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516:. Usually these arise as a web ("plexus") of interconnected nerves roots that arrange to form single nerves. These nerves control the functions of the rest of the body. In humans, there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. These nerve roots are named according to the spinal vertebrata which they are adjacent to. In the cervical region, the spinal nerve roots come out
789:. Peripheral neuropathy is associated with a sensory loss in a "glove and stocking" distribution that begins at the peripheral and slowly progresses upwards, and may also be associated with acute and chronic pain. Peripheral neuropathy is not just limited to the somatosensory nerves, but the autonomic nervous system too (
739:. Located only around the digestive tract, this system allows for local control without input from the sympathetic or the parasympathetic branches, though it can still receive and respond to signals from the rest of the body. The enteric system is responsible for various functions related to gastrointestinal system.
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are released, which increases heart rate and blood flow in certain areas like muscle, while simultaneously decreasing activities of non-critical functions for survival, like digestion. The systems are independent to each other, which allows activation of certain parts of the body, while others remain
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are connected with organs that have smooth muscle, such as the heart, bladder, and other cardiac, exocrine, and endocrine related organs, by ganglionic neurons. The most notable physiological effects from autonomic activity are pupil constriction and dilation, and salivation of saliva. The autonomic
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the corresponding vertebrae. This method creates a problem when naming the spinal nerve root between C7 and T1 (so it is called spinal nerve root C8). In the lumbar and sacral region, the spinal nerve roots travel within the dural sac and they travel below the level of L2 as the cauda equina.
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allows the body to function in a "rest and digest" state. Consequently, when the parasympathetic system dominates the body, there are increases in salivation and activities in digestion, while heart rate and other sympathetic response decrease. Unlike the sympathetic system, humans have some
607:, a tangled array of nerves, splitting, combining and recombining, to form the nerves that subserve the upper-limb and upper back. Although the brachial plexus may appear tangled, it is highly organized and predictable, with little variation between people. See
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and touch (including fine touch and gross touch) to the spinal cord and brain. The autonomic nervous system is a "self-regulating" system which influences the function of organs outside voluntary control, such as the
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include pain and numbness in the thumb, index and middle finger. In peripheral neuropathy, the function one or more nerves are damaged through a variety of means. Toxic damage may occur because of diabetes
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nervous system is always activated, but is either in the sympathetic or parasympathetic state. Depending on the situation, one state can overshadow the other, resulting in a release of different kinds of
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the corresponding vertebrae (i.e., nerve root between the skull and 1st cervical vertebrae is called spinal nerve C1). From the thoracic region to the coccygeal region, the spinal nerve roots come out
764:. Compression of nerves can occur because of a tumour mass or injury. Alternatively, if a nerve is in an area with a fixed size it may be trapped if the other components increase in size, such as
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and the visceral nervous system. Each of these have a sensory and a motor division. The visceral motor division is known as the autonomic nervous system. In the somatic nervous system, the
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313:, which are considered parts of the central nervous system based on developmental origin. The second cranial nerve is not a true peripheral nerve but a tract of the
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1012:. Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven Alexander Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Rebecca B. Orr, Neil A. Campbell (12th ed.). New York, NY. 2021.
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274:, essentially serving as a relay between the brain and spinal cord and the rest of the body. Unlike the CNS, the PNS is not protected by the
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The first 4 cervical spinal nerves, C1 through C4, split and recombine to produce a variety of nerves that serve the neck and back of head.
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is activated during a "fight or flight" situation in which mental stress or physical danger is encountered. Neurotransmitters such as
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voluntary controls in the parasympathetic system. The most prominent examples of this control are urination and defecation.
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Diseases of the peripheral nervous system can be specific to one or more nerves, or affect the system as a whole.
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The last four cervical spinal nerves, C5 through C8, and the first thoracic spinal nerve, T1, combine to form the
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550:. C2 and C3 form many of the nerves of the neck, providing both sensory and motor control. These include the
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680:(ANS) controls involuntary responses to regulate physiological functions. The brain and spinal cord of the
781:), alcohol, heavy metals or other toxins; some infections; autoimmune and inflammatory conditions such as
1128:"Introduction to the Nervous System, Part 2: The Autonomic Nervous System and the Central Nervous System"
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Board Review Series: Neuroanatomy, 4th Ed., Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins, Maryland 2008, p. 177.
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333:. The connection between CNS and organs allows the system to be in two different functional states:
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is a nerve essential for our survival which arises from nerve roots C3, C4 and C5. It supplies the
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and consists of sensory nerves and somatic nerves, and many nerves which hold both functions.
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carry somatosensory data. There are twelve cranial nerves, ten of which originate from the
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Laight, David (September 2013). "Overview of peripheral nervous system pharmacology".
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There is a lesser known division of the autonomic nervous system known as the
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836:(32nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier. p. 1862.
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are responsible for somatosensory information. These arise from the
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Medical Writers Association Journal (AMWA J)
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Part of the nervous system excluding the brain and spinal cord
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Any peripheral nerve or nerve root can be damaged, called a
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935:(10th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill. p. 1076.
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The human nervous system. Sky blue is PNS; yellow is CNS.
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Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and
Function
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505:, neither of which are located exclusively in the head.
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760:. Such injuries can be because of injury or trauma, or
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The peripheral nervous system can be divided into the
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3D Medical
Animation still shot of Lumbosacral Plexus
1180:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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808:Connective tissue in the peripheral nervous system
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349:The peripheral nervous system is divided into the
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858:"Slide show: How your brain works - Mayo Clinic"
301:are part of the PNS with the exceptions of the
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238:) is one of two components that make up the
1277:Neuropathy: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments
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1259:Peripheral nervous system photomicrographs
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979:. McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 1–.
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497:which is responsible for innervating the
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493:. The other unique cranial nerve is the
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564:greater auricular nerve
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888:. Lanham. p. 51.
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770:tarsal tunnel syndrome
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305:and epithelia and the
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772:. Common symptoms of
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593:Further information:
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319:Cranial nerve ganglia
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410:improve this article
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779:diabetic neuropathy
499:sternocleidomastoid
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1281:Medical News Today
1269:2016-12-15 at the
699:sympathetic system
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787:sarcoidosis
783:amyloidosis
762:compression
707:epinephrine
581:, enabling
514:spinal cord
483:vagus nerve
335:sympathetic
307:optic nerve
264:spinal cord
152:Identifiers
1296:Categories
1200:newspapers
1028:1119065904
904:1048014796
819:References
444:See also:
372:heart rate
353:, and the
157:Acronym(s)
80:newspapers
1140:1075-6361
1098:1479-9189
1036:cite book
912:cite book
635:form the
583:breathing
479:brainstem
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566:and the
458:and the
422:May 2020
262:and the
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1207:books
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548:skull
522:below
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367:taste
280:skull
268:limbs
260:brain
218:[
101:JSTOR
87:books
1193:news
1136:ISSN
1094:ISSN
1046:link
1042:link
1024:OCLC
1014:ISBN
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937:ISBN
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900:OCLC
890:ISBN
869:2016
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242:of
236:PNS
202:FMA
190:TA2
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