1729:. A massive plate is advantageous. Since the strings vibrate from the plate at both ends, an insufficiently massive plate would absorb too much of the vibrational energy that should go through the bridge to the soundboard. While some manufacturers use cast steel in their plates, most prefer cast iron. Cast iron is easy to cast and machine, has flexibility sufficient for piano use, is much more resistant to deformation than steel, and is especially tolerant of compression. Plate casting is an art, since dimensions are crucial and the iron shrinks about one percent during cooling. Including an extremely large piece of metal in a piano is potentially an aesthetic handicap. Piano makers overcome this by polishing, painting, and decorating the plate. Plates often include the manufacturer's ornamental medallion.
1642:. Some electronic feature-equipped pianos such as the Yamaha Disklavier electronic player piano, introduced in 1987, are outfitted with electronic sensors for recording and electromechanical solenoids for player piano-style playback. Sensors record the movements of the keys, hammers, and pedals during a performance, and the system saves the performance data as a Standard MIDI File (SMF). On playback, the solenoids move the keys and pedals and thus reproduce the original performance. Modern Disklaviers typically include an array of electronic features, such as a built-in tone generator for playing back MIDI accompaniment tracks, speakers, MIDI connectivity that supports communication with computing devices and external MIDI instruments, additional ports for audio and
2186:). The hammer roller then lifts the lever carrying the hammer. The key also raises the damper; and immediately after the hammer strikes the wire it falls back, allowing the wire to resonate and thus produce sound. When the key is released the damper falls back onto the strings, stopping the wire from vibrating, and thus stopping the sound. The vibrating piano strings themselves are not very loud, but their vibrations are transmitted to a large soundboard that moves air and thus converts the energy to sound. The irregular shape and off-center placement of the bridge ensure that the soundboard vibrates strongly at all frequencies. The raised damper allows the note to sound until the key (or sustain pedal) is released.
1711:), which must endure years of extreme tension and hard blows, are made of high carbon steel. They are manufactured to vary as little as possible in diameter, since all deviations from uniformity introduce tonal distortion. The bass strings of a piano are made of a steel core wrapped with copper wire, to increase their mass whilst retaining flexibility. If all strings throughout the piano's compass were individual (monochord), the massive bass strings would overpower the upper ranges. Makers compensate for this with the use of double (bichord) strings in the tenor and triple (trichord) strings throughout the treble.
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tremolo feel by bouncing a set of small beads dangling against the strings, enabling the piano to mimic a mandolin, guitar, banjo, zither and harp, thus the name
Orchestral. The Mandolin pedal used a similar approach, lowering a set of felt strips with metal rings in between the hammers and the strings (aka rinky-tink effect). This extended the life of the hammers when the Orch pedal was used, a good idea for practicing, and created an echo-like sound that mimicked playing in an orchestral hall.
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2151:. There are two types of pedal piano. On one, the pedal board is an integral part of the instrument, using the same strings and mechanism as the manual keyboard. The other, rarer type, consists of two independent pianos (each with separate mechanics and strings) placed one above the otherâone for the hands and one for the feet. This was developed primarily as a practice instrument for organists, though there is a small repertoire written specifically for the instrument.
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pitch. The hammers of pianos are voiced to compensate for gradual hardening of the felt, and other parts also need periodic regulation. Pianos need regular maintenance to ensure the felt hammers and key mechanisms are functioning properly. Aged and worn pianos can be rebuilt or reconditioned by piano rebuilders. Strings eventually must be replaced. Often, by replacing a great number of their parts, and adjusting them, old instruments can perform as well as new pianos.
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1936:(19 February 1863 â 20 October 1931). The lower keyboard has the usual 88 keys, whilst the upper keyboard has 76 keys. When the upper keyboard is played, an internal mechanism pulls down the corresponding key on the lower keyboard, but an octave higher. This lets a pianist reach two octaves with one hand, impossible on a conventional piano. Due to its double keyboard, musical works that were originally created for double-manual harpsichord, such as the
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1649:(I/O), and Internet connectivity. Disklaviers have been manufactured in the form of upright, baby grand, and grand piano styles (including a nine-foot concert grand). Reproducing systems have ranged from relatively simple, playback-only models to professional models that can record performance data at resolutions that exceed the limits of normal MIDI data. The unit mounted under the keyboard of the piano can play MIDI or audio software on its CD.
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1165:, the frame and strings are horizontal, with the strings extending away from the keyboard. The action lies beneath the strings and uses gravity as its means of return to a state of rest. Grand pianos range in length from approximately 1.5â3 m (4 ft 11 in â 9 ft 10 in). Some of the lengths have been given more-or-less customary names, which vary from time to time and place to place, but might include:
1623:
1369:, present in some contemporary art music from the 20th and 21st century is a piano which has objects placed inside it to alter its sound, or has had its mechanism changed in some other way. The scores for music for prepared piano specify the modifications, for example, instructing the pianist to insert pieces of rubber, paper, metal screws, or washers in between the strings. These objects mute the strings or alter their timbre.
1239:, and upright models became the most popular model for domestic use. Upright pianos took less space than a grand piano, and as such they were a better size for use in private homes for domestic music-making and practice. The hammers move horizontally, and return to their resting position via springs, which are susceptible to degradation. Upright pianos with unusually tall frames and long strings were sometimes marketed as
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harpsichord produces a sufficiently loud sound, especially when a coupler joins each key to both manuals of a two-manual harpsichord, but it offers no dynamic or expressive control over individual notes. The piano in some sense offers the best of both of the older instruments, combining the ability to play at least as loudly as a harpsichord with the ability to continuously vary dynamics by touch.
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1691:, the Austrian manufacturer of high-quality pianos, constructs their inner rims from solid spruce, the same wood that the soundboard is made from, which is notched to allow it to bend; rather than isolating the rim from vibration, their "resonance case principle" allows the framework to resonate more freely with the soundboard, creating additional coloration and complexity of the overall sound.
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639:, which lifts all the dampers from the strings simultaneously. This innovation allows the pianist to sustain the notes that they have depressed even after their fingers are no longer pressing down the keys. As such, by holding a chord with the sustain pedal, pianists can relocate their hands to a different register of the keyboard in preparation for a subsequent section.
1946:, become much easier to play, since playing on a conventional single keyboard piano involves complex and hand-tangling cross-hand movements. The design also features a special fourth pedal that couples the lower and upper keyboard, so when playing on the lower keyboard the note one octave higher also plays. Only about 60 EmĂĄnuel MoĂłr Pianofortes were made, mostly by
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contributed to this evolution and to the growth of distinct approaches or schools of piano playing. Although technique is often viewed as only the physical execution of a musical idea, many pedagogues and performers stress the interrelatedness of the physical and mental or emotional aspects of piano playing. Well-known approaches to piano technique include those by
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2010:(from left to right, respectively), while in Europe, the standard is two pedals: the soft pedal and the sustain pedal. Most modern upright pianos also have three pedals: soft pedal, practice pedal and sustain pedal, though older or cheaper models may lack the practice pedal. In Europe the standard for upright pianos is two pedals: the soft and the sustain pedals.
1678:, and its massiveness serves as an essentially immobile object from which the flexible soundboard can best vibrate. According to Harold A. Conklin, the purpose of a sturdy rim is so that, "... the vibrational energy will stay as much as possible in the soundboard instead of dissipating uselessly in the case parts, which are inefficient radiators of sound."
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1019:, which uses an additional fourth string in the upper two treble sections. While the hitchpins of these separately suspended Aliquot strings are raised slightly above the level of the usual tri-choir strings, they are not struck by the hammers but rather are damped by attachments of the usual dampers. Eager to copy these effects, Theodore Steinway invented
556:, as the Keeper of the Instruments. Cristofori was an expert harpsichord maker, and was well acquainted with the body of knowledge on stringed keyboard instruments. This knowledge of keyboard mechanisms and actions helped him to develop the first pianos. It is not known exactly when Cristofori first built a piano. An inventory made by his employers, the
1775:, for some parts of its Permafree grand action in place of cloth bushings, but abandoned the experiment in 1982 due to excessive friction and a "clicking" that developed over time; Teflon is "humidity stable" whereas the wood adjacent to the Teflon swells and shrinks with humidity changes, causing problems. More recently, the
831:, to design a piano in the harpsichord caseâthe origin of the "grand". This was achieved by about 1777. They quickly gained a reputation for the splendour and powerful tone of their instruments, with Broadwood constructing pianos that were progressively larger, louder, and more robustly constructed. They sent pianos to both
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level creates an imbalance among all the instrument's intervallic relationships. In a concert grand, however, the octave "stretch" retains harmonic balance, even when aligning treble notes to a harmonic produced from three octaves below. This lets close and widespread octaves sound pure, and produces virtually beatless
2503:, which has the ratio 3:2) to satisfy another mathematical property; in equal temperament, a fifth is tempered by narrowing it slightly, achieved by flattening its upper pitch slightly, or raising its lower pitch slightly. A temperament system is also known as a set of "bearings". Tempering an interval causes it to
2406:. If two wires adjusted to the same pitch are struck at the same time, the sound produced by one reinforces the other, and a louder combined sound of shorter duration is produced. If one wire vibrates out of synchronization with the other, they subtract from each other and produce a softer tone of longer duration.
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under different conditions (e.g., there are samples of each note being struck softly, loudly, with a sharp attack, etc.). Additional samples emulate sympathetic resonance of the strings when the sustain pedal is depressed, key release, the drop of the dampers, and simulations of techniques such as re-pedalling.
1215:. This gives the concert grand a brilliant, singing and sustaining tone qualityâone of the principal reasons that full-size grands are used in the concert hall. Smaller grands satisfy the space and cost needs of domestic use; as well, they are used in some small teaching studios and smaller performance venues.
2945:, and many other Western musical genres. Pianos are used in soloing or melodic roles and as accompaniment instruments. As well, pianos can be played alone, with a voice or other instrument, in small groups (bands and chamber music ensembles) and large ensembles (big band or orchestra). A large number of
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in piano. Piano technique evolved during the transition from harpsichord and clavichord to fortepiano playing, and continued through the development of the modern piano. Changes in musical styles and audience preferences over the 19th and 20th century, as well as the emergence of virtuoso performers,
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The sustain pedal (or, damper pedal) is often simply called "the pedal", since it is the most frequently used. It is the rightmost pedal in the group. It lifts the dampers from all strings, sustaining played notes. In addition, it broadens the overall tone by allowing all strings, including those not
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The design of the piano hammers requires having the hammer felt be soft enough so that it will not create loud, very high harmonics that a hard hammer will cause. The hammer must be lightweight enough to move swiftly when a key is pressed; yet at the same time, it must be strong enough so that it can
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Starting in
Beethoven's later career, the fortepiano evolved into an instrument more like the modern piano of the 2000s. Modern pianos were in wide use by the late 19th century. They featured an octave range larger than the earlier fortepiano instrument, adding around 30 more keys to the instrument,
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There are also non-standard variants. On some pianos (grands and verticals), the middle pedal can be a bass sustain pedal: that is, when it is depressed, the dampers lift off the strings only in the bass section. Players use this pedal to sustain a single bass note or chord over many measures, while
2069:, or 'one string'. The effect is to soften the note as well as change the tone. In uprights this action is not possible; instead the pedal moves the hammers closer to the strings, allowing the hammers to strike with less kinetic energy. This produces a slightly softer sound, but no change in timbre.
