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1964; McCarthy GF. Hazards of water-skiing. Med J Aust. 1969; 1:481; David C. Morton, Gynecological
Complications of Water Skiing M.R.C.O.G. Gosford District Hospital, New South Wales Medical Journal of Australia, June 20, 1970. The first waterski reports of this kind of injury appeared in the early 1960s and continue today. Prior to that time there were no reported injuries of this type. Similar reports of this kind of injury have occurred at water slide parks and other similar facilities. Once again, the occurrence rate for this kind of injury appears to be very low.
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categories: saddle jets and stand-up jets. For speed races, gear is generally classified according to the degree of authorized modifications: minor modifications fall into the so-called "stock" category, intermediate modifications into the so-called "limited" category, and more extensive modifications into the category. known as "F1". In freestyle and freeride, these categories do not exist; rather, the competitors are classified according to the type of watercraft used (with stand-up or saddle).
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335:, made of all aluminum, and had a fixed, upright handle. Jacobson eventually quit his job in banking to devote himself to developing the idea, and had a working prototype by 1965. It differed slightly from modern personal watercraft but had definite similarities. He completed a second prototype a year later made of fiberglass. The first Clayton-type PWC to reach the market was designed by
503:(PWX). As of 2022, the sport is experiencing exceeding levels of fragmentation and conflict due to poor management of the sanctioning bodies and non-constructive competition between organizations. The IJSBA World Finals competition is traditionally held in Lake Havasu City, Arizona, in early October. The Pro Watercross World Finals are typically held in Naples, Florida, in November.
488:. The sport is also established at the national level and is ruled by each national federation's member of the U.I.M. Aquabike World Championship is known among the motorsports with most different national entries for each competition, reaching up to 32 nationalities and 140 riders registered to compete in Italy in 2018.
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Further, PWCs are used by the U.S. Navy as surface targets. When equipped with GPS, electronic compass, radar reflector, and a radio modem, the PWC can be controlled remotely with a two-way link. Its small shipboard footprint allows it to be stored in and deployed from the smallest of vessels, and it
1270:
See Romano RL. Burgess EM. Medical
Implications of Water-skiing, Clin Orthop, 22: 140-145 (1962).; David Pfanner, Salpingitis and Water Skiing FRCS The Medical Journal of Australia, 2/1964.; Moore A. T.: Water-skiing in Symposium on Injury in sport. Edited by Armstrong JR, Tucker WE; London Staples,
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injuries. These injuries are typical of the kinds of injuries that waterskiers experience as a result of falling into the water at speed. Such injuries can occur from simply falling in the water at speed or they can occur from the output end of the pump jet. A rider who falls (or is ejected) off the
616:
Lifeguards use PWCs equipped with rescue platforms to rescue water users from trouble, as well as flood survivors, and carry them to safety. Police and rangers use them to enforce laws in coastal waters, lakes and rivers. A PWC combined with a wash-reduction system, carrying waterproof loudspeaker
303:
The Sea
Skimmer was introduced in 1961 as a highly maneuverable version of a propelled surfboard. It was 1.7 m (5.6 ft) long, powered by an inboard/outboard motor and reached speeds up to 40 km/h (25 mph). The rider lay on the boat, controlling the speed with hand throttles and
703:
can occur while surf jumping and, potentially, wake jumping. The PWC manufacturers' owner's manuals all include warnings regarding jumping at excessive heights, or operating a PWC if there is a prior history of back injury. The current on-product labels say "Jumping wakes or waves can increase the
491:
Other private competitions also exist, such as P1 AquaX, which is a personal watercraft racing series, first launched in the UK in May 2011 by London-based sports promoter
Powerboat P1. The series attracted a mix of new and current racers to a new type of racing and in 2013, P1 rolled out a second
668:), the jet may penetrate any orifice it reaches. All major PWC manufacturers warn about this risk and recommend that passengers wear wet suit bottoms or equivalent protection. The American Waterski Racing Association recommends that all of their racers wear wet suit bottoms for this same reason.
