1621:" was coined by SchĂĽtz. This concept is vital to phenomenological sociologists and their claim that social reality is intersubjective. While phenomenologists tend to focus on establishing the structures of "intentional consciousness", as Husserl calls it, proponents of phenomenological sociology are interested in the structures of the "lifeworld". The latter refers to the world as directly experienced through the subjectivity of everyday life. As we go through our everyday lives, we draw on our stocks of knowledge to make interpretations. The "stock of knowledge" is typically a "deep background configuration" of a series of past experiences comprising: "one's native language and linguistic rules; conventional modes of interpreting expressions and events; numerous theories and methods; aural and visual forms; shared cultural and normative understandings, and the like." SchĂĽtz argued that all "interpretation of this world is based upon a stock of previous experiences of it."
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facticity of this world of common sense is both unquestioned and virtually "unquestionable;" it is sanctionable as to its status as that which "is", and that which "everyone", or, at least, "any reasonable person", agrees to be the case with regard to the factual character of the world. As far as traditional social science is concerned, this taken-for-granted world of social facts is the starting and end point for any and all investigations of the social world. It provides the raw, observable, taken-for-granted "data" upon which the findings of the social sciences are idealized, conceptualized, and offered up for analysis and discourse. Within traditional social science, this "data" is formulated into a second order world of abstractions and idealizations constituted in accordance with these sciences'
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the ideational foundation for our everyday social experience. It unites the world of individual objects into a unified world of meaning, which we assume is shared by any and all who share our culture. The
Natural Attitude forms the underpinning for our thoughts and actions. It is the mental projection of a belief that a naturally occurring social world is both factually objective in its existential status, and unquestioned in its "natural" appearance. According to the Natural Attitude, social objects (persons, language, institutions, etc.) have the same existential status as objects occurring in nature (rocks, trees, and animals, etc.).
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that the subject is creating the object, or creating the meaning of the object as an individual achievement in a particular situation is a misrepresentation of what is actually taking place. Within the 'Natural
Attitude of Everyday Life', the subject's role in the constitution of meaningful objects is better understood as a reading off, or interpretation, of the meaning from the object-as-intended. This reading off, or interpretation, of the object's meaning is an intersubjective achievement of the intending subject that takes place within the intersubjective realm of the natural attitude.
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phenomenology, an object is always intended, and constituted, as meaningful by a particular intending subject from a particular orientation and from a particular perspectival viewing point. In addition, phenomenologically speaking, the meaning of the object cannot be separated from its phenomenality, or materiality, and cannot be constituted qua meaningful object without the meaning bestowing act of intending on the part of a constituting subject.
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phenomenology, the meaning and the object (in its "materiality") are co-constituted in the intending of the object by the subject—phenomenologically speaking there are only meaningful objects. There is no such thing as a neutrally valued object, or a meaningless object, and the notion of an object as "nonsense" is itself a meaningful determination – as the existentialists would say, we are condemned to meaning.
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transformed from the naive descriptions of objects as occurring in nature, to phenomenological descriptions of objects as appearing for consciousness. In short, for the purpose of a mundane phenomenological analysis within the natural attitude, the epoche transforms objects as occurring in nature into: objects-for-subjectivity, objects-for-consciousness, objects-as-intended.