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upright was manufactured from the mid-1930s until recent times. The low position of the hammers required the use of a "drop action" to preserve a reasonable keyboard height. Modern upright and grand pianos attained their present, 2000-era forms by the end of the 19th century. While improvements have
1075:" were arranged in a somewhat similar fashion, using evocatively shaped cases. The very tall cabinet piano was introduced about 1805 and was built through the 1840s. It had strings arranged vertically on a continuous frame with bridges extended nearly to the floor, behind the keyboard and very large
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one of his early instruments in the 1730s, but Bach did not like the instrument at that time, saying that the higher notes were too soft to allow a full dynamic range. Although this earned him some animosity from
Silbermann, the criticism was apparently heeded. Bach did approve of a later instrument
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were well developed. In a clavichord, the strings are struck by tangents, while in a harpsichord, they are mechanically plucked by quills when the performer depresses the key. Centuries of work on the mechanism of the harpsichord in particular had shown instrument builders the most effective ways to
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Pianos are heavy and powerful, yet delicate instruments. Over the years, professional piano movers have developed special techniques for transporting both grands and uprights, which prevent damage to the case and to the piano's mechanical elements. Pianos need regular tuning to keep them on correct
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of strings is strongest among notes that are harmonically related to the sounded pitches, i.e., a played 440 Hz "A" note would evoke the higher octave "A" notes, but since piano strings vibrate with a great complexity of overtones, the harmonic and inharmonic interaction is among all notes is
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in the United States. Square pianos were built in great numbers through the 1840s in Europe and the 1890s in the United States, and saw the most visible change of any type of piano: the iron-framed, over-strung squares manufactured by
Steinway & Sons were more than two-and-a-half times the size
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in 1893. These systems were used to strengthen the tone of the highest register of notes on the piano, which up until this time were viewed as being too weak-sounding. Each used more distinctly ringing, undamped vibrations of sympathetically vibrating strings to add to the tone, except the BlĂŒthner
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Several important advances included changes to the way the piano was strung. The use of a "choir" of three strings, rather than two for all but the lowest notes, enhanced the richness and complexity of the treble. The use of a Capo dâAstro bar instead of agraffes in the uppermost treble allowed the
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pedal. This pedal keeps raised any damper already raised at the moment the pedal is depressed. This makes it possible to sustain selected notes (by depressing the sostenuto pedal before those notes are released) while the player's hands are free to play additional notes (which don't sustain). This
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while offering strength sufficient to withstand the downward force of the strings. The best piano makers use quarter-sawn, defect-free spruce of close annular grain, carefully seasoning it over a long period before fabricating the soundboards. This is the identical material that is used in quality
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The thick wooden posts on the underside (grands) or back (uprights) of the piano stabilize the rim structure, and are made of softwood for stability. The requirement of structural strength, fulfilled by stout hardwood and thick metal, makes a piano heavy. Even a small upright can weigh 136 kg
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of the other strings (such as when the sustain pedal is depressed) and full pedal sets can now be replicated. The processing power of digital pianos has enabled highly realistic pianos using multi-gigabyte piano sample sets with as many as ninety recordings, each lasting many seconds, for each key
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or tuned to a lower octave's corresponding sharp overtone rather than to a theoretically correct octave. If octaves are not stretched, single octaves sound in tune, but doubleâand notably tripleâoctaves are unacceptably narrow. Stretching a small piano's octaves to match its inherent inharmonicity
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relative to whole multiples of the fundamental frequency. This results from the piano's considerable string stiffness; as a struck string decays its harmonics vibrate, not from their termination, but from a point very slightly toward the center (or more flexible part) of the string. The higher the
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firm who patented the first full iron frame for grand pianos in 1843. Composite forged metal frames were preferred by many
European makers until the American system was fully adopted by the early 20th century. The increased structural integrity of the iron frame allowed the use of thicker, tenser,
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the sound and stop the string from vibrating and making sound. This means that after striking the string, the hammer must quickly fall from (or rebound from) the strings. Moreover, the hammer must return to its rest position without bouncing violently (thus preventing notes from being re-played by
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has nine extra keys at the bass end, giving a total of 97 keys and an eight octave range. These extra keys are sometimes hidden under a small hinged lid that can cover the keys to prevent visual disorientation for pianists unfamiliar with the extra keys, or the colours of the extra white keys are
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height, allowed greater length to the bass strings and optimized the transition from unwound tenor strings to the iron or copper-wound bass strings. Over-stringing was invented by Pape during the 1820s, and first patented for use in grand pianos in the United States by Henry
Steinway Jr. in 1859.
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during the 19th century, providing entertainment through a piano soloist, or in combination with a small dance band. Just as harpsichordists had accompanied singers or dancers performing on stage, or playing for dances, pianists took up this role in the late 1700s and in the following centuries.
2507:, which is a fluctuation in perceived sound intensity due to interference between close (but unequal) pitches. The rate of beating is equal to the frequency differences of any harmonics that are present for both pitches and that coincide or nearly coincide. Piano tuners have to use their ear to "
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Introduced to Burma during the mid-19th century, the piano was quickly indigenized by court musicians and uses a novel "technique of interlocked fingering with both hands extending a single melodic line allowed for agogic embellishment, fleeting grace notes in syncopated spirals around a steady
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Wing and Son of New York offered a five-pedal piano from approximately 1893 through the 1920s. There is no mention of the company past the 1930s. Labeled left to right, the pedals are
Mandolin, Orchestra, Expression, Soft, and Forte (Sustain). The Orchestral pedal produced a sound similar to a
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Pianos can have over 12,000 individual parts, supporting six functional features: keyboard, hammers, dampers, bridge, soundboard, and strings. Many parts of a piano are made of materials selected for strength and longevity. This is especially true of the outer rim. It is most commonly made of
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in comparison to the clavichordâthe only previous keyboard instrument capable of dynamic nuance responding to the player's touch, the velocity with which the keys are pressed. While the clavichord allows expressive control of volume and sustain, it is relatively quiet even at its loudest. The
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pedal is placed leftmost in the row of pedals. In grand pianos it shifts the entire action/keyboard assembly to the right (a very few instruments have shifted left) so that the hammers hit two of the three strings for each note. In the earliest pianos whose unisons were bichords rather than
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The extra keys are added primarily for increased resonance from the associated strings; that is, they vibrate sympathetically with other strings whenever the damper pedal is depressed and thus give a fuller tone. Only a very small number of works composed for piano actually use these notes.
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In the period from about 1790 to 1860, the Mozart-era piano underwent tremendous changes that led to the modern structure of the instrument. This revolution was in response to a preference by composers and pianists for a more powerful, sustained piano sound, and made possible by the ongoing
1661:(1) frame (2) lid, front part (3) capo bar (4) damper (5) lid, back part (6) damper mechanism (7) sostenuto rail (8) pedal mechanism, rods (9, 10, 11) pedals: right (sustain/damper), middle (sostenuto), left (soft/una-corda) (12) bridge (13) hitch pin (14) frame (15) sound board (16) string
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357:. The grand piano offers better sound and more precise key control, making it the preferred choice when space and budget allow. The grand piano is also considered a necessity in venues hosting skilled pianists. The upright piano is more commonly used due to its smaller size and lower cost.
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A vibrating wire subdivides itself into many parts vibrating at the same time. Each part produces a pitch of its own, called a partial. A vibrating string has one fundamental and a series of partials. The purest combination of two pitches is when one is double the frequency of the other.
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pianos, but that label is misleading. Some authors classify modern pianos according to their height and to modifications of the action that are necessary to accommodate the height. Upright pianos are generally less expensive than grand pianos. Upright pianos are widely used in churches,
882:, the double escapement action gradually became standard in grand pianos, and is still incorporated into all grand pianos currently produced in the 2000s. Other improvements of the mechanism included the use of firm felt hammer coverings instead of layered leather or cotton. Felt, which
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Console pianos, which have a compact action (shorter hammers than a large upright has), but because the console's action is above the keys rather than below them as in a spinet, a console almost always plays better than a spinet does. Console pianos are a few inches shorter than studio
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of Zumpe's wood-framed instruments from a century before. Their overwhelming popularity was due to inexpensive construction and price, although their tone and performance were limited by narrow soundboards, simple actions and string spacing that made proper hammer alignment difficult.
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he saw in 1747, and even served as an agent in selling
Silbermann's pianos. "Instrument: piano et forte genandt"âa reference to the instrument's ability to play soft and loudâwas an expression that Bach used to help sell the instrument when he was acting as Silbermann's agent in 1749.
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is an instrument patented by the
Brasted brothers of the Eavestaff Ltd. piano company in 1934. This instrument has a braceless back and a soundboard positioned below the keysâlong metal rods pull on the levers to make the hammers strike the strings. The first model, known as the
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at the base, designed to be played by the feet. The pedals may play the existing bass strings on the piano, or rarely, the pedals may have their own set of bass strings and hammer mechanisms. While the typical intended use for pedal pianos is to enable a keyboardist to practice
1023:, which used short lengths of non-speaking wire bridged by the "aliquot" throughout much of the upper range of the piano, always in locations that caused them to vibrate sympathetically in conformity with their respective overtonesâtypically in doubled octaves and twelfths.
2511:" the tuning of a piano to make it sound in tune. This involves tuning the highest-pitched strings slightly higher and the lowest-pitched strings slightly lower than what a mathematical frequency table (in which octaves are derived by doubling the frequency) would suggest.
670:. Viennese-style pianos were built with wood frames, two strings per note, and leather-covered hammers. Some of these Viennese pianos had the opposite coloring of modern-day pianos; the natural keys were black and the accidental keys white. It was for such instruments that
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contains a wealth of information. Main article: Edwin M. Ripin, Stewart
Pollens, Philip R. Belt, Maribel Meisel, Alfons Huber, Michael Cole, Gert Hecher, Beryl Kenyon de Pascual, Cynthia Adams Hoover, Cyril Ehrlich, Edwin M. Good, Robert Winter, and J. Bradford Robinson.
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1610:), similar in concept to a pianola. The MIDI file records the physics of a note rather than its resulting sound and recreates the sounds from its physical properties (e.g., which note was struck and with what velocity). Computer based software, such as Modartt's 2006
1853:. However, since ivory-yielding species are now endangered and protected by treaty, or are illegal in some countries, makers use plastics almost exclusively. Also, ivory tends to chip more easily than plastic. Legal ivory can still be obtained in limited quantities.
2454:. Fine piano tuning carefully assesses the interaction among all notes of the chromatic scale, different for every piano, and thus requires slightly different pitches from any theoretical standard. Pianos are usually tuned to a modified version of the system called
627:, wrote an enthusiastic article about it in 1711, including a diagram of the mechanism, that was translated into German and widely distributed. Most of the next generation of piano builders started their work based on reading this article. One of these builders was
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the acoustic energy to the air. When the key is released, a damper stops the string's vibration, ending the sound. Most notes have three strings, except for the bass, which graduates from one to two. Notes can be sustained when the keys are released by the use of
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piano, there is a fourth pedal to the left of the principal three. This fourth pedal works in the same way as the soft pedal of an upright piano, moving the hammers closer to the strings. The Crown and Schubert Piano Company also produced a four-pedal piano.
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2359:. Timbre is largely determined by the content of these harmonics. Different instruments have different harmonic content for the same pitch. A real string vibrates at harmonics that are not perfect multiples of the fundamental. This results in a little
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1783:, and the piano parts manufacturer Wessell, Nickel and Gross has launched a new line of carefully engineered composite parts. Thus far these parts have performed reasonably, but it will take decades to know if they equal the longevity of wood.
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that disengages the keyboard from the mechanism, so the player can move the keyboard to the left or right with a lever. This shifts the entire piano action so the pianist can play music written in one key so that it sounds in a different key.
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The pinblock, which holds the tuning pins in place, is another area where toughness is important. It is made of hardwood (typically hard maple or beech), and is laminated for strength, stability and longevity. Piano strings (also called
878:) that permitted repeating a note even if the key had not yet risen to its maximum vertical position. This facilitated rapid playing of repeated notes, a musical device exploited by Liszt. When the invention became public, as revised by
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firm of Martin Miller, and a period of innovation and intense competition ensued, with rival brands of piano wire being tested against one another at international competitions, leading ultimately to the modern form of piano wire.
