245:
583:, Georg Nagel and Ernst Bamberg, which found light could lead to action potential in cultured neurons expressing channelrhodopsin. Teaming up with Deisseroth, Hegemann continued advancing optogenetics by developing rhodopsin variants that could react faster and more accurately, detect different wavelengths of light and conduct different ions.
2147:
Yizhar, Ofer; Fenno, Lief E.; Prigge, Matthias; Schneider, Franziska; Davidson, Thomas J.; O’Shea, Daniel J.; Sohal, Vikaas S.; Goshen, Inbal; Finkelstein, Joel; Paz, Jeanne T.; Stehfest, Katja; Fudim, Roman; Ramakrishnan, Charu; Huguenard, John R.; Hegemann, Peter; Deisseroth, Karl (2011).
33:
2081:
Fernandez Lahore, Rodrigo G.; Pampaloni, Niccolò P.; Schiewer, Enrico; Heim, M.-Marcel; Tillert, Linda; Vierock, Johannes; Oppermann, Johannes; Walther, Jakob; Schmitz, Dietmar; Owald, David; Plested, Andrew J. R.; Rost, Benjamin R.; Hegemann, Peter (21 December 2022).
3611:
2026:
Wietek, Jonas; Wiegert, J. Simon; Adeishvili, Nona; Schneider, Franziska; Watanabe, Hiroshi; Tsunoda, Satoshi P.; Vogt, Arend; Elstner, Marcus; Oertner, Thomas G.; Hegemann, Peter (25 April 2014).
3576:
2261:
859:
3586:
502:. Hegemann continued characterizing this rhodopsin after returning to Germany. Working on another green alga, he found that it had a fast electrical response (by ion movement through
2297:
2231:
3581:
1000:
3591:
1169:"The photocycle of the chloride pump halorhodopsin. I: Azidecatalyzed deprotonation of the chromophore is a side reaction of photocycle intermediates inactivating the pump"
3566:
560:
ions can enter the neurons, creating a more positive electric potential inside the neurons and activating them. This is the opposite effect of halorhodopsin activation.
549:. Upon blue light stimulation, electrical currents was detected in the oocytes. When channelrhodopsins are expressed in neurons and stimulated, the ion channel opens so
796:
2761:
3571:
1713:
645:
1913:
1602:
Nagel, Georg; Szellas, Tanjef; Huhn, Wolfram; Kateriya, Suneel; Adeishvili, Nona; Berthold, Peter; Ollig, Doris; Hegemann, Peter; Bamberg, Ernst (2003).
333:. Many in his immediate and extended family are doctors, including his parents, brother, and both grandfathers. He was educated in a humanities-oriented
826:
2413:
3596:
2473:
2205:
2272:
1608:
918:
867:
2914:
2235:
1977:
Zhang, Feng; Prigge, Matthias; Beyrière, Florent; Tsunoda, Satoshi P.; Mattis, Joanna; Yizhar, Ofer; Hegemann, Peter; Deisseroth, Karl (2008).
700:
314:
112:
2850:
2507:
2735:
270:(born 11 December 1954) is a Hertie Senior Research Chair for Neurosciences and a professor of Experimental Biophysics at the Department of
2592:
2305:
2239:
3616:
2503:
2705:
2798:
2675:
1785:"Fast noninvasive activation and inhibition of neural and network activity by vertebrate rhodopsin and green algae channelrhodopsin"
1004:
2791:
571:, their movement can be controlled with light stimulation. This came in the same year as another study by a collaboration between
2443:
2387:
639:
2417:
364:
75:
2533:
2679:
712:
615:
2383:
1220:
3561:
2566:
1540:
Nagel, Georg; Ollig, Doris; Fuhrmann, Markus; Kateriya, Suneel; Musti, Anna Maria; Bamberg, Ernst; Hegemann, Peter (2002).
1086:
893:
403:
375:
195:
71:
2824:
804:
770:
1721:
676:
128:
2769:
2907:
2206:"Ninth Annual Wiley Prize in Biomedical Sciences Awarded to Dr. Peter Hegemann, Dr. Georg Nagel, and Dr. Ernst Bamberg"
739:
2537:
1436:
591:
1432:"Karl Deisseroth, Peter Hegemann, and Dieter Oesterhelt receive the 2021 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award"
3606:
627:
213:
Halorhodopsin, die lichtgetriebene
Chloridpumpe in Halobacterium halobium: Untersuchungen zur Struktur und Funktion
148:
1754:
2792:"Karl Deisseroth, Peter Hegemann and Gero Miesenböck Awarded Horwitz Prize for Foundational Work on Optogenetics"
1952:
1779:
Li, Xiang; Gutierrez, Davina V.; Hanson, M. Gartz; Han, Jing; Mark, Melanie D.; Chiel, Hillel; Hegemann, Peter;
3386:
2709:
688:
120:
3601:
3556:
2900:
2477:
1121:"The chromoprotein of halorhodopsin is the light-driven electrogenic chloride pump in Halobacterium halobium"
800:
418:
279:
187:
830:
506:) to light stimulation, and proposed that the ion channel and the light-detecting rhodopsin were one single
442:
398:
in
Kenneth W. Foster's lab for a year. After returning to Germany, he was offered a five-year position as a
3321:
2854:
2421:
718:
2328:
2481:
2209:
586:
Using optogenetic techniques, Hegemann and collaborators have confirmed that the unbalanced activity of
3181:
3165:
2268:
706:
434:
108:
925:
494:
294:
3000:
2301:
1250:
Foster, Kenneth W.; Saranak, Jureepan; Patel, Nayana; Zarilli, Gerald; Okabe, Masami; Kline, Toni;
567:
took off from these discoveries. In 2005, Hegemann reported expressing channelrhodopsin in chicken
414:
191:
2858:
356:
79:
3418:
3259:
2739:
2624:"2018 Gairdner Awards: The past, present and future of light-gated ion channels and optogenetics"
2540:
1493:
889:
499:
462:
395:
290:
2600:
1979:"Red-shifted optogenetic excitation: a tool for fast neural control derived from Volvox carteri"
254:
3551:
1125:
399:
2511:
3122:
2150:"Neocortical excitation/inhibition balance in information processing and social dysfunction"
1031:
466:, discovering that yellow light activates halorhodopsin. When halorhodopsin is expressed in
3546:
3141:
2713:
2161:
2095:
2039:
1912:; Yizhar, Ofer; Berndt, André; Sohal, Vikaas S.; Deisseroth, Karl; Hegemann, Peter (2010).
