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163:, including boots, breeches, a long coat, hat, and gloves modeled after a soldier's canvas gown which went from the neck to the ankle. The garment was impregnated with similar fragrant items as the mask. De Lorme wrote that the mask had a "nose half a foot long, shaped like a beak, filled with perfume with only two holes, one on each side near the nostrils, but that can suffice to breathe and to carry along with the air one breathes the impression of the drugs enclosed further along in the beak." However, recent research has revealed that strong caveats must be applied with regard to De Lorme's assertions.
130:, a noxious form of "bad air". This was thought to be the principal cause of the disease. Doctors believed the herbs would counter the "evil" smells of the plague and prevent them from becoming infected. Though these particular theories about the plague's nature were incorrect, it is likely that the costume actually did afford the wearer some protection. The garments covered the body, shielding against splattered blood, lymph, and cough droplets, and the waxed robe prevented
217:
1708:
1729:
1741:
937:
Charles de Lorme (1584—1678), personal physician to King Louis XIII, was credited with introducing special protective clothing for plague doctors during the epidemic in
Marseilles. It consisted of a beak-like mask supplied with aromatic substance, presumed to act as filter against the odour emanating
151:
as a symbol of general horror and death, though some historians insist that the plague doctor was originally fictional and inspired the real plague doctors later. Depictions of the beaked plague doctor rose in response to superstition and fear about the unknown source of the plague. Often, these
146:
The exact origins of the costume are unclear, as most depictions come from satirical writings and political cartoons. An early reference to plague doctors wearing masks is in 1373 when
Johannes Jacobi recommends their use but he offers no physical description of what these masks looked like. The
955:
In 14th-century Europe, the victims of the "black plague" had bleeding below the skin (subcutaneous hemorrhage) which made darkened ("blackened") their bodies. Black plague can lead to "black death" characterized by gangrene of the fingers, toes, and nose. Black plague is caused by a bacterium
137:
The wide-brimmed leather hat indicated their profession. Doctors used wooden canes in order to point out areas needing attention and to examine patients without touching them. The canes were also used to keep people away and to remove clothing from plague victims.
278:
beginning in 2020, the plague doctor costume grew in popularity due to its relevance to the pandemic, with news reports of plague doctor-costumed individuals in public places and photos of people wearing plague doctor costumes appearing in social media.
73:
The typical mask had glass openings for the eyes and a curved beak shaped like a bird's beak with straps that held the beak in front of the doctor's nose. The mask had two small nose holes and was a type of
63:
250:. The Venetian mask was normally white, consisting of a hollow beak and round eye-holes covered with clear glass, and is one of the distinctive masks worn during the
1264:
1003:
50:
in Europe. It is often seen as a symbol of death and disease. Contrary to popular belief, no evidence suggests that the beak mask costume was worn during the
186:
of Manget's 1721 work. Their robes, leggings, hats, and gloves were also made of
Morocco leather. This costume was also worn by plague doctors during the
70:
The costume consists of a leather hat, mask with glass eyes and a beak, stick to remove clothes of a plague victim, gloves, waxed linen robe, and boots.
380:
208:
references the protective clothing worn by plague doctors, which included leather coats, gauntlets and long beak-like masks filled with fumigants.
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126:. The purpose of the mask was to keep away bad smells, such as the smell of decaying bodies. The smell taken with the most caution was known as
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1558:
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547:
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1695:
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plague doctors were the last thing a patient would see before death; therefore, the doctors were seen as a foreboding of death.
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from the patients, and a loose gown covering the normal clothing. On occasions, a drifting fragrance such as camphor was used.
1087:
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or the Middle Ages. The costume started to appear in the 17th century when physicians studied and treated plague patients.
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The Story of the World
Activity Book Two: The Middle Ages : From the Fall of Rome to the Rise of the Renaissance
981:
896:
1127:
1712:
951:
Beak Doctor: during the Black Plague, a medical man who wore a bird mask to protect himself against infection.
