19:
2327:'s first district – alleged that some of the delegates, including himself, had been receiving money from a "Money Lobby" in the convention. In his speech on the plenary, Quintero accused fellow delegates that were for the moment unnamed of bribing him P11,150 to vote in support of provisions that would prolong the political career of the Marcoses and against those that would hamper it. The major provisions that would have greatly impacted the political surivival of the Marcos family were the proposals to a shift to
3741:
111:. Expressing opposition to the administration's policies and citing rising discontent over wide inequalities in society, critics of Marcos began campaigning to change a constitution which they said had been written under the dominion of the country's former colonial overlords. On March 16 of that year, the Philippine Congress constituted itself into a Constituent Assembly and passed Resolution No. 2, which called for a Constitutional Convention to change the 1935 Constitution.
4450:
2529:
On
January 5, 1973, Marcos, who had seized legislative power as part of his declaration of martial law, issued Presidential Decree No. 86-A, an addendum to the Revised Barrio Charter (Presidential Decree No. 86) which he had signed in late December to reconstitute Philippine barrios (villages) into a
2277:
Even as far back as 1967, when the creation of the
Constitutional Convention was proposed, opposition politicians feared that Marcos would use the convention as a way to stay in power beyond the two four-year terms allowed him by the 1935 Constitution. Because of these fears, the original resolution
2314:
Already bogged down by politicking and delays, the credibility of the 1971 Constitutional
Convention took a severe blow in May 1972 when a delegate exposed a bribery scheme in which delegates were paid to vote in favor of the Marcoses – with First Lady Imelda Marcos herself implicated in the alleged
2514:
By
November 29, 1972, a little over two months after the declaration of martial law, the Convention approved the draft, with Macapagal "reluctantly putting his signature" on a document that would give so much power to Marcos. It was presented to Marcos at the Malacañang palace on December 1, 1972,
2510:
In contrast to the slow, contentious deliberations that marked its early days, the
Convention moved quickly after Marcos had declared martial law. The opposition bloc had effectively been decimated and the threat of imprisonment hung over any delegates who might voice opposition in the convention.
2382:
The work of the convention was affected by the declaration of martial law in
September 1972 by President Marcos. The military units assigned to implement the law were given a list of 400 individuals to arrest, consisting mostly of outspoken critics of Marcos' administration. This included a number
94:
Although World War II interfered with the transition plan and a puppet constitution was put in place by the
Japanese Imperial Army from 1943 until the defeat of the Japanese forces in 1944, the Philippines was granted independence on July 4, 1946. Upon independence, the 1935 constitution came into
2469:
As recounted by oppositionist
Convention delegate Caesar Espiritu, officials privy to variations of the priority arrest list eventually informed them which other Convention delegates had been put on the list. Aside from those actually arrested, one "shortlist" of 12 delegates identified six other
2351:
drivers plastered signs reading "Mabuhay
Quintero!" ("Long Live Quintero!") on the sides of their cars in the days after Quintero's exposé. Later historians note that this would have jeopardized any efforts on Marcos' part to hold on to power beyond the two four-year terms allowed him by the 1935
2296:
No person who has served as
President of the Philippines shall be eligible to occupy the same office or that of chief minister or chief executive any time in the future, nor shall his spouse or relatives to the second degree by consanguinity or affinity be eligible to occupy the same office during
2571:
In the Ratification Cases, six of the 10 members of the court (the Chief Justice, and Justices Makalintal, Zaldivar, Castro, Fernando, and Teehankee) said that the 1973 Constitution had not been ratified validly. But Justices Makalintal and Castro said that the people had acquiesced to the 1973
2318:
Ever since the convention was convened, the "progressive bloc" of the convention believed that Marcos was influencing the proceedings through the votes of delegates allied to the Marcoses and Imelda's family, the Romualdezes. This suspicion was further strengthened on May 19, 1972, when
2278:
in congress which called for the convention had a provision that would have required the proposed new Constitution to have a provision preventing Marcos or his wife Imelda from running for office after the end of his term in 1973. The provision was defeated in Congress by a narrow vote.
2394:, were in the country but managed to evade arrest. However, numerous members of the Constitutional Convention's opposition bloc were among those arrested in the early hours of September 22, 1972. Convention delegates immediately arrested after the proclamation of martial law included:
114:
Marcos surprised his critics by endorsing the move, and it was later revealed that the resulting Constitutional Convention would lay the foundation for the legal justifications Marcos would use to extend his term past the two four-year terms allowable under the 1935 Constitution.
2305:
was put in jail along with 10 other members of the opposition bloc, while numerous others, including Manglapus, were forced into hiding or exile. They were dropped from the Marcos-sponsored final draft of the constitution which was approved by the convention in November 1972.
2339:
of the 1935 constitution as well as the "Ban Marcos" provisions of Napoleon Rama. Quintero himself was politically indebted to the Marcoses because he was elected with the aid of Imelda Marcos' brother, but he said that he finally wanted "to do the correct thing".
56:
in September 1972, and had 11 opposition delegates arrested. The remaining opposition delegates were forced to go either into exile or hiding. Within two months, an entirely new draft of the constitution was created from scratch by a special committee. The
2548:. Due to the lack of reportage accompanying the gagging of the Philippine press during martial law, there are no reliable records of how many citizens actually participated in these assemblies. The results of the plebiscite were thus questioned before the
129:
A special election was held on November 10, 1970, to elect the delegates of the convention. Once the winners had been determined, the convention was convened on June 1, 1971, at the Manila Hotel and was later transferred in 1972 to the then-newly completed
82:
By the middle of the 1930s, the end of the American occupation of the Philippines was supposed to be in sight. In 1934 the US had approved a ten-year plan for the Philippines' transition from a commonwealth to a fully independent nation-state, based on the
2534:". Presidential Decree No. 86-A cancelled the election plebiscite in which Philippine citizens would have voted whether or not to ratify the new Constitution. Instead, the 1973 Constitution would be ratified using "Citizen's Assemblies".
2572:
Constitution whether or not the ratification was valid, saying that the question of whether the Constitution could be invalidated was a political determination and not a judicial one. The Constitution was thus effectively upheld.
2343:
Quintero eventually released a three-page sworn statement that named 14 persons involved in the bribery scheme. The list included 12 of Quintero's fellow Convention delegates, the wife of delegate Artemio Mate, and Imelda Marcos.
2501:
With nearly a dozen of its members in jail and some of its most prominent leaders overseas or in hiding, the "progressive faction" of the convention which spoke against Marcos was no longer able to contribute to the discussion.
2485:
The longest list the convention delegates were able to piece together listed a total of 32 delegates, identifying Bacalzo, Guingona, Concepcion, Nolledo, and Viterbo who were all arrested, and additionally mentioned
3368:
2511:
Macapagal thus allowed the regular rules of the convention to be suspended so that a 166-member group headed by Marcos-supporting delegate Gilberto Duavit came up with a new draft of the Constitution.