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partial, the further sharp it runs. Pianos with shorter and thicker string (i.e., small pianos with short string scales) have more inharmonicity. The greater the inharmonicity, the more the ear perceives it as harshness of tone.
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and rehearsals. Despite its weight and cost, the piano's versatility, extensive training of musicians, and widespread availability in venues, schools, and rehearsal spaces have made it a familiar instrument in the Western world.
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Pianos have had pedals, or some close equivalent, since the earliest days. (In the 18th century, some pianos used levers pressed upward by the player's knee instead of pedals.) Most grand pianos in the US have three pedals: the
1763:; however, since World War II, makers have also incorporated plastics. Early plastics used in some pianos in the late 1940s and 1950s, proved disastrous when they lost strength after a few decades of use. Beginning in 1961, the
1614:, can be used to manipulate the MIDI stream in real time or subsequently to edit it. This type of software may use no samples but synthesize a sound based on aspects of the physics that went into the creation of a played note.
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in 1880 to reduce manufacturing time and costs. Previously, the rim was constructed from several pieces of solid wood, joined and veneered, and European makers used this method well into the 20th century. A modern exception,
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2549:, in Classical and jazz, there are well-established piano teaching systems and institutions, including pre-college graded examinations, university, college and music conservatory diplomas and degrees, ranging from the
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Cristofori's great success was designing a stringed keyboard instrument in which the notes are struck by a hammer. The hammer must strike the string, but not remain in contact with it, because continued contact would
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accidental rebound), and it must return to a position in which it is ready to play again almost immediately after its key is depressed, so the player can repeat the same note rapidly when desired. Cristofori's piano
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Upright pianos, also called vertical pianos, are more compact due to the vertical structure of the frame and strings. The mechanical action structure of the upright piano was invented in London, England in 1826 by
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Model 'A'. From lower left to upper right: main sounding length of strings, treble bridge, duplex string length, duplex bar (nickel-plated bar parallel to bridge), hitchpins, plate strut with bearing bolt, plate
2485:. Two different intervals are perceived as the same when the pairs of pitches involved share the same frequency ratio. The easiest intervals to identify, and the easiest intervals to tune, are those that are
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which extended the deep bass range and the high treble range. Factory mass production of upright pianos made them more affordable for a larger number of middle-class people. They appeared in music halls and
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Hardwood rims are commonly made by laminating thin, hence flexible, strips of hardwood, bending them to the desired shape immediately after the application of glue. The bent plywood system was developed by
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Anything taller than a studio piano is called an upright. (Technically, any piano with a vertically oriented soundboard could be called an upright, but that word is often reserved for the full-size models.)
951:, combining the metal hitch pin plate (1821, claimed by Broadwood on behalf of Samuel HervĂ©) and resisting bars (Thom and Allen, 1820, but also claimed by Broadwood and Ărard). Babcock later worked for the
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1566:, etc.), and MIDI interfaces. MIDI inputs and outputs connect a digital piano to other electronic instruments or musical devices. For example, a digital piano's MIDI out signal could be connected by a
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for the theoretical piano tuning). In all systems of tuning, each pitch is derived from its relationship to a chosen fixed pitch, usually the internationally recognized standard concert pitch of A
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in elementary and secondary schools, and universities and colleges. Most music classrooms and many practice rooms have a piano. Pianos are used to help teach music theory, music history and
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in 1801. This rare instrument has a lever under the keyboard to move the keyboard relative to the strings, so a pianist can play in a familiar key while the music sounds in a different key.
619:, 1781. Earliest French grand piano known to survive; includes an inverted wrestplank and action derived from the work of Bartolomeo Cristofori (ca. 1700) with ornately decorated soundboard.
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In the 2000s, some pianos include an acoustic grand piano or upright piano combined with MIDI electronic features. Such a piano can be played acoustically, or the keyboard can be used as a
1317:. A machine perforates a performance recording into rolls of paper, and the player piano replays the performance using pneumatic devices. Modern equivalents of the player piano include the
2081:, in which a bass note is sustained while a series of chords changes over top of it, and other otherwise tricky parts. On many upright pianos, the middle pedal is called the "practice" or
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been made in manufacturing processes, and many individual details of the instrument continue to receive attention, and a small number of acoustic pianos in the 2010s are produced with
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makers similarly followed these trends; however the two schools used different piano actions: Broadwoods used a more robust action, whereas Viennese instruments were more sensitive.
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at the base of the instrument, which lift the dampers off the strings. The sustain pedal allows pianists to connect and overlay sound, and achieve expressive and colorful sonority.
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have been used since antiquity, and as such, the development of pipe organs enabled instrument builders to learn about creating keyboard mechanisms for sounding pitches. The first
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model barely rises above the keyboard. Unlike all other pianos, the spinet action is located below the keys, operated by vertical wires that are attached to the backs of the keys.
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manufactures grands and uprights with only 44 or 49 keys and a shorter distance between the keyboard and the pedals. These are true pianos with working mechanisms and strings.
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The minipiano 'Pianette' model viewed with its original matching stool: the wooden flap at the front of the instrument has been dropped revealing the tuning pins at the front.
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is an acoustic piano having an option to silence the strings by means of an interposing hammer bar. They are designed for private silent practice, to avoid disturbing others.
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during the 1940s. Aluminum piano plates were not widely accepted, and were discontinued. Prior to this a piano made almost entirely of aluminum was placed aboard the airship
404:, and a richer tone. Later in the century, as the piano became more common, it allowed families to listen to a newly published musical piece by having a family member play a
1035:(not truly square, but rectangular) was cross strung at an extremely acute angle above the hammers, with the keyboard set along the long side. This design is attributed to
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to avoid disturbing others. Digital pianos can include sustain pedals, weighted or semi-weighted keys, multiple voice options (e.g., sampled or synthesized imitations of
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When the key is struck, a chain reaction occurs to produce the sound. First, the key raises the "wippen" mechanism, which forces the jack against the hammer roller (or
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Studio pianos are around 107 to 114 cm (42â45 in) tall. This is the shortest cabinet that can accommodate a full-sized action located above the keyboard.
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3277:"The Piano: The Pianofortes of Bartolomeo Cristofori (1655â1731) | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art"
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Gives the basics of how pianos work, and a thorough evaluative survey of current pianos and their manufacturers. It also includes advice on buying and owning pianos.
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pedal. This drops a piece of felt between the hammers and strings, greatly muting the sounds. This pedal can be shifted while depressed, into a "locking" position.
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are proficient pianists because the piano keyboard offers an effective means of experimenting with complex melodic and harmonic interplay of chords and trying out
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was the first keyboard instrument to allow gradations of volume and tone according to how forcefully or softly the player presses or strikes the keys, unlike the
512:(pressure on the keys): the greater the pressure, the greater the force of the hammer hitting the strings, and the louder the sound produced and the stronger the
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family, indicates the existence of a piano by the year 1700. The three Cristofori pianos that survive today date from the 1720s. Cristofori named the instrument
1116:
Modern pianos have two basic configurations, the grand piano and the upright piano, with various styles of each. There are also specialized and novelty pianos,
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and television scoring, as the large range permits composers to try out melodies and bass lines, even if the music will be orchestrated for other instruments.
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involves adjusting the tensions of the piano's strings with a specialized wrench, thereby aligning the intervals among their tones so that the instrument is
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and speaker to produce sound (however, some electronic keyboards have a built-in amp and speaker). Alternatively, a person can play an electronic piano with
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The tall, vertically strung upright grand was arranged like a grand set on end, with the soundboard and bridges above the keys, and tuning pins below them. "
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was the first to use in pianos in 1826, was a more consistent material, permitting wider dynamic ranges as hammer weights and string tension increased. The
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builder. Silbermann's pianos were virtually direct copies of Cristofori's, with one important addition: Silbermann invented the forerunner of the modern
1298:, introduced in the 19th century, is a small piano-like instrument, that generally uses round metal rods to produce sound, rather than strings. The US
1248:, schools, music conservatories and university music programs as rehearsal and practice instruments, and they are popular models for in-home purchase.
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553:
1498:. In classical music, electric pianos are mainly used as inexpensive rehearsal or practice instruments. However, electric pianos, particularly the
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Petersen, Sonja (2013). "Craftsmen-Turned-Scientists? The Circulation of Explicit and Working Knowledge in Musical-Instrument Making, 1880â1960".
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hammers to strike the strings in their optimal position, greatly increasing that area's power. The implementation of over-stringing (also called
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Cristofori's early instruments were made with thin strings, and were much quieter than the modern piano, but they were much louder and with more
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and choir conductors often learn the piano, as it is an excellent instrument for learning new pieces and songs to lead in performance. Many
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of his music. The pianos of Mozart's day had a softer tone than 21st century pianos or English pianos, with less sustaining power. The term
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is an authoritative work covering the ancestry of the piano, its invention by Cristofori, and the early stages of its subsequent evolution.
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964:; it was "so superior to the iron wire that the English firm soon had a monopoly." But a better steel wire was soon created in 1840 by the
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Digital, MIDI-equipped pianos can output a stream of MIDI data, or record and play MIDI format files on digital storage media (previously
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2390:) the hammer velocity changes by almost a factor of a hundred. The hammer contact time with the string shortens from 4 milliseconds at
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and speaker to produce sound (however, most digital pianos have a built-in amp and speaker). Alternatively, a person can practise with
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Pianos and Their Makers: A Comprehensive History of the Development of the Piano from the Monochord to the Concert Grand Player Piano
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that could withstand the tremendous tension of the strings. Over time, the tonal range of the piano was also increased from the five
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A Natural History of the Piano: The Instrument, the Music, the Musicians â From Mozart to Modern Jazz and Everything in Between
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In the early years of piano construction, keys were commonly made from sugar pine. In the 2010s, they are usually made of spruce or
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The Yamaha Disklavier player piano. The unit mounted under the keyboard of the piano can play MIDI or audio software on its CD.
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The mechanism and strings in upright pianos are perpendicular to the keys. The cover for the strings is removed for this photo.
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or doing a reduction from the full score), so that they can develop their interpretation. The piano is an essential tool in
2842:" among other Queen songs, sold for ÂŁ1.7 million ($ 2.1 million), which Sotheby's state is a record for a composer's piano.
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was one of the first jazz composer-pianists to find mainstream popularity working with newer urban music techniques such as
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that can exceed 20 tons (180 kilonewtons) in a modern grand piano. The single piece cast iron frame was patented in 1825 in
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during the 1790s, six octaves by 1810 (Beethoven used the extra notes in his later works), and seven octaves by 1820. The
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Giraffes, black dragons, and other pianos: a technological history from Cristofori to the modern concert grand (2nd ed.)
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The Visible and Invisible in Pianoforte Technique : Being a Digest of the Author's Technical Teachings Up to Date
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During the 19th century, American musicians playing for working-class audiences in small pubs and bars, particularly
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from the 1600s to the 1800s to account for sound quality differences between old and new instruments or to changing
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concert grand (Model D) weighs 480 kg (1,060 lb). The largest piano available on the general market, the
1802:(that is, spruce boards glued together along the side grain). Spruce's high ratio of strength to weight minimizes
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508:("key harpsichord with soft and loud"). Variations in volume (loudness) are produced in response to the pianist's
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Striking the piano key with greater velocity increases the amplitude of the waves and therefore the volume. From
1780:
3365:. "Instrument: piano et forte genandt" an expression Bach also used when acting as Silbermann's agent in 1749."