381:"Are surgical masks the new plague masks? A history of the not-always-helpful ways we've reacted to pandemics"
1116:
1781:
1563:, 100.4, 4 April 2007. (A commentary on the issue's cover photograph of The Posy Tree, Mapperton, Dorset.)
1121:
1321:
Renaissance: God in Man, A.D. 1300 to 1500: But Amid Its
Splendors, Night Falls on Medieval Christianity
911:
Iqbal Akhtar Khan (May 2004). "Plague: the dreadful visitation occupying the human mind for centuries".
692:
1761:
1719:
1265:"'Terrifying' plague doctor: U.K. police search for person in full 17th century outfit stalking suburb"
1165:
1146:
175:
159:, Charles de Lorme, who wrote in a 1619 plague outbreak in Paris that he developed an outfit made of
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1171:
1046:
716:
Samuel Cohn's The Black Death
Transformed: Disease and Culture in Early Renaissance Europe, pg 209
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956:(Yersinia pestis) which is transmitted to humans from infected rats by the oriental rat flea..
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1106:('A Treatise on Plague, or A Short, Easy, and Expert Method for the Curing of Plague')
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1696:
Debunking
Popular Misconceptions about Plague Doctor Costumes and How They Were Used
1351:, ed. by Jacalyn Duffin and Arthur Sweetman McGill-Queen's University Press, 2006,
1194:
1058:
1009:
920:
884:
778:
134:(the true carriers of the plague) from touching the body or clinging to the linen.
1464:
Aeolian winds and the spirit in
Renaissance architecture: Academia Eolia revisited
813:
727:
419:
1745:
1651:
160:
16:
Clothing worn by plague doctors that was intended to protect them from infection
1733:
306:
47:
1013:
1755:
879:
Carmichael, A.G. (2009), "Plague, Historical", in
Schaechter, Moselio (ed.),
790:
571:
127:
123:
103:
95:
43:
1227:
999:""Men in Tights: Charles De Lorme (1584–1678) and the First Plague Costume""
998:
297: – Protective suit against chemical, bacteriological, and nuclear risks
78:
which contained aromatic items. The beak could hold dried flowers (commonly
1142:
932:
798:
766:
303: – Type of personal protective equipment worn by medical professionals
300:
1198:
1103:
Tractatus de Peste, Seu Brevis, Facilis et
Experta Methodus Curandi Pestem
294:
267:
51:
1385:
1186:
46:
was intended to protect them from airborne diseases during outbreaks of
38:'). His nose-case is filled with herbal material to keep off the plague.
1661:
What life was like in the age of chivalry: medieval Europe, AD 800-1500
378:
156:
91:
75:
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Traité de la peste recueilli des meilleurs auteurs anciens et modernes
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83:
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291: – Protection from inhaling airborne pollutants and toxic gases
312:
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216:
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115:
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913:
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
99:
1450:
The conquest of plague: a study of the evolution of epidemiology
968:
Vidal, Pierre; Tibayrenc, Myrtille; Gonzalez, Jean-Paul (2007).
1707:
336:
Füssli's image is reproduced and discussed in Robert Fletcher,
224:
mask bearing a picture of a plague doctor, and the inscription
191:
111:
62:
812:
Black, Winston; May 2020, All About History 19 (19 May 2020).
726:
Black, Winston; May 2020, All About History 19 (19 May 2020).
418:
Black, Winston; May 2020, All About History 19 (19 May 2020).
1240:"Coronavirus: Hellesdon plague doctor given advice by police"
119:
131:
79:
35:
31:
1638:
Dangerous garden: the quest for plants to change our lives
1307:
Images of plague and pestilence: iconography and iconology
693:"17th-century Plague Doctors Were the Stuff of Nightmares"
1396:, London: Simkin, Marshall, 1932; repr. Kessinger, 2004,
974:
Encyclopedia of Infectious Diseases: Modern Methodologies
495:
Infectious Diseases Society of America, Volume 11, p. 819
155:
The garments were first mentioned by a physician to King
1075:
1004:
European Journal for the History of Medicine and Health
309: – Particulate respirator meeting the N95 standard
1051:
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences
967:
379:
Andrew Whalen On 3/19/20 at 1:31 PM EDT (2020-03-19).
