3502:
3499:Staphylococcus
3491:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3445:
3443:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3416:
3410:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3349:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3298:
3296:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3200:
3198:
3188:
3179:
3168:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3134:
3118:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3068:
3066:on 2017-03-10.
3049:
3044:
3039:
3025:
3024:External links
3022:
3020:
3019:
2994:
2983:(4): 293–300.
2963:
2924:
2905:(12): 1144–9.
2885:
2864:(12): 808–12.
2840:
2813:(4): 248–250.
2793:
2763:10.1086/322803
2734:
2680:
2631:
2582:
2531:
2472:
2445:(7): 185–195.
2429:
2367:
2318:
2293:
2272:
2242:
2224:
2191:
2173:
2116:
2071:PLOS Pathogens
2054:
2036:
1987:
1945:
1896:
1861:
1852:
1801:
1758:
1709:
1680:(2): 137–158.
1660:
1631:(2): 113–159.
1608:
1594:
1567:
1538:(3): 191–229.
1518:
1495:
1476:
1462:
1424:
1392:
1333:
1286:
1235:
1192:
1163:(5): 247–255.
1143:
1127:"Transmission"
1118:
1094:
1087:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1044:
1041:
1005:Main article:
1002:
999:
910:
907:
849:Historically,
846:
840:
815:
812:
779:Main article:
776:
773:
749:
746:
722:colonizes the
714:are all major
668:Main article:
665:
662:
569:
568:Transformation
566:
529:
526:
510:Maclyn McCarty
494:transformation
442:
439:
433:by preventing
387:polysaccharide
297:conjunctivitis
189:member of the
168:
167:
164:
153:
152:
146:
145:
138:
136:
132:
131:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
56:
55:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4171:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4112:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4089:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3980:
3976:
3971:
3965:
3961:
3956:
3950:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3928:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3484:
3480:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3359:S. agalactiae
3355:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3323:Scarlet fever
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3304:susceptible:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3205:S. pneumoniae
3202:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3176:Streptococcus
3172:
3169:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3109:
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3030:GAVI Alliance
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2076:
2072:
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2061:
2059:
2047:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
2001:Infect. Immun
1998:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1968:(3): 267–85.
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1963:
1956:
1949:
1941:
1937:
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1911:
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1018:
1014:
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996:
995:S. pneumoniae
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988:
984:
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977:
973:
971:
970:S. pneumoniae
967:
963:
962:S. pneumoniae
959:
954:
952:
948:
947:S. pneumoniae
944:
937:
932:
929:Example of a
927:
920:
915:
906:
904:
903:S. pneumoniae
900:
899:H. influenzae
896:
895:H. influenzae
892:
888:
884:
883:S. pneumoniae
880:
876:
875:H. influenzae
872:
871:S. pneumoniae
868:
867:
862:
861:S. pneumoniae
858:
857:H. influenzae
854:
853:
845:
839:
837:
836:glycosylation
833:
832:S. pneumoniae
829:
825:
821:
820:S. pneumoniae
814:Biotechnology
811:
809:
805:
799:
796:
792:
788:
787:S. pneumoniae
782:
772:
770:
769:organ failure
765:
763:
758:
755:
754:S. pneumoniae
745:
743:
742:S. pneumoniae
739:
735:
734:S. pneumoniae
731:
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721:
720:S. pneumoniae
717:
713:
710:
706:
702:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
680:
676:
671:
661:
659:
658:S. pneumoniae
654:
653:S. pneumoniae
650:
646:
645:S. pneumoniae
642:
638:
634:
630:
629:S. pneumoniae
626:
625:S. pneumoniae
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
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599:
595:
594:S. pneumoniae
591:
587:
583:
582:exogenous DNA
579:
578:S. pneumoniae
575:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
538:S. pneumoniae
535:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
506:Colin MacLeod
503:
499:
495:
492:demonstrated
491:
487:
483:
479:
477:
473:
469:
466:
462:
457:
455:
454:Louis Pasteur
451:
448:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
423:S. pneumoniae
420:
419:S. pneumoniae
415:
414:S. pneumoniae
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
363:S. pneumoniae
360:
359:S. pneumoniae
356:
352:
348:
344:
336:
332:
330:
329:brain abscess
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
305:osteomyelitis
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
222:
218:
214:
213:S. pneumoniae
211:
207:
203:
199:
198:S. pneumoniae
195:
194:Streptococcus
192:
188:
184:
183:Gram-positive
180:
176:
175:
162:
160:
154:
151:
150:Binomial name
147:
143:
142:
137:
134:
133:
130:
129:
128:Streptococcus
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
78:
75:
72:
71:
66:
61:
57:
53:
52:S. pneumoniae
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
3939:
3901:
3874:
3867:
3853:
3820:
3809:
3790:
3775:
3755:Gas gangrene
3747:
3739:
3720:
3706:
3698:
3682:
3646:
3636:
3617:
3603:
3593:
3575:
3570:
3561:
3553:
3516:
3497:
3466:
3452:
3440:Enterococcus
3438:
3422:
3382:
3357:
3305:
3269:S. anginosus
3268:
3260:
3255:S. sanguinis
3253:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3204:
3203:
3174:
3076:
3072:
3064:the original
3058:
3010:. Retrieved
3006:
2997:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2966:
2944:(9): 751–9.
