158:
451:
25:
134:
302:. A periodontal abscess represents a change in this balance, related to decreased local or systemic resistance of the host. An inflammatory response occurs when bacteria invade and multiply within the soft tissue of the gingival crevice/periodontal pocket. A pus-filled abscess forms when the immune system responds and attempts to isolate the infection from spreading.
515:
The initial management of a periodontal abscess involves pain relief and control of the infection. The pus needs to be drained, which helps both of these aims. If the tooth is to be removed, drainage will occur via the socket. Otherwise, if pus is already discharging from the periodontal pocket, this
310:
involvement), then plaque and calculus are trapped inside. Food packing may also obstruct a periodontal pocket. Food packing is usually caused by failure to accurately reproduce the contact points when dental restorations are placed on the interproximal surfaces of teeth. Another potential cause
511:
An important factor is whether the involved tooth is to be extracted or retained. Although the pulp is usually still vital, a history of recurrent periodontal abscesses and significantly compromised periodontal support indicate that the prognosis for the tooth is poor and it should be removed.
527:
Antibiotics are of secondary importance to drainage, which if satisfactory renders antibiotics unnecessary. Antibiotics are generally reserved for severe infections, in which there is facial swelling, systemic upset and elevated temperature. Since periodontal abscesses frequently involve
253:
When pus forms, the pressure increases, with increasing pain, until it spontaneously drains and relieves the pain. When pus drains into the mouth, a bad taste and smell are perceived. Usually drainage occurs via the periodontal pocket, or else the infection may spread as a
326:
Penetrating injury to the gingiva--for example, with a toothbrush bristle, fishbone, toothpick or periodontal instrument--may inoculate bacteria into the tissues. Trauma to the tissues, such as serious impact on a tooth or excessive pressure exerted on teeth during
551:
Other measures that are taken during management of the acute phase might include reducing the height of the tooth with a dental drill, so it no longer contacts the opposing tooth when biting down; and regular use of hot salt water mouth washes
345:
Perforation of a root canal during endodontic therapy can also lead to a periodontal abscess which if left untreated could become "prolonged" ultimately rupture then enter the blood stream and could lead to serious situations such as
559:
The management following the acute phase involves removing any residual infection, and correcting the factors that lead to the formation of the periodontal abscess. Usually, this will be therapy for periodontal disease, such as
203:). To reflect this, sometimes the term "lateral (periodontal) abscess" is used. In contrast to a periapical abscess, periodontal abscesses are usually associated with a vital (living) tooth. Abscesses of the periodontium are
305:
Communication with the oral environment is maintained via the opening of the periodontal pocket. However, if the opening of a periodontal pocket becomes obstructed, as may occur if the pocket has become very deep (e.g. with
358:
Periodontal abscesses may be difficult to distinguish from periapical abscesses. Since the management of a periodontal abscess is different from a periapical abscess, this differentiation is important to make (see
1699:
331:
treatment, can be a possible cause as well. Occlusal overload may also be involved in the development of a periodontal abscess, but this is rare and usually occurs in combination with other factors.
544:
are given (although metronidazole should be used in conjunction with a penicillin given its lack of aerobic gram positive coverage).. Ideally, the choice of antibiotic is dictated by the results of
1102:
Peeran, Syed Wali; Ramalingam, Karthikeyan; Sethuraman, Sathya; Thiruneervannan, Madhumala; Peeran, Syed Wali; Ramalingam, Karthikeyan; Sethuraman, Sathya; Thiruneervannan, Madhumala (2024-03-10).
545:
246:. The surface may be shiny due to stretching of the mucosa over the abscess. Before pus has formed, the lesion will not be fluctuant, and there will be no purulent discharge. There may be regional
399:
218:
The main symptom is pain, which often suddenly appears, and is made worse by biting on the involved tooth, which may feel raised and prominent in the bite. The tooth may be
561:
316:
1875:
1587:
315:
incompletely. Following this procedure, the gingival cuff tightens around the tooth, which may be enough to trap the bacteria left in the pocket. A
2075:
2040:
762:"The Subgingival Microbiome of Periodontal Pockets With Different Probing Depths in Chronic and Aggressive Periodontitis: A Pilot Study"
1341:
1750:
89:
1895:
434:
819:
Bhuyan, Ruchi; Bhuyan, Sanat Kumar; Mohanty, Jatindra Nath; Das, Srijit; Juliana, Norsham; Juliana, Izuddin Fahmy (2022-10-21).