1796:
1617:
1553:
1384:
1273:
1045:
486:
37:
Hegemann receiving the Hertie Senior
Research Chair Professorship for Neurosciences in 2015
8:
3484:
3422:
3195:
3092:
2883:
2795:
2683:
2596:
1859:
1375:
1256:"A rhodopsin is the functional photoreceptor for phototaxis in the unicellular eukaryote
546:
482:
391:
335:
199:
2165:
2099:
2043:
1800:
1621:
1557:
1388:
1277:
1049:
250:
3494:
3221:
3191:
3044:
2986:
2802:
2652:
2623:
2358:
2182:
2149:
2124:
2083:
2003:
1978:
1944:
1884:
1819:
1784:
1780:
1746:
1694:
1577:
1517:
1488:
1460:
1431:
1407:
1366:
1297:
1224:
1187:
982:
670:
587:
471:
470:
and activated by light, the influx of chloride ions shifts the neuron to more negative
132:
3297:
1640:
1603:
1541:
1397:
1197:
1168:
3514:
3462:
3360:
3225:
3207:
3098:
3030:
3004:
2657:
2451:
2362:
2350:
2333:
2187:
2129:
2111:
2063:
2055:
2008:
1936:
1876:
1824:
1750:
1738:
1698:
1686:
1645:
1581:
1569:
1522:
1465:
1412:
1347:
1289:
1202:
1142:
1116:
1061:
1036:
1027:
986:
974:
379:
229:
3478:
3428:
3382:
3285:
3239:
3211:
3171:
3159:
3116:
3102:
2647:
2637:
2544:
2474:"HU-Wissenschaftler in die Deutsche Akademie der Technikwissenschaften aufgenommen"
2342:
2177:
2169:
2119:
2103:
2047:
1998:
1990:
1948:
1928:
1888:
1868:
1814:
1804:
1730:
1676:
1635:
1625:
1561:
1512:
1502:
1455:
1445:
1402:
1392:
1337:
1301:
1281:
1264:
1192:
1182:
1173:
1134:
1120:
1053:
964:
534:
530:
526:
475:
460:
against the gradient. As part of his PhD project, he characterized this protein in
283:
224:
90:
1057:
3508:
3472:
3406:
3402:
3392:
3337:
3235:
3231:
3185:
3082:
3076:
3070:
3038:
3010:
2974:
2968:
2954:
2391:
1850:
1228:
633:
595:
572:
550:
507:
425:. In 2015, he was endowed with a Hertie Senior Research Chair for Neurosciences.
144:
2570:
2084:"Calcium-permeable channelrhodopsins for the photocontrol of calcium signalling"
1855:"Millisecond-timescale, genetically targeted optical control of neural activity"
1090:
3518:
3450:
3440:
3396:
3341:
3327:
3317:
3275:
3255:
3245:
3112:
3108:
3088:
3024:
2944:
2887:
2828:
2346:
2107:
1681:
1664:
1342:
1328:
1323:
1251:
1032:"Structure of the Light-Driven Chloride Pump Halorhodopsin at 1.8 Ă… Resolution"
969:
955:
950:
774:
1665:"How the discovery of microbial opsins led to the development of optogenetics"
1604:"Channelrhodopsin-2, a directly light-gated cation-selective membrane channel"
382:, who has just become the Director of the institute. He completed it in 1984.
3540:
3488:
3466:
3456:
3446:
3412:
3372:
3215:
3145:
3050:
3020:
2994:
2962:
2115:
2059:
2027:
1909:
1842:
1112:
682:
621:
576:
518:
438:
306:
152:
124:
2051:
1809:
1734:
1630:
1565:
743:
3524:
3498:
3434:
3366:
3311:
3249:
3201:
3153:
3149:
3058:
2948:
2765:
2661:
2354:
2191:
2133:
2067:
2012:
1940:
1880:
1828:
1690:
1649:
1573:
1526:
1507:
1469:
1416:
1351:
1255:
1206:
1146:
1065:
978:
664:
658:
564:
437:
began in his PhD years, when he investigated the structure and function of
410:
368:
298:
177:
140:
136:
60:
1742:
3331:
3305:
3291:
3279:
3269:
3265:
3064:
2938:
1854:
1484:
1293:
609:
514:
503:
490:
450:
352:
348:
287:
212:
156:
2676:"Rumford Prize Awarded for the Invention and Refinement of Optogenetics"
2642:
2173:
1138:
3177:
3054:
3034:
2990:
2958:
2923:
2892:
2569:. German Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Archived from
1846:
863:
694:
580:
422:
310:
173:
116:
1450:
343:) for secondary school, which he disliked for his lack of interest in
326:
56:
3504:
3376:
2980:
2080:
1285:
360:
305:
by applying light. He has received numerous accolades, including the
2028:"Conversion of Channelrhodopsin into a Light-Gated Chloride Channel"
1994:
1932:
3014:
2262:"Liste der mit dem Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz-Preis Ausgezeichneten"
1872:
454:
344:
2208:(Press release). Wiley Foundation. 1 February 2010. Archived from
2447:
1542:"Channelrhodopsin-1: A Light-Gated Proton Channel in Green Algae"
651:
553:
446:
275:
271:
32:
3612:
Recipients of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic
Medical Research
2025:
1367:"Two Light-Activated Conductances in the Eye of the Green Alga
568:
557:
542:
498:. This also prompted Hegemann to spend a year with Foster as a
467:
330:
302:
297:, thereby serving as a light sensor. This created the field of
206:
3577:
Members of the German
National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
2628:
537:, the next year. In both studies, they cloned the genes from
390:
Having won a fellowship for his PhD thesis, Hegemann went to
522:
347:. He liked science subjects and was at first interested in
2146:
1976:
1539:
374:
After graduating in 1980, Hegemann pursued his PhD at the
3587:
Members of the United States
National Academy of Sciences
1908:
1249:
1166:
1111:
1025:
457:
1601:
2827:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived from
1841:
301:, a technique that controls the activities of specific
3582:
Members of the
European Molecular Biology Organization
1089:. Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry. Archived from
2762:"Light-sensitive microbial proteins and optogenetics"
646:
Berlin-Brandenburg
Academy of Sciences and Humanities
3592:
Fellows of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1778:
1026:
Kolbe, Michael; Besir, HĂĽseyin; Essen, Lars-Oliver;
654:(German National Academy of Science and Engineering)
3567:
Academic staff of the
Humboldt University of Berlin
2329:"The Brain Prize 2013: the optogenetics revolution"
799:. Department of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences,
521:, Hegemann made the landmark identification of the
1167:Hegemann, P.; Oesterhelt, D.; Steiner, M. (1985).