908:
4178:
The New How Things Work. From Levers to Lasers, Windmills to Web Sites, A Visual guide to the World of Machines
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2446:, a specialized technician, to tune their pianos. The piano tuner uses special tools. The meaning of the term
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The Pianofortes of Bartolomeo Cristofori, Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, The Metropolitan Museum of Art
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technology to reproduce the acoustic sound of each piano note accurately. They also must be connected to a
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One innovation that helped create the powerful sound of the modern piano was the use of a massive, strong,
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are trained in piano, because it allows them to play parts of the symphonies they are conducting (using a
2610:, composed for the fortepiano, a rather different instrument than the modern piano. Even composers of the
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recognizes the toy piano as a unique instrument with the subject designation, Toy Piano Scores: M175 T69.
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1362:, was unique in that the tuning pins extended through the instrument, so it could be tuned at the front.
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1884:). Some piano manufacturers have extended the range further in one or both directions. For example, the
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construct the case, soundboard, bridge, and mechanical action for a keyboard intended to sound strings.
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Parlor grand or boudoir grand â 1.7 to 2.2 m (5 ft 7 in â 7 ft 3 in)
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David R. Peterson (1994), "Acoustics of the hammered dulcimer, its history, and recent developments",
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has double keyboards, one lying above the other. It was invented by Hungarian composer and pianist,
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classes, and even non-pianist music professors or instructors may have a piano in their office.
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styles of music have also appealed to composers writing for the modern grand piano, including
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whose hammers strike strings. Modern pianos have a row of 88 black and white keys, tuned to a
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is the length of the string. Therefore, the only frequencies produced on a single string are
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Mass per unit length: All other factors the same, the thinner the wire, the higher the pitch.
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Some piano companies have included extra pedals other than the standard two or three. On the
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with struck strings. By the 17th century, the mechanisms of keyboard instruments such as the
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Piano Servicing, Tuning, and Rebuilding. For the Professional, the student, and the Hobbyist
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Piano Servicing, Tuning, and Rebuilding. For the Professional, the Student, and the Hobbyist
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composed pieces combining classical techniques with his jazz experimentation. In the 1970s,
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Almost every modern piano has 52 white keys and 36 black keys for a total of 88 keys (seven
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All else being equal, longer pianos with longer strings have larger, richer sound and lower
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Piano Servicing, Tuning and Rebuilding: For the Professional, the Student, and the Hobbyist
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1901:, covering nine full octaves. The extra keys are the same as the other keys in appearance.
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Concert grand â between 2.2 and 3 m (7 ft 3 in â 9 ft 10 in))
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because of their prominent damper mechanism. The oblique upright, popularized in France by
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The piano was the centrepiece of social life in the 19th-century upper-middle-class home (
1574:, which would allow the performer to use the keyboard of the digital piano to play modern
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inside are struck by felt-coated wooden hammers. The vibrations are transmitted through a
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1845:. Spruce is typically used in high-quality pianos. Black keys were traditionally made of
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music, featuring yet another style of piano rhythm, became popular during the same era.
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and filters that synthesize the sound of an acoustic piano. They must be connected to a
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was a model for the many approaches to piano actions that followed in the next century.
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hit strings hard when the player strikes the keys forcefully for fortissimo playing or
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are non-acoustic; they do not have strings, tines or hammers, but are a type of analog
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now distinguishes these early instruments (and modern re-creations) from later pianos.
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Wraight, Denzil (2006). "Recent Approaches in Understanding Cristofori's Fortepiano".
2442:. While guitar and violin players tune their own instruments, pianists usually hire a
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intended to mimic the look and feel of ivory; other manufacturers have done likewise.
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in Europe. During the Middle Ages, there were several attempts at creating stringed
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3041: â instrument to guide the hands and fingers of pupils in playing on the piano
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4367:"Freddie Mercury: Queen star's piano and other items fetch high prices at auction"
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trichords, the action shifted so that hammers hit a single string, hence the name
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4035:"World's first 108-key concert grand piano built by Australia's only piano maker"
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broke new musical ground by combining American jazz piano with symphonic sounds.
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of reflecting waves results in a standing wave pattern, but only for wavelengths
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Cristofori's new instrument remained relatively unknown until an Italian writer,
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Pianos and Their Makers: A Comprehensive History of the Development of the Piano
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Tension: All other factors the same, the tighter the wire, the higher the pitch.
1979:
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music at home, a few players of pedal piano use it as a performance instrument.
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and QRS Pianomation, using solenoids and MIDI rather than pneumatics and rolls.
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Length: All other factors the same, the shorter the wire, the higher the pitch.
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41:"Pianoforte" redirects here. For earliest versions of the instrument only, see
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during the late 1820s, was diagonally strung throughout its compass. The tiny
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underlying beat found in the bell and clapper time keepers", adapted to play
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later constructed his quartertone "Oriental piano" with the help of Austrian
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Some piano makers added variations to enhance the tone of each note, such as
977:), in which the strings are placed in two separate planes, each with its own
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By the 1820s, the center of piano innovation had shifted to Paris, where the
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of Mozart's day to the seven octave (or more) range found on today's pianos.
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248:
3314:
Badura-Skoda, Eva (2000). "Did J. S. Bach Compose "Pianoforte Concertos"?".
3023:, a height-adjustable bench used designed to be used while playing the piano
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worked with Winter and Company piano manufacturers to make pianos using an
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This article is about the musical instrument. For the musical dynamic, see
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reversed (black instead of white). More recently, Australian manufacturer
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firm built pianos with action parts made of more modern materials such as
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that produces sound when its keys are depressed, through engagement of an
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1490:. The resulting electrical, analogue signal can then be amplified with a
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around 1815, was built into the 20th century. They are informally called
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Some early pianos had shapes and designs that are no longer in use. The
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Early technological progress in the late 1700s owed much to the firm of
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The "resonance case principle" is described by Bösendorfer in terms of
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Local Music Scenes and Globalization: Transnational Platforms in Beirut
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in the context of piano tuning is not simply a particular fixed set of
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There are three factors that influence the pitch of a vibrating wire.
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and more numerous strings. In 1834, the Webster & Horsfal firm of
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A pianist playing Prelude and Fugue No. 23 in B major (BWV 868) from
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techniques grew out of jazz, with leading composer-pianists such as
2706:. New techniques and rhythms were invented for the piano, including
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so players can use their feet to play bass register notes, as on an
1961:
Pianos have been built with alternative keyboard systems, e.g., the
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1223:
62:
5919:
5852:
5842:
5782:
5511:
5398:
5285:
4908:
4853:
4719:
3552:
3539:
Grafing, Keith (1974). "Alpheus Babcock's Cast-Iron Piano Frames".
3414:
2955:
multiple, independent melody lines that are played at the same time
2946:
2707:
2533:
As with any other musical instrument, the piano may be played from
2474:
refers to a widely accepted frequency of this pitch â 440 Hz.
2467:
2208:
1842:
1760:
1748:
1667:
1622:
1611:
1542:
are also non-acoustic and do not have strings or hammers. They use
1287:
1192:
1188:
659:
339:
5696:
5635:
5335:
5330:
4940:
4858:
4099:
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2124:
2097:
1808:
1714:
1700:
593:
565:
401:
343:
5725:
2092:
1725:
The plate (harp), or metal frame, of a piano is usually made of
939:, and serves as the primary bulwark against the force of string
682:, and replicas of them are built in the 21st century for use in
5526:
4967:
4903:
4432:
The Piano Book: Buying and Owning a New or Used Piano (4th ed.)
3767:"161 Facts About Steinway & Sons and the Pianos They Build"
3118:
2525:
2112:
2041:
2032:
1865:
1799:
1603:
1563:
1411:
1392:
1253:
1096:
1043:
in England, and it was improved by changes first introduced by
965:
944:
844:
813:
557:
4204:"Physics of the Piano : Piano Tuners Guild, June 5, 2000"
3208:
POLLENS, STEWART (2013). "Bartolomeo Cristofori in Florence".
3127:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. lvi.
2420:
985:
452:
The piano was founded on earlier technological innovations in
2934:
2741:
1850:
1846:
1756:
1752:
1747:
The numerous parts of a piano action are generally made from
1733:
1675:
1643:
1442:
became a popular instrument in the 1960s and 1970s genres of
935:
frame. Also called the "plate", the iron frame sits atop the
549:
256:
2782:
Pianos have also been used prominently in rock and roll and
1876:). Many older pianos only have 85 keys (seven octaves from A
1482:
use metal tines in place of strings and use electromagnetic
1203:
The inharmonicity of piano strings requires that octaves be
650:
Piano making flourished during the late 18th century in the
5924:
5584:
2930:
1503:
1101:
416:
2694:, developed new musical genres based on the modern piano.
2489:, meaning they have a simple whole-number ratio. The term
1578:
sounds. Early digital pianos tended to lack a full set of
827:
joined with another Scot, Robert Stodart, and a Dutchman,
3309:
3307:
2683:
1183:
of the strings. Inharmonicity is the degree to which the
5822:
3017: â Musical group of piano and two other instruments
1124:
that synthesize piano-like tones using oscillators, and
400:
which gave grand pianos a more powerful sound, a longer
396:
frame (which allowed much greater string tensions), and
4662:
Piano Roles: Three Hundred Years of Life with the Piano
2250:
On the piano string, waves reflect from both ends. The
1833:
1582:
but the synthesis software of later models such as the
4428:
3304:
2644:
adjust their interpretation of historical compositions
1807:
acoustic guitar soundboards. Cheap pianos often have
1169:
Baby grand â around 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)
4824:
4630:
Van Piano tot Forte (The History of the Early Piano)
4471:
is a standard reference on the history of the piano.
4004:
Fletcher, Neville Horner; Thomas D. Rossing (1998).
3852:
3043:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
2990:
1406:
4613:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
4594:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
4528:
3485:(in French). MédiathÚque de la Cité de la musique.
2050:
Notations used for the sustain pedal in sheet music
1039:, a pupil of Gottfried Silbermann, in Germany, and
87:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4638:
4452:
4198:
4196:
4194:
3120:
1470:. The electric pianos that became most popular in
1140:"Grand piano" redirects here. For other uses, see
4496:
4180:. Houghton Mifflin Company, United States. 1998.
3702:
2077:can be useful for musical passages with low bass
2014:directly played, to reverberate sympathetically.
1849:, and the white keys were covered with strips of
1026:
5980:
4762:of the Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary
4320:
2477:The relationship between two pitches, called an
4500:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
4351:Boulanger, Nadia. "Sayings of Great Teachers".
4335:
4293:
4191:
3735:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
902:firm in 1874, allowed a wider range of effects.
568:with soft and loud"), abbreviated over time as
4503:(2nd ed.). London: Macmillan Publishers.
4300:. London: Oxford University Press. p. 3.
4275:. Grove Music Online (Oxford University Press)
3584:Encyclopedia of keyboard instruments, Volume 2
3011: â Unconventional method of playing piano
1652:
1524:that simulates or imitates piano sounds using
1458:from the late 1920s used metal strings with a
858:and the Ărard firm manufactured those used by
554:Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany
5741:
5211:
4810:
4481:. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
3892:2007â2008 Annual Supplement to The Piano Book
3759:
3650:"History of the Eavestaff Pianette Minipiano"
3514:. New York, NY: Dover Publications. pp.
3274:
2925:The piano is a crucial instrument in Western
502:
494:
4350:
3749:"Disklavier Pianos - Yamaha - United States"
3729:
3313:
3279:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
3094:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
2857:
2838:baby grand piano, which he used to compose "
255:
4777:Five lectures on the Acoustics of the piano
4497:Sadie, Stanley; John Tyrrell, eds. (2001).
4459:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
3824:Five Lectures on the Acoustics of the Piano
3270:
3268:
2873:compositions. Many Burmese pianists (e.g.,
2495:refers to a tuning system that tempers the
1893:created a piano with 108 keys, going from C
960:brought out a form of piano wire made from
5748:
5734:
5465:Bowed string instrument extended technique
5218:
5204:
4817:
4803:
4737:Theory and Practice of Pianoforte-Building
4270:
3119:Scholes, Percy A.; John Owen Ward (1970).