1638:;" as it is the phenomenon of intentionality which provides the mode of access for conducting any and all phenomenological investigations, and the ultimate ground or foundation guaranteeing any findings resulting from any such inquiry. In recognizing consciousness as having the formal structure of intentionality, as always having
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Not all versions of phenomenological sociology are based on
Weberian themes. There is some historical evidence that suggests elements of Weberian sociology are themselves based on certain phenomenological themes, especially in regard to the theory of the intended meaning of an act and ideas regarding
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In
Husserl's 'Ideas I', he defines a concept he calls "the general thesis Natural Attitude" as "state of affairs in which we live before we have engaged in philosophy" or as the assumption that "the world is" as we literally perceive it in consciousness. The general thesis of the Natural Attitude is
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Note that, because we as observers have already been born into an already-existing social world that is already pre-interpreted – through both social meanings and through architectural and business intentionality – and 'made meaningful-to-us' as an intersubjectively available "entity", any proposal
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Methodologically, access to this field is obtained through the phenomenological reduction. While there is some controversy as to the official name, number, and levels of the reduction, this internal argument among the philosophers need not concern us. For the purposes of a mundane phenomenology of
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Keep in mind that for positivism, the meaning of an object is, by definition, "objective". That is, the meaning of the object is a property of the object itself, is independent of any particular observer, and "the same" for any and all observers regardless of their orientation or perspective. For
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The phenomenological reduction as applied to a mundane analysis of the social world consists of the bracketing of the thesis of the natural attitude. This bracketing is nothing more than a bracketing of the existential belief in the existence of the objective world; the existential status of the
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called into question. The result of this bracketing is that our attention is shifted from the objects in the world as they occur in nature, to the objects in the world as they appear for consciousness – as phenomenon for intentional consciousness. Our descriptions of objects in the world are now
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Ultimately these two distinct projects should be seen as complementary, with the studies of the latter dependent on the studies of the former. That is, valid phenomenological descriptions of the social reality should be consistent with the descriptions of intentional consciousness. It is from
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Although it is often referred to as the "General Thesis of the
Natural Attitude", it is not a thesis in the formal sense of the term, but a non-thematic assumption, or belief, that underlies our sense of the objectivity and facticity of the world, and the objects appearing in this world. The
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For a phenomenology undertaken within the natural attitude, meaning does not inherently accrue to an object as a thing-in-itself, is not an "add-on" to the object (a label), and is not separable from the object as constituted by the intending subject in the act of meaning constitution. For
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by applying methods and insights derived from the philosophy of
Husserl to the study of the social world. It is the building of this bridge between Husserlian phenomenology and Weberian sociology that serves as the starting point for contemporary phenomenological sociology.
1650:. The hallmark of this form of the reduction is what it reveals about its field of inquiry: a mundane phenomenology of the social world defines its phenomenal field as the intersubjective region of mundane consciousness as appearing from within the natural attitude.
1475:. Phenomenology analyses social reality in order to explain the formation and nature of social institutions. The application of phenomenological ideas in sociology differs from other social science applications of social science applications.
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Husserl's work that SchĂĽtz' derives its meaning and verifiability. This is in keeping with
Husserl's conception of phenomenology as "First Philosophy", the foundation, or ground, for both philosophy and all of the sciences.
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While
Husserl's work was intended to understand how we reflect on the structures of consciousness in its own right, SchĂĽtz was concerned with the relationship between the
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of reality. They view social order as a creation of everyday interaction, often looking at conversations to find the methods that people use to maintain social relations.
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1605:(epoché), which suspends the Natural Attitude and reveals the phenomena occurring within the Natural Attitude of the mind as manifestations of the non-objective
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set out to create a method for understanding the properties and structures of consciousness such as, emotions, perceptions of meaning, and aesthetic judgement.
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Atkinson, Will (March 2010). "Phenomenological
Additions to the Bourdieusian Toolbox: Two Problems for Bourdieu, Two Solutions from Schutz".
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Phenomenology takes it that social reality does not take place empirically or in any objective sense. Its various manifestations, such as
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an intended object, Husserlian phenomenology has located the access point to a radical new form of scientific description.
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phenomenology of the social world. Their projects differ in level of analysis, topics of study, and the type of
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theory and concept formation. Weber may have taken influence from
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phenomenology of consciousness. SchĂĽtz's work was conducted as a
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Zaner, R. M. 2010. "Editorial Introduction." Pp. xv–xxxv in
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Economy and society: An outline of interpretive sociology
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Menon, Sangeetha; Anindya Sinha; B.V. Sreekantan (2014).
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The Participating Citizen: A Biography of Alfred Schutz
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The leading exponent of Phenomenological Sociology was
2435:. Paperback. — Touches on the phenomenological method.
2412:. Paperback. — Touches on the phenomenological method.
2346:, translated by J. Macquarrie & E. Robinson, from
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1910:, translated by R. M. Zaner and J. T. Engelhardt Jr.
2421:. Web. — Provides an introduction to phenomenology.
2380:. Web. — Touches on the phenomenological sociology.
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Studies in Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy
2071:The Problem of Social Reality: Collected Papers I
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1997:. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.
1940:. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.
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2293:Schutz, Alfred (1972). "Collected Papers I".
1938:Edmund Husserl: Philosopher of Infinite Tasks
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1936:Natanson, Maurice Alexander (1974).
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1546:. Husserl's work was conducted as a
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2209:Schutz, Alfred, 1899-1959. (1989).