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PWC racing competitions take place around the world. There are several disciplines: closed circuit speed races, offshore speed races (offshore), endurance races, freestyle (freestyle) and freeride events. For all these types of events, with the exception of freestyle, there are at least two
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brand) in 1972, and appeared on the US market in 1973. These were mass-produced boats to be used by only one rider. While they are still produced today, the more popular design is the sit-down variety of PWC. These sit-down runabouts have been produced by
Kawasaki (Jetski), Bombardier
211:
to create thrust for propulsion and steering. Most are designed for two or three people, though four-passenger models exist. Many of today's models are built for more extended use and have the fuel capacity to make long cruises, in some cases even beyond 160 kilometres (100 mi).
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using the feet as rudders. Originally manufactured in Kansas City, operations moved to
Boynton, Florida, in 1962, and the name was changed to Aqua-Skimmer. Aqua-Skimmer ceased operations in 1962 and sold its inventory to the military. Renamed Aqua Dart (Aqua Dart INC), the
1346:
Am Surg. 2002 Jul;68(7):624-7. "Pattern of injury from personal watercraft". Haan JM, Kramer ME, Scalea TM; J Trauma. 2004 Dec;57(6):1308-10. "Thoracolumbar fractures associated with the use of personal watercraft". Carmel A, Drescher MJ, Leitner Y, Gepstein
342:
In Greece, an inventor named
Dimitrios T. Moraitidis, built a prototype and submitted a patent to the government of the Kingdom of Greece on the 5th June 1970, with serial number 40056. He never exploited the invention commercially. He died on March 5, 2022.
608:
PWCs are small, fast, easily handled, fairly easy to use, and affordable, and their propulsion systems do not have external propellers, making them in some respects safer than small motorboats for swimmers and wildlife. For these reasons, they are used for
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arising out of one such incident (which had devastating effects on the victim's lower abdomen). It is also possible for multiple riders on the same PWC to sustain orifice injuries in a single accident, as actually occurred in a 2007 accident at
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risk of spinal/backbone injuries (paralysis)". The current
Kawasaki owner's manual provides: "Slow down before crossing waves. Do not ride if you have a back condition. High speed operation in choppy or rough water may cause back injuries."
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series in the USA. Such was the uptake that the original format needed revising to cope with the influx of new riders and by the end of 2015 over 400 riders from 11 countries had registered to compete in an AquaX event.
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Another noteworthy risk of injury is known as off throttle steering, which results from the lack of steering capability while off throttle in certain models of PWCs. This can result in death or serious bodily injuries.
1021:
Title “Evaluation of River
Reconnaissance System by UDT-12 (Aqua Dart)"; National Archives and Records Administration Naval Special Warfare Group SWG Papers, Record Group 38, FY81, vol 62; Entry Number UD-UW 95, Box
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1333:, 230 Cal. App. 4th 1442; 179 Cal. Rptr. 3d 580 (2014). As the appellate court explained in its opinion, this case was delayed after the PWC owner initiated a proceeding in federal court under the
379:). As of 2010, the major manufacturers of PWCs were Kawasaki, Bombardier and Yamaha. Both Yamaha and Kawasaki continue to sell stand-up models but it is a small percentage of the overall market.
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Water scooters—as they were originally termed—were first developed in the United
Kingdom and Europe in the mid-1950s, with models such as the British 200cc propeller-driven
660:
back can land directly in the path of the PWC's high-pressure jet of water. Unless a rider is appropriately dressed in garments made out of a strong, thick substance like
707:
Another rare, but unique injury risk with jetboats, is being sucked into the intake side of the pump jet. Current PWC products contain on-product warnings that state: "
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Bernard Descottes, Fouzi Lachachi, Issifou Moumouni, Sylvaine Durand-Fontanier, and Ramy Geballa, "Case Report: Rectal Injury Caused by Personal Watercraft Accident,"
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while the engine is on. Items such as long hair, loose clothing, or PFD straps can become entangled in moving parts and result in severe injury or drowning".
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46, no. 7 (June 2003): 971-972. The 16-year-old patient described in this case report was deceased. The autopsy revealed that the primary cause of death was
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personnel (the court noted that she required "massive resuscitation") but was permanently disabled by her injuries; for example, she has no bowel control.
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was modified for military requirements, and saw service in 1962 river reconnaissance missions in Vietnam and other military missions until the 1970s.
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equipment and GPS for instructions and distance measurement, has reportedly been used by assistant coaches for rowing sports on the River Tyne.