61:
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1914:
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testing of a sample of the pus aspirated at the start of any treatment, but this rarely occurs outside the hospital setting.
516:
can be encouraged by gentle irrigation and scaling of the pocket whilst massaging the soft tissues. If this does not work,
472:
68:
42:
2244:
2239:
263:
821:"Periodontitis and Its Inflammatory Changes Linked to Various Systemic Diseases: A Review of Its Underlying Mechanisms"
1728:
1394:
Rafiuddin, Syed; Yg, Pradeep Kumar; Biswas, Shriparna; Prabhu, Sandeep S; Bm, Chandrashekar; Mp, Rakesh (2015-06-26).
2188:
622:
498:
108:
75:
1218:
Harish, Pv; Joseph, Sonila Anne; Sirajuddin, Syed; Gundapaneni, Veenadharini; Chungkham, Sachidananda (2015-06-26).
480:
1885:
1453:"Occlusal trauma and excessive occlusal forces: Narrative review, case definitions, and diagnostic considerations"
2055:
2025:
57:
2466:
476:
398:
Periodontal abscess—a localized, purulent infection involving a greater dimension of the gum tissue, extending
46:
1890:
1268:
1743:
1556:
2461:
878:
Rinčić, Goran; Gaćina, Petar; Jukić, Lucija Virović; Rinčić, Nives; Božić, Darko; Badovinac, Ana (2021).
1272:
2440:
2214:
2121:
1357:"[Gingival response by the effect of brushing method and hardness of the toothbrush bristle]"
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2000:
1935:
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Latheef, P; Sirajuddin, Syed; Gundapaneni, Veenadharini; Mn, Kumuda; Apine, Ashwini (2015-06-26).
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2183:
2146:
2111:
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465:
82:
35:
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1396:"Iatrogenic Damage to the Periodontium Caused by Orthodontic Treatment Procedures: An Overview"
428:
701:
American
Academy of Periodontology (1999). "Consensus report: Abscesses of the Periodontium".
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continually find their way into the soft tissues, but normally they are held in check by the
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2020:
1970:
1949:
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223:
1220:"Iatrogenic Damage to the Periodontium Caused by Fixed Prosthodontic Treatment Procedures"
8:
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195:. A periodontal abscess occurs alongside a tooth, and is different from the more common
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Parahitiyawa, N. B.; Jin, L. J.; Leung, W. K.; Yam, W. C.; Samaranayake, L. P. (2009).
963:
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529:
403:
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199:, which represents the spread of infection from a dead tooth (i.e. which has undergone
196:
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Shi, Meng; Wei, Yiping; Hu, Wenjie; Nie, Yong; Wu, Xiaolei; Lu, Ruifang (2018-05-01).
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1995:
1978:
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Zoumpoulakis, M.; Anagnostou, F.; Dalampiras, S.; Zouloumis, L.; Pliakos, C. (2016).
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Meikai
Daigaku Shigaku Zasshi = the Journal of Meikai University School of Dentistry
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2015:
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of a partially or fully erupted tooth. Usually associated with an acute episode of
204:
1515:
1163:"Iatrogenic Damage to the Periodontium Caused by Periodontal Treatment Procedures"
681:
388:
2349:
2050:
1810:
1805:
1716:
1278:
1045:"Oral Microbes, Biofilms and Their Role in Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases"
837:
425:
200:
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1411:
1235:
1178:
669:
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895:
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1129:
1070:
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954:
846:
787:
778:
651:"Parameter on acute periodontal diseases. American Academy of Periodontology"
541:
417:
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299:
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247:
227:
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There are four types of abscesses that can involve the periodontal tissues:
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A periodontal abscess most commonly occurs as a complication of advanced
231:
1691:
1557:"Infective Endocarditis Prophylaxis in Patients Undergoing Oral Surgery"
2354:
2209:
2101:
2035:
2005:
1061:
945:
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412:—a localized, purulent infection within the gum tissue surrounding the
255:
879:
2141:
2126:
380:
307:
151:
450:
141:
A gingival abscess between the lower left canine and first premolar.
