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fictionalized by the author Mark Twain as a childhood playmate of Joan who later serves as her page and secretary. The "Translator's
Preface" offers an overview of Joan of Arc's life, with heavy praise: "the character of Joan of Arc ... occupies the loftiest possible to human attainment". The short "Peculiarity" note explains, first, that many actual details about (the long-ago) life of Joan of Arc are uniquely established and known, having been recorded under oath in court documents that are preserved in the National Archives of France; and, that the "mass of added particulars" here are provided by Sieur de Conte, who, the (fictional) Translator assures us, is reliable.
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a woman." At the end of
Chapter XXI, readers may think that de Conte insinuates Joan d'Arc was raped in prison by the English guards due to the vague wording. It is important, however, to note that at the end of Chapter XXIII, this interpretation is directly gone against by Joan's own statements, relayed by de Conte, during a passionate outburst of indignation and despair by Joan to those dooming her, specifically referring to herself as one who has "never been defiled." If this were the case, she would have taken them to task for this cruelty at that time, and it would have been reflected in the narrative.
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225:, France—after his family "...had fled to those distant regions from the neighborhood of Paris in the first years of the century." He relates that Paris was then tormented by mobs, criminals, and other instabilities and that his parents had been persecuted there because they supported the King of France against his enemies the English and Burgundians. Even so, when de Conte was but five, his native village was devastated and his family massacred by a Burgundian raiding party. Now orphaned, he was sent to a small, rural, rudimentary village called
254:, demanding they vacate France. The English refuse, and Joan attacks immediately and aggressively despite the generals' and counselors' advice that France remain on the defensive. Through this military campaign, Joan secures several victories over the English. On July 5, the English forces surrender at Rheims, allowing the Bloodless March and coronation of Charles to take place. During the coronation, asked by the king to name her reward for her services to France, Joan requests the taxes on Domremy be remitted.
355:, "I have never done any work before that cost so much thinking and weighing and measuring and planning and cramming." The published book lists 11 official sources as "authorities examined in verification of the truthfulness of this narrative". Historians today agree that Twain conducted the bulk of his investigation during his prolonged stay in Europe during the early 1890s, which included multiple stops in France. He apparently drew most of his information from the fifth volume of
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being asked by
Beaupere, “Are you in a state of Grace?” (This is a trick question asked by Beaupere. According to Catholic teaching, only God knows who is in a state of Grace. By answering either yes or no, Joan can be accused of blasphemy.) Conte states that with simple gravity she answers, “If I be not in a state of Grace, I pray God place me in it; if I be in it, I pray God keep me so.”
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accused Twain of being "infatuated" with Joan of Arc. Shaw says that Twain "romanticizes" the story of Joan, reproducing a legend that the
English deliberately rigged the trial to find her guilty of witchcraft and heresy. Recent study of the trial transcripts, however, suggests that Twain's depiction
151:. They are entitled "In Domremy", "In Court and Camp", and "Trial and Martyrdom". Its first book publication was in two volumes, with the second part "In Court and Camp" split between Volume 1 and Volume 2. Some modern editions note where Volume 1 leaves off, and Volume 2 takes up and others do not.