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David P. Parsons, Harry A. Kahn, John T. Isler and Richard P. Billingham, "Case Report: Rectal Injury Caused by Personal Watercraft Accident,"
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2001 Joint USCG/Industry Label Project, Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 2001, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp71-81; Labeling for Personal Watercraft.
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2001 Joint USCG/Industry Label Project, Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 2001, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp71-81; Labeling for Personal Watercraft
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defines a personal watercraft, amongst other criteria, as a jet-drive boat less than 12 feet (3.7 m) long. There are many larger "
195:. The second style is a "stand-up" type, typically built for only one occupant who operates the watercraft standing up as in riding a
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Electric PWCs were commercialized in the early 2020s. Electric watercraft are increasing in popularity as gasoline engines produce
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that is designed to hold only a small number of occupants, who sit or stand on top of the craft, not within the craft as in a
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in the late 1960s. Bombardier's original designs were not very popular and Bombardier left the business before 1970.
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327:, USA. Originally a motocross enthusiast, Jacobson's idea was designed in the mid-1960s, powered by an internal
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1315:, 139 Cal. App. 4th 755, 43 Cal. Rptr. 3d 215 (2006). The plaintiff survived due to the heroic efforts of
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Such orifice injuries can result in permanent disability or death. For example, in 2006, the
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Recreational watercraft that uses an inboard engine powering a pump-jet with an impeller
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Apart from the obvious hazards of collisions and mechanical breakdowns common to all
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has been used for target practice for armaments of sizes from 5 in (13 cm)
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42, no. 7 (July 1999): 959-960. The patient described in this case report survived.
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973:"1961-02-19 Mermaid with a motor Sea Skimmer made in Kansas City The_Miami_Herald"
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There have been fatal accidents involving PWCs. In a notable case, U.S. astronaut
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PWCs have two style categories. The first and the most popular is a compact
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998:"1962-04-23 Tetyak to move Aqua-Skimmer to Florida Fort_Lauderdale_News"
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archive.wmlnj.org/var/www/TheWestfieldLeader/1956/1956-10-04/pg_0018.pdf
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444: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1385:"Former NASA Astronaut Alan Poindexter, 50, Dies in Jet Ski Accident"
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1157:"ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΟΝ ΤΗΣ ΕΛΛΑΔΟΣ ΥΠΟΥΡΓΕΙΟΝ ΕΜΠΟΡΙΟΥ: ΔΙΠΛΩΜΑ ΕΥΡΕΣΙΤΕΧΝΙΑΣ"
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484:. The current official world series, established in 1996, is the
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258:" not classed as PWCs, some more than 40 feet (12 m) long.
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books.google.com/books?id=iSUDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA98&lpg=PA98
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1961 Sea Skimmer / Aqua Skimmer could reach speeds up to 40km/h
148:
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died in 2012 from injuries sustained in a Jet Ski accident in
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244:
30:"Jet ski" redirects here. For the brand-name watercraft, see
923:"Sea Skimmer Tiny Boat Big Show Stopper Tennessee Boat Show"
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174:
948:"1961-03-23 Sea Skimmer 3 models The_Tennessean_Nashville"
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In the United States, the main sanctioning bodies are the
346:
Stand-up PWCs were first produced by the Japanese company
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1261:: Lawyers & Judges Publishing Company, 2003), 71, 78.
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PWC warning label indicating risk of body cavity injuries
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The sport is ruled by the World Powerboating Federation (
1236:
Jim Stingl, "Have fun on your watercraft, butt beware,"
675:
for the First Appellate District upheld a $ 3.7 million
180:
Prominent brands of PWCs include Jet Skis and Sea-Doos.
1137:"How Sea-Doo Launched the Personal Watercraft Industry"
1060:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived from
613:, one of the PWC industry's fastest-growing segments.
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1078:Action, Johnny; Adams, Tania; Packer, Matt (2006).
71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1192:"Japanese inventions that changed the way we live"
1079:
1036:. Lawyers & Judges Publishing. pp. 63–4.
834:US Coast Guard "Annual Boating Statistics, 2006".
655:, operating or riding a PWC can involve a risk of
692:jury verdict affirmed in full on appeal in 2014.