24:
2010:
1790:
929:"Periodontitis: A Multifaceted Disease of Tooth-Supporting Tissues"
367:
is unnecessary and has no impact on pain in a periodontal abscess.
342:
can predispose a person to the formation of periodontal abscesses.
339:
295:
235:
1104:"Furcation Involvement in Periodontal Disease: A Narrative Review"
700:
648:
133:
1800:
1217:
592:(11th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier/Saunders. p. 137.
384:
332:
271:
267:
184:
1498:
Li, X.; Kolltveit, K. M.; Tronstad, L.; Olsen, I. (2000-10-01).
262:. Local anatomic factors determine the direction of spread (see
1703:
1160:
1043:
Frédéric, Lasserre; Michel, Brecx; Selena, Toma (2018-09-22).
588:
Newman MG, Takei HH, Klokkevold PR, Carranza FA, eds. (2012).
1316:
Andreucci, Vittorio E. (1989). Andreucci, Vittorio E. (ed.).
988:"Microbiology of Odontogenic Bacteremia: beyond Endocarditis"
617:(5th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby Elsevier. p. 293.
587:
286:(which is normally painless). A periodontal pocket contains
927:
Könönen, Eija; Gursoy, Mervi; Gursoy, Ulvi (2019-07-31).
180:
1497:
1616:
Yousefi, Yasamin; Meldrum, Jane; Jan, Abdul H. (2022),
1393:
985:
877:
728:
Yousefi, Yasamin; Meldrum, Jane; Jan, Abdul H. (2024),
818:
222:, and the lesion may contribute to destruction of the
880:"Association between Periodontitis and Liver Disease"
556:) that encourages further drainage of the infection.
1876:
Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease
1759:
Dentistry involving supporting structures of teeth (
1681:
1042:
16:
Collection of pus within tissues surrounding a tooth
926:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1615:
727:
323:is an occasional cause of a periodontal abscess.
266:). There may be systemic upset, with an onset of
2453:
766:Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
335:is a common cause of excessive occlusal forces.
1656:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1624:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1354:
736:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
649:American Academy of Periodontology (May 2000).
612:
1648:Sanders, Justin L.; Houck, Richard C. (2022),
234:covering an early periodontal abscess appears
1744:
583:
581:
1647:
1500:"Systemic Diseases Caused by Oral Infection"
540:(in penicillin allergy or pregnancy) and/or
1322:. Topics in Renal Medicine (1st ed.).
1319:Vascular and Peritoneal Access for Dialysis
759:
696:
694:
615:Contemporary oral and maxillofacial surgery
479:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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578:
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836:
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777:
499:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1450:
1266:
691:
1896:Combined periodontic-endodontic lesions
644:
642:
640:
638:
636:
634:
606:
546:microbiological culture and sensitivity
435:combined periodontal/endodontic abscess
2454:
1451:Fan, Jingyuan; Caton, Jack G. (2018).
230:. The pain is deep and throbbing. The
2285:Subepithelial connective tissue graft
1732:
1611:
1609:
1607:
213:
1871:Generalized aggressive periodontitis
631:
613:Hupp JR, Ellis E, Tucker MR (2008).
477:adding citations to reliable sources
444:
311:occurs when a periodontal pocket is
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
264:fascial spaces of the head and neck
13:
1866:Localized aggressive periodontitis
1604:
1355:Iwakami, K.; Watanabe, Y. (1989).
590:Carranza's clinical periodontology
361:Dental abscess#Diagnostic approach
210:classified primarily by location.
14:
2478:
2189:Full mouth ultrasonic debridement
1677:
1564:Balkan Journal of Dental Medicine
1269:"14 - Esthetics and periodontics"
370:
1886:Necrotizing periodontal diseases
1344:from the original on 2024-05-21.
449:
338:Systemic immune factors such as
179:), is a localized collection of
23:
1641:
1593:from the original on 2024-05-21
1548:
1491:
1444:
1387:
1348:
1309:
1260:
1211:
1154:
1095:
1036:
979:
34:needs additional citations for
920:
871:
812:
753:
721:
379:Gingival abscess—a localized,
1:
1891:Abscesses of the periodontium
1516:10.1128/CMR.13.4.547-558.2000
1504:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
1267:Aschheim, Kenneth W. (2015).
992:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
571:
520:is required, as described in
933:Journal of Clinical Medicine
838:10.3390/biomedicines10102659
440:
383:infection involves only the
353:
187:) within the tissues of the
7:
1412:10.2174/1874210601509010228
1236:10.2174/1874210601509010190
1179:10.2174/1874210601509010203
670:10.1902/jop.2000.71.5-S.863
532:, oral antibiotics such as
319:which is accidentally left
290:, bacteria and subgingival
10:
2483:
2245:Guided tissue regeneration
1400:The Open Dentistry Journal
1224:The Open Dentistry Journal
1167:The Open Dentistry Journal
896:10.20471/acc.2021.60.03.22
715:10.1902/annals.1999.4.1.83
2423:
2322:
2215:Coronally positioned flap
2197:
2166:
2159:
2084:
1988:
1904:
1851:
1844:
1768:
1685:
1457:Journal of Periodontology
1328:10.1007/978-1-4613-1589-6
277:
145:
140:
131:
126:
2270:Pocket reduction surgery
2250:Enamel matrix derivative
2240:Guided bone regeneration
2205:Apically positioned flap
2179:Scaling and root planing
2085:Treatment and prevention
2046:Linear gingival erythema
2001:Clinical attachment loss
1915:A. actinomycetemcomitans
779:10.3389/fcimb.2018.00124
562:oral hygiene instruction
522:Dental abscess#Treatment
317:gingival retraction cord
2323:Important personalities
2184:Full mouth disinfection
2147:Host modulatory therapy
2112:Chlorhexidine gluconate
2092:Periodontal examination
1287:10.1016/C2011-0-08344-8
2041:Horizontal bony defect
1576:10.1515/bjdm-2016-0001
429:mandibular third molar
2467:Periodontal disorders
2265:Open flap debridement
2260:Lateral pedicle graft
1861:Chronic periodontitis
1821:Mucogingival junction
1816:Junctional epithelium
1618:"Periodontal Abscess"
884:Acta Clinica Croatica
730:"Periodontal Abscess"
518:incision and drainage
431:(lower wisdom tooth).
260:odontogenic infection
58:"Periodontal abscess"
2395:Paul Roscoe Stillman
2370:Willoughby D. Miller
2340:Per-Ingvar BrĂĄnemark
2167:Conventional therapy
2076:Vertical bony defect
2021:Gingival enlargement
1971:Entamoeba gingivalis
1826:Periodontal ligament
1796:Free gingival margin
1469:10.1002/JPER.16-0581
1281:. pp. 281–317.
1121:10.7759/cureus.55924
1004:10.1128/CMR.00028-08
473:improve this section
224:periodontal ligament
208:bacterial infections
43:improve this article
2410:James Leon Williams
2275:Socket preservation
2225:Free gingival graft
2107:Bleeding on probing
2061:Periodontal disease
1831:Sulcular epithelium
566:periodontal scaling
410:Pericoronal abscess
393:interdental papilla
284:periodontal disease
169:periodontal abscess
127:Periodontal abscess
2462:Bacterial diseases
2056:Periodontal pocket
2031:Gingival recession
1922:Capnocytophaga sp.
1274:Esthetic Dentistry
1062:10.3390/ma11101802
946:10.3390/jcm8081135
664:(5 Suppl): 863–6.
530:anaerobic bacteria
404:periodontal pocket
402:and adjacent to a
365:root canal therapy
214:Signs and symptoms
197:periapical abscess
191:. It is a type of
2449:
2448:
2424:Other specialties
2380:John Mankey Riggs
2365:Preston D. Miller
2330:Tomas Albrektsson
2318:
2317:
2255:Implant placement
2230:Gingival grafting
2220:Crown lengthening
2155:
2154:
2122:Hydrogen peroxide
1979:Trichomonas tenax
1726:
1725:
1463:(S1): S214–S222.
1337:978-1-4613-1589-6
1296:978-0-323-09176-3
599:978-1-4377-0416-7
509:
508:
501:
422:partially erupted
165:
164:
121:Medical condition
119:
118:
111:
93:
2474:
2441:Prosthodontology
2400:Dennis P. Tarnow
2345:Robert Gottsegen
2164:
2163:
2016:Furcation defect
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1650:"Dental Abscess"
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1277:(3rd ed.).