2941:
2937:
2933:
2927:
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2747:
2737:
2697:
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2599:
2596:Infect Immun
2595:
2585:
2548:
2544:
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2485:
2475:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2387:
2383:
2338:(5): 52–58.
2335:
2331:
2321:
2309:. Retrieved
2305:
2296:
2284:. Retrieved
2275:
2263:. Retrieved
2259:the original
2254:
2245:
2236:
2227:
2210:
2206:
2194:
2185:
2176:
2133:
2129:
2119:
2074:
2070:
2044:Anderson C.
2039:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1965:
1961:
1948:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1855:
1818:
1814:
1804:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1729:(2): 423–6.
1726:
1722:
1712:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1628:
1624:
1611:
1599:. Retrieved
1580:
1570:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1511:
1507:
1498:
1488:
1485:Sternberg GM
1479:
1467:. Retrieved
1448:
1417:, retrieved
1405:
1395:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1303:
1299:
1289:
1252:
1248:
1238:
1208:(1): 44–53.
1205:
1201:
1195:
1160:
1156:
1146:
1134:. Retrieved
1130:
1121:
1110:. Retrieved
1106:
1097:
1078:
1072:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1010:
994:
987:biosynthesis
974:
969:
965:
961:
955:
946:
941:
935:
921:(white disk)
918:
902:
898:
894:
887:nasal cavity
882:
874:
873:overpowered
870:
864:
860:
856:
850:
848:
843:
831:
819:
817:
800:
786:
784:
766:
759:
753:
751:
741:
733:
732:
719:
674:
673:
657:
652:
644:
628:
624:
617:moxifloxacin
613:levofloxacin
593:
577:
571:
562:lantibiotics
537:
531:
502:Oswald Avery
488:. In 1928,
481:
480:
476:streptococci
471:
465:Gram-stained
460:
458:
444:
435:granulocytes
431:phagocytosis
427:pathogenesis
422:
418:
413:
411:
375:encapsulated
362:
358:
342:
341:
321:pericarditis
313:endocarditis
293:otitis media
252:
251:
231:nasal cavity
226:
225:
212:
197:
179:pneumococcus
178:
173:
172:
171:
158:
156:
140:
139:
127:
51:
35:
29:
18:Pneumococcus
3964:Wikispecies
3909:Erysipeloid
3684:Clostridium
3654:Listeriosis
3557:susceptible
3307:S. pyogenes
3262:S. sobrinus
3197:susceptible
3012:17 February
2694:PLOS Pathog
2439:ChemBioChem
1821:(9): 2012.
1532:J Bacteriol
1440:Orenstein W
991:fatty acids
762:photophobia
709:immunogenic
694:pneumolysin
609:norfloxacin
605:antibiotics
598:mitomycin C
353:, using an
317:peritonitis
275:other than
4128:Categories
3837:Mollicutes
3811:Finegoldia
3740:nonmotile:
3674:Clostridia
3555:novobiocin
3483:Bacillales
3328:Erysipelas
3302:bacitracin
3042:PneumoADIP
1877:: 451–75.
1617:Griffith F
1419:2024-04-15
1406:StatPearls
1112:2017-10-24
1065:References
1001:Resistance
976:Atromentin
869:revealed
789:, several
703:, various
698:phagocytic
692:, such as
686:suppressed
641:DNA damage
590:competence
586:chromosome
542:base pairs
403:prevalence
325:cellulitis
303:, sepsis,
301:meningitis
281:bronchitis
261:meningitis
239:pathogenic
202:diplococci
4149:Pneumonia
3784:-forming)
3691:-forming)
3518:S. aureus
3376:ungrouped
3354:CAMP test
3248:S. oralis
3241:S. mutans
3124:Bacillota
2827:1879-0070
2772:0022-1899
2731:Full text
2700:(1): e1.
2406:1664-3224
2150:2165-0497
2093:1553-7374
1910:Evolution
1674:J Exp Med
1504:Pasteur L
1436:Plotkin S
1369:2296-4185
1320:2165-0497
1222:0028-4793
1179:1695-4033
943:Diagnosis
909:Diagnosis
696:, an anti
664:Infection
584:into its
558:phenotype
447:physician
399:virulence
395:serotypes
357:test, as
277:pneumonia
223:studies.
217:pneumonia
135:Species:
87:Bacillota
4049:10033301
3949:Wikidata
3714:Botulism
3638:Listeria
3595:Bacillus
3234:S. mitis
3195:optochin
3082:Archived
3033:Archived
2989:18416121
2919:11740321
2880:17323650
2835:29329755
2788:11474432
2780:30137322
2726:16201010
2675:32283950
2626:10858213
2577:26304114
2526:26787909
2467:23874288
2459:29124839
2424:29988379
2390:: 1366.