2917:, 1868). The man at the piano is composer
2545:. While some folk and blues pianists were
2143:, is a rare type of piano that includes a
2089:playing the melody in the treble section.
1703:F308, weighs 570 kg (1,260 lb).
544:The invention of the piano is credited to
4767:The Frederick Historical Piano Collection
4701:
4659:
4570:
4535:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
3791:
2881:) adopt a title from the word for piano,
2111:) has a middle pedal that functions as a
1794:In all but the lowest quality pianos the
1767:branch of the Steinway firm incorporated
1083:with vertical stringing, made popular by
384:In the nineteenth century, influenced by
147:Learn how and when to remove this message
4641:Men, Women, and Pianos: A Social History
4608:
4573:Tone Moves: A History of Piano Technique
4429:Fine, Larry; Gilbert, Douglas R (2001).
3581:
3459:
3457:
3400:
3348:
3342:
3265:
3123:The Oxford Companion to Music (10th ed.)
2908:
2770:
2698:music, popularized by composers such as
2652:
2524:
2514:
2419:
2158:
2091:
1978:
1917:
1832:
1785:
1713:
1656:
1621:
1502:, became important instruments in 1970s
1410:
1344:
1274:
1222:
1146:
1054:
984:
610:
531:
5715:Category:Musical performance techniques
4754:, Association of Blind Piano Tuners, UK
4682:
4636:
4589:
4549:
4474:
4407:
4253:. Vestal Press, Lanham Maryland. 1993.
4232:. Vestal Press, Lanham Maryland. 1993.
3856:Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Wood Processing
3538:
3445:
3207:
3156:
2669:, Ravel (at piano), composer-conductor
2661:in 1928. From left to right: conductor
2657:Birthday party honoring French pianist
2072:On grand pianos, the middle pedal is a
1928:A rare variant of the piano called the
562:un cimbalo di cipresso di piano e forte
349:There are two main types of piano: the
14:
5981:
5225:
4790:Gallery of Piano Plates and Medallions
4529:Banowetz, Joseph; Elder, Dean (1985).
4435:. Jamaica Plain, MA: Brookside Press.
4045:from the original on 15 September 2018
3368:
3242:
3141:
3035: â Internal part of a grand piano
2830:, to name a few. At a 2023 auction in
1391:had a microtone piano manufactured by
5729:
5199:
4798:
4734:
4627:
4396:
4126:"Piano with instrumental attachments"
4063:
3944:
3882:
3853:Navi, Parvis; Sandberg, Dick (2012).
3800:from the original on 24 November 2014
3769:. Steinway & Sons. Archived from
3737:(Second ed.). London: Macmillan.
3507:
3454:
3029: â Piano placed in a public area
2957:. Pianos are used by composers doing
2585:
2521:Piano history and musical performance
1950:. Other piano manufacturers, such as
1732:In an effort to make pianos lighter,
1617:
435:performances, accompaniment, and for
342:who specializes in piano is called a
4450:
4032:
3960:
3888:
3690:"Stéphane Tsapis, le piano oriental"
3609:Library of Congress Subject Headings
3283:from the original on 17 October 2013
1771:, a synthetic material developed by
1478:in the 1960s and 1970s, such as the
1120:based on electromechanical designs,
796:with resources such as high-quality
85:adding citations to reliable sources
56:
4338:The Science of Pianoforte Technique
4158:from the original on 1 October 2010
3656:from the original on 1 October 2014
1494:or electronically manipulated with
1376:is a rare type of piano that has a
662:, Germany) and the Viennese makers
600:
492:is a shortened form of the Italian
24:
4609:Giordano, Nicholas J. Sr. (2010).
4521:
4007:The Physics of Musical Instruments
3489:from the original on 19 April 2014
2107:(an example of which was owned by
782:Problems playing these files? See
708:
392:adopted changes such as using the
269:
25:
6050:
5755:
4745:
4340:. London: Macmillan. p. 162.
4132:from the original on 14 July 2011
4076:from the original on 28 June 2017
4033:King, Rosie (14 September 2018).
4014:from the original on 15 June 2015
3991:"The Hindenburg's Aluminum Piano"
3834:from the original on 19 July 2010
3630:from the original on 14 July 2014
2481:, is the ratio of their absolute
1438:(1980s) have been developed. The
1407:Electric, electronic, and digital
854:firm manufactured pianos used by
774:The same piece, on a modern piano
536:The 1726 Cristofori piano in the
5821:
5710:
5709:
4645:. New York: Dover Publications.
4325:. London: I. Pitman. p. 57.
4066:"Let's Play Two: Singular Piano"
3349:Palmieri, Bob & Meg (2003).
2993:
2040:
2031:
919:
907:
762:
729:
684:authentic-instrument performance
411:The piano is widely employed in
309:Problems playing this file? See
288:
186:
172:
61:
6009:European percussion instruments
4783:The Piano in Polish Collections
4553:The Piano Shop on the Left Bank
4532:The pianist's guide to pedaling
4359:
4344:
4329:
4314:
4287:
4264:
4243:
4222:
4170:
4144:
4118:
4088:
4057:
4026:
3997:
3983:
3957:, 2009. Accessed 12 April 2009.
3913:
3873:
3846:
3812:
3785:
3741:
3723:
3696:
3682:
3668:
3642:
3616:
3600:
3575:
3532:
3501:
3475:
3466:
3394:
1781:carbon fiber reinforced plastic
1079:. The short cottage upright or
866:invented the double escapement
695:
468:, which were introduced in the
211:HornbostelâSachs classification
72:needs additional citations for
4414:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing.
4206:. 9 March 2003. Archived from
3828:Royal Swedish Academy of Music
3582:Palmieri, Robert, ed. (2003).
3295:
3236:
3201:
3150:
3112:
3103:
3085:
2409:
2123:pianos as well as the largest
1270:
1027:Variations in shape and design
808:for the production of massive
504:clavicembalo col piano e forte
13:
1:
4632:(in Dutch). Kampen: Kok-Lyra.
4575:. Catalonia: Musikeon Books.
4389:
4064:Baron, James (15 July 2007).
3692:(in French). 13 October 2019.
552:, Italy, who was employed by
516:. Invented in the 1700s, the
464:with struck strings were the
360:When a key is depressed, the
4687:. Vestal, NY: Vestal Press.
4403:. Covina Publishing Company.
4271:Edwin M. Ripin; et al.
3993:. AIRSHIPS.NET. 5 June 2010.
3612:. Library of Congress. 2003.
3053:List of films about pianists
2752:. In the late 20th century,
2154:
2006:(una corda), sostenuto, and
1415:Wurlitzer 210 electric piano
1313:, which plays itself from a
1142:Grand Piano (disambiguation)
615:Grand piano by Louis Bas of
576:, and later, simply, piano.
527:
372:that amplifies the sound by
354:
7:
6034:Italian musical instruments
4683:Reblitz, Arthur A. (1993).
3895:. Brookside Press. p.
3058:List of piano manufacturers
2986:
2905:Social history of the piano
1958:, also manufactured a few.
1857:developed a plastic called
1822:
1653:Construction and components
891:
10:
6055:
4752:History of the Piano Forte
4739:. New York: E. Lyman Bill.
4735:White, William H. (1909).
4708:. The Piano Encyclopedia.
4664:. New Haven, Connecticut:
4556:. New York: Random House.
3709:. Routledge. p. 262.
3703:Thomas Burkhalter (2014).
3626:. QRS Music Technologies.
3586:. Routledge. p. 437.
3541:The Galpin Society Journal
3351:The Piano: An Encyclopedia
3210:The Galpin Society Journal
3048:List of classical pianists
2902:
2861:
2800:Emerson, Lake & Palmer
2692:African-American composers
2518:
2413:
2398:to less than 2 ms at
2207:For a repeating wave, the
2096:An upright pedal piano by
1972:
1868:plus a minor third, from A
1826:
1218:
1139:
1132:of acoustic piano sounds.
1045:Guillaume-Lebrecht Petzold
989:Duplex scaling of an 1883
699:
604:
447:
350:
40:
29:
5938:
5830:
5819:
5763:
5705:
5689:
5644:
5601:
5583:
5525:
5455:
5417:Piano extended techniques
5407:
5344:
5233:
5177:
5156:
5121:
5083:
5050:
5022:
4986:
4836:
4660:Parakilas, James (1999).
4637:Loesser, Arthur (1991) .
4475:Pollens, Stewart (1995).
4321:Harrison, Sidney (1953).
4010:. Springer. p. 374.
3859:. CRC Press. p. 46.
3063:List of piano brand names
2890:
2858:Traditional Burmese style
2175:The Well-Tempered Clavier
1968:
1837:Keyboard of a grand piano
1037:Christian Ernst Friderici
719:Comparison of piano sound
284:, first prelude of Book I
282:The Well-Tempered Clavier
254:
247:
239:
229:
209:
202:
166:
45:. For the 1984 film, see
5654:Extended vocal technique
5457:Bowed string instruments
4786:(historical instruments)
4571:Chiantore, Luca (2019).
4408:Isacoff, Stuart (2012).
4336:Fielden, Thomas (1934).
4294:Matthay, Tobias (1947).
3980:. Accessed 6 March 2015.
3978:Official Fazioli Website
3353:. Taylor & Francis.
3251:, USA; Revised edition.
3078:
3009:Piano extended technique
1790:Strings of a grand piano
1286:Player piano from 1920 (
1135:
1111:
953:Chickering & Mackays
725:19th century piano sound
702:Innovations in the piano
666:(daughter of Stein) and
538:Musikinstrumenten-Museum
300:Kimiko Douglass-Ishizaka
6029:17th-century inventions
5136:Piano Technicians Guild
4702:Schejtman, Rod (2008).
4628:Lelie, Christo (1995).
4590:Ehrlich, Cyril (1990).
4550:Carhart, Thad (2002) .
4451:Good, Edwin M. (2001).
4355:. Winter 1958â1959: 26.
3921:manufacturing technique
3676:Les Cahiers de l'Oronte
3249:Oxford University Press
3073:List of piano composers
2898:
1930:EmĂĄnuel MoĂłr Pianoforte
1923:EmĂĄnuel MoĂłr Pianoforte
1695:(300 lb), and the
1486:similar to those on an
914:Broadwood square action
894:), invented in 1844 by
870:, which incorporated a
672:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
6014:Orchestral instruments
4760:Table of Music Pitches
4397:Dolge, Alfred (1911).
4154:. Antique Piano Shop.
3508:Dolge, Alfred (1972).
3275:Powers, Wendy (2003).
3243:Erlich, Cyril (1990).
2922:
2786:by performers such as
2779:
2678:
2559:Doctor of Musical Arts
2530:
2529:A Prague piano player.
2428:
2179:
2100:
1998:
1925:
1838:
1791:
1722:
1721:plate of a grand piano
1684:C.F. Theodore Steinway
1662:
1634:, which can trigger a
1627:
1544:digital audio sampling
1421:technological advances
1416:
1350:
1291:
1231:
1191:(known as partials or
1158:
1104:recording and digital
1060:
995:
713:
620:
617:Villeneuve-lĂšs-Avignon
541:
503:
495:
274:
260:
36:Piano (disambiguation)
34:. For other uses, see
5831:Techniques and styles
4666:Yale University Press
3932:description of effect
3472:Dolge (1911, 125â126)
2912:
2834:in London, Mercury's
2774:
2656:
2594:composers, including
2528:
2519:Further information:
2515:Playing and technique
2460:Piano key frequencies
2423:
2167:
2095:
2018:Sympathetic vibration
1982:
1921:
1836:
1827:Further information:
1789:
1717:
1660:
1625:
1592:sympathetic vibration
1536:in quieter settings.
