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125:(TOH-R), a puzzle invented in 1883 by the French mathematician Édouard Lucas. There are variations of the puzzle - the classic version consists of three rods and usually seven to nine discs of subsequently smaller size. Planning is a key component of the problem solving skills necessary to achieve the objective, which is to move the entire stack to another rod, obeying the following rules:
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In test, participants with damage to the right anterior, and left or right posterior areas of the frontal lobes showed no impairment. The results implicating the left anterior frontal lobes involvement in solving the TOL were supported in concomitant neuroimaging studies which also showed a reduction
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to the left pre-frontal lobe. For the number of moves, a significant negative correlation was observed for the left prefrontal area, i.e. subjects that took more time planning their moves showed greater activation in the left prefrontal area.
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A specific area within the mid-dorsolateral frontal cortex located in the frontal lobe has been implicated as playing an intrinsic role in both cognitive planning and associated executive traits such as
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Individuals who were born with very low birth weight (VLBW - <1500 grams) and extremely low birth weight (ELBW) are at greater risk of various cognitive deficits including planning ability.
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processes involved in the formulation, evaluation and selection of a sequence of thoughts and actions to achieve a desired goal. Various studies utilizing a combination of
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Each move consists of taking the upper disk from one of the rods and sliding it onto another rod, on top of the other disks that may already be present on that rod.
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Anderson, JR; Albert, MV; Fincham, JM (August 2005). "Tracing problem solving in real time: fMRI analysis of the subject-paced Tower of Hanoi".
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Owen, Adrian M. (November 1997). "Cognitive planning in humans: neuropsychological, neuroanatomical and neuropharmacological perspectives".
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There are a variety of neuropsychological tests which can be used to measure variance of planning ability between the subject and controls.
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Harvey, JM; O'Callaghan, MJ; Mohay, H (May 1999). "Executive function of children with extremely low birthweight: a case control study".
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approaches have suggested there is a positive relationship between impaired planning ability and damage to the
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Aarnoudse-Moens, CS; Weisglas-Kuperus, N; van
Goudoever, JB; Oosterlaan, J (August 2009).
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Cognitive
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Shallice, T. (1982). "Specific impairments of planning".
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psychology software running the Tower of London test
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