2362:24410778
2237:BBC News
2219:24340399
2168:30873934
2111:32187228
2031:27068094
1982:18295550
1940:24634666
1932:22133219
1891:16771651
1847:30210481
1796:28676845
1788:19880020
1723:Genetics
1704:19871359
1655:20474956
1578:(2014).
1576:Wainer H
1562:16558872
1449:Vaccines
1444:Offit PA
1414:29261971
1387:30370268
1328:30977464
1281:22078162
1230:16394301
1187:26611880
1043:See also
951:optochin
866:in vitro
791:vaccines
724:air sacs
718:. After
705:adhesins
690:Invasins
554:virulome
528:Genetics
516:was not
498:virulent
355:optochin
285:rhinitis
113:Family:
83:Phylum:
77:Bacteria
73:Domain:
4036:3227089
3979:BacDive
3955:Q221179
3728:Tetanus
3699:motile:
3611:Anthrax
3151:Bacilli
3007:cdc.gov
2958:8559623
2717:1238736
2666:8035917
2568:4646209
2517:4747704
2494:Bibcode
2415:6023974
2353:4473770
2311:20 July
2286:16 July
2265:26 July
2255:cdc.org
2159:6422050
2102:7105139
2022:4907133
1838:6120550
1753:8150273
1744:1205797
1695:2135445
1646:2167760
1601:July 4,
1469:July 2,
1378:6194195
1353:: 145.
1272:3226630
1255:: 314.
1131:cdc.org
824:sortase
775:Vaccine
726:of the
701:capsule
619:), and
518:protein
441:History
379:coccoid
181:, is a
123:Genus:
103:Order:
97:Bacilli
93:Class:
4111:699152
4095:NZOR:
4062:966484
4023:STRCPN
4010:974503
3075:at Bac
2987:
2956:
2917:
2878:
2833:
2825:
2786:
2778:
2770:
2724:
2714:
2673:
2663:
2624:
2617:101678
2614:
2575:
2565:
2524:
2514:
2465:
2457:
2422:
2412:
2404:
2360:
2350:
2217:
2166:
2156:
2148:
2109:
2099:
2091:
2029:
2019:
1980:
1938:
1930:
1889:
1845:
1835:
1794:
1786:
1768:Lancet
1751:
1741:
1702:
1692:
1653:
1643:
1592:
1560:
1553:378870
1550:
1514:: 159.
1460:
1412:
1385:
1375:
1367:
1326:
1318:
1279:
1269:
1228:
1220:
1185:
1177:
1136:24 Oct
1085:
980:enzyme
804:T-cell
707:, and
574:energy
546:strain
534:genome
508:, and
468:sputum
383:lancet
327:, and
265:sepsis
206:spores
4044:IRMNG
3997:52Y4L
3984:14749
3782:spore
3689:spore
3271:group
3126:(low-
2776:JSTOR
2463:S2CID
2203:(PDF)
2136:(2).
2049:(PDF)
1958:(PDF)
1936:S2CID
1792:S2CID
1306:(2).
993:) in
966:Xisco
891:mouse
889:of a
728:lungs
682:flora
550:genes
367:lysis
191:genus
177:, or
4088:1313
4083:NCBI
4070:LPSN
4057:ITIS
4031:GBIF
4018:EPPO
3534:MRSA
3488:Cat+
3165:Cat-
3077:Dive
3014:2019
2985:PMID
2954:PMID
2915:PMID
2876:PMID
2831:PMID
2823:ISSN
2784:PMID
2768:ISSN
2722:PMID
2671:PMID
2622:PMID
2573:PMID
2522:PMID
2486:PNAS
2455:PMID
2420:PMID
2402:ISSN
2358:PMID
2313:2015
2306:NICD
2288:2024
2267:2016
2215:PMID
2164:PMID
2146:ISSN
2107:PMID
2089:ISSN
2027:PMID
1978:PMID
1928:PMID
1887:PMID
1843:PMID
1819:2012
1784:PMID
1749:PMID
1700:PMID
1651:PMID
1603:2015
1590:ISBN
1558:PMID
1471:2015
1458:ISBN
1410:PMID
1383:PMID
1365:ISSN
1324:PMID
1316:ISSN
1277:PMID
1226:PMID
1218:ISSN
1183:PMID
1175:ISSN
1138:2017
1083:ISBN
1037:DRSP
1029:SPPR
1021:PRSP
859:and
615:and
532:The
371:bile
259:and
4005:EoL
3992:CoL
3546:Cg-
3509:Cg+
3451:+:
3449:BEA
3421:+:
3419:BEA
3356:+:
3128:G+C
2975:".
2946:doi
2907:doi
2866:doi
2815:doi
2758:doi
2754:184
2712:PMC
2702:doi
2661:PMC
2653:doi
2612:PMC
2604:doi
2563:PMC
2553:doi
2549:290
2512:PMC
2502:doi
2490:113
2447:doi
2410:PMC
2392:doi
2348:PMC
2340:doi
2154:PMC
2138:doi
2097:PMC
2079:doi
2017:PMC
2009:doi
1970:doi
1918:doi
1879:doi
1833:PMC
1823:doi
1776:doi
1772:374
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