87:. One of the preconditions for this independence was the creation of "a stable democratic government" based on the American model of governance, rather than being based on the French model as the
2990:
38:. The delegates were elected on November 10, 1970, and the convention itself was convened on June 1, 1971. It was marked by controversies, including efforts to uphold term limits for incumbent
61:
was called to ratify the new constitution, but the validity of the ratification was brought to question because Marcos replaced the method of voting through secret ballot with a system of
4240:
4009:
2281:
Members of the opposition who were elected as Constitutional Convention delegates nevertheless proposed such "Ban the Marcoses" provisions during the deliberations of the convention.
95:
effect, featuring a government structure very similar to that of the United States: an executive branch with a President who could be elected to a maximum of two four-year terms; a
3091:
2959:
2758:
2808:
4235:
3031:
3232:
141:
was sworn in as the President of the Constitutional Convention on the day the convention was convened, but died thirteen days after taking oath. Former President
4475:
4270:
4361:
4325:
4004:
3439:
4205:
3984:
2593:
124:
2491:
4014:
23:
4050:
4505:
4124:
3416:
2487:
2301:
Deliberations on these provisions dragged out due to partisan rambling, continuing until Marcos' declaration of martial law in September 1972.
2352:
Constitution, but the social unrest brought about by Marcos' 1970 debt crisis enabled him to stay in power anyway – by declaring martial law.
4480:
3690:
3551:
4260:
4225:
3890:
3800:
3759:
3541:
3225:
4230:
3268:
3099:
4342:
4088:
3897:
3516:
3456:
3298:
2967:
4285:
4265:
4215:
4144:
3815:
2787:
2538:
58:
3962:
3396:
3391:
4490:
4245:
4073:
3253:
3218:
4280:
4250:
4220:
3661:
2816:
4290:
4035:
3683:
3023:
4500:
3386:
2320:
4129:
3790:
2588:
4275:
4255:
3880:
3764:
2377:
53:
65:
voting by "citizens' assemblies". The ratification of the constitution was challenged in what came to be known as the
3158:
3062:
2733:
4485:
4337:
4332:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4200:
4190:
4180:
4108:
3768:
3625:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
4210:
4195:
4185:
3937:
3932:
3569:
3564:
3524:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3444:
3426:
3378:
35:
4164:
3922:
2284:
Soon after the Constitutional Convention was convened, 176 of the 206 delegates signed a resolution by delegate
3853:
2878:
3967:
3979:
3755:
18:
2621:
3686:
2707:
39:
4134:
4093:
3559:
3464:
3434:
3361:
3258:
189:
4045:
3654:
3408:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
2934:
4495:
4453:
4382:
3805:
3534:
3529:
3280:
3263:
3135:
2347:
The exposé tainted the convention, angered the anti-Marcos opposition, and scandalized the country.
2288:
calling for a ban on the Marcoses. Later, the Committee on Suffrage and Election Reforms, chaired by
1944:
3121:
2549:
2323:– a former Ambassador to the United Nations and the elected Constitutional Convention delegate for
152:
A total of 320 delegates were elected to the convention, the most prominent being former senators
4019:
3973:
3810:
2576:
1877:
568:
200:
Delegates Elected to the 1971 Constitutional Convention, sorted according to Provincial District
84:
3863:
3311:
2404:
1629:
822:
177:
173:
4368:
3917:
3912:
3647:
2448:
2365:
4410:
26:
to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the convention and installed inside the Manila Hotel.
4403:
3989:
3885:
3868:
3843:
3719:
2361:
2328:
2256:
88:
8:
4098:
3902:
3210:
2336:
2214:
1266:
1158:
550:
410:
161:
2390:, were either not in the Philippines when martial law was declared, while some, such as
4432:
4417:
4159:
4040:
3999:
3942:
3795:
2871:
How democracy was lost: a political diary of the Constitutional Convention of 1971-1972
2598:
2561:
2560:, and the legality of the 1973 Constitution questioned in what came to be known as the
2553:
2524:
1769:
1597:
1557:
1145:
1023:
406:
142:
99:
legislature consisting of a congress and a senate; and an independent judicial branch.
66:
3952:
3875:
3164:
3154:
3068:
3058:
2998:
2884:
2874:
2235:
2202:
2122:
2039:
1920:
1881:
1866:
1643:
1463:
1191:
790:
4375:
3947:
3848:
3670:
3288:
2479:
2399:
2364:– about 20 explosions in various locations in Metro Manila in the months after the
2302:
1928:
1909:
1618:
1576:
806:
502:
236:
138:
131:
108:
42:
2470:
delegates: Sonny Alvarez, Antonio "Tonypet" Araneta, Romy Capulong, Boni Gillego,
4139:
4078:
3858:
3729:
3715:
3306:
2410:
2248:
2141:
1711:
1700:
1226:
903:
887:
609:
247:
217:
193:
157:
3740:
4439:
4396:
3705:
3092:"In 1971 and 2006, new Charters designed to keep embattled presidents in power"
2537:
The Constitution was supposedly presented for the people's ratification in the
2495:
2471:
2387:
2332:
2289:
2082:
2059:
1482:
1172:
955:
655:
257:
185:
165:
153:
3639:
2907:
62:
4469:
4389:
4103:
4083:
3994:
3838:
3674:
3168:
3072:
3002:
2285:
1729:
1538:
1247:
1101:
974:
928:
663:
628:
436:
169:
146:
46:
2888:
2518:
3957:
3723:
2478:. (Among those actually arrested, this list named Garcia, Guiao, Lichauco,
2443:
1012:
914:
639:
525:
96:
2781:
2779:
4154:
4149:
4065:
4055:
3833:
3785:
3711:
3242:
1501:
692:
2991:"Raul S. Manglapus, Former Foreign Secretary of Philippines, Dies at 80"
2541:, where the Citizen's Assemblies supposedly showed their assent through
2297:
any unexpired portion of his term or in one immediately succeeding term.
160:. Other delegates would become influential political figures, including
2809:"The election for the Presidency of the 1971 Constitutional Convention"
2776:
2542:
2422:
1799:
1791:
1421:
1045:
3186:
The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines: a Commentary
2575:
Marcos would continue to rule as a dictator until being ousted by the
2360:
On September 18, 1972, the convention was targeted by one of the last
2693:
Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn
2475:
2391:
181:
3927:
2531:
2191:
2026:
1758:
1276:
866:
673:
512:
395:
2415:
1984:
1739:
1440:
576:
535:
448:
376:
338:
107:
In 1967, the executive branch was headed by the tenth president,
45:, and a bribery scandal in which 14 people, including First Lady
2788:"September 1972: Recalling the last days and hours of democracy"
2691:
Magno, Alexander R., ed. (1998). "Democracy at the Crossroads".
2272:
2494:, Badoy, Sanchez, the Espiritu brothers, Pepe Calderon, Kalaw,
2348:
2160:
1360:
1076:
993:
742:
357:
2368:
and immediately preceding Marcos' declaration of martial law.