3538:
2736:"The 2020 Prize in Life Science & Medicine"
1789:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1609:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
421:in 2004 and became a professor of Experimental
3572:Academic staff of the University of Regensburg
2236:German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
701:Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
315:Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
113:Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
2908:
2326:
1482:
1364:
1365:Braun, Franz-Josef; Hegemann, Peter (1999).
765:
763:
761:
711:2022 – International Honorary Member of the
282:, Germany. He is known for his discovery of
409:In 1993, Hegemann joined the Department of
320:
2915:
2901:
2327:Reiner, Andreas; Isacoff, Ehud Y. (2013).
489:would also serve as light detector in the
31:
2651:
2641:
2534:"Massry Prize Winners ( 1996 – Present )"
2508:Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
2181:
2123:
2002:
1818:
1808:
1680:
1639:
1629:
1516:
1506:
1459:
1449:
1406:
1396:
1341:
1196:
1186:
968:
854:
852:
850:
848:
758:
478:generation and inactivating the neurons.
2922:
2621:
1662:
1489:"From channelrhodopsins to optogenetics"
3597:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize winners
2738:. Shaw Prize Foundation. Archived from
2388:European Molecular Biology Organization
1711:
695:Shaw Prize in Life Science and Medicine
640:European Molecular Biology Organization
481:A 1984 article by Kenneth W. Foster of
311:Shaw Prize in Life Science and Medicine
117:Shaw Prize in Life Science and Medicine
3539:
2418:Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences
1321:
845:
594:neurons causes behavioral deficits of
365:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
76:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
2896:
2680:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1429:
773:. Lundbeck Foundation. Archived from
713:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
616:German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
601:
433:Hegemann's research into light-gated
913:
911:
894:Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry
404:Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry
376:Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry
196:Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry
72:Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry
1722:The New England Journal of Medicine
1714:"Optogenetics – The Might of Light"
1003:. Hertie Foundation. Archived from
717:2022 – International Member of the
677:Canada Gairdner International Award
129:Canada Gairdner International Award
13:
3617:European Research Council grantees
2801:. 7 September 2022. Archived from
2480:. 19 December 2014. Archived from
1188:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb03937.x
610:Wiley Prize in Biomedical Sciences
157:Wiley Prize in Biomedical Sciences
14:
3628:
2877:
2682:. 30 January 2019. Archived from
2538:University of Southern California
1437:Journal of Clinical Investigation
908:
860:"Autobiography of Peter Hegemann"
529:. The team identified the second
1849:; Bamberg, Ernst; Nagel, Georg;
1221:"Light switches for nerve cells"
628:Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine
525:for this rhodopsin and named it
417:as a professor. He moved to the
243:
149:Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine
2843:
2817:
2784:
2754:
2728:
2698:
2668:
2615:
2585:
2559:
2526:
2496:
2466:
2436:
2406:
2376:
2320:
2290:
2254:
2224:
2198:
2140:
2074:
2019:
1970:
1914:"Ultrafast optogenetic control"
1902:
1835:
1772:
1705:
1656:
1595:
1533:
1476:
1423:
1358:
1315:
1243:
1213:
1160:
1105:
1079:
1019:
1001:"Overview of All Award Winners"
890:"Dieter Oesterhelt (1940–2022)"
622:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize
453:that uses light energy to move
153:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize
2710:Warren Alpert Foundation Prize
2304:. October 2017. Archived from
1227:. 6 April 2010. Archived from
993:
943:
882:
819:
789:
732:
689:Warren Alpert Foundation Prize
121:Warren Alpert Foundation Prize
1:
2478:Humboldt University of Berlin
2476:(Press release) (in German).
1663:Friedman, Jeffery M. (2021).
1398:10.1016/S0006-3495(99)77326-1
1058:10.1126/science.288.5470.1390
801:Humboldt University of Berlin
725:
419:Humboldt University of Berlin
367:two years later to switch to
355:. Eventually, he went to the
280:Humboldt University of Berlin
188:Humboldt University of Berlin
2855:National Academy of Sciences
2622:Josselyn, Sheena A. (2018).
719:National Academy of Sciences
513:In 2002, collaborating with
349:discovery of new territories
7:
3562:Syracuse University faculty
1783:; Herlitze, Stefan (2005).
