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1964; McCarthy GF. Hazards of water-skiing. Med J Aust. 1969; 1:481; David C. Morton, Gynecological
Complications of Water Skiing M.R.C.O.G. Gosford District Hospital, New South Wales Medical Journal of Australia, June 20, 1970. The first waterski reports of this kind of injury appeared in the early 1960s and continue today. Prior to that time there were no reported injuries of this type. Similar reports of this kind of injury have occurred at water slide parks and other similar facilities. Once again, the occurrence rate for this kind of injury appears to be very low.
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categories: saddle jets and stand-up jets. For speed races, gear is generally classified according to the degree of authorized modifications: minor modifications fall into the so-called "stock" category, intermediate modifications into the so-called "limited" category, and more extensive modifications into the category. known as "F1". In freestyle and freeride, these categories do not exist; rather, the competitors are classified according to the type of watercraft used (with stand-up or saddle).
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324:, made of all aluminum, and had a fixed, upright handle. Jacobson eventually quit his job in banking to devote himself to developing the idea, and had a working prototype by 1965. It differed slightly from modern personal watercraft but had definite similarities. He completed a second prototype a year later made of fiberglass. The first Clayton-type PWC to reach the market was designed by
492:(PWX). As of 2022, the sport is experiencing exceeding levels of fragmentation and conflict due to poor management of the sanctioning bodies and non-constructive competition between organizations. The IJSBA World Finals competition is traditionally held in Lake Havasu City, Arizona, in early October. The Pro Watercross World Finals are typically held in Naples, Florida, in November.
477:. The sport is also established at the national level and is ruled by each national federation's member of the U.I.M. Aquabike World Championship is known among the motorsports with most different national entries for each competition, reaching up to 32 nationalities and 140 riders registered to compete in Italy in 2018.
609:
Further, PWCs are used by the U.S. Navy as surface targets. When equipped with GPS, electronic compass, radar reflector, and a radio modem, the PWC can be controlled remotely with a two-way link. Its small shipboard footprint allows it to be stored in and deployed from the smallest of vessels, and it
1259:
See Romano RL. Burgess EM. Medical
Implications of Water-skiing, Clin Orthop, 22: 140-145 (1962).; David Pfanner, Salpingitis and Water Skiing FRCS The Medical Journal of Australia, 2/1964.; Moore A. T.: Water-skiing in Symposium on Injury in sport. Edited by Armstrong JR, Tucker WE; London Staples,
648:
injuries. These injuries are typical of the kinds of injuries that waterskiers experience as a result of falling into the water at speed. Such injuries can occur from simply falling in the water at speed or they can occur from the output end of the pump jet. A rider who falls (or is ejected) off the
605:
Lifeguards use PWCs equipped with rescue platforms to rescue water users from trouble, as well as flood survivors, and carry them to safety. Police and rangers use them to enforce laws in coastal waters, lakes and rivers. A PWC combined with a wash-reduction system, carrying waterproof loudspeaker
292:
The Sea
Skimmer was introduced in 1961 as a highly maneuverable version of a propelled surfboard. It was 1.7 m (5.6 ft) long, powered by an inboard/outboard motor and reached speeds up to 40 km/h (25 mph). The rider lay on the boat, controlling the speed with hand throttles and
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can occur while surf jumping and, potentially, wake jumping. The PWC manufacturers' owner's manuals all include warnings regarding jumping at excessive heights, or operating a PWC if there is a prior history of back injury. The current on-product labels say "Jumping wakes or waves can increase the
480:
Other private competitions also exist, such as P1 AquaX, which is a personal watercraft racing series, first launched in the UK in May 2011 by London-based sports promoter
Powerboat P1. The series attracted a mix of new and current racers to a new type of racing and in 2013, P1 rolled out a second
657:), the jet may penetrate any orifice it reaches. All major PWC manufacturers warn about this risk and recommend that passengers wear wet suit bottoms or equivalent protection. The American Waterski Racing Association recommends that all of their racers wear wet suit bottoms for this same reason.