3708:
and Remedios Trinidad & Vicente Lopez-Romualdez (parents)
2324:
2309:
2003:
1305:
711:
467:
295:
276:
2813:
Official Tumblr page of the Presidential Museum and Library
2101:
765:
102:
49:, were accused of bribing delegates to favor the Marcoses.
4010:
Philippine military history during the Marcos dictatorship
4005:
Philippine economic history during the Marcos dictatorship
3240:
2519:
1973 constitutional plebiscite and the Ratification Cases
2515:
marking the end of the Constitutional Convention's task.
2786:
Pedroso, Kate; Generalao, Minerva (September 21, 2016).
3142:
2699:
149:
served as the President Pro-Tempore of the convention.
3096:
Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism Website
3055:
Struggle for freedom: a textbook on Philippine history
2734:"G.R. No. L-32432 – Manuel B. Imbong vs. Jaime Ferrer"
2331:
which would have enabled President Marcos to run as
118:
4362:
Iginuhit ng Tadhana (The Ferdinand E. Marcos Story)
2902:
2900:
2898:
2960:"Looking Back: The 1971 Constitutional Convention"
2935:"Pilosopong Tasyo speaks ...: THE QUINTERO EXPOSE"
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2594:1970 Philippine Constitutional Convention election
125:1970 Philippine Constitutional Convention election
3016:
2982:
2952:
2843:De Leon, Hector S.; Lugue, Emilio Jr. E. (1984).
2660:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2616:
2614:
2505:
2371:
24:National Historical Commission of the Philippines
4467:
4094:Japanese Official Development Assistance scandal
3202:Res Gestae: A Brief History of the Supreme Court
2895:
2785:
198:
3669:
3148:
3086:
3084:
3082:
2908:"QUINTERO, Eduardo T. – Bantayog ng mga Bayani"
4476:Constitutional conventions (political meeting)
3136:"Presidential Decree No. 86-A January 5, 1973"
3122:"Presidential Decree No. 86 December 31, 1972"
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2639:
2611:
3655:
3226:
3180:
3178:
2695:. Hong Kong: Asia Publishing Company Limited.
2386:Some of the individuals on the list, such as
2383:of members of the Constitutional Convention.
3732:, Pio Marcos and Quirino Lizardo (relatives)
3079:
2842:
2725:
32:Philippine Constitutional Convention of 1971
3196:
3194:
3149:Graham., Hassall; Saunders, Cheryl (2002).
2851:
2845:Textbook on the new Philippine Constitution
2838:
2836:
2834:
2622:"Constitutional history of the Philippines"
4326:Bongbong Marcos vice presidential campaign
4089:Overseas landholdings of the Marcos family
3898:1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis
3806:President of the Senate of the Philippines
3662:
3648:
3233:
3219:
3175:
3128:
2310:Eduardo Quintero's delegate bribery exposé
3153:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3114:
2355:
2335:unhampered by the term limits set in the
3968:Creation of the Municipality of Kalayaan
3801:2nd district of Ilocos Norte (1949–1959)
3191:
3057:(1st ed.). Manila: Rex Book Store.
3046:
2868:
2831:
2705:
103:Campaign to change the 1935 Constitution
77:
17:
4074:Unexplained wealth of the Marcos family
2403:, who was also associate editor of the
4468:
3849:Operation Merdeka and Jabidah massacre
4506:Manila during the Marcos dictatorship
4343:Bongbong Marcos presidential campaign
3643:
3214:
2933:Tasyo, Pilosopong (August 29, 2017).
2932:
2690:
4481:Political history of the Philippines
3052:
2988:
2731:
36:1935 Constitution of the Philippines
3151:Asia-Pacific constitutional systems
2966:. February 17, 2003. Archived from
2873:. Quezon City: New Day Publishers.
2706:Bautista, Andy (October 11, 2014).
2589:Timeline of the Marcos dictatorship
2292:, drafted a resolution which read:
2273:Proposal of "Ban Marcos" provisions
13:
3881:Communist Party of the Philippines
3691:10th First Lady of the Philippines
3034:from the original on July 22, 2018
2378:Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos
14:
4517:
4036:1st district of Leyte (1995–1998)
3024:"The intrepid 18, two times over"
2869:Espiritu, Augusto Caesar (1993).
119:Convention leadership and members
22:Historical marker created by the
4449:
4448:
3739:
2564:Javellana v. Executive Secretary
2552:in what came to be known as the
4130:Fake war claims and fake medals
2926:
2434:Jose "Joecon" S. Concepcion Jr.
203:
4491:Presidency of Ferdinand Marcos
3933:Integrated Reorganization Plan
3908:1971 constitutional convention
3765:St. Paul's College of Tacloban
2989:Weil, Martin (July 26, 1999).
2801:
2751:
2539:1973 constitutional plebiscite
2506:Revised new draft Constitution
2372:Arrest of opposition delegates
59:1973 constitutional plebiscite
1:
3980:Assassination of Ninoy Aquino
3769:Philippine Women's University
3756:University of the Philippines
3098:. May 1, 2006. Archived from
2604:
72:
4160:Murder of Archimedes Trajano
3687:President of the Philippines
2449:Teofisto "Tito" Guingona Jr.
137:Former Philippine President
7:
4501:1970s political conferences
4165:Manila Film Center disaster
3241:Legislative periods of the
2582:
2133:Constantino M. Navarro, Jr.
196:, and Federico Dela Plana.
10:
4522:
2939:Pilosopong Tasyo speaks ..
2522:
2375:
778:Casimiro R. Madarang, Jr.
122:
4427:
4353:
4173:
4117:
4064:
4028:
3891:Communist armed conflicts
3854:Establishment of the MNLF
3824:
3778:
3748:
3737:
3697:
3681:
3550:
3542:Constitutional Commission
3515:
3507:Constitutional Convention
3455:
3425:
3407:
3377:
3369:Constitutional Convention
3307:2nd Philippine Commission
3297:
3279:
3249:
3200:Cruz, Isagani A. (2000).
3053:Duka, Cecilio D. (2008).
2763:lawlibrary.chanrobles.com
2465:, who were later released
2454:Alejandro "Ding" Lichuaco
2158:
2024:
1945:Teofisto T. Guingona, Jr.
1907:
1864:
1824:Numeriano G. Tanopo, Jr.
1797:
1756:
1698:
1641:
1551:Demetrio A. Quirino, Jr.
1499:
1358:
1303:
1274:
1189:
1074:
1043:
1010:
763:
709:
626:
574:
533:
465:
393:
293:
34:was called to change the
3269:House of Representatives
3204:. Rex Book Store, Manila
3188:. Rex Book Store, Manila
3184:Bernas, Joaquin (2003).
2708:"Chartering change (II)"
2550:Philippine Supreme Court
2530:new structure called a "
2095:Federico U. de la Plana
1812:Jose F. S. Bengson, Jr.