924:. NeuroCure. Archived from
829:. UniSysCat. Archived from
428:
10:
3633:
2444:"Prof. Dr. Peter Hegemann"
2347:10.1016/j.tins.2013.08.005
2298:"Professor Peter HEGEMANN"
2269:German Research Foundation
2232:"Prof. Dr. Peter Hegemann"
2108:10.1038/s41467-022-35373-4
1682:10.1016/j.cell.2021.08.022
1343:10.1016/j.cell.2021.08.009
970:10.1016/j.cell.2021.08.011
827:"Prof. Dr. Peter Hegemann"
707:Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
541:and expressed them in the
109:Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
3351:
3132:
2931:
1712:Häusser, Michael (2021).
742:. SPP1926. Archived from
539:Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
495:Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
385:
378:in the research group of
235:
223:
205:
183:
169:
162:
104:
96:
85:
67:
42:
30:
23:
2886:publications indexed by
2302:Louis-Jeantet Foundation
951:"A curious color change"
415:University of Regensburg
341:humanistisches Gymnasium
329:in 1954, but grew up in
321:Early life and education
192:University of Regensburg
3607:Massry Prize recipients
3419:Demetrios Christodoulou
3260:Everett Peter Greenberg
2541:Keck School of Medicine
2334:Trends in Neurosciences
2052:10.1126/science.1249375
1810:10.1073/pnas.0509030102
1735:10.1056/NEJMcibr2111915
1631:10.1073/pnas.1936192100
1566:10.1126/science.1072068
1494:EMBO Molecular Medicine
1430:Conti, Lisa R. (2021).
1322:Neuman, Nicole (2021).
963:(21): 5286–5288. 2021.
463:Halobacterium salinarum
1508:10.1002/emmm.201202387
797:"Prof. Peter Hegemann"
443:active ion transporter
400:principal investigator
363:, transferring to the
3123:Shrinivas R. Kulkarni
2799:Irving Medical Center
2088:Nature Communications
1324:"Unexpected pairings"
864:Shaw Prize Foundation
644:2014 – Member of the
638:2014 - Member of the
614:2012 – Member of the
357:University of MĂĽnster
325:Hegemann was born in
80:University of MĂĽnster
3602:Harvey Prize winners
3557:German biophysicists
3182:Keith H. S. Campbell
3142:Stanley Norman Cohen
2567:"Previous Laureates"
3485:Alexander Beilinson
3423:Richard S. Hamilton
3093:Chryssa Kouveliotou
2796:Columbia University
2643:10.7554/eLife.42367
2597:Gairdner Foundation
2174:10.1038/nature10360
2166:2011Natur.477..171Y
2100:2022NatCo..13.7844F
2044:2014Sci...344..409W
1983:Nature Neuroscience
1921:Nature Neuroscience
1860:Nature Neuroscience
1801:2005PNAS..10217816L
1795:(49): 17816–17821.
1781:Landmesser, Lynn T.
1760:on 22 December 2022
1622:2003PNAS..10013940N
1616:(24): 13940–13945.
1558:2002Sci...296.2395N
1552:(5577): 2395–2398.
1389:1999BpJ....76.1668B
1376:Biophysical Journal
1278:1984Natur.311..756F
1231:on 17 December 2022
1139:10.1021/bi00320a050
1093:on 16 December 2022
1050:2000Sci...288.1390K
1044:(5470): 1390–1396.
1007:on 14 December 2022
931:on 13 December 2022
833:on 28 December 2022
807:on 28 December 2022
547:African clawed frog
500:postdoctoral fellow
483:Syracuse University
445:found in a type of
396:postdoctoral fellow
392:Syracuse University
200:Syracuse University
16:German biophysicist
3495:Jean-Michel Bismut
3222:Franz-Ulrich Hartl
3045:William J. Borucki
2861:on 6 December 2022
2831:on 6 December 2022
2805:on 6 December 2022
2772:on 5 December 2022
2742:on 5 December 2022
2716:on 6 December 2022
2686:on 6 December 2022
2603:on 6 December 2022
2573:on 5 December 2022
2547:on 5 December 2022
2514:on 5 December 2022
2484:on 5 December 2022
2454:on 5 December 2022
2394:on 5 December 2022
2308:on 5 December 2022
2278:on 5 December 2022
2242:on 5 December 2022
2212:on 5 December 2022
1958:on 5 December 2022
1225:Max Planck Society
1028:Oesterhelt, Dieter
870:on 5 December 2022
777:on 5 December 2022
746:on 5 December 2022
671:Otto Warburg Medal
602:Honours and awards
551:positively charged
535:Channelrhodopsin-2
527:Channelrhodopsin-1
472:electric potential
253:has a profile for
133:Otto Warburg Medal
3534:
3533:
3515:Vladimir Drinfeld
3361:Shiing-Shen Chern
3318:Paul A. Negulescu
3226:Arthur L. Horwich
3099:Lennart Lindegren
3031:Daniel Eisenstein
2766:Lasker Foundation
2678:(Press release).
2160:(7363): 171–178.
2038:(6182): 409–412.
1910:Gunaydin, Lisa A.
1843:Boyden, Edward S.
1729:(17): 1623–1626.
1675:(21): 5266–5270.
1483:Hegemann, Peter;
1451:10.1172/JCI154418
1336:(21): 5289–5292.
1272:(5988): 756–759.
1133:(24): 6216–6221.
896:. 5 December 2022
892:(Press release).