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In
Chapter XX, Joan finally submits to her captors before she is about to die at the stake. Unable to read, Joan unknowingly signs a document “confessing herself a sorceress, a dealer with devils, a liar, a blasphemer of God and His angels…and this signature of hers bound her to resume the dress of
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The novel is presented as a translation by "Jean
Francois Alden" of memoirs by Sieur Louis de Conte, a fictionalized version of Joan of Arc's page Louis de Contes. He has the same initials as Samuel Langhorne Clemens, Mark Twain's real name. The novel is divided into three sections according to Joan
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Throughout Book 2, de Conte speaks of Joan's virtue (her ban on prostitution, gambling, and profanity in the army; her requirement that each man attend church; and her mercy toward
English prisoners) as well as Joan's divine powers (her recognizing the king without notice, finding a hidden sword in
279:
The third and final book opens with Joan d’Arc's imprisonment at Marguy. For five and a half months, the
Burgundians hold Joan, waiting for King Charles to provide a ransom of 61,125 francs. When no attempt is made, she is sold to the English. For two more months, Joan remains imprisoned while her
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The questions at trial focus on topics such as the visions, her cross-dressing, and her upbringing. de Conte stresses that Joan, the illiterate peasant, fared extremely well, providing well-spoken answers that could not be twisted against her. Chapter VII recounts her most well-known answer after
208:
In the forward Twain's fictional Sieur Louis de Conte presents himself in the year 1492—more than 60 years after Joan of Arc's death in 1431—as writing his "Personal
Recollections ..." about the life of Joan of Arc and his intimate relation to it: "I was with her from the beginning until the end"
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Beginning in
Chapter IV, the novel provides a detailed account of Joan's three-month-long trial starting on February 21, 1431. de Conte, secretly serving as clerk to the chief recorder, describes the trial as unfair on multiple fronts, including the biased judges and the lack of advocates on her
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After the coronation, Joan requests permission to attack Paris, saying that the move would cripple the English forces. The king's counselors, however, oppose her in the attempt. The king initially grants Joan permission to attack, but just as Joan is on the verge of victory, the king announces a
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to live with the parish priest there, (who taught young de Conte to read and write). In that village, he meets the young Joan d’Arc, an illiterate peasant girl who was exactly two years younger than him. Recalling the ordinary times as well as the extraordinary events of Joan's childhood life in
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beginning in April 1895. Twain was aware of his reputation as a comic writer and he asked that each installment appear anonymously so that readers would treat it seriously. Regardless, his authorship soon became known, and Harper and Brothers published the book edition with his name in May 1896.
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In Chapters VI through VIII, de Conte recounts seeing Joan converse with a divine entity, then learning (from her explanation) that she has been chosen by God to "win back France, and set the crown upon the head of His servant that is Dauphin and shall be King." When she publicly announces this
230:
Domrémy, de Conte now tells of multiple incidents where Joan is shown to be precocious: the wisest, bravest, most virtuous child in the small village. He details her arguments in defense of the village fairies (made to the priest); also in support of a homeless soldier and of a criminal madman.
204:
The novel begins with "the Translator's Preface"; then follows a short note entitled "A Peculiarity of Joan of Arc's History" also written by "The Translator". Finally, a foreword is presented by "The Sieur Louis de Conte", who represents an actual person in the life of Joan of Arc but here is
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At age sixteen Joan is confronted with a lawsuit claiming breach of promise to marry, filed by a delusional youth of the village. She declines to seek legal counsel, electing to conduct her own defense. She adroitly cross-examines the young man, reducing his testimony "rag by rag to ruin," and
246:
Book Two begins with the elimination of Joan's hindrances. With support from her visions, Joan leaves the village at age 17 to request control of the army from the king. In Chapter IX, after Joan successfully defends herself in trial for witchcraft, the king appoints Joan "General-in-Chief of
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largely lacks the humor prevalent in Twain's other works, and it has a different tone and flow. He had a personal fascination with Joan of Arc which began in the early 1850s when he found a leaf from her biography and asked his brother Henry if she was a real person. Cultural historian
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We meet a dignified, ennobled, hero-worshipping Mark Twain. His language has undergone a startling change. Not flippancy, but pathos, meets us on every page; the sardonic mocking spirit has been conquered by the fair Maid of Orleans, and where aforetime we met laughter, we now meet
31:
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In Chapter XXII, de Conte accuses the English of treachery. While Joan slept, one of the guards removed her female apparel and put male apparel in its place. "For modesty's sake," Joan put on the male clothes, "the forbidden garments, knowing what the end would be."
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best of all my books; and it is the best; I know it perfectly well. And besides, it furnished me seven times the pleasure afforded me by any of the others; twelve years of preparation, and two years of writing. The others needed no preparation and got none.
378:, as he remembered her at age 17. He began writing the novel late in 1892, then set it aside until 1894; he finished the manuscript in 1895. He serialized an abridged version for magazine publication, then published the full-length book in 1896.
419:
As a child, Coley Taylor was Twain's neighbor in Redding, Connecticut, where Twain lived from 1908 until his death in 1910. He told the story of the day when he approached Twain as a young boy to profess his adulation for
665:
428:. Upon hearing the boy's praises, Twain suddenly took on the mien of a vexed schoolteacher. "You shouldn’t read those books about bad boys," he said, wagging his finger in Taylor's face. "My best book is my
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notes that Twain was "raised in a Southern culture that was deeply suspicious of – and sometimes openly hostile to – Roman Catholicism", but that in the novel Twain comes across as passionately Catholic.