1690:Plaridel G. Villadelgado
1591:Amado S. Tolentino, Jr.
1415:Antonio S. Araneta, Jr.
1401:Feliciano Jover Ledesma
1262:Lininding P. Pangandaman
1220:Rustico F. de los Reyes
1162:Francisco B. Albano, Jr.
569:Magtanggol C. Guinigundo
478:Natalio R. Castillo, Jr.
318:Domingo R. Imperial, Jr.
4486:1971 in the Philippines
4155:Affair with Dovie Beams
4020:People Power Revolution
3974:Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa
3811:Kilusang Bagong Lipunan
2759:"Republic Act No. 6176"
2577:People Power Revolution
2262:Pedro M. Rodriguez, Jr.
2257:Maria Clara L. Lobregat
1960:Augusto L. Syjuco, Jr.
1958:Augusto Caesar Espiritu
1903:Benjamin M. Campomanes
1455:Mateo A. Esparrago, Jr.
1451:Andres C. Clemente, Jr.
1218:Estanislao A. Fernandez
1099:Emilio M. de la Cruz II
1027:Federico B. Ablan, Sr.
306:Jose A. Madrilejos, Jr.
3864:1976 Tripoli Agreement
3312:Philippine Legislature
3299:U.S. insular territory
3138:. The LAWPHIL Project.
3124:. The LAWPHIL Project.
2912:Bantayog ng mga Bayani
2482:, Rondon, and Velez.)
2405:Philippines Free Press
2356:September 1972 bombing
2299:
2266:Benjamin A. Rodriguez
1948:Leonardo Siguion Reyna
1942:Miguel P. Cuaderno Sr.
1733:Felix G. Gaudiel, Sr.
1630:Aquilino Pimentel, Jr.
1612:Elizabeth C. Johnston
1532:Raymundo A. Padiernos
1434:Ricardo G. Nepomuceno
1267:Pangalian M. Balindong
1058:Melchor G. Padua, Jr.
891:Sandiale A. Sambalawan
881:Anacleto D. Badoy, Jr.
823:Hilario G. Davide, Jr.
667:Felix R. Alfelor, Jr.
351:Arturo F. Pacificador
178:Teofisto Guingona, Jr.
174:Aquilino Pimentel, Jr.
27:
4051:Historical distortion
3918:Proclamation No. 1081
3913:Plaza Miranda bombing
3704:Josefa Edralin &
2444:Jose "Pepito" Nolledo
2366:Plaza Miranda bombing
2294:
1974:Emilio de la Paz, Jr.
1956:Mary Rose J. Ezpeleta
1952:Alejandro A. Lichauco
1858:Felix M. Mamenta, Jr.
1770:Diosdado P. Macapagal
1750:Alfredo E. Abueg, Jr.
1715:Gonzalo O. Catan, Jr.
1658:Benito Montinola, Sr.
1330:Francisco A. Astilla
1299:Antonio M. de Guzman
1087:Salvador B. Britanico
1037:Gregorio R. Paruganan
860:Gerardo M. S. Pepito
705:Rafael P. Santelices
546:Pablo S. Trillana III
506:Simplico M. Apalisok
407:Felixberto M. Serrano
370:Armando L. Abad, Sr.
78:The 1935 Constitution
21:
4433:← Diosdado Macapagal
4150:Death of Alfie Anido
3990:Binondo Central Bank
3869:Pata Island massacre
2562:Ratification Cases (
2362:1972 Manila bombings
2252:Wilfredo G. Cainglet
2040:Bonifacio H. Gillego
2020:Valeriano C. Yancha
2016:Romualdo R. Mendiola
1932:Jose Concepcion, Jr.
1834:Ricardo B. Primicias
1674:Arsenio B. Yulo, Jr.
1662:Ramon Hortinela, Jr.
1258:Ahmed Domocao Alonto
1241:Francisco L. Abalos
1237:Mariano Ll. Badelles
1056:Ramon S. Encarnacion
1004:Gaspar R. Ponchinlam
945:Dominador F. Carillo
897:Antionio R. Velasco
820:Oliveros E. Kintanar
810:Antonio T. Bacaltos
755:Abraham F. Sarmiento
686:Antonio V. Borromeo
622:Fernando S. Vinzons
424:Jose P. Leviste, Jr.
387:Custodio A. Villalva
89:Malolos Constitution
54:declared martial law
4354:Cultural depictions
4145:Cult of personality
4125:Human rights abuses
4104:Golden Buddha theft
4099:Coco Levy Fund scam
3903:First Quarter Storm
3760:U.P. College of Law
2712:The Philippine Star
2337:presidential system
2229:Ernesto S. Amatong
2215:Zamboanga del Norte
2171:Mercedes C. Teodoro
2152:Vicente L. Pimentel
1940:Jose Ma. V. Paredes
1929:Salvador Z. Araneta
1836:Emiliano L. Abalos
1730:Emilio C. Macias II
1719:Cicero D. Calderon
1660:Emmanuel G. Aguilar
1457:Venancio L. Yaneza
1432:Carmencita O. Reyes
1371:Reynaldo T. Fajardo
1342:Antero M. Bongbong
1260:Mangontawar B. Guro
1204:Manuel A. Concordia
1183:Infante S. Calaycay
1164:Leocadio E. Ignacio
1159:Heherson T. Alvarez
1127:Licurgo T. Tirador
987:Generoso A. Juaban
941:Leon M. Garcia, Jr.
659:Domingo M. Guevarra
551:Mateo A. T. Caparas
529:Alfredo J. Lagamon
480:Victor de la Serna
411:Antonio de las Alas
332:Teresita D. Flores
308:Salvador C. Balane
289:Godofredo P. Ramos
268:Lamberto M. Mordeno
201:
162:Hilario Davide, Jr.
4418:Martyr or Murderer
4411:Maid in Malacañang
4281:1984 parliamentary
4041:Operation Big Bird
4000:Escalante massacre
3943:Palimbang massacre
3796:Nacionalista Party
2738:www.chanrobles.com
2599:Ratification Cases
2554:Plebiscite Cases (
2525:Ratification Cases
2414:, who was also an
2329:parliamentarianism
2260:Teodoro C. Araneta
2173:Homobono C. Sawit
2116:Benjamin Abubakar
2093:Gabriel O. Yñiguez
1995:Manuel F. Martinez
1976:Francisco Sumulong
1972:Gilberto M. Duavit
1934:Jose Mari U. Velez
1926:Voltaire R. Garcia
1887:Leandro P. Garcia
1846:Reynaldo A. Villar
1598:Occidental Misamis
1589:Juan Luces A. Luna
1568:Ricardo V. Quintos
1558:Occidental Mindoro
1530:Sedfrey A. Ordoñez
1528:Emmanuel T. Santos
1516:Ernesto R. Rondon
1514:Rebeck A. Espiritu
1375:Fidel A. Santiago
1373:Salvador L. Mariño
1316:Cirilo Roy Montejo
1270:Tocod M. Macaraya
1208:Vicente G. Hocson
1185:Eubulo G. Verzola
1070:Eduardo Guirnalda
1068:Godofredo S. Reyes
1024:Antonio V. Raquiza
1006:Raymundo Baguilat
968:Antonio D. Olmedo
888:Michael O. Mastura
858:Antionio Y. de Pio
836:Pedro B. Calderon
794:Natalio B. Bacalso
776:Lydia D. Rodriguez
753:Juanito R. Remulla
724:George H. Viterbo
703:Clemente A. Abundo
620:Rogelio E. Panotes
564:Justino P. Hermoso
461:Fernando Bautista
389:Geronimo M. Cabal
349:Angel Salazar, Jr.