650:2014 – Member of
380:Dieter Oesterhelt
359:in 1975 to study
345:classical studies
259:
239:
238:
230:Dieter Oesterhelt
164:Scientific career
3624:
3479:Michel Talagrand
3429:Maxim Kontsevich
3383:Robert Langlands
3322:Michael J. Welsh
3286:Mary-Claire King
3240:Michael W. Young
3212:Ruslan Medzhitov
3196:Jeffrey Friedman
3172:Robert Lefkowitz
3160:Michael Berridge
3117:Maura McLaughlin
3103:Michael Perryman
2917:
2910:
2903:
2894:
2893:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2857:. Archived from
2851:"Peter Hegemann"
2847:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2825:"Peter Hegemann"
2821:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2768:. Archived from
2758:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2712:. Archived from
2706:"Peter Hegemann"
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2655:
2645:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2599:. Archived from
2593:"Peter Hegemann"
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2543:. Archived from
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2510:. Archived from
2500:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2450:. Archived from
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2420:. Archived from
2414:"Peter Hegemann"
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2390:. Archived from
2384:"Peter Hegemann"
2380:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2277:
2271:. Archived from
2266:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2238:. Archived from
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2185:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2127:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2006:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1957:
1951:. Archived from
1918:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1867:(9): 1263–1268.
1851:Deisseroth, Karl
1839:
1833:
1832:
1822:
1812:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1759:
1753:. Archived from
1718:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1684:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1643:
1633:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1520:
1510:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1463:
1453:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1410:
1400:
1383:(3): 1668–1678.
1362:
1356:
1355:
1345:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1286:10.1038/311756a0
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1200:
1190:
1181:(9): 2347–2350.
1174:The EMBO Journal
1164:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1115:; Hegemann, P.;
1109:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1012:
997:
991:
990:
972:
947:
941:
940:
938:
936:
930:
923:
919:"Peter Hegemann"
915:
906:
905:
903:
901:
886:
880:
879:
877:
875:
866:. Archived from
856:
843:
842:
840:
838:
823:
817:
816:
814:
812:
803:. Archived from
793:
787:
786:
784:
782:
771:"Peter Hegemann"
767:
756:
755:
753:
751:
740:"Peter Hegemann"
736:
596:mental disorders
531:channelrhodopsin
476:action potential
351:and then in the
284:channelrhodopsin
257:
247:
246:
225:Doctoral advisor
219:
91:channelrhodopsin
53:11 December 1954
52:
50:
35:
21:
20:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3509:Ehud Hrushovski
3473:Luis Caffarelli
3407:Clifford Taubes
3403:Simon Donaldson
3393:Vladimir Arnold
3353:
3347:
3338:Stuart H. Orkin
3298:Gero Miesenböck
3236:Michael Rosbash
3232:Jeffrey C. Hall
3192:Douglas Coleman
3186:Shinya Yamanaka
3134:
3128:
3083:Roger Blandford
3077:Edward C. Stone
3071:Jean-Loup Puget
3039:John A. Peacock
3011:David C. Jewitt
2987:Charles Bennett
2975:Reinhard Genzel
2969:Peter Goldreich
2955:Saul Perlmutter
2927:
2921:
2880:
2875:
2874:
2864:
2862:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2834:
2832:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2808:
2806:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2775:
2773:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2745:
2743:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2719:
2717:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2689:
2687:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2620:
2616:
2606:
2604:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2576:
2574:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2550:
2548:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2515:
2504:"Prize Winners"
2502:
2501:
2497:
2487:
2485:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2455:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2427:
2425:
2424:on 25 June 2022
2412:
2411:
2407:
2397:
2395:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2367:
2365:
2341:(10): 557–560.
2325:
2321:
2311:
2309:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2245:
2243:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2215:
2213:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2145:
2141:
2079:
2075:
2024:
2020:
1995:10.1038/nn.2120
1975:
1971:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1933:10.1038/nn.2495
1916:
1907:
1903:
1893:
1891:
1840:
1836:
1777:
1773:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1716:
1710:
1706:
1661:
1657:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1584:
1538:
1534:
1481:
1477:
1444:(19): e154418.
1428:
1424:
1363:
1359:
1320:
1316:
1306:
1304:
1252:Nakanishi, Koji
1248:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1149:
1110:
1106:
1096:
1094:
1087:"Halorhodopsin"
1085:
1084:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1024:
1020:
1010:
1008:
999:
998:
994:
949:
948:
944:
934:
932:
928:
921:
917:
916:
909:
899:
897:
888:
887:
883:
873:
871:
858:
857:
846:
836:
834:
825:
824:
820:
810:
808:
795:
794:
790:
780:
778:
769:
768:
759:
749:
747:
738:
737:
733:
728:
723:
634:The Brain Prize
604:
573:Karl Deisseroth
508:protein complex
485:suggested that
431:
388:
323:
265:
264:
263:
256:Peter Hegemann
248:
244:
217:
198:
194:
190:
176:
155:
151:
147:
145:The Brain Prize
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
78:
74:
68:Alma mater
63:
59:
54:
48:
46:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3630:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3522:
3519:Shing-Tung Yau
3512:
3502:
3492:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3460:
3454:
3451:Henryk Iwaniec
3444:
3441:George Lusztig
3438:
3432:
3426:
3416:
3410:
3400:
3397:Ludwig Faddeev
3390:
3387:Richard Taylor
3380:
3370:
3364:
3357:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3342:Swee Lay Thein
3335:
3328:Patrick Cramer
3325:
3315:
3309:
3302:Peter Hegemann
3295:
3289:
3283:
3276:Ian R. Gibbons
3273:
3263:
3256:Bonnie Bassler
3253:
3246:Kazutoshi Mori
3243:
3229:
3219:
3208:Jules Hoffmann
3205:
3199:
3189:
3175:
3169:
3163:
3157:
3138:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3120:
3113:Duncan Lorimer
3109:Matthew Bailes
3106:
3096:
3089:Victoria Kaspi
3086:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3048:
3042:
3028:
3025:John F. Hawley
3018:
3008:
3005:Gerald Fishman
2998:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2952:
2945:Geoffrey Marcy
2942:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2920:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2888:Google Scholar
2884:Peter Hegemann
2879:
2878:External links
2876:
2873:
2872:
2842:
2816:
2783:
2753:
2727:
2697:
2667:
2614:
2584:
2558:
2525:
2495:
2465:
2435:
2405:
2375:
2319:
2289:
2253:
2223:
2197:
2139:
2073:
2018:
1989:(6): 631–633.