461:
PWC racing competitions take place around the world. There are several disciplines: closed circuit speed races, offshore speed races (offshore), endurance races, freestyle (freestyle) and freeride events. For all these types of events, with the exception of freestyle, there are at least two
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brand) in 1972, and appeared on the US market in 1973. These were mass-produced boats to be used by only one rider. While they are still produced today, the more popular design is the sit-down variety of PWC. These sit-down runabouts have been produced by
Kawasaki (Jetski), Bombardier
200:
to create thrust for propulsion and steering. Most are designed for two or three people, though four-passenger models exist. Many of today's models are built for more extended use and have the fuel capacity to make long cruises, in some cases even beyond 160 kilometres (100 mi).
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using the feet as rudders. Originally manufactured in Kansas City, operations moved to
Boynton, Florida, in 1962, and the name was changed to Aqua-Skimmer. Aqua-Skimmer ceased operations in 1962 and sold its inventory to the military. Renamed Aqua Dart (Aqua Dart INC), the
1335:
Am Surg. 2002 Jul;68(7):624-7. "Pattern of injury from personal watercraft". Haan JM, Kramer ME, Scalea TM; J Trauma. 2004 Dec;57(6):1308-10. "Thoracolumbar fractures associated with the use of personal watercraft". Carmel A, Drescher MJ, Leitner Y, Gepstein
331:
In Greece, an inventor named
Dimitrios T. Moraitidis, built a prototype and submitted a patent to the government of the Kingdom of Greece on the 5th June 1970, with serial number 40056. He never exploited the invention commercially. He died on March 5, 2022.
597:
PWCs are small, fast, easily handled, fairly easy to use, and affordable, and their propulsion systems do not have external propellers, making them in some respects safer than small motorboats for swimmers and wildlife. For these reasons, they are used for
672:
arising out of one such incident (which had devastating effects on the victim's lower abdomen). It is also possible for multiple riders on the same PWC to sustain orifice injuries in a single accident, as actually occurred in a 2007 accident at
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risk of spinal/backbone injuries (paralysis)". The current
Kawasaki owner's manual provides: "Slow down before crossing waves. Do not ride if you have a back condition. High speed operation in choppy or rough water may cause back injuries."
481:
series in the USA. Such was the uptake that the original format needed revising to cope with the influx of new riders and by the end of 2015 over 400 riders from 11 countries had registered to compete in an AquaX event.
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Another noteworthy risk of injury is known as off throttle steering, which results from the lack of steering capability while off throttle in certain models of PWCs. This can result in death or serious bodily injuries.
1010:
Title “Evaluation of River
Reconnaissance System by UDT-12 (Aqua Dart)"; National Archives and Records Administration Naval Special Warfare Group SWG Papers, Record Group 38, FY81, vol 62; Entry Number UD-UW 95, Box
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1322:, 230 Cal. App. 4th 1442; 179 Cal. Rptr. 3d 580 (2014). As the appellate court explained in its opinion, this case was delayed after the PWC owner initiated a proceeding in federal court under the
368:). As of 2010, the major manufacturers of PWCs were Kawasaki, Bombardier and Yamaha. Both Yamaha and Kawasaki continue to sell stand-up models but it is a small percentage of the overall market.
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Water scooters—as they were originally termed—were first developed in the United
Kingdom and Europe in the mid-1950s, with models such as the British 200cc propeller-driven
649:
back can land directly in the path of the PWC's high-pressure jet of water. Unless a rider is appropriately dressed in garments made out of a strong, thick substance like
696:
Another rare, but unique injury risk with jetboats, is being sucked into the intake side of the pump jet. Current PWC products contain on-product warnings that state: "
1269:
Bernard Descottes, Fouzi Lachachi, Issifou Moumouni, Sylvaine Durand-Fontanier, and Ramy Geballa, "Case Report: Rectal Injury Caused by Personal Watercraft Accident,"
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while the engine is on. Items such as long hair, loose clothing, or PFD straps can become entangled in moving parts and result in severe injury or drowning".
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46, no. 7 (June 2003): 971-972. The 16-year-old patient described in this case report was deceased. The autopsy revealed that the primary cause of death was
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personnel (the court noted that she required "massive resuscitation") but was permanently disabled by her injuries; for example, she has no bowel control.
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was modified for military requirements, and saw service in 1962 river reconnaissance missions in Vietnam and other military missions until the 1970s.
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equipment and GPS for instructions and distance measurement, has reportedly been used by assistant coaches for rowing sports on the River Tyne.
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David P. Parsons, Harry A. Kahn, John T. Isler and Richard P. Billingham, "Case Report: Rectal Injury Caused by Personal Watercraft Accident,"
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2001 Joint USCG/Industry Label Project, Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 2001, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp71-81; Labeling for Personal Watercraft.