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703:Ann. Periodontol
698:
689:
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686:
680:. Archived from
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629:
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604:
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585:
504:
497:
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490:
484:
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445:
389:marginal gingiva
244:painful to touch
177:parietal abscess
161:
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136:
124:
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107:
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100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
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2450:
2445:
2419:
2350:Gary Greenstein
2314:
2193:
2151:
2080:
2051:Occlusal trauma
2026:Gingival pocket
1984:
1900:
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1811:Gingival sulcus
1806:Gingival fibers
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699:
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600:
586:
579:
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505:
494:
488:
485:
470:
454:
443:
385:soft gum tissue
373:
363:) For example,
356:
280:
216:
201:pulpal necrosis
173:lateral abscess
155:
122:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2436:Orthodontology
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1986:
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1786:Biologic width
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1766:
1765:
1761:Periodontology
1756:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1733:
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1708:
1695:
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1689:
1687:
1686:Classification
1679:
1678:External links
1676:
1673:
1672:
1640:
1603:
1547:
1510:(4): 547–558.
1490:
1443:
1406:(1): 228–234.
1386:
1367:(2): 244–266.
1347:
1336:
1308:
1295:
1259:
1230:(1): 190–196.
1210:
1173:(1): 203–207.
1153:
1094:
1035:
978:
919:
890:(3): 510–518.
870:
811:
752:
720:
690:
687:on 2010-11-28.
658:J. Periodontol
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407:
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372:
371:Classification
369:
355:
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294:. Periodontal
279:
276:
258:or a purulent
215:
212:
193:dental abscess
163:
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149:
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2432:
2431:Endodontology
2429:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2415:W. J. Younger
2413:
2411:
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2403:
2401:
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2375:Carl E. Misch
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2110:
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2095:
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2090:
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2066:Periodontitis
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2049:
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2044:
2042:
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2037:
2034:
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2029:
2027:
2024:
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2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
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1991:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1943:P. intermedia
1940:
1938:
1937:
1936:P. gingivalis
1933:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1919:
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1916:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
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1881:Periodontosis
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1784:
1782:
1781:Alveolar bone
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1777:
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1114:(3): e55924.
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624:9780323049030
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542:metronidazole
539:
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531:
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492:
482:
478:
474:
468:
467:
463:
458:This section
456:
452:
447:
446:
436:
433:
430:
427:
423:
419:
418:pericoronitis
415:
411:
408:
405:
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377:
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368:
366:
362:
351:
349:
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341:
336:
334:
330:
324:
322:
318:
314:
309:
303:
301:
300:immune system
297:
293:
289:
288:dental plaque
285:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
251:
249:
248:lymphadenitis
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
228:alveolar bone
225:
221:
211:
209:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
171:(also termed
170:
159:
153:
150:
148:
144:
139:
135:
130:
125:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2405:Hom-Lay Wang
2390:Jørgen Slots
2360:Brian Mealey
2235:Gingivectomy
2137:Tetracycline
2132:Oral hygiene
1977:
1969:
1962:
1957:T. denticola
1955:
1950:T. forsythia
1948:
1941:
1934:
1929:F. nucleatum
1927:
1920:
1913:
1776:Periodontium
1710:
1698:
1665:, retrieved
1653:
1643:
1633:, retrieved
1621:
1595:. Retrieved
1567:
1563:
1550:
1507:
1503:
1493:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1403:
1399:
1389:
1364:
1360:
1350:
1318:
1311:
1300:. Retrieved
1273:
1262:
1227:
1223:
1213:
1170:
1166:
1156:
1111:
1107:
1097:
1055:(10): 1802.
1052:
1048:
1038:
998:(1): 46–64.
995:
991:
981:
936:
932:
922:
887:
883:
873:
831:(10): 2659.
828:
825:Biomedicines
824:
814:
769:
765:
755:
745:, retrieved
733:
723:
706:
702:
682:the original
661:
657:
614:
608:
589:
558:
550:
526:
514:
510:
495:
486:
471:Please help
459:
374:
357:
348:endocarditis
344:
337