1414:
1348:
1285:
1226:
1150:
1093:Roller & Blanchet
1058:
1004:Collard & Collard
988:
794:Industrial Revolution
712:
700:Further information:
644:Johann Sebastian Bach
631:, better known as an
614:
546:Bartolomeo Cristofori
535:
386:Romantic music trends
273:
259:
234:Bartolomeo Cristofori
6004:Keyboard instruments
5611:Snare drum technique
5432:Three-hand technique
5157:Amplifiers, speakers
4999:Generalized keyboard
4830:keyboard instruments
4611:Physics of the Piano
4592:The Piano: A History
4478:The Early Pianoforte
3889:Fine, Larry (2007).
3652:. Piano-tuners.org.
3376:"The Viennese Piano"
3245:The Piano: A History
3109:Pollens (1995, Ch.1)
3068:List of piano makers
2671:Manoah Leide-Tedesco
2648:performance practice
1986:from left to right:
1886:Imperial Bösendorfer
896:Jean-Louis Boisselot
837:Ludwig van Beethoven
745:Ătude Op. 25, No. 12
656:Johann Andreas Stein
629:Gottfried Silbermann
474:keyboard instruments
454:keyboard instruments
81:improve this article
5765:Musical instruments
5379:Harmonica technique
5354:Saxophone technique
5271:Finger substitution
5004:Isomorphic keyboard
4994:Enharmonic keyboard
4884:Electronic keyboard
4353:The Piano Quarterly
4249:Reblitz, Arthur A.
4228:Reblitz, Arthur A.
3773:on 16 November 2014
3678:. 1969. p. 82.
3147:Pollens (1995, 238)
2576:Charles-Louis Hanon
1956:Steinway & Sons
1939:Goldberg Variations
1300:Library of Congress
1154:grand piano in the
1152:Steinway & Sons
926:Erard square action
324:keyboard instrument
225:sounded by hammers)
204:Keyboard instrument
163:
27:Keyboard instrument
6039:String instruments
5999:Italian inventions
5359:Circular breathing
5261:Extended technique
5227:Musical techniques
5164:Keyboard amplifier
5084:Piano construction
4705:Music Fundamentals
4373:. 6 September 2023
3972:2015-03-16 at the
3955:Grove Music Online
3937:2015-04-11 at the
3926:2015-04-02 at the
3451:Isacoff (2012, 74)
3382:on 11 October 2008
3301:Isacoff (2012, 23)
2981:music appreciation
2923:
2915:Moritz von Schwind
2780:
2679:
2586:Performance styles
2531:
2429:
2180:
2101:
1999:
1954:, Chickering, and
1926:
1839:
1804:acoustic impedance
1792:
1723:
1663:
1636:synthesizer module
1628:
1618:Hybrid instruments
1530:keyboard amplifier
1492:keyboard amplifier
1417:
1351:
1292:
1232:
1159:
1061:
996:
898:and copied by the
758:Modern piano sound
751:piano made in 1851
714:
664:Nannette Streicher
642:Silbermann showed
621:
542:
466:hammered dulcimers
462:string instruments
406:simplified version
275:
261:
243:Early 18th century
161:
5976:
5975:
5723:
5722:
5193:
5192:
4722:on 31 August 2018
4715:978-987-25216-2-2
4620:978-0-19-954602-2
4601:978-0-19-816171-4
4488:978-0-521-11155-3
4307:978-0-19-318412-1
4176:Macaulay, David.
3906:978-1-929145-21-8
3866:978-1-4398-6042-7
3593:978-0-415-93796-2
3463:Dolge (1911, 124)
3360:978-0-415-93796-2
3171:10.1093/em/cal050
3134:978-0-19-311306-0
2879:Sandayar Chit Swe
2875:Sandayar Hla Htut
2840:Bohemian Rhapsody
2636:Felix Mendelssohn
2612:Romantic movement
2456:equal temperament
2416:Piano maintenance
2165:
2105:transposing piano
1891:Stuart & Sons
1798:is made of solid
1518:Electronic pianos
1432:electronic pianos
1340:transposing piano
1323:Yamaha Disklavier
1283:
1246:community centers
1122:electronic pianos
1017:Aliquot stringing
1012:Aliquot stringing
874:(also called the
769:
735:
654:, which included
524:and harpsichord.
488:The English word
398:aliquot stringing
336:equal temperament
293:
265:
264:
157:
156:
149:
131:
16:(Redirected from
6046:
5953:Musical ensemble
5825:
5750:
5743:
5736:
5727:
5726:
5713:
5712:
5690:Related articles
5669:Overtone singing
5470:Violin technique
5369:Flutter-tonguing
5346:Wind instruments
5220:
5213:
5206:
5197:
5196:
4819:
4812:
4805:
4796:
4795:
4740:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4718:. Archived from
4698:
4679:
4656:
4644:
4633:
4624:
4605:
4586:
4567:
4546:
4514:
4492:
4470:
4458:
4446:
4425:
4404:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4268:
4262:
4247:
4241:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4200:
4189:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4152:"Wing & Son"
4148:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4106:on 16 April 2008
4102:. Archived from
4092:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3987:
3981:
3964:
3958:
3951:"Fazioli, Paolo"
3948:
3942:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3886:
3880:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3820:"The Piano Case"
3816:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3796:. HyperPhysics.
3789:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3479:
3473:
3470:
3464:
3461:
3452:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3378:. Archived from
3372:
3366:
3364:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3311:
3302:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3272:
3263:
3262:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3154:
3148:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3126:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3101:
3089:
3044:
3003:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2894:
2725:Rhapsody in Blue
2716:Shearing voicing
2405:
2397:
2389:
2377:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2313:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2246:
2233:
2224:
2215:
2178:on a grand piano
2166:
2044:
2035:
1829:Musical keyboard
1608:USB flash drives
1584:Yamaha Clavinova
1397:Abdallah Chahine
1284:
1010:, who developed
923:
911:
872:repetition lever
829:Americus Backers
804:, and precision
771:
770:
737:
736:
711:
601:Early fortepiano
564:("a keyboard of
506:
498:
295:
294:
272:
190:
176:
164:
160:
152:
145:
141:
138:
132:
130:
89:
65:
57:
21:
6054:
6053:
6049:
6048:
6047:
6045:
6044:
6043:
5979:
5978:
5977:
5972:
5940:Music ensembles
5934:
5826:
5817:
5793:Electric guitar
5773:Acoustic guitar
5759:
5754:
5724:
5719:
5701:
5685:
5640:
5597:
5579:
5575:Prepared guitar
5521:
5475:Cello technique
5451:
5403:
5340:
5229:
5224:
5194:
5189:
5173:
5152:
5117:
5079:
5046:
5037:Manual keyboard
5018:
4982:
4963:Piano accordion
4832:
4823:
4748:
4743:
4725:
4723:
4716:
4695:
4676:
4653:
4621:
4602:
4583:
4564:
4543:
4524:
4522:Further reading
4519:
4511:
4489:
4467:
4443:
4422:
4392:
4387:
4386:
4376:
4374:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4349:
4345:
4334:
4330:
4323:Piano Technique
4319:
4315:
4308:
4292:
4288:
4278:
4276:
4269:
4265:
4248:
4244:
4227:
4223:
4213:
4211:
4210:on 9 March 2003
4202:
4201:
4192:
4175:
4171:
4161:
4159:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4135:
4133:
4128:. Musica Viva.
4124:
4123:
4119:
4109:
4107:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4079:
4077:
4062:
4058:
4048:
4046:
4031:
4027:
4017:
4015:
4002:
3998:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3974:Wayback Machine
3965:
3961:
3949:
3945:
3939:Wayback Machine
3928:Wayback Machine
3918:
3914:
3907:
3887:
3883:
3878:
3874:
3867:
3851:
3847:
3837:
3835:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3803:
3801:
3790:
3786:
3776:
3774:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3728:
3724:
3717:
3701:
3697:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3659:
3657:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3633:
3631:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3594:
3580:
3576:
3537:
3533:
3526:
3506:
3502:
3492:
3490:
3483:"Piano Ă queue"
3481:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3462:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3399:
3395:
3385:
3383:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3361:
3347:
3343:
3312:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3286:
3284:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3241:
3237:
3206:
3202:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3117:
3113:
3108:
3104:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3042:
2999:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2977:music education
2973:piano reduction
2927:classical music
2907:
2901:
2866:
2860:
2824:Freddie Mercury
2788:Jerry Lee Lewis
2746:Thelonious Monk
2720:George Gershwin
2675:George Gershwin
2673:, and composer
2640:Johannes Brahms
2628:Robert Schumann
2620:Frédéric Chopin
2592:classical music
2588:
2564:Dorothy Taubman
2523:
2517:
2465:
2418:
2412:
2399:
2391:
2383:
2371:
2349:
2346:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2333:
2327:
2317:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2298:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2280:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2255:
2238:
2229:
2220:
2211:
2159:
2157:
2121:Stuart and Sons
2054:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2037:
2036:
2024:
1977:
1971:
1900:
1896:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1831:
1825:
1655:
1632:MIDI controller
1620:
1548:power amplifier
1488:electric guitar
1460:magnetic pickup
1456:electric pianos
1428:electric pianos
1409:
1307:Henri Fourneaux
1275:
1273:
1221:
1145:
1138:
1130:digital samples
1118:electric pianos
1114:
1089:birdcage pianos
1049:Alpheus Babcock
1029:
1008:Julius BlĂŒthner
975:cross-stringing
949:Alpheus Babcock
927:
924:
915:
912:
888:sostenuto pedal
884:Jean-Henri Pape
864:SĂ©bastien Ărard
856:Frédéric Chopin
789:
788:
780:
778:
777:
776:
775:
772:
763:
760:
754:
753:
752:
741:Frédéric Chopin
738:
730:
727:
721:
715:
709:
704:
698:
658:(who worked in
652:Viennese school
625:Scipione Maffei
609:
603:
548:(1655â1731) of
530:
500:, derived from
450:
332:chromatic scale
316:
315:
307:
305:
304:
303:
302:
296:
289:
286:
276:
270:
216:
198:
197:
196:
195:
194:
191:
182:
181:
180:
177:
153:
142:
136:
133:
90:
88:
78:
66:
53:
39:
32:Piano (dynamic)
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6052:
6042:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6019:Rhythm section
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5974:
5973:
5971:
5970:
5968:Rhythm section
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5944:
5942:
5936:
5935:
5933:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5885:Counter-melody
5882:
5877:
5876:
5875:
5870:
5860:
5858:Basso continuo
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5834:
5832:
5828:
5827:
5820:
5818:
5816:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5798:Electric piano
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5769:
5767:
5761:
5760:
5753:
5752:
5745:
5738:
5730:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5717:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5699:
5693:
5691:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5683:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5650:
5648:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5607:
5605:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5595:
5589:
5587:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5560:String bending
5557:
5555:Hybrid picking
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5531:
5529:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5493:
5492:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5461:
5459:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5437:Prepared piano
5434:
5429:
5424:
5422:Finger tapping
5419:
5413:
5411:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5350:
5348:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5326:Thumb position
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5276:Finger vibrato
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5237:
5235:
5231:
5230:
5223:
5222:
5215:
5208:
5200:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5185:Prepared piano
5181:
5179:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5171:
5169:Leslie speaker
5166:
5160:
5158:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5149:
5148:
5138:
5133:
5127:
5125:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5115:
5114:
5113:
5108:
5098:
5093:
5087:
5085:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5075:Pedal keyboard
5072:
5067:
5062:
5056:
5054:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5028:
5026:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5016:
5011:
5009:JankĂł keyboard
5006:
5001:
4996:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4956:Electric piano
4953:
4943:
4938:
4937:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4874:Clavicytherium
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4833:
4822:
4821:
4814:
4807:
4799:
4793:
4792:
4787:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4755:
4747:
4746:External links
4744:
4742:
4741:
4732:
4714:
4699:
4693:
4680:
4674:
4657:
4651:
4634:
4625:
4619:
4606:
4600:
4587:
4581:
4568:
4562:
4547:
4541:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4509:
4494:
4487:
4472:
4465:
4448:
4441:
4426:
4421:978-0307279330
4420:
4405:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4358:
4343:
4328:
4313:
4306:
4286:
4263:
4242:
4221:
4190:
4169:
4143:
4117:
4096:"Fourth pedal"
4087:
4070:New York Times
4056:
4025:
3996:
3982:
3959:
3943:
3912:
3905:
3881:
3872:
3865:
3845:
3811:
3792:Nave, Carl R.