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2001 Joint USCG/Industry Label Project, Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 2001, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp71-81; Labeling for Personal Watercraft
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defines a personal watercraft, amongst other criteria, as a jet-drive boat less than 12 feet (3.7 m) long. There are many larger "
184:. The second style is a "stand-up" type, typically built for only one occupant who operates the watercraft standing up as in riding a
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Electric PWCs were commercialized in the early 2020s. Electric watercraft are increasing in popularity as gasoline engines produce
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that is designed to hold only a small number of occupants, who sit or stand on top of the craft, not within the craft as in a
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in the late 1960s. Bombardier's original designs were not very popular and Bombardier left the business before 1970.
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316:, USA. Originally a motocross enthusiast, Jacobson's idea was designed in the mid-1960s, powered by an internal
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1304:, 139 Cal. App. 4th 755, 43 Cal. Rptr. 3d 215 (2006). The plaintiff survived due to the heroic efforts of
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Such orifice injuries can result in permanent disability or death. For example, in 2006, the
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Recreational watercraft that uses an inboard engine powering a pump-jet with an impeller
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Apart from the obvious hazards of collisions and mechanical breakdowns common to all
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has been used for target practice for armaments of sizes from 5 in (13 cm)
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42, no. 7 (July 1999): 959-960. The patient described in this case report survived.
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962:"1961-02-19 Mermaid with a motor Sea Skimmer made in Kansas City The_Miami_Herald"
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There have been fatal accidents involving PWCs. In a notable case, U.S. astronaut
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PWCs have two style categories. The first and the most popular is a compact
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987:"1962-04-23 Tetyak to move Aqua-Skimmer to Florida Fort_Lauderdale_News"
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archive.wmlnj.org/var/www/TheWestfieldLeader/1956/1956-10-04/pg_0018.pdf
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433: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1374:"Former NASA Astronaut Alan Poindexter, 50, Dies in Jet Ski Accident"
887:"1961-01-15 Dolphin Sea Skimmer at Boat Show Daily_News_Sun New York"
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1146:"ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΟΝ ΤΗΣ ΕΛΛΑΔΟΣ ΥΠΟΥΡΓΕΙΟΝ ΕΜΠΟΡΙΟΥ: ΔΙΠΛΩΜΑ ΕΥΡΕΣΙΤΕΧΝΙΑΣ"
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473:. The current official world series, established in 1996, is the
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247:" not classed as PWCs, some more than 40 feet (12 m) long.
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books.google.com/books?id=iSUDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA98&lpg=PA98
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591:
288:
1961 Sea Skimmer / Aqua Skimmer could reach speeds up to 40km/h
137:
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died in 2012 from injuries sustained in a Jet Ski accident in
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233:
19:"Jet ski" redirects here. For the brand-name watercraft, see
912:"Sea Skimmer Tiny Boat Big Show Stopper Tennessee Boat Show"
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163:
937:"1961-03-23 Sea Skimmer 3 models The_Tennessean_Nashville"
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In the United States, the main sanctioning bodies are the
335:
Stand-up PWCs were first produced by the Japanese company
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1250:: Lawyers & Judges Publishing Company, 2003), 71, 78.
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PWC warning label indicating risk of body cavity injuries
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The sport is ruled by the World Powerboating Federation (
1225:
Jim Stingl, "Have fun on your watercraft, butt beware,"
664:
for the First Appellate District upheld a $ 3.7 million
169:
Prominent brands of PWCs include Jet Skis and Sea-Doos.
1126:"How Sea-Doo Launched the Personal Watercraft Industry"
1049:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived from
602:, one of the PWC industry's fastest-growing segments.
1020:
1067:Action, Johnny; Adams, Tania; Packer, Matt (2006).
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1181:"Japanese inventions that changed the way we live"
1068:
1025:. Lawyers & Judges Publishing. pp. 63–4.
823:US Coast Guard "Annual Boating Statistics, 2006".
644:, operating or riding a PWC can involve a risk of
681:jury verdict affirmed in full on appeal in 2014.
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308:In the 1960s, the idea was developed further by
204:Personal watercraft are often referred by the
1396:International Jet Sports Boating Association
1243:Boat Accident Reconstruction and Litigation
1023:Boat Accident Reconstruction and Litigation
534:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
486:International Jet Sport Boating Association
1240:Roy Scott Hickman and Michael M. Sampsel,
1021:Sampsell, Michael M.; et al. (2002).