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1845:State University of New York Press
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1812:Phenomenology of the Social World
1734:. Palgrave MacMillan, Houndmills.
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63:December 2016
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2453:. New York:
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2431:. New York:
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2369:Bibliography
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2013:
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1762:. Retrieved
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1696:Hermeneutics
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1153:Hermeneutics
1041:Quantitative
853:Bibliography
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647:Mathematical
627:Ethnographic
607:Quantitative
292:Architecture
230:Perspectives
202:Social power
69:
60:
44:
2358:PDF-Objects
2095:(1): 1–19.
1780:Novak, Mark
1764:17 December
1226:Ethnography
1126:Methodology
1081:Fallibilism
1029:Qualitative
999:Referencing
858:Terminology
827:Baudrillard
703:Tocqueville
617:Comparative
612:Qualitative
582:Victimology
412:Immigration
397:Generations
312:Criminology
2465:Categories
2196:1066195140
2050:, Springer
1843:. Albany:
1707:References
1617:The term "
1538:Lebenswelt
1468:Lebenswelt
1401:Statistics
1396:Simulation
1334:Simulation
1275:Interviews
1238:Experiment
1206:Case study
1178:Pragmatism
1096:Pragmatism
1086:Positivism
1076:Empiricism
883:By country
637:Historical
562:Technology
502:Punishment
487:Philosophy
462:Mathematic
452:Literature
417:Industrial
407:Historical
332:Demography
252:Positivism
177:Popularity
132:Key themes
2444:Routledge
2340:. 1992 .
2325:0079-1350
2237:cite book
2229:884494825
2163:149379807
2155:1600-910X
2117:144674981
2109:0735-2751
1625:Reduction
1507:Max Weber
1455:sociology
1034:Art-based
699:Martineau
642:Interview
567:Terrorism
547:Sociology
492:Political
432:Knowledge
352:Education
94:Sociology
2455:Springer
2427:. 2000.
2404:. 1967.
2390:. 1974.
2280:17106127
2069:. 1962.
2021:(1964).
1810:(1967).
1782:(2012).
1675:See also
1635:a priori
1201:Analysis
994:Argument
954:Research
946:a series
944:Part of
878:Timeline
863:Journals
831:Bourdieu
823:Habermas
819:Luhmann
815:Foucault
759:Mannheim
739:Durkheim
512:Religion
472:Military
437:Language
422:Internet
377:Feminist
361:Jealousy
347:Economic
342:Disaster
337:Deviance
280:Branches
158:Identity
1552:mundane
1479:Context
1453:within
1280:Mapping
1195:Methods
1101:Realism
989:Writing
835:Giddens
833:·
829:·
821:·
809:·
807:Goffman
803:Schoeck
789:·
781:·
757:·
755:Du Bois
753:·
745:·
741:·
733:·
727:Tönnies
725:·
711:Spencer
709:·
687:·
600:Methods
577:Utopian
522:Science
467:Medical
457:Marxist
447:Leisure
357:Emotion
322:Culture
138:Society
117:Outline
112:History
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1822:
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1755:
1648:Epoché
1463:German
1341:Survey
873:People
811:Bauman
791:Nisbet
787:Merton
779:Gehlen
775:Adorno
768:1900s:
743:Addams
735:Simmel
731:Veblen
723:Pareto
715:Le Bon
696:1800s:
689:Sieyès
682:1700s:
662:Survey
587:Visual
497:Public
402:Health
392:Gender
382:Fiscal
372:Family
2159:S2CID
2113:S2CID
1728:(PDF)
1701:Noema
1457:, or
846:Lists
795:Mills
771:Fromm
763:Elias
751:Weber
685:Comte
572:Urban
557:Sport
552:Space
517:Rural
477:Music
427:Jewry
327:Death
287:Aging
122:Index
2321:ISSN
2311:ISBN
2276:OCLC
2266:ISBN
2247:link
2243:link
2225:OCLC
2215:ISBN
2192:OCLC
2182:ISBN
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2105:ISSN
2027:ISBN
1999:ISBN
1971:ISBN
1942:ISBN
1920:ISBN
1881:ISBN
1849:ISBN
1820:ISBN
1788:ISBN
1766:2015
1753:ISBN
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783:Aron
747:Mead
719:Ward
707:Marx
387:Food
307:Body
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