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The fictional biographer, de Conte, ends his presentation in the year 1492, when he is 82 years of age. He summarizes the lives and deaths of many of the characters, including Joan's family and
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For breaking the condition that she not wear men's clothing again, Joan is convicted as a "relapsed heretic." She burns at the stake on the following Wednesday, May 30, 1431.
510:, he's not a believer. He is anti-Catholic, and he doesn't like the French. So he writes a book about a French-Catholic-martyr? Ostensibly, it doesn't make a lot of sense."
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Twain considered this work to be his best and most important. It was fairly well received in 1895 when first published. In her biography of her father, Twain's daughter
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The final chapter relates the events of May 24, 1430, in which Joan and the French lose a battle to the English and Burgundian troops, resulting in Joan's capture.
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487:, calling it "mawkish". De Voto also claims that Twain "was uncomfortable in the demands of tragedy, formalizing whatever could not be sentimentalized."
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of Beauvais, prepare her trial. In an attempt to lessen her influence over the French people, they decide to try Joan for crimes against religion.
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Susan K. Harris is a Twain expert who teaches at the University of Kansas, who helped produce the novel's 1996 edition by Oxford University Press.
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371:. Joan of Arc's story was relatively unknown at that time, especially in English-speaking nations, which makes Twain's research noteworthy.
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mission the local governor and the villagers mock her, and her parents put her under "strict watch." Nonetheless, Joan remains adamant.
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long-term truce, which indicates a ceasefire and leaves Paris in enemy hands. Joan and de Conte are upset at the lost opportunity.
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Susan Harris expresses befuddlement at this work's placement in Twain's body of works: "By the time Twain is writing
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Book One begins with the first-person narrator Sieur Louis de Conte relating that he was born on January 6, 1410, in
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delivered a scathing review, describing it as Twain's worst book: "It is difficult to find anything of interest in
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Many events in the novel are fictionalized; however, the main events in the life of Joan are rendered faithfully.
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315:. He closes with a salute to the legacy of Joan, citing her impact on the country she loved so much.
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In Chapter X, Joan begins to organize her campaign, writing a letter to the English commanders at
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of his Joan of Arc story, and perhaps to serve as an alter-ego of the author in that role.
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988:. Translated by Adams, Jeremy Duquesnay. New York, NY: St. Martin's Griffin.
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Twain claimed to have worked harder on this book than any other. He wrote to
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Here author Twain assigns his character Sieur de Conte to serve as the
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1115:
Original Letters: Mark Twain, "The American Historian of Joan of Arc"
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that he suggested dedicating to him his own biography of the Maid."
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may have been closer to the truth than Shaw was willing to accept.
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Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc, by the Sieur Louis de Conte
905:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 140.
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Twain based Joan of Arc's physical appearance on his daughter
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the church, foreseeing war-wounds and her impending death).
549:
Ward, Geoffrey C., Duncan, Dayton, and Burns, Ken, (2001).
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Proces de condamnation et de rehabilitation de Jeanne d’Arc
965:. New York, NY: Harper & Brothers Publishers. p.
1050:. Oklahoma: Norman University of Oklahoma Press. p.
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prompting the judge to throw the complaint out of court.
1531:
Mark Twain's (Burlesque) Autobiography and First Romance
942:. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers. pp.
903:
Our Mark Twain: The Marking of His Public Personality
718:"The riddle of Mark Twain's passion for Joan of Arc"
680:
A tramp abroad. Following the equator: other travels
632:
Our Mark Twain The Marking of His Public Personality
154:
The novel was first published as a serialization in
1072:. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. p. 140.
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1010:
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634:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
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1493:Extract from Captain Stormfield's Visit to Heaven
387:Twain's self-evaluation, and contemporary critics
2167:
1142:Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc — Volume 2
1130:Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc — Volume 1
620:. Oklahoma: Norman University of Oklahoma Press.
2201:Works originally published in Harper's Magazine
1349:The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County
1017:. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. pp.
980:PĂ©rnoud, Regine; Clin, Marie-VĂ©ronique (1999).
440:However, 20th-century critics have not favored
1567:The ÂŁ1,000,000 Bank Note and Other New Stories
241:
1833:The Private History of a Campaign That Failed
1171:
873:. New York, NY: Library of America. pp.