3784:
3758:
3753:usa.yamaha.com
3740:
3722:
3715:
3695:
3681:
3667:
3641:
3624:"PNOmation II"
3615:
3599:
3592:
3574:
3553:10.2307/841758
3531:
3524:
3500:
3474:
3465:
3453:
3444:
3431:10.1086/671378
3415:10.1086/671378
3409:(1): 212â231.
3393:
3367:
3359:
3341:
3303:
3294:
3264:
3257:
3235:
3200:
3165:(4): 635â644.
3149:
3140:
3133:
3111:
3102:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3005:
3004:
2988:
2985:
2919:Franz Schubert
2900:
2897:
2862:Main article:
2859:
2856:
2792:Little Richard
2758:Herbie Hancock
2736:'s technique.
2734:Duke Ellington
2587:
2584:
2568:Edna Golandsky
2516:
2513:
2497:just intervals
2463:
2414:Main article:
2411:
2408:
2248:
2247:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2156:
2153:
2049:
2048:
2039:
2038:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2026:
1973:Main article:
1970:
1967:
1963:JankĂł keyboard
1898:
1894:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1824:
1821:
1738:aluminum plate
1654:
1651:
1619:
1616:
1556:electric piano
1540:Digital pianos
1440:electric piano
1436:digital pianos
1408:
1405:
1378:pedal keyboard
1367:prepared piano
1272:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1228:August Förster
1220:
1217:
1213:perfect fifths
1177:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1137:
1134:
1126:digital pianos
1113:
1110:
1077:sticker action
1069:pyramid pianos
1065:Giraffe pianos
1047:in France and
1041:Johannes Zumpe
1028:
1025:
1021:duplex scaling
929:
928:
925:
918:
916:
913:
906:
825:John Broadwood
779:
773:
761:
756:
755:
739:
728:
723:
722:
717:
716:
707:
706:
705:
697:
694:
605:Main article:
602:
599:
529:
526:
449:
446:
306:
297:
287:
279:
278:
277:
268:
267:
266:
263:
262:
252:
251:
245:
244:
241:
237:
236:
231:
227:
226:
213:
207:
206:
200:
199:
192:
185:
184:
183:
178:
171:
170:
169:
168:
167:
155:
154:
69:
67:
60:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6051:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6024:C instruments
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5963:Pit orchestra
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5941:
5937:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5910:Harmonization
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5868:Triadic chord
5866:
5865:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5835:
5833:
5829:
5824:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5803:Hammond organ
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5788:Electric bass
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5757:Accompaniment
5751:
5746:
5744:
5739:
5737:
5732:
5731:
5728:
5716:
5708:
5707:
5704:
5698:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5688:
5682:
5681:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5647:
5643:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5604:
5600:
5594:
5593:Prepared harp
5591:
5590:
5588:
5586:
5582:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5528:
5524:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5458:
5454:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5410:
5406:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5389:Slap tonguing
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5347:
5343:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5221:
5216:
5214:
5209:
5207:
5202:
5201:
5198:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5178:Miscellaneous
5176:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5155:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5124:
5120:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5082:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5053:
5049:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5025:
5021:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4985:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4951:Digital piano
4949:
4948:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4935:
4934:Theatre organ
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4919:Hammond organ
4917:
4916:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4844:Bowed clavier
4842:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4820:
4815:
4813:
4808:
4806:
4801:
4800:
4797:
4791:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4738:
4733:
4721:
4717:
4711:
4707:
4706:
4700:
4696:
4694:1-879511-03-7
4690:
4686:
4681:
4677:
4675:0-300-08055-7
4671:
4667:
4663:
4658:
4654:
4652:9780486265438
4648:
4643:
4642:
4635:
4631:
4626:
4622:
4616:
4612:
4607:
4603:
4597:
4593:
4588:
4584:
4582:9788494511738
4578:
4574:
4569:
4565:
4563:0-375-75862-3
4559:
4555:
4554:
4548:
4544:
4542:0-253-34494-8
4538:
4534:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4516:"Pianoforte".
4512:
4510:0-19-517067-9
4506:
4502:
4501:
4495:
4490:
4484:
4480:
4479:
4473:
4468:
4466:0-8047-4549-8
4462:
4457:
4456:
4449:
4444:
4442:1-929145-01-2
4438:
4434:
4433:
4427:
4423:
4417:
4413:
4412:
4406:
4402:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4372:
4368:
4362:
4354:
4347:
4339:
4332:
4324:
4317:
4309:
4303:
4299:
4298:
4290:
4274:
4267:
4260:
4259:1-879511-03-7
4256:
4252:
4246:
4239:
4238:1-879511-03-7
4235:
4231:
4225:
4209:
4205:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4187:
4186:0-395-93847-3
4183:
4179:
4173:
4157:
4153:
4147:
4131:
4127:
4121:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4091:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4060:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4029:
4013:
4009:
4008:
4000:
3992:
3986:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3963:
3956:
3952:
3947:
3940:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3916:
3908:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3893:
3885:
3876:
3868:
3862:
3858:
3857:
3849:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3815:
3799:
3795:
3788:
3772:
3768:
3762:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3736:
3732:
3726:
3718:
3716:9781135073695
3712:
3708:
3707:
3699:
3691:
3685:
3677:
3671:
3655:
3651:
3645:
3629:
3625:
3619:
3611:
3610:
3603:
3595:
3589:
3585:
3578:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3535:
3527:
3525:0-486-22856-8
3521:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3504:
3488:
3484:
3478:
3469:
3460:
3458:
3448:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3362:
3356:
3352:
3345:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3310:
3308:
3298:
3282:
3278:
3271:
3269:
3260:
3258:0-19-816171-9
3254:
3250:
3246:
3239:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3204:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3144:
3136:
3130:
3125:
3124:
3115:
3106:
3100:(5), p. 3002.
3099:
3096:
3095:
3088:
3084:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2991:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2896:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2816:Nicky Hopkins
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2796:Keith Emerson
2793:
2789:
2785:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2712:boogie-woogie
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2685:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2659:Maurice Ravel
2655:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2543:improvisation
2541:, or through
2540:
2536:
2535:written music
2527:
2522:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2501:perfect fifth
2499:(usually the
2498:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2466:(the A above
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2396:
2395:
2388:
2387:
2381:
2376:
2375:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2361:inharmonicity
2353:
2344:
2336:
2330:
2320:
2312:
2293:
2275:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2252:superposition
2245:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2109:Irving Berlin
2106:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2043:
2034:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2009:
2008:sustain pedal
2005:
1997:
1996:sustain pedal
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1966:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1887:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1835:
1830:
1820:
1818:
1812:
1811:soundboards.
1810:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1640:music sampler
1637:
1633:
1624:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1560:Hammond organ
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1500:Fender Rhodes
1497:
1496:effects units
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1480:Fender Rhodes
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1434:(1970s), and
1433:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1413:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1356:
1347:
1343:
1341:
1338:invented the
1337:
1333:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1309:invented the
1308:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1289:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1252:The top of a
1251:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1242:
1241:upright grand
1238:
1237:Robert Wornum
1230:upright piano
1229:
1225:
1216:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1181:inharmonicity
1174:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1085:Robert Wornum
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
1000:Pascal Taskin
992:
987:
983:
980:
976:
970:
967:
963:
959:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
922:
917:
910:
905:
904:
903:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
817:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
787:
785:
759:
750:
746:
742:
726:
720:
703:
693:
691:
690:
685:
681:
677:
674:composed his
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
648:
645:
640:
638:
637:sustain pedal
634:
630:
626:
618:
613:
608:
598:
595:
590:
588:
583:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
539:
534:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
505:
499:
497:
491:
486:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
445:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
382:
380:
375:
371:
367:
363:
358:
356:
355:upright piano
352:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
314:
312:
301:
285:
283:
258:
253:
250:
249:Playing range
246:
242:
238:
235:
232:
228:
224:
220:
214:
212:
208:
205:
201:
193:Upright piano
189:
175:
165:
159:
151:
148:
140:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112:
108:
105:
101:
98: â
97:
93:
92:Find sources:
86:
82:
76:
75:
70:This article
68:
64:
59:
58:
55:
51:
49:
44:
37:
33:
19:
5994:Chordophones
5838:Alberti bass
5807:
5680:Sprechgesang
5678:
5631:Stevens grip
5621:Cymbal choke
5570:Third bridge
5490:BartĂłk pizz.
5442:String piano
5408:
5321:Stopped note
5241:Articulation
5014:Short octave
4945:
4894:Harmonichord
4781:
4759:
4736:
4724:. Retrieved
4720:the original
4704:
4684:
4661:
4640:
4629:
4610:
4591:
4572:
4552:
4531:
4499:
4477:
4454:
4431:
4410:
4399:
4377:23 September
4375:. Retrieved
4370:
4361:
4352:
4346:
4337:
4331:
4322:
4316:
4296:
4289:
4277:. Retrieved
4273:"Pianoforte"
4266:
4261:pp. 203â215.
4250:
4245:
4240:pp. 203â215.
4229:
4224:
4212:. Retrieved
4208:the original
4188:. pp. 26â27.
4177:
4172:
4160:. Retrieved
4146:
4134:. Retrieved
4120:
4108:. Retrieved
4104:the original
4090:
4078:. Retrieved
4069:
4059:
4049:15 September
4047:. Retrieved
4038:
4028:
4016:. Retrieved
4006:
3999:
3985:
3977:
3967:"Model F308"
3962:
3954:
3946:
3915:
3891:
3884:
3875:
3855:
3848:
3836:. Retrieved
3823:
3814:
3802:. Retrieved
3787:
3777:30 September
3775:. Retrieved
3771:the original
3761:
3752:
3743:
3734:
3731:Davies, Hugh
3725:
3705:
3698:
3684:
3675:
3670:
3658:. Retrieved
3644:
3632:. Retrieved
3618:
3608:
3602:
3583:
3577:
3544:
3540:
3534:
3510:
3503:
3491:. Retrieved
3477:
3468:
3447:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3384:. Retrieved
3380:the original
3370:
3350:
3344:
3319:
3315:
3297:
3285:. Retrieved
3244:
3238:
3213:
3209:
3203:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3143:
3122:
3114:
3105:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3027:Street piano
3001:Music portal
2963:
2924:
2921:(1797â1828).