287:Augusto B. Legaspi
270:Vicente M. Guzman
248:Edelmiro A. Amante
199:
143:Diosdado Macapagal
67:Ratification Cases
28:
4463:
4462:
3985:1980s debt crisis
3963:Tictapul massacre
3953:Thrilla in Manila
3938:1973 constitution
3886:New People's Army
3876:ASEAN Declaration
3816:Marcos propaganda
3637:
3636:
3525:Batasang Pambansa
3417:National Assembly
3387:National Assembly
3030:. July 27, 2017.
2847:. Rex Book Store.
2819:on April 16, 2015
2556:Planas v. COMELEC
2490:(the only girl),
2270:
2269:
2254:Antonio M. Ceniza
2246:Vincenzo A. Sagun
2236:Zamboanga del Sur
2225:Augusto C. Saguin
2206:Enrique J. Corpus
2203:Richard J. Gordon
2183:Jose Y. Feliciano
2154:Eriberto B. Misa
2123:Surigao del Norte
2076:Arturo P. Pingoy
2074:Fidel P. Purisima
2053:Celso P. Tabuena
1970:Pacifico A. Ortiz
1950:Ceferino P. Padua
1921:Raul S. Manglapus
1899:Cesar A. Caliwara
1897:Gil G. Puyat, Jr.
1882:Edgardo J. Angara
1878:Rodolfo D. Robles
1789:Ricardo M. Sagmit
1777:Fidel U. Canilao
1678:Loreto V. Valera
1664:Romeo C. Gonzaga
1644:Occidental Negros
1512:Romeo T. Capulong
1495:Cesar A. Sevilla
1464:Mountain Province
1397:Gerardo S. Espina
1318:Eduardo Quintero
1202:Jose A. Yulo, Jr.
1156:Benjamin C. Reyes
1137:Sonia S. Aldeguer
1125:Ramon A. Gonzales
1089:Lourdes S. Trono
1039:Emerito M. Salva
943:Pedro S. Castillo
883:Macario C. Camelo
879:Linda U. Ampatuan
877:Midpantao L. Adil
791:Marcelo B. Fernan
757:Jose P. Santillan
736:Pedro G. Exmundo
684:Pedro P. Romualdo
645:Antonio M. Sison
459:Floro R. Bugnosen
442:Oscar L. Leviste
440:Artemio M. Lobrin
426:Antonio C. Alano
320:Julian J. Locsin
251:Antonio R. Tupaz
230:Loreto L. Seares
228:Arturo V. Barbero
145:replaced Garcia.
85:Jones Act of 1916
4513:
4496:1971 conferences
4452:
4451:
4440:Corazon Aquino →
4376:A Dangerous Life
3948:Green Revolution
3779:Political career
3743:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3641:
3640:
3289:Malolos Congress
3235:
3228:
3221:
3212:
3211:
3205:
3198:
3189:
3182:
3173:
3172:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3102:on July 25, 2018
3088:
3077:
3076:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2904:
2893:
2892:
2866:
2849:
2848:
2840:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2815:. Archived from
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2783:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2688:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2618:
2498:, and Amatong".
2321:Eduardo Quintero
2264:Ramon V. Blancia
2227:Adolfo S. Azcuna
2135:Fanny C. Garcia
2070:Rodolfo A. Ortiz
2018:Ramon V. Mijares
2014:Decoroso Rosales
1978:Augusto Sanchez
1954:Tomas C. Benitez
1938:Augusto T. Kalaw
1924:Jesus G. Barrera
1885:Vincent L. Recto
1787:Amelito R. Mutuc
1752:Jose N. Nolledo
1717:Vicente G. Sinco
1692:Jacinto Montilla
1688:Gregorio Tingson
1619:Oriental Misamis
1608:Timoteo C. Ruben
1577:Oriental Mindoro
1549:Jose D. Calderon
1453:Raul R. Estrella
1411:Carlos J. Valdez
1399:Eduardo M. Sison
1354:Flor L. Sagadal
1340:Ramon V. Salazar
1328:Damian V. Aldaba
1289:Pedro O. Valdez
1287:Victor F. Ortega
1166:Celso D. Gangan
1115:Amanio Sorongon
1113:Manuel C. Locsin
985:Jaime C. Opinion
966:Adolfo A. Angala
947:Samuel C. Occeña
939:Ismael I. Veloso
920:Lauro C. Arabejo
918:Gaudioso R. Buen
915:Camilio L. Sabio
885:Jose M. Estaniel
854:Seventh District
848:Francis M. Zosa
846:Andres R. Flores
807:Napoleon G. Rama
796:Jesus P. Garcia
664:Lilia B. de Lima
601:Leoncio M. Puzon
591:Pedro N. Laggui
587:Manuel T. Molina
566:Cesar B. Serapio
548:Dakila F. Castro
503:Carlos P. Garcia
437:Sotero H. Laurel
237:Agusan del Norte
202:
147:Sotero H. Laurel
139:Carlos P. Garcia
132:Quezon City Hall
109:Ferdinand Marcos
43:Ferdinand Marcos
4521:
4520:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4423:
4349:
4286:1984 plebiscite
4169:
4140:Edifice complex
4113:
4079:Marcos mansions
4060:
4029:Post-presidency
4024:
3859:Manili massacre
3826:
3820:
3791:Military career
3774:
3763:
3744:
3735:
3730:Pacifico Marcos
3693:
3677:
3668:
3638:
3633:
3546:
3517:Fourth Republic
3511:
3451:
3421:
3409:Second Republic
3403:
3373:
3293:
3275:
3245:
3239:
3209:
3208:
3199:
3192:
3183:
3176:
3161:
3147:
3143:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3105:
3103:
3090:
3089:
3080:
3065:
3051:
3047:
3037:
3035:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3007:
3005:
2995:Washington Post
2987:
2983:
2973:
2971:
2970:on May 24, 2018
2958:
2957:
2953:
2943:
2941:
2931:
2927:
2917:
2915:
2906:
2905:
2896:
2881:
2867:
2852:
2841:
2832:
2822:
2820:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2792:
2790:
2784:
2777:
2767:
2765:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2742:
2740:
2730:
2726:
2716:
2714:
2704:
2700:
2689:
2640:
2630:
2628:
2626:ConstitutionNet
2620:
2619:
2612:
2607:
2585:
2527:
2521:
2508:
2459:Voltaire Garcia
2429:Natalio Bacalzo
2411:Jose Mari Velez
2380:
2374:
2358:
2315:payola scheme.