1969:
1927:(3): 387–392.
1901:
1873:10.1038/nn1525
1834:
1771:
1704:
1655:
1594:
1532:
1501:(2): 173–176.
1475:
1422:
1369:Volvox carteri
1357:
1314:
1242:
1212:
1159:
1117:Oesterhelt, D.
1104:
1078:
1018:
992:
942:
907:
881:
844:
818:
788:
757:
730:
729:
727:
724:
722:
721:
715:
709:
703:
697:
691:
685:
679:
673:
667:
661:
655:
648:
642:
636:
630:
624:
618:
612:
605:
603:
600:
430:
427:
387:
384:
322:
319:
268:Peter Hegemann
249:
242:
241:
240:
237:
236:
233:
232:
227:
221:
220:
209:
203:
202:
185:
181:
180:
171:
167:
166:
160:
159:
106:
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
87:
86:Known for
83:
82:
69:
65:
64:
55:
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
25:Peter Hegemann
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3629:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3552:Living people
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3489:David Kazhdan
3486:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3467:Claire Voisin
3464:
3461:
3458:
3457:Nigel Hitchin
3455:
3452:
3448:
3447:Gerd Faltings
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3413:Jean Bourgain
3411:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3373:David Mumford
3371:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3350:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3216:Bruce Beutler
3213:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3166:Xiaodong Wang
3164:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3146:Herbert Boyer
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3131:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3051:Ronald Drever
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3021:Steven Balbus
3019:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2995:David Spergel
2992:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2963:Brian Schmidt
2960:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2918:
2913:
2911:
2906:
2904:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2671:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2618:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2423:
2419:
2416:(in German).
2415:
2409:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2323:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2274:
2270:
2267:(in German).
2263:
2257:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2143:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1715:
1708:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1598:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1426:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1318:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1258:Chlamydomonas
1253:
1246:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1163:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1006:
1002:
996:
988:
984:
980:
976:
971:
966:
962:
958:
957:
952:
946:
927:
920:
914:
912:
895:
891:
885:
869:
865:
861:
855:
853:
851:
849:
832:
828:
822:
806:
802:
798:
792:
776:
772:
766:
764:
762:
745:
741:
735:
731:
720:
716:
714:
710:
708:
704:
702:
698:
696:
692:
690:
686:
684:
683:Rumford Prize
680:
678:
674:
672:
668:
666:
662:
660:
656:
653:
649:
647:
643:
641:
637:
635:
631:
629:
625:
623:
619:
617:
613:
611:
607:
606:
599:
597:
593:
589:
584:
582:
578:
577:Edward Boyden
574:
570:
566:
563:The field of
561:
559:
555:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
519:Ernst Bamberg
516:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
496:
492:
488:
484:
479:
477:
474:, preventing
473:
469:
465:
464:
459:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
439:halorhodopsin
436:
435:ion transport
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
407:
405:
401:
397:
394:in 1985 as a
393:
383:
381:
377:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
337:
332:
328:
318:
316:
312:
308:
307:Rumford Prize
304:
300:
296:
292:
289:
285:
281:
277:
276:Life Sciences
274:, Faculty of
273:
269:
261:
260:
252:
234:
231:
228:
226:
222:
215:
214:
210:
208:
204:
201:
197:
193:
189:
186:
182:
179:
175:
172:
168:
165:
161:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
125:Rumford Prize
122:
118:
114:
110:
107:
103:
99:
95:
92:
89:Discovery of
88:
84:
81:
77:
73:
70:
66:
62:
58:
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
3525:Peter Sarnak
3499:Jeff Cheeger
3463:János Kollár
3435:David Donoho
3367:Andrew Wiles
3352:Mathematical
3312:Scott D. Emr
3301:
3250:Peter Walter
3202:David Julius
3154:Richard Doll
3150:Yuet-Wai Kan
3135:and medicine
3133:Life science
3059:Rainer Weiss
3001:Enrico Costa
2949:Michel Mayor
2863:. Retrieved
2859:the original
2845:
2833:. Retrieved
2829:the original
2819:
2807:. Retrieved
2803:the original
2786:
2774:. Retrieved
2770:the original
2756:
2744:. Retrieved
2740:the original
2730:
2718:. Retrieved
2714:the original
2700:
2688:. Retrieved
2684:the original
2670:
2633:
2627:
2617:
2605:. Retrieved
2601:the original
2587:
2575:. Retrieved
2571:the original
2561:
2549:. Retrieved
2545:the original
2528:
2516:. Retrieved
2512:the original
2498:
2486:. Retrieved
2482:the original
2468:
2456:. Retrieved
2452:the original
2438:
2426:. Retrieved
2422:the original
2408:
2396:. Retrieved
2392:the original
2378:
2366:. Retrieved
2338:
2332:
2322:
2310:. Retrieved
2306:the original
2292:
2280:. Retrieved
2273:the original
2256:
2244:. Retrieved
2240:the original
2226:
2214:. Retrieved
2210:the original
2200:
2157:
2153:
2142:
2091:
2087:
2076:
2035:
2031:
2021:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1960:. Retrieved
1953:the original
1924:
1920:
1904:
1892:. Retrieved
1864:
1858:
1837:
1792:
1788:
1774:
1762:. Retrieved
1755:the original
1726:
1720:
1707:
1672:
1668:
1658:
1613:
1607:
1597:
1585:. Retrieved
1549:
1545:
1535:
1498:
1492:
1485:Nagel, Georg
1478:
1441:
1435:
1425:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1360:
1333:
1327:
1317:
1305:. Retrieved
1269:
1263:
1257:
1245:
1233:. Retrieved
1229:the original
1215:
1178:
1172:
1162:
1150:. Retrieved
1130:
1126:Biochemistry
1124:
1107:
1095:. Retrieved
1091:the original
1081:
1069:. Retrieved
1041:
1035:
1021:
1009:. Retrieved
1005:the original
995:
960:
954:
945:
933:. Retrieved
926:the original
898:. Retrieved
884:
872:. Retrieved
868:the original
835:. Retrieved
831:the original
821:
809:. Retrieved
805:the original
791:
779:. Retrieved
775:the original
748:. Retrieved
744:the original
734:
665:Massry Prize
659:Harvey Prize
585:
565:optogenetics
562:
538:
512:
493:
480:
461:
432:
411:Biochemistry
408:
389:
373:
369:biochemistry
340:
334:
324:
299:optogenetics
288:ion channels
286:, a type of
267:
266:
255:
211:
184:Institutions
178:Optogenetics
163:
141:Massry Prize
137:Harvey Prize
18:
3547:1954 births
3332:Eva Nogales
3306:Georg Nagel
3292:Maria Jasin
3280:Ronald Vale
3270:Huda Zoghbi
3266:Adrian Bird
3065:Simon White
2939:Jim Peebles
2368:27 December
2094:(1): 7844.