682:. New York: Library of America. p. 1145.
649:. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers.
1124:and Mark Twain's essay on Joan of Arc Online
844:. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. p. 18.
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1248:A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court
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395:reported a positive review of the work in
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854:Ward, Duncan, & Burns (2001), p. 159
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1862:Some Thoughts on the Science of Onanism
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917:"Chatto & Windus's New Books (ad.)"
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216:
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1576:The $ 30,000 Bequest and Other Stories
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780:"How Joan of Arc conquered Mark Twain"
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605:. New York: Chelsea House Publishers.
187:Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc
2196:Novels first published in serial form
1293:Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc
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1122:Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc
1105:Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc
1092:Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc
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842:Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc
836:
812:. Boston: Twayne Publishers. p.
750:. Boston: Twayne Publishers. p.
695:Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc
692:
666:Facsimile of the original 1st edition
627:. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
573:Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc
501:Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc
495:– except its badness". Twain scholar
1643:How to Tell a Story and Other Essays
900:
551:Mark Twain: An Illustrated Biography
1995:Mark Twain Prize for American Humor
1975:Twain–Ament indemnities controversy
1697:Fenimore Cooper's Literary Offenses
1376:A Murder, a Mystery, and a Marriage
686:
13:
1670:Edmund Burke on Croker and Tammany
1430:A Double Barrelled Detective Story
1302:A Double Barrelled Detective Story
927:
318:
14:
2222:
1661:To the Person Sitting in Darkness
1448:The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg
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575:. San Francisco: Ignatius Press.
568:. New York: Hendricks House, Inc.
139:of Arc's development: a youth in
1625:On the Decay of the Art of Lying
1385:The Great Revolution in Pitcairn
1085:
867:(1994). Harris, Susan K. (ed.).
697:. San Francisco: Ignatius Press.
1688:The United States of Lyncherdom
1212:The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today
1070:Mark Twain: An American Prophet
1058:
1046:Mark Twain as a Literary Artist
1035:
1002:
973:
950:
909:
857:
618:Mark Twain As a Literary Artist
531:
269:Book Three: Trial and Martyrdom
199:
2211:Novels set in the 15th century
1899:Birthplace State Historic Site
1814:Chapters from My Autobiography
1239:Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
1185:
848:
830:
797:
768:
735:
671:
659:
625:Mark Twain An American Prophet
479:American author and historian
147:, and a defendant at trial in
1:
2147:Center For Mark Twain Studies
1549:Mark Twain's Library of Humor
1117:Shapell Manuscript Foundation
653:
590:. Boston: Twayne Publishers.
306:
143:, a commander of the army of
2022:The Adventures of Mark Twain
2012:The Adventures of Mark Twain
1763:Old Times on the Mississippi
1511:Advice for Good Little Girls
1221:The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
525:
430:Recollections of Joan of Arc
381:
108:Print (hardcover, paperback)
7:
2206:Harper & Brothers books
1808:Autobiography of Mark Twain
1421:The Million Pound Bank Note
1095:public domain audiobook at
513:
465:In the preface to his play
242:Book Two: In Court and Camp
167:
131:which recounts the life of
10:
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1466:Extracts from Adam's Diary
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1984:
1881:
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1716:
1616:The Awful German Language
1606:
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1439:Those Extraordinary Twins
1403:The Stolen White Elephant
1339:
1230:The Prince and the Pauper
1202:
1193:
1146:- an online version from
1134:- an online version from
623:Maxwell, Geismar (1970).
412:so much admired Father’s
112:
104:
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2154:National Tom Sawyer Days
1824:King Leopold's Soliloquy
1042:Bellamy, Gladys (1950).
923:(3584): 48. 4 July 1896.
616:Bellamy, Gladys (1950).
16:1896 novel by Mark Twain
2181:Works about Joan of Arc
2052:Mark Twain: The Musical
2042:Twain and Shaw Do Lunch
1915:Boyhood home and museum
1781:Life on the Mississippi
1358:Cannibalism in the Cars
1320:The Mysterious Stranger
957:Clemens, Clara (1931).
934:Clemens, Clara (1931).
645:Clemens, Clara (1931).
520:Mark Twain bibliography
2071:Olivia Langdon Clemens
1937:Territorial Enterprise
1726:Territorial Enterprise
1706:Letters from the Earth
1502:My Platonic Sweetheart
1009:Bloom, Harold (1986).