2312:
2275:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:Roseller T. Lim
2247:
2228:
2226:
2208:Luis D. Santos
2207:
2205:
2185:Ramon M. Nisce
2184:
2179:Second District
2172:
2153:
2142:Surigao del Sur
2134:
2115:
2114:Tating Sangkula
2113:
2094:
2075:
2073:
2072:Tomas T. Falgui
2071:
2052:
2051:Jose L. Lachica
2047:Second District
2038:
2037:Pacifico F. Lim
2019:
2017:
2015:
1997:Ernesto G. Ang
1996:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1966:Second District
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1902:
1901:Oscar F. Santos
1900:
1898:
1893:Second District
1886:
1884:
1880:
1860:Jesus M. Reyes
1859:
1848:Jose M. Aruego
1847:
1842:Fourth District
1835:
1823:
1822:Luis C. Catubig
1818:Second District
1811:
1790:
1788:
1783:Second District
1776:
1774:
1772:
1751:
1732:
1725:Second District
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:Margarito Teves
1701:Oriental Negros
1693:
1691:
1689:
1677:
1675:
1670:Second District
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1637:Pablo S. Reyes
1636:
1634:
1633:Rolando C. Piit
1632:
1611:
1610:Julio H. Osamis
1609:
1590:
1588:
1570:Honofre Restor
1569:
1550:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1522:Second District
1515:
1513:
1494:
1475:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1433:
1414:
1413:Jose P. Marcelo
1412:
1407:Fourth District
1400:
1398:
1386:
1381:Second District
1374:
1372:
1353:
1348:Fourth District
1341:
1329:
1324:Second District
1317:
1295:Second District
1288:
1269:
1265:
1264:Oga M. Mapupuno
1263:
1261:
1259:
1240:
1238:
1227:Lanao del Norte
1219:
1214:Second District
1207:
1206:Amado G. Garcia
1205:
1203:
1184:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1138:
1126:
1121:Fourth District
1114:
1100:
1095:Second District
1088:
1069:
1064:Second District
1057:
1038:
1033:Second District
1026:
1005:
986:
967:
949:Jesus V. Matas
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
922:Ramon A. Tirol
921:
919:
917:
904:Davao del Norte
896:
895:Sergio F. Tocao
894:
893:Duma D. Sinsuat
892:
890:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
859:
847:
835:
821:
816:Fourth District
809:
795:
793:
789:
784:Second District
777:
758:
756:
754:
735:
730:Second District
723:
722:Enrique M. Belo
704:
685:
666:
662:
661:Eddie P. Alanis
660:
658:
651:Second District
644:
642:
621:
610:Camarines Norte
602:
597:Second District
590:
589:Jose T. Antonio
588:
567:
565:
563:
558:Second District
549:
547:
528:
526:Luis R. Lorenzo
524:
505:
491:
486:Second District
479:
460:
441:
439:
425:
423:
422:Honesto Mendoza
418:Second District
409:
388:
369:
350:
331:
319:
314:Second District
307:
288:
269:
250:
229:
194:Margarito Teves
158:Roseller T. Lim
127:
121:
105:
80:
75:
12:
11:
5:
4519:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4444:
4443:
4436:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4414:
4407:
4400:
4397:Here Lies Love
4393:
4386:
4379:
4372:
4369:Kumander Dante
4365:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4335:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4109:BNPP kickbacks
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4070:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3878:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3836:
3830:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3745:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3727:
3709:
3706:Mariano Marcos
3701:
3699:
3695:
3694:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3667:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3644:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3556:
3554:
3552:Fifth Republic
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3521:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3461:
3459:
3457:Third Republic
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3431:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3413:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3383:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3309:
3303:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3285:
3283:
3281:First Republic
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3238:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3215:
3207:
3206:
3190:
3174:
3159:
3141:
3127:
3113:
3078:
3063:
3045:
3015:
2981:
2951:
2925:
2914:. May 16, 2016
2894:
2879:
2850:
2830:
2800:
2775:
2750:
2724:
2698:
2638:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2584:
2581:
2523:Main article:
2520:
2517:
2507:
2504:
2472:Raul Manglapus
2467:
2466:
2463:George Viterbo
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2439:Ernesto Rondon
2436:
2431:
2426:
2419:
2407:
2388:Raul Manglapus
2376:Main article:
2373:
2370:
2357:
2354:
2333:Prime Minister
2311:
2308:
2290:Raul Manglapus
2274:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2244:
2239:
2231:
2230:
2223:
2218:
2210:
2209:
2200:
2195:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2167:First District
2164:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2118:
2117:
2110:
2105:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2083:Southern Leyte
2078:
2077:
2068:
2063:
2060:South Cotabato
2055:
2054:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2035:
2033:First District
2030:
2022:
2021:
2012:
2007:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1980:
1979:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1918:
1916:First District
1913:
1905:
1904:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1875:
1873:First District
1870:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1854:Fifth District
1850:
1849:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1830:Third District
1826:
1825:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1806:First District
1803:
1795:
1794:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1775:Jose E. Suarez
1773:Amado M. Yuzon
1767:
1765:First District
1762:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1735:
1734:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1709:
1707:First District
1704:
1696:
1695:
1686:
1684:Third District
1680:
1679:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1656:Rodolfo Gamboa
1654:Carlos Ledesma
1652:
1650:First District
1647:
1639:
1638:
1627:
1622:
1614:
1613:
1606:
1601:
1593:
1592:
1585:
1580:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1534:
1533:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1510:
1508:First District
1505:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1483:Northern Samar
1478:
1477:
1474:Willian Claver
1472:
1467:
1459:
1458:
1449:
1444:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1393:Third District
1389:
1388:
1387:Juan T. David
1385:Roberto S. Oca
1383:
1377:
1376:
1369:
1367:First District
1364:
1356:
1355:
1352:Domingo Veloso
1350:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1336:Third District
1332:
1331:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1312:First District
1309:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1283:First District
1280:
1272:
1271:
1256:
1251:
1243:
1242:
1239:Luis Quibranza
1235:
1230:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1200:
1198:First District
1195:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1173:Kalinga-Apayao
1168:
1167:
1154:
1149:
1141:
1140:
1139:Juan V. Borra
1135:
1133:Fifth District
1129:
1128:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1109:Third District
1105:
1104:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1083:First District
1080:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1052:First District
1049:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1019:First District
1016:
1008:
1007:
1002:
997:
989:
988:
983:
978:
970:
969:
964:
959:
956:Davao Oriental
951:
950:
937:
932:
924:
923:
912:
907:
899:
898:
875:
870:
862:
861:
856:
850:
849:
844:
842:Sixth District
838:
837:
834:Jorge Kintanar
832:
830:Fifth District
826:
825:
818:
812:
811:
804:
802:Third District
798:
797:
786:
780:
779:
774:
772:First District
769:
761:
760:
759:Alberto Jamir
751:
746:
738:
737:
734:Dandy K. Tupaz
732:
726:
725:
720:
718:First District
715:
707:
706:
701:
696:
688:
687:
682:
677:
669:
668:
656:Edmundo C. Cea
653:
647:
646:
637:
635:First District
632:
624:
623:
618:
616:First District
613:
605:
604:
603:Oscar L. Lazo
599:
593:
592:
585:
583:First District
580:
572:
571:
562:Manuel C. Cruz
560:
554:
553:
544:
542:First District
539:
531:
530:
521:
516:
508:
507:
500:
498:Third District
494:
493:
492:Jose S. Zafra
490:Teogenes Borja
488:
482:
481:
476:
474:First District
471:
463:
462:
457:
452:
444:
443:
434:
432:Third District
428:
427:
420:
414:
413:
404:
402:First District
399:
391:
390:
385:
380:
372:
371:
368:Jose R. Nuguid
366:
361:
353:
352:
347:
342:
334:
333:
330:Efren R. Sarte
328:
326:Third District
322:
321:
316:
310:
309:
304:
302:First District
299:
291:
290:
285:
280:
272:
271:
266:
261:
258:Agusan del Sur
253:
252:
245:
240:
232:
231:
226:
221:
213:
212:
209:
206:
190:Richard Gordon
186:Edgardo Angara
166:Marcelo Fernan
154:Raul Manglapus
123:Main article:
120:
117:
104:
101:
79:
76:
74:
71:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4518:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4456:
4455:
4446:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4430:
4429:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4404:The Kingmaker
4401:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4383:Batas Militar
4380:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4118:Controversies
4116:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4084:Marcos jewels
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3995:Negros famine
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3839:Moro conflict
3837:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3823:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3770:
3766:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3742:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3680:
3676:
3675:Imelda Marcos
3672:
3665:
3660:
3658:
3653:
3651:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3236:
3231:
3229:
3224:
3222:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3203:
3197:
3195:
3187:
3181:
3179:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3160:9780511549960
3156:
3152:
3145:
3137:
3131:
3123:
3117:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3064:9789712350450
3060:
3056:
3049:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2985:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2955:
2944:September 22,
2940:
2936:
2929:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2846:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2789:
2782:
2780:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2739:
2735:
2728:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2694:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2615:
2610:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2559:
2557:
2551:
2547:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2533:
2526:
2516:
2512:
2503:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2400:Napoleon Rama
2397:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2353:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2307:
2304:
2298:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2286:Napoleon Rama
2282:
2279:
2258:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2242:Lone District
2240:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2224:
2222:
2221:Lone District
2219:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2198:Lone District
2196:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2148:Lone District
2146:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2132:
2130:
2129:Lone District
2127:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2111:
2109:
2108:Lone District
2106:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2089:Lone District
2087:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2069:
2067:
2066:Lone District
2064:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2013:
2011:
2010:Lone District
2008:
2006:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1994:
1992:
1991:Lone District
1989:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1946:
1936:Jose Y. Feria
1930:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1793:
1792:Bren Z. Guiao
1786:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1746:Lone District
1744:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1694:Juan G. Yulo
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1676:Carlos Hilado
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1625:Lone District
1623:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1607:
1605:
1604:Lone District
1602:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1587:Jose A. Leido
1586:
1584:
1583:Lone District
1581:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1567:
1565:
1564:Lone District
1562:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1548:
1546:
1545:Lone District
1543:
1541:
1540:
1539:Nueva Vizcaya
1536:
1535:
1526:Juan R. Liwag
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1492:
1490:
1489:Lone District
1487:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1473:
1471:
1470:Lone District
1468:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1450:
1448:
1447:Lone District
1445:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1431:
1429:
1428:Lone District
1426:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1257:
1255:
1254:Lone District
1252:
1250:
1249:
1248:Lanao del Sur
1245:
1244:
1236:
1234:
1233:Lone District
1231:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1182:
1180:
1179:Lone District
1177:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1152:Lone District
1150:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1102:Oscar Ledesma
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1003:
1001:
1000:Lone District
998:
996:
995:
991:
990:
984:
982:
981:Lone District
979:
977:
976:
975:Eastern Samar
972:
971:
965:
963:
962:Lone District
960:
958:
957:
953:
952:
938:
936:
935:Lone District
933:
931:
930:
929:Davao del Sur
926:
925:
916:
913:
911:
910:Lone District
908:
906:
905:
901:
900:
889:
876:
874:
873:Lone District
871:
869:
868:
864:
863:
857:
855:
852:
851:
845:
843:
840:
839:
833:
831:
828:
827:
824:
819:
817:
814:
813:
808:
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799:
792:
787:
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762:
752:
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749:Lone District
747:
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739:
733:
731:
728:
727:
721:
719:
716:
714:
713:
708:
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699:Lone District
697:
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680:Lone District
678:
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671:
670:
665:
657:
654:
652:
649:
648:
643:Ramon A. Diaz
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
630:
629:Camarines Sur
625:
619:
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523:Dante Sarraga
522:
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519:Lone District
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455:Lone District
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383:Lone District
381:
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364:Lone District
362:
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348:
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345:Lone District
343:
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329:
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317:
315:
312:
311:
305:
303:
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298:
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292:
286:
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283:Lone District
281:
279:
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274:
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267:
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264:Lone District
262:
260:
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243:Lone District
241:
239:
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227:
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224:Lone District
222:
220:
219:
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210:
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197:
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191:
187:
183:
179:
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171:
170:Sotero Laurel
167:
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126:
116:
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100:
98:
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70:
68:
64:
60:
55:
50:
48:
47:Imelda Marcos
44:
41:
37:
33:
25:
20:
16:
4447:
4438:
4431:
4416:
4409:
4402:
4395:
4388:
4381:
4374:
4367:
4360:
3972:
3958:Metro Manila
3907:
3624:
3506:
3427:Commonwealth
3379:Commonwealth
3201:
3185:
3150:
3144:
3130:
3116:
3104:. Retrieved
3100:the original
3095:
3054:
3048:
3036:. Retrieved
3027:
3018:
3006:. Retrieved
2994:
2984:
2972:. Retrieved
2968:the original
2963:
2954:
2942:. Retrieved
2938:
2928:
2916:. Retrieved
2911:
2870:
2844:
2821:. Retrieved
2817:the original
2812:
2803:
2791:. Retrieved
2766:. Retrieved
2762:
2753:
2741:. Retrieved
2737:
2727:
2715:. Retrieved
2711:
2701:
2692:
2629:. Retrieved
2625:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2555:
2543:
2536:
2528:
2513:
2509:
2500:
2496:Father Ortiz
2484:
2468:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2421:
2409:
2398:
2385:
2381:
2359:
2346:
2342:
2317:
2313:
2300:
2295:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2241:
2234:
2220:
2213:
2197:
2190:
2178:
2166:
2159:
2147:
2140:
2128:
2121:
2107:
2100:
2088:
2081:
2065:
2058:
2046:
2032:
2025:
2009:
2002:
1990:
1983:
1965:
1915:
1908:
1892:
1872:
1865:
1853:
1841:
1829:
1817:
1810:Mauro Baradi
1805:
1798:
1782:
1764:
1757:
1745:
1738:
1724:
1706:
1699:
1683:
1669:
1649:
1642:
1624:
1617:
1603:
1596:
1582:
1575:
1563:
1556:
1544:
1537:
1521:
1507:
1500:
1488:
1481:
1469:
1462:
1446:
1439:
1427:
1420:
1406:
1392:
1380:
1366:
1359:
1347:
1335:
1323:
1311:
1304:
1294:
1282:
1275:
1253:
1246:
1232:
1225:
1213:
1197:
1190:
1178:
1171:
1151:
1144:
1132:
1120:
1108:
1094:
1082:
1075:
1063:
1051:
1044:
1032:
1018:
1013:Ilocos Norte
1011:
999:
992:
980:
973:
961:
954:
934:
927:
909:
902:
872:
865:
853:
841:
829:
815:
801:
788:Pedro L. Yap
783:
771:
764:
748:
741:
729:
717:
710:
698:
691:
679:
672:
650:
640:Raul S. Roco
634:
627:
615:
608:
596:
582:
575:
557:
541:
534:
518:
511:
497:
485:
473:
466:
454:
447:
431:
417:
401:
394:
382:
375:
363:
356:
344:
337:
325:
313:
301:
294:
282:
275:
263:
256:
242:
235:
223:
216:
151:
136:
128:
113:
106:
93:
81:
51:
31:
29:
15:
4066:Kleptocracy
4056:Solid North
3923:New Society
3844:Sabah claim
3834:Vietnam War
3827:(1965–1986)
3786:Pi Gamma Mu
3762:(Ferdinand)
3243:Philippines
2793:October 20,
2768:January 29,
2418:broadcaster
2112:Jal M. Anni
1635:Felino Neri
1502:Nueva Ecija
1493:Emil L. Ong
1476:Felix Diaz
693:Catanduanes
4470:Categories
4271:1981 (Jun)
4266:1981 (Apr)
4221:1973 (Jul)
4216:1973 (Jan)
3825:Presidency
3726:(children)
3028:Bicol Mail
2880:9711005336
2732:R.E.Diaz.
2605:References
2423:Bren Guiao
1800:Pangasinan
1422:Marinduque
1046:Ilocos Sur
211:Delegates
91:had been.
73:Background
4261:1980 (KB)
4256:1979 (SP)
4231:1975 (SB)
4226:1975 (KB)
4174:Elections
3749:Education
3671:Ferdinand
3169:715166703
3073:958017661
3003:0190-8286
2964:Newsbreak
2823:April 16,
2579:in 1986.
2544:viva voce
2476:Raul Roco
2392:Raul Roco
208:District
205:Province
182:Raul Roco
97:bicameral
63:viva voce
40:President
4454:Category
4276:1982 (B)
3928:Rolex 12
3771:(Imelda)
3716:Bongbong
3560:Congress
3465:Congress
3435:Congress
3259:Congress
3106:July 25,
3038:July 22,
3032:Archived
3008:July 25,
2889:31066221
2743:July 25,
2717:July 25,
2631:July 25,
2583:See also
2546:votation
2532:barangay
2192:Zambales
2027:Sorsogon
1759:Pampanga
1277:La Union
867:Cotabato
674:Camiguin
513:Bukidnon
396:Batangas
4135:Cronies
4015:NAMFREL
3535:Regular
3530:Interim
2974:June 2,
2918:June 2,
2558:(1973))
2416:ABS-CBN
1985:Romblon
1740:Palawan
1441:Masbate
1146:Isabela
577:Cagayan
536:Bulacan
449:Benguet
377:Batanes
339:Antique
52:Marcos
4390:Chavit
4046:Burial
3722:&
3698:Family
3264:Senate
3167:
3157:
3071:
3061:
3001:
2887:
2877:
2492:Occeña
2488:Delima
2474:, and
2349:Manila
2161:Tarlac
1867:Quezon
1361:Manila
1192:Laguna
1077:Iloilo
994:Ifugao
743:Cavite
358:Bataan
3724:Aimee
3720:Irene
2325:Leyte
2004:Samar
1910:Rizal
1306:Leyte
712:Capiz
468:Bohol
296:Albay
277:Aklan
4338:2022
4333:2019
4321:2016
4316:2013
4311:2010
4306:1998
4301:1995
4296:1992
4291:1986
4251:1978
4246:1977
4241:1976
4236:1975
4211:1971
4206:1970
4201:1969
4196:1967
4191:1965
4186:1963
4181:1949
3767:and
3758:and
3712:Imee
3689:and
3684:10th
3673:and
3626:20th
3620:19th
3615:18th
3610:17th
3605:16th
3600:15th
3595:14th
3590:13th
3585:12th
3580:11th
3575:10th
3362:10th
3254:List
3165:OCLC
3155:ISBN
3108:2018
3069:OCLC
3059:ISBN
3040:2018
3010:2018
2999:ISSN
2976:2018
2946:2021
2920:2018
2885:OCLC
2875:ISBN
2825:2015
2795:2018
2770:2024
2745:2018
2719:2018
2633:2018
2480:Rama
2461:and
2303:Rama
2102:Sulu
766:Cebu
218:Abra
156:and
30:The
3570:9th
3565:8th
3500:7th
3495:6th
3490:5th
3485:4th
3480:3rd
3475:2nd
3470:1st
3445:2nd
3440:1st
3397:2nd
3392:1st
3357:9th
3352:8th
3347:7th
3342:6th
3337:5th
3332:4th
3327:3rd
3322:2nd
3317:1st
4472::
3718:,
3714:,
3193:^
3177:^
3163:.
3094:.
3081:^
3067:.
3026:.
2997:.
2993:.
2962:.
2937:.
2910:.
2897:^
2883:.
2853:^
2833:^
2811:.
2778:^
2761:.
2736:.
2710:.
2641:^
2624:.
2613:^
2568:.
192:,
188:,
184:,
180:,
176:,
172:,
168:,
164:,
134:.
69:.
3663:e
3656:t
3649:v
3234:e
3227:t
3220:v
3171:.
3110:.
3075:.
3042:.
3012:.
2978:.
2948:.
2922:.
2891:.
2827:.
2797:.
2772:.
2747:.
2721:.
2635:.
2566:)
2486:"
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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