554:Learn how and when to remove this message
449:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1411:) is being considered for deletion. See
1209:"Il mondiale di aquabike sbarca a Olbia"
867:www.voc.uk.com/net/docs/17/17-553-14.pdf
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1354:JT1100-G1 Owner's Manual, page 53-54
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532:adding citations to reliable sources
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431:adding citations to reliable sources
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295:Sea Skimmer, Aqua Skimmer, Aqua Dart
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
1324:Limitation of Liability Act of 1851
1195:"Union internationale motonautique"
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13:
14:
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1415:to help reach a consensus. ›
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467:Union Internationale Motonautique
1301:Ford v. Polaris Industries, Inc.
1288:Diseases of the Colon and Rectum
1271:Diseases of the Colon and Rectum
1075:. Sterling Publishing. pp.
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375:An electric personal watercraft
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1215:(in Italian). 12 March 2018.
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304:The first stand-up prototype
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1103:. boats.com. Archived from
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698:Keep away from Intake Grate
475:Aquabike World Championship
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1277:caused by the rectal tear.
1228:Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
662:California Court of Appeal
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1071:Origin of Everyday Things
968:. 1961-02-19. p. 175
893:. 1961-01-15. p. 133
653:(as is commonly found in
570:PWC with rescue platform.
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314:Lake Havasu City, Arizona
241:United States Coast Guard
1413:templates for discussion
943:. 1961-03-23. p. 24
723:(of historical interest)
265:London Motorcycle Museum
196:that has a screw-shaped
25:Jet Ski (disambiguation)
1306:UC Davis Medical Center
993:. 1962-04-23. p. 4
918:. 1961-03-23. p. 1
1442:Water sports equipment
1319:Colombo v. BRP US Inc.
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232:), Elaqua (E-PWC) and
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23:. For other uses, see
1047:"Personal Watercraft"
811:"Personal Watercraft"
772:Wave Race: Blue Storm
668:jury verdict against
635:
585:
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496:Non-recreational uses
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69:"Personal watercraft"
1437:Personal water craft
1275:toxic shock syndrome
991:Fort Lauderdale News
677:which resulted in a
528:improve this section
427:improve this article
136:A watercraft on the
54:improve this article
1418:Personal watercraft
1101:"Jet Ski Evolution"
792:Yamaha Wave Blaster
310:Clayton Jacobson II
145:personal watercraft
1447:English inventions
1231:, 28 June 2000, 1.
872:2014-01-01 at the
830:2009-09-02 at the
705:Alan G. Poindexter
670:Polaris Industries
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737:Video games
675:Mission Bay
666:Napa County
544:August 2018
348:), Yamaha (
339:(under the
279:Wave Roller
206:trademarked
1431:Categories
1166:2024-05-26
1131:2014-12-11
1111:2011-05-19
997:2021-10-02
972:2021-10-02
947:2021-10-02
922:2021-10-02
897:2021-10-02
891:Daily News
798:References
751:Splashdown
616:small arms
366:Tigershark
362:Arctic Cat
350:WaveRunner
326:Bombardier
226:Bombardier
222:WaveRunner
182:snowmobile
160:watercraft
80:newspapers
1379:Space.com
758:Wave Race
515:does not
393:waterways
385:motor oil
1403:template
1157:Archived
870:Archived
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732:Flyboard
727:Jetboard
715:See also
655:wetsuits
651:neoprene
642:vehicles
439:May 2024
389:gasoline
337:Kawasaki
318:pump-jet
259:Vincent
245:jetboats
210:Kawasaki
198:impeller
194:pump-jet
174:runabout
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782:Wetbike
744:Jet X2O
709:Florida
646:orifice
622:Hazards
600:fishing
536:removed
521:sources
358:Polaris
346:Sea-Doo
341:Jet Ski
272:Vincent
263:at the
251:History
230:Sea-Doo
214:Jet Ski
190:inboard
94:scholar
21:Jet Ski
1422:Curlie
1408:Curlie
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592:Venice
399:Sports
275:Amanda
261:Amanda
218:Yamaha
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354:Honda
234:Honda
101:JSTOR
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519:any
517:cite
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239:The
164:boat
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