984:Joan of Arc: Her Story
678:Blount, RoyK. (2010).
601:Bloom, Harold (1986).
406:
337:
190:
20:Personal Recollections
1790:Following the Equator
1284:Tom Sawyer, Detective
1257:The American Claimant
804:Gerber, John (1988).
742:Gerber, John (1988).
586:Gerber, John (1988).
483:was also critical of
401:
322:
282:Bishop Pierre Cauchon
273:Further information:
211:first-person narrator
193:Further information:
175:
145:Charles VII of France
81:Harper & Brothers
2186:Novels by Mark Twain
2176:1896 American novels
2111:Jane Lampton Clemens
1929:Mark Twain in Nevada
1799:Is Shakespeare Dead?
1745:The Innocents Abroad
1540:Sketches New and Old
1367:A Literary Nightmare
961:My Father Mark Twain
938:My Father Mark Twain
901:Budd, Louis (1983).
693:Twain, Mark (1989).
647:My Father Mark Twain
630:Budd, Louis (1983).
571:Twain, Mark (1989).
436:20th-century critics
408:And she wrote that "
313:King Charles the VII
275:Trial of Joan of Arc
217:Book One: In Domrémy
127:is an 1896 novel by
2003:Mark Twain Tonight!
1736:Letters from Hawaii
1652:Concerning the Jews
870:Historical Romances
566:Mark Twain Handbook
553:. Alfred A. Knopf.
35:First edition cover
25:
2035:(2001 documentary)
1329:Hellfire Hotchkiss
778:(April 12, 2018).
453:Pudd'n Head Wilson
397:The Morning Leader
361:Histoire de France
191:
72:Historical fiction
19:
2191:Historical novels
2163:
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1842:Christian Science
1275:Pudd'nhead Wilson
1266:Tom Sawyer Abroad
1148:Project Gutenberg
1136:Project Gutenberg
564:Long, E. (1957).
185:for the debut of
178:Harper's Magazine
157:Harper's Magazine
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426:Huckleberry Finn
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280:enemies, led by
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55:Frank DuMond
24:Joan of Arc
2045:(2011 play)
1954:Quarry Farm
1754:Roughing It
1717:Non-fiction
1596:Is He Dead?
1558:Merry Tales
1522:Collections
1484:Eve's Diary
865:Twain, Mark
838:Twain, Mark
727:17 November
493:Joan of Arc
485:Joan of Arc
410:Andrew Lang
353:H.H. Rogers
340:Joan of Arc
326:Joan of Arc
223:Neufchâteau
195:Joan of Arc
133:Joan of Arc
51:Illustrator
2170:Categories
2139:Jap Herron
2097:(daughter)
2089:(daughter)
2081:(daughter)
2032:Mark Twain
1968:Stormfield
1906:State Park
1884:and events
1187:Mark Twain
1013:Mark Twain
808:Mark Twain
776:Gioia, Ted
746:Mark Twain
722:theawl.com
654:References
603:Mark Twain
588:Mark Twain
499:said that
473:G. B. Shaw
468:Saint Joan
459:Tom Sawyer
422:Tom Sawyer
334:Mark Twain
307:Conclusion
181:poster by
129:Mark Twain
45:Mark Twain
2121:(brother)
875:1024–1025
526:Footnotes
382:Reception
345:Ted Gioia
247:armies."
77:Publisher
2113:(mother)
2105:(father)
1853:Speeches
1097:LibriVox
1068:(1970).
840:(1989).
514:See also
332:—
288:behalf.
168:Synopsis
61:Language
2130:Related
1728:letters
944:178–179
544:Sources
324:I like
252:Orléans
227:Domrémy
141:Domrémy
64:English
2073:(wife)
2063:Family
2025:(1985)
2015:(1944)
1882:Places
1607:Essays
1203:Novels
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404:tears.
116:260 pp
41:Author
1587:Plays
149:Rouen
113:Pages
69:Genre
1412:Luck
1394:1601
1023:ISBN
990:ISBN
879:ISBN
818:ISBN
791:2018
756:ISBN
729:2014
636:ISBN
607:ISBN
592:ISBN
577:ISBN
555:ISBN
424:and
414:Joan
363:and
92:1896
1108:at
1052:324
967:179
814:146
752:144
432:."
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