342:(Baltimore: The Lord Baltimore Press, 1898), p. 16–17.
315: – Type of military personal protective equipment
30:, of a plague doctor of Marseilles (introduced as 'Dr
1717:
814:"Plague doctors: Separating medical myths from facts"
728:"Plague doctors: Separating medical myths from facts"
650:
JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association
420:"Plague doctors: Separating medical myths from facts"
190:, which killed 145,000 people in Rome and 300,000 in
1653:
The Mirror of literature, amusement, and instruction
853:
657:
1568:
Alcamo's Fundamentals of Microbiology: Body Systems
1431:, Volume 8; Volume 24, Grolier Incorporated, 1998,
521:
1335:Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues
178:, describes the costume worn by plague doctors at
147:beaked plague doctor inspired costumes in Italian
1372:, W. B. Saunders 1963 (Philadelphia and London),
910:
1753:
1552:History of life insurance in its formative years
1415:The Nose: A Profile of Sex, Beauty, and Survival
1347:Carmichael, Ann G., "SARS and Plagues Past", in
1038:
613:Center for Advanced Study in Theatre Arts, p. 83
66:Plague doctor outfit from Germany (17th century)
1410:, W.B. Saunders Co., 1968, OCLC Number: 7085173
246:('The Plague Doctor'), who wears a distinctive
1459:, Volume 11, University of Chicago Press, 1989
352:
350:
348:
339:A tragedy of the Great Plague of Milan in 1630
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725:
417:
241:
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1445:, Philosophical Research Society, Inc., 1949
1361:Center for Advanced Study in Theatre Arts,
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961:
836:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
750:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
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442:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
403:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
345:
228:('The Plague Doctor') beneath the right eye
195:
1492:The Black Death: A Chronicle of the Plague
883:(3rd ed.), Elsevier, pp. 58–72,
878:
266:Posing with variations on plague masks in
1560:QJM: An International Journal of Medicine
1221:
1086:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBoeckl2000 (
970:"Chapter 40: Infectious disease and arts"
864:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBoeckl2000 (
1455:Infectious Diseases Society of America,
1349:SARS in Context: Memory, history, policy
1044:
668:sfn error: no target: CITEREFByrne2008 (
576:Western Medicine: An Illustrated History
532:sfn error: no target: CITEREFByrne2006 (
450:
261:
215:
61:
18:
1584:, Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2010,
1570:, Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2009,
1141:
270:during the April 2020 pandemic shutdown
1754:
1184:
1081:
1006:(Published Online Ahead of Print 2023)
996:
976:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 680.
859:
764:
647:Association, American Medical (1900).
624:"Imagery From the History of Medicine"
590:"A Look Behind the Plague Doctor Mask"
565:
232:The costume is also associated with a
1582:Alcamo's Fundamentals of Microbiology
1554:, American Conservation Company, 1936
1390:Ellis, Oliver Coligny de Champfleur,
1115:
663:
640:
527:
1480:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005,
182:in 1636–1637. The costume forms the
1596:On doctorng: stories, poems, essays
1494:, J. & J. Harper Edition 1969,
1323:, Christian History Project, 2010,
13:
1668:Spice: The History of a Temptation
1178:
1135:
1109:
14:
1798:
1689:
1309:, Truman State Univ Press, 2000,
765:Mussap, Christian J. (May 2019).
587:
358:Pommerville (Body Systems), p. 15
1739:
1727:
1706:
1128:Dictionary of National Biography
889:10.1016/B978-012373944-5.00311-4
1701:Doctor Schnabel's Plague Museum
1684:, Oxford University Press, 1955
1538:A traveller's history of Venice
1257:
1232:
1212:
1147:"Nial O'Glacan (c.1590 - 1655)"
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653:. American Medical Association.