1894:28 December
1847:Zhang, Feng
1764:24 December
1587:21 December
1307:18 December
1235:17 December
1152:17 December
1113:Bamberg, E.
1097:16 December
1071:15 December
1011:14 December
935:13 December
900:12 December
837:28 December
811:28 December
515:Georg Nagel
504:ion channel
451:haloarchaea
353:outer space
3541:Categories
3377:Wentsun Wu
3178:Ian Wilmut
3055:Kip Thorne
3035:Shaun Cole
2991:Lyman Page
2959:Adam Riess
2924:Shaw Prize
2865:6 December
2835:6 December
2809:6 December
2776:5 December
2746:5 December
2720:6 December
2690:6 December
2636:: e42367.
2607:6 December
2577:5 December
2551:5 December
2518:5 December
2488:5 December
2458:5 December
2398:5 December
2312:5 December
2282:5 December
2246:5 December
2216:5 December
1962:5 December
874:5 December
781:5 December
750:5 December
726:References
592:inhibitory
588:excitatory
581:Feng Zhang
491:green alga
487:rhodopsins
423:Biophysics
313:, and the
258:(Q2075526)
174:Biophysics
49:1954-12-11
3505:Noga Alon
2981:Frank Shu
2932:Astronomy
2926:laureates
2363:205404606
2116:2041-1723
2060:0036-8075
1751:237941581
1699:237622465
1582:206506942
987:237622462
361:chemistry
336:gymnasium
291:regulated
3015:Jane Luu
2662:30343681
2355:24054067
2192:21796121
2134:36543773
2068:24674867
2013:18432196
1941:20081849
1881:16116447
1853:(2005).
1829:16306259
1691:34562360
1650:14615590
1574:12089443
1527:23339069
1487:(2013).
1470:34558419
1417:10049347
1352:34562361
1254:(1984).
1207:15938053
1147:24409552
1119:(1984).
1066:10827943
1030:(2000).
979:34562366
455:chloride
429:Research
97:Children
3354:science
2653:6197853
2448:acatech
2428:25 June
2183:4155501
2162:Bibcode
2125:9772239
2096:Bibcode
2040:Bibcode
2032:Science
2004:2692303
1949:7457755
1889:6809511
1820:1292990
1797:Bibcode
1743:3456973
1618:Bibcode
1554:Bibcode
1546:Science
1518:3569634
1461:8483750
1408:1300143
1385:Bibcode
1302:4263301
1274:Bibcode
1046:Bibcode
1037:Science
705:2022 –
699:2021 –
693:2020 –
687:2019 –
681:2019 -
675:2018 –
669:2018 –
663:2017 –
657:2016 –
652:acatech
632:2013 –
626:2013 –
620:2013 –
608:2010 -
569:embryos
554:calcium
543:oocytes
468:neurons
449:called
447:archaea
413:of the
402:at the
327:MĂĽnster
303:neurons
272:Biology
251:Scholia
61:Germany
57:MĂĽnster
3527:(2024)
3521:(2023)
3511:(2022)
3501:(2021)
3491:(2020)
3481:(2019)
3475:(2018)
3469:(2017)
3459:(2016)
3453:(2015)
3443:(2014)
3437:(2013)
3431:(2012)
3425:(2011)
3415:(2010)
3409:(2009)
3399:(2008)
3389:(2007)
3379:(2006)
3369:(2005)
3363:(2004)
3344:(2024)
3334:(2023)
3324:(2022)
3314:(2021)
3308:(2020)
3294:(2019)
3288:(2018)
3282:(2017)
3272:(2016)
3262:(2015)
3252:(2014)
3242:(2013)
3228:(2012)
3218:(2011)
3204:(2010)
3198:(2009)
3188:(2008)
3174:(2007)
3168:(2006)
3162:(2005)
3156:(2004)
3125:(2024)
3119:(2023)
3105:(2022)
3095:(2021)
3085:(2020)
3079:(2019)
3073:(2018)
3067:(2017)
3061:(2016)
3047:(2015)
3041:(2014)
3027:(2013)
3017:(2012)
3007:(2011)
2997:(2010)
2983:(2009)
2977:(2008)
2971:(2007)
2965:(2006)
2951:(2005)
2941:(2004)
2660:
2650:
2361:
2353:
2190:
2180:
2154:Nature
2132:
2122:
2114:
2066:
2058:
2011:
2001:
1947:
1939:
1887:
1879:
1827:
1817:
1749:
1741:
1697:
1689:
1648:
1641:283525
1638:
1580:
1572:
1525:
1515:
1468:
1458:
1415:
1405:
1350:
1300:
1294:649333
1292:
1265:Nature
1205:
1198:554508
1195:
1145:
1064:
985:
977:
558:sodium
533:gene,
386:Career