2882:
2867:
2852:Philip Glass
2820:Rick Wakeman
2781:
2723:
2700:Scott Joplin
2689:
2680:
2667:Ăva Gauthier
2589:
2580:Otto Ortmann
2572:Fred Karpoff
2532:
2490:
2476:
2470:). The term
2447:
2436:Piano tuning
2434:
2430:
2401:
2400:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2365:
2351:
2342:
2334:
2328:
2318:
2310:
2291:
2273:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2243:
2239:
2230:
2221:
2212:
2206:
2202:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2173:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2118:
2102:
2087:
2082:
2079:pedal points
2071:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2023:
2016:
2012:
2000:
1984:Piano pedals
1975:Piano pedals
1960:
1937:
1934:EmĂĄnuel MoĂłr
1929:
1927:
1922:
1907:
1903:
1863:
1858:
1840:
1813:
1793:
1746:
1731:
1724:
1705:
1693:
1680:
1670:, typically
1664:
1647:input/output
1629:
1606:, now often
1600:floppy disks
1597:
1572:synth module
1538:
1516:
1510:and in some
1454:. The first
1418:
1387:
1371:
1364:
1359:
1352:
1336:Edward Ryley
1334:
1330:silent piano
1327:
1311:player piano
1304:
1293:
1240:
1233:
1204:
1202:
1178:
1163:grand pianos
1162:
1160:
1115:
1106:sound module
1088:
1080:
1076:
1062:
1033:square piano
1030:
1020:
1006:(1821), and
997:
971:
930:
875:
871:
849:
833:Joseph Haydn
818:
790:
781:
718:
696:Modern piano
687:
668:Anton Walter
649:
641:
622:
591:
578:
573:
569:
561:
543:
513:
509:
501:
493:
489:
487:
451:
410:
383:
359:
348:
319:
317:
308:
281:
158:
143:
137:January 2024
134:
124:
117:
110:
103:
91:
79:Please help
74:verification
71:
54:
47:
5948:Backup band
5873:Power chord
5778:Double bass
5664:Death growl
5646:Human voice
5616:Burton grip
5545:Flatpicking
5540:Fingerstyle
5535:Downpicking
5502:Free bowing
5384:Overblowing
5296:Multiphonic
5256:Double stop
5123:Maintenance
5096:Innovations
5042:Split sharp
5032:Frequencies
4973:Synthesizer
4899:Harpsichord
4837:Instruments
4279:17 November
3804:19 November
3794:"The Piano"
3547:: 118â124.
3322:(1): 1â16.
3159:Early Music
3021:Piano stool
2965:Bandleaders
2951:songwriters
2778:grand piano
2663:Oskar Fried
2616:Franz Liszt
2547:self-taught
2492:temperament
2483:frequencies
2444:piano tuner
2426:piano tuner
2410:Maintenance
2216:equals the
2141:pedal piano
1948:Bösendorfer
1689:Bösendorfer
1588:synthesised
1576:synthesizer
1526:oscillators
1522:synthesizer
1508:jazz fusion
1468:loudspeaker
1444:jazz fusion
1389:Wadia Sabra
1374:pedal piano
1319:Bösendorfer
1271:Specialized
1185:frequencies
1156:White House
1073:lyre pianos
862:. In 1821,
860:Franz Liszt
810:iron frames
482:harpsichord
470:Middle Ages
458:Pipe organs
441:songwriting
421:traditional
351:grand piano
230:Inventor(s)
219:chordophone
215:314.122-4-8
179:Grand piano
18:Piano-forte
5983:Categories
5895:Figuration
5848:Banjo roll
5813:Pipe organ
5659:Beatboxing
5603:Percussion
5447:Tack piano
5394:Split tone
5364:Embouchure
5291:Intonation
5060:Expression
4929:Reed organ
4924:Pipe organ
4889:Fortepiano
4869:Clavichord
4390:References
3660:27 January
3287:27 January
3039:Chiroplast
3015:Piano trio
2969:conductors
2943:folk music
2903:See also:
2812:Billy Joel
2804:Elton John
2784:rock music
2754:Bill Evans
2750:Bud Powell
2738:Honky-tonk
2704:Jazz piano
2380:fortissimo
2368:pianissimo
2225:times the
2218:wavelength
2145:pedalboard
2139:piano, or
2058:soft pedal
2021:enormous.
2004:soft pedal
1796:soundboard
1751:, such as
1742:Hindenburg
1709:piano wire
1672:hard maple
1568:patch cord
1552:headphones
1534:headphones
1512:rock music
1476:rock music
1452:rock music
1448:funk music
1383:pipe organ
1315:piano roll
962:cast steel
958:Birmingham
937:soundboard
880:Henri Herz
798:piano wire
784:media help
689:fortepiano
607:Fortepiano
574:fortepiano
570:pianoforte
540:in Leipzig
522:pipe organ
518:fortepiano
496:pianoforte
478:clavichord
427:music for
390:fortepiano
370:soundboard
311:media help
298:Played by
107:newspapers
48:Pianoforte
43:Fortepiano
5958:Orchestra
5915:Obbligato
5674:Screaming
5626:Drum roll
5497:Col legno
5485:Pizzicato
5480:Bariolage
5306:Pizzicato
5286:Harmonics
5281:Glissando
5266:Fingering
5091:Acoustics
4879:Claviharp
4162:27 August
4136:27 August
3838:30 August
3561:0072-0127
3439:143443333
3423:0369-7827
3386:9 October
3328:0005-3600
3222:0072-0127
3216:: 7â245.
3195:191481821
3179:0306-1078
2947:composers
2848:John Cage
2844:Modernist
2832:Sotheby's
2828:Tori Amos
2808:Ben Folds
2766:jazz-rock
2762:jazz-funk
2665:, singer
2608:Beethoven
2227:frequency
2155:Mechanics
2103:The rare
2074:sostenuto
2067:una corda
2062:una corda
1992:sostenuto
1988:una corda
1952:Bechstein
1913:Schoenhut
1909:Toy piano
1819:accents.
1817:sforzando
1727:cast iron
1719:Cast iron
1464:amplifier
1425:amplified
1395:in 1920.
1355:minipiano
1305:In 1863,
1296:toy piano
1206:stretched
1193:harmonics
1189:overtones
933:cast iron
892:see below
876:balancier
821:Broadwood
676:concertos
528:Invention
437:composing
413:classical
394:cast iron
240:Developed
5920:Ostinato
5853:Bassline
5843:Arpeggio
5783:Drum kit
5517:Two bows
5512:Spiccato
5399:Tonguing
5374:Growling
5316:Slapping
5311:Position
5301:Phrasing
4978:Virginal
4909:Melodica
4854:Carillon
4849:Calliope
4758:Section
4371:BBC News
4214:18 April
4156:Archived
4130:Archived
4110:21 April
4074:Archived
4043:Archived
4018:22 March
4012:Archived
3970:Archived
3935:Archived
3924:Archived
3832:Archived
3830:. 1990.
3798:Archived
3733:(2001).
3654:Archived
3628:Archived
3487:Archived
3336:41640462
3281:Archived
3230:44083109
2987:See also
2871:MahÄgÄ«ta
2708:ostinato
2604:Schubert
2479:interval
2468:middle C
2326:, where
2304:, ... =
2209:velocity
2137:pedalier
1911:company
1843:basswood
1823:Keyboard
1765:New York
1761:hornbeam
1749:hardwood
1697:Steinway
1668:hardwood
1612:Pianoteq
1514:genres.
1430:(1929),
1360:Pianette
1288:Steinway
1195:) sound
1002:(1788),
991:Steinway
966:Viennese
900:Steinway
845:Viennese
747:, on an
660:Augsburg
480:and the
433:ensemble
374:coupling
353:and the
340:musician
223:keyboard
217:(Simple
5880:Comping
5636:Rimshot
5565:Tambour
5550:Picking
5507:Martelé
5427:Luthéal
5336:Vibrato
5331:Tremolo
5251:Damping
5234:General
5106:Aliquot
5070:Sustain
4987:Layouts
4941:Orphica
4859:Celesta
4826:Musical
4100:Fazioli
4080:3 March
3493:5 April
3187:4137311
3033:Agraffe
2892:á
ááčáááŹáž
2887:Burmese
2883:sandaya
2864:Sandaya
2730:Comping
2696:Ragtime
2614:, like
2557:to the
2509:stretch
2452:pitches
2448:in tune
2440:in tune
2356:
2339:
2323:
2306:
2302:
2288:
2284:
2269:
2184:knuckle
2125:Fazioli
2098:Challen
2083:celeste
1866:octaves
1859:Ivorite
1809:plywood
1701:Fazioli
1604:CD ROMs
1586:series
1484:pickups
1401:Hofmann
1260:models.
1219:Upright
1081:pianino
1071:" and "
941:tension
814:octaves
806:casting
802:strings
680:sonatas
594:sustain
566:cypress
448:History
425:popular
402:sustain
362:strings
344:pianist
121:scholar
96:"Piano"
5905:Groove
5527:Guitar
5246:Bowing
5146:Wrench
5141:Tuning
5131:Action
5101:Wiring
5052:Pedals
4968:Spinet
4904:Keytar
4712:
4691:
4672:
4649:
4617:
4598:
4579:
4560:
4539:
4507:
4485:
4463:
4439:
4418:
4304:
4257:
4236:
4184:
3903:
3863:
3713:
3634:6 July
3590:
3569:841758
3567:
3559:
3522:
3437:
3429:
3421:
3403:Osiris
3357:
3334:
3326:
3255:
3228:
3220:
3193:
3185:
3177:
3131:
2836:Yamaha
2776:Yamaha
2714:, and
2638:, and
2600:Mozart
2555:M.Mus.
2551:B.Mus.
2539:by ear
2113:clutch
1969:Pedals
1855:Yamaha
1800:spruce
1773:DuPont
1769:Teflon
1759:, and
1580:pedals
1564:violin
1466:and a
1393:Pleyel
1321:CEUS,
1254:spinet
1128:using
1097:spinet
979:bridge
945:Boston
868:action
852:Pleyel
587:action
558:Medici
514:attack
388:, the
379:pedals
366:bridge
328:action
123:
116:
109:
102:
94:
50:(film)
5989:Piano
5890:Drone
5863:Chord
5808:Piano
5697:Ătude
5409:Piano
5111:Cross
4946:Piano
4914:Organ
4864:Chime
4726:6 May
3879:p. 65
3565:JSTOR
3435:S2CID
3427:JSTOR
3332:JSTOR
3226:JSTOR
3191:S2CID
3183:JSTOR
3079:Notes
2935:blues
2742:Bebop
2632:Fanny
2624:Clara
2596:Haydn
2590:Many
2458:(see
2378:) to
2149:organ
1851:ivory
1847:ebony
1777:Kawai
1757:beech
1753:maple
1734:Alcoa
1676:beech
1644:SMPTE
1570:to a
1462:, an
1419:With
1197:sharp
1136:Grand
1112:Types
841:fifth
749:Erard
633:organ
550:Padua
510:touch
490:piano
368:to a
322:is a
320:piano
221:with
162:Piano
128:JSTOR
114:books
5930:Vamp
5925:Riff
5900:Fill
5585:Harp
5065:Soft
5024:Keys
4828:and
4728:2020
4710:ISBN
4689:ISBN
4670:ISBN
4647:ISBN
4615:ISBN
4596:ISBN
4577:ISBN
4558:ISBN
4537:ISBN
4505:ISBN
4483:ISBN
4461:ISBN
4437:ISBN
4416:ISBN
4379:2023
4302:ISBN
4281:2014
4255:ISBN
4234:ISBN
4216:2021
4182:ISBN
4164:2010
4138:2010
4112:2008
4082:2015
4051:2018
4020:2015
3930:and
3901:ISBN
3861:ISBN
3840:2010
3806:2014
3779:2018
3711:ISBN
3662:2014
3636:2014
3588:ISBN
3557:ISSN
3520:ISBN
3495:2014
3419:ISSN
3388:2007
3355:ISBN
3324:ISSN
3316:Bach
3289:2014
3253:ISBN
3218:ISSN
3175:ISSN
3129:ISBN
2959:film
2949:and
2939:rock
2931:jazz
2899:Role
2877:and
2850:and
2826:and
2764:and
2748:and
2710:for
2684:pubs
2634:and
2626:and
2606:and
2578:and
2553:and
2505:beat
2487:just
2472:A440
2170:Bach
2135:The
2056:The
1994:and
1944:Bach
1897:to B
1880:to A
1872:to C
1590:the
1506:and
1504:funk
1474:and
1450:and
1372:The
1365:The
1353:The
1294:The
1102:MIDI
1067:", "
994:hole
835:and
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429:solo
423:and
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