616:
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581:
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465:*Time-Life Books, pp. 140, 158
1610:Wine: a scientific exploration
1598:, Simon & Schuster, 2001,
1466:, Taylor & Francis, 2006,
1457:Reviews of Infectious Diseases
1417:, Simon & Schuster, 2003,
1284:
1185:Murphy, David (October 2009).
1151:Dictionary of Ulster Biography
972:. In Tibayrenc, Michel (ed.).
512:
503:
459:
411:
372:
330:
57:
1:
1656:, Volume 37, J. Limbird, 1841
1640:, frances lincoln ltd, 2004,
1191:Dictionary of Irish Biography
925:10.1016/S0035-9203(03)00059-2
767:"The Plague Doctor of Venice"
319:
204:in May 1629, Irish physician
24:
1557:Paton, Alex, "Cover image",
1518:online as PDF, 28Mb download
1478:Culture and customs of Italy
1408:Goodnow's history of nursing
1370:Goodnow's History of Nursing
881:Encyclopedia of Microbiology
324:
7:
1393:A History of Fire and Flame
1187:"O'Glacan (Ó Glacan), Nial"
1131:. Vol. 42. p. 33.
997:Mattie, Herbert J. (2023).
282:
257:
211:
10:
1803:
1429:The Encyclopedia Americana
1295:, Peace Hill Press, 2003,
141:
1767:Medieval European costume
1626:, Wiley-Blackwell, 2006,
1540:, Interlink Books, 2006,
1365:, Volume 14, CASTA, 2002,
1014:10.1163/26667711-bja10033
953:Black plague definition:
771:Internal Medicine Journal
176:Great Plague of Marseille
1452:, Clarendon Press, 1953,
949:Time-Life Books, p. 158
1476:Killinger, Charles L.,
1448:Hirst, Leonard Fabian,
1363:Western European stages
1333:Byrne, Joseph Patrick,
578:(Oxford, 2001), p. 189.
174:written just after the
166:The Genevan physician,
23:Paul Fürst, engraving,
1670:, Random House, 2005,
1594:Reynolds, Richard C.,
1580:Pommerville, Jeffrey,
1566:Pommerville, Jeffrey,
1512:Manget, Jean-Jacques,
1427:Grolier Incorporated,
1305:Boeckl, Christine M.,
1122:"O'Glacan, Nial"
1102:
1045:G. L. T. (July 1965).
271:
242:
234:
229:
196:
172:Treatise on the Plague
67:
39:
1715:at Wikimedia Commons
1682:The story of medicine
1199:10.3318/dib.006763.v1
548:"Plagues of the Past"
265:
243:Il Medico della Peste
226:Il Medico della Peste
219:
188:Naples Plague of 1656
161:Moroccan goat leather
65:
42:The clothing worn by
22:
1624:The power of plagues
1550:O'Donnell, Terence,
1526:, Book Sales, 2009,
1441:Hall, Manly Palmer,
1170:: CS1 maint: year (
248:plague doctor's mask
157:Louis XIII of France
1782:1630s introductions
1622:Sherman, Irwin W.,
1612:, CRC Press, 2003,
1413:Glaser, Gabrielle,
1047:"The Plague Doctor"
552:Science in the News
170:, in his 1721 work
168:Jean-Jacques Manget
102:sponge, as well as
86:), herbs (commonly
1636:Stuart, David C.,
1368:Dolan, Josephine,
1337:, ABC-CLIO, 2008,
272:
252:Carnival of Venice
236:commedia dell'arte
230:
197:Tractatus de Peste
68:
40:
1762:Medical equipment
1711:Media related to
1680:Walker, Kenneth,
1659:Time-Life Books,
1608:Sandler, Merton,
1406:Goodnow, Minnie,
1166:cite encyclopedia
1084:, p. 15, 27.
783:10.1111/imj.14285
682:Pommerville, p. 9
509:O'Donnell, p. 135
367:Glaser, pp. 33-34
276:COVID-19 pandemic
240:character called
222:Venetian carnival
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1145:(March 2021).
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588:Smith, Kiona.
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194:. In his work
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295:Hazmat suit
274:During the
268:New Orleans
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