331:Aachen
309:, the
218:(1984)
216:
207:Thesis
170:Fields
105:Awards
2629:eLife
2359:S2CID
2276:(PDF)
2265:(PDF)
1956:(PDF)
1945:S2CID
1917:(PDF)
1885:S2CID
1758:(PDF)
1747:S2CID
1717:(PDF)
1695:S2CID
1578:S2CID
1298:S2CID
983:S2CID
929:(PDF)
922:(PDF)
441:, an
295:light
3517:and
3507:and
3497:and
3487:and
3465:and
3449:and
3421:and
3405:and
3395:and
3385:and
3375:and
3340:and
3330:and
3320:and
3304:and
3278:and
3268:and
3258:and
3248:and
3238:and
3224:and
3214:and
3194:and
3184:and
3152:and
3115:and
3101:and
3091:and
3057:and
3037:and
3023:and
3013:and
3003:and
2993:and
2961:and
2947:and
2867:2022
2837:2022
2811:2022
2778:2022
2748:2022
2722:2022
2692:2022
2658:PMID
2609:2022
2579:2022
2553:2022
2520:2022
2490:2022
2460:2022
2430:2022
2400:2022
2370:2022
2351:PMID
2314:2022
2284:2022
2248:2022
2218:2022
2188:PMID
2130:PMID
2112:ISSN
2064:PMID
2056:ISSN
2009:PMID
1964:2022
1937:PMID
1896:2022
1877:PMID
1825:PMID
1766:2022
1739:PMID
1687:PMID
1669:Cell
1646:PMID
1589:2022
1570:PMID
1523:PMID
1466:PMID
1413:PMID
1348:PMID
1329:Cell
1309:2022
1290:PMID
1237:2022
1203:PMID
1154:2022
1143:PMID
1099:2022
1073:2022
1062:PMID
1013:2022
975:PMID
956:Cell
937:2022
902:2022
876:2022
839:2022
813:2022
783:2022
752:2022
590:and
556:and
523:gene
517:and
458:ions
43:Born
2648:PMC
2638:doi
2343:doi
2178:PMC
2170:doi
2158:477
2120:PMC
2104:doi
2048:doi
2036:344
1999:PMC
1991:doi
1929:doi
1869:doi
1815:PMC
1805:doi
1793:102
1731:doi
1727:385
1677:doi
1673:184
1636:PMC
1626:doi
1614:100
1562:doi
1550:296
1513:PMC
1503:doi
1456:PMC
1446:doi
1442:131
1403:PMC
1393:doi
1338:doi
1334:184
1282:doi
1270:311
1193:PMC
1183:doi
1135:doi
1054:doi
1042:288
965:doi
961:184
545:of
293:by
3543::
3300:,
3234:,
3210:,
3180:,
3148:,
3144:,
3111:,
3053:,
3033:,
2989:,
2957:,
2853:.
2794:.
2764:.
2708:.
2656:.
2646:.
2632:.
2626:.
2595:.
2536:.
2506:.
2446:.
2386:.
2357:.
2349:.
2339:36
2337:.
2331:.
2300:.
2234:.
2186:.
2176:.
2168:.
2156:.
2152:.
2128:.
2118:.
2110:.
2102:.
2092:13
2090:.
2086:.
2062:.
2054:.
2046:.
2034:.
2030:.
2007:.
1997:.
1987:11
1985:.
1981:.
1943:.
1935:.
1925:13
1923:.
1919:.
1883:.
1875:.
1863:.
1857:.
1845:;
1823:.
1813:.
1803:.
1791:.
1787:.
1745:.
1737:.
1725:.
1719:.
1693:.
1685:.
1671:.
1667:.
1644:.
1634:.
1624:.
1612:.
1606:.
1576:.
1568:.
1560:.
1548:.
1544:.
1521:.
1511:.
1497:.
1491:.
1464:.
1454:.
1440:.
1434:.
1411:.
1401:.
1391:.
1381:76
1379:.
1373:.
1346:.
1332:.
1326:.
1296:.
1288:.
1280:.
1268:.
1262:.
1223:.
1201:.
1191:.
1177:.
1171:.
1141:.
1131:23
1129:.
1123:.
1060:.
1052:.
1040:.
1034:.
981:.
973:.
959:.
953:.
910:^
862:.
847:^
760:^
598:.
579:,
575:,
510:.
406:.
371:.
317:.
278:,
2916:e
2909:t
2902:v
2869:.
2839:.
2813:.
2780:.
2750:.
2724:.
2694:.
2664:.
2640::
2634:7
2611:.
2581:.
2555:.
2522:.
2492:.
2462:.
2432:.
2402:.
2372:.
2345::
2316:.
2286:.
2250:.
2220:.
2194:.
2172::
2164::
2136:.
2106::
2098::
2070:.
2050::
2042::
2015:.
1993::
1966:.
1931::
1898:.
1871::
1865:8
1831:.
1807::
1799::
1768:.
1733::
1701:.
1679::
1652:.
1628::
1620::
1591:.
1564::
1556::
1529:.
1505::
1499:5
1472:.
1448::
1419:.
1395::
1387::
1371:"
1354:.
1340::
1311:.
1284::
1276::
1260:"
1239:.
1209:.
1185::
1179:4
1156:.
1137::
1101:.
1075:.
1056::
1048::
1015:.
989:.
967::
939:.
904:.
878:.
841:.
815:.
785:.
754:.
339:(
262:.
100:3
51:)
47:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