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319:In the 1960s, the idea was developed further by
215:Personal watercraft are often referred by the
1407:International Jet Sports Boating Association
1254:Boat Accident Reconstruction and Litigation
1034:Boat Accident Reconstruction and Litigation
545:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
497:International Jet Sport Boating Association
1251:Roy Scott Hickman and Michael M. Sampsel,
1032:Sampsell, Michael M.; et al. (2002).
565:Learn how and when to remove this message
460:Learn how and when to remove this message
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
1422:) is being considered for deletion. See
1220:"Il mondiale di aquabike sbarca a Olbia"
878:www.voc.uk.com/net/docs/17/17-553-14.pdf
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543:adding citations to reliable sources
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442:adding citations to reliable sources
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306:Sea Skimmer, Aqua Skimmer, Aqua Dart
69:adding citations to reliable sources
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1335:Limitation of Liability Act of 1851
1206:"Union internationale motonautique"
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24:
25:
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1426:to help reach a consensus. ›
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478:Union Internationale Motonautique
1312:Ford v. Polaris Industries, Inc.
1299:Diseases of the Colon and Rectum
1282:Diseases of the Colon and Rectum
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1226:(in Italian). 12 March 2018.
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1114:. boats.com. Archived from
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709:Keep away from Intake Grate
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673:California Court of Appeal
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1082:Origin of Everyday Things
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904:. 1961-01-15. p. 133
664:(as is commonly found in
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325:Lake Havasu City, Arizona
252:United States Coast Guard
1424:templates for discussion
954:. 1961-03-23. p. 24
734:(of historical interest)
276:London Motorcycle Museum
207:that has a screw-shaped
36:Jet Ski (disambiguation)
1317:UC Davis Medical Center
1004:. 1962-04-23. p. 4
929:. 1961-03-23. p. 1
1453:Water sports equipment
1330:Colombo v. BRP US Inc.
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34:. For other uses, see
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822:"Personal Watercraft"
783:Wave Race: Blue Storm
679:jury verdict against
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507:Non-recreational uses
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80:"Personal watercraft"
1448:Personal water craft
1286:toxic shock syndrome
1002:Fort Lauderdale News
688:which resulted in a
539:improve this section
438:improve this article
147:A watercraft on the
65:improve this article
18:Personal water craft
1429:Personal watercraft
1112:"Jet Ski Evolution"
803:Yamaha Wave Blaster
321:Clayton Jacobson II
156:personal watercraft
1458:English inventions
1242:, 28 June 2000, 1.
883:2014-01-01 at the
841:2009-09-02 at the
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748:Video games
686:Mission Bay
677:Napa County
555:August 2018
359:), Yamaha (
350:(under the
290:Wave Roller
217:trademarked
1442:Categories
1177:2024-05-26
1142:2014-12-11
1122:2011-05-19
1008:2021-10-02
983:2021-10-02
958:2021-10-02
933:2021-10-02
908:2021-10-02
902:Daily News
809:References
762:Splashdown
627:small arms
377:Tigershark
373:Arctic Cat
361:WaveRunner
337:Bombardier
237:Bombardier
233:WaveRunner
193:snowmobile
171:watercraft
91:newspapers
1390:Space.com
769:Wave Race
526:does not
404:waterways
396:motor oil
1414:template
1168:Archived
881:Archived
839:Archived
743:Flyboard
738:Jetboard
726:See also
666:wetsuits
662:neoprene
653:vehicles
450:May 2024
400:gasoline
348:Kawasaki
329:pump-jet
270:Vincent
256:jetboats
221:Kawasaki
209:impeller
205:pump-jet
185:runabout
1416:below (
793:Wetbike
755:Jet X2O
720:Florida
657:orifice
633:Hazards
611:fishing
547:removed
532:sources
369:Polaris
357:Sea-Doo
352:Jet Ski
283:Vincent
274:at the
262:History
241:Sea-Doo
225:Jet Ski
201:inboard
105:scholar
32:Jet Ski
1433:Curlie
1419:Curlie
1259:Tucson
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623:cannon
603:Venice
410:Sports
286:Amanda
272:Amanda
229:Yamaha
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1171:(PDF)
1160:(PDF)
365:Honda
245:Honda
112:JSTOR
98:books
1092:ISBN
1038:ISBN
530:any
528:cite
398:and
250:The
175:boat
84:news
1431:at
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625:to
601:in
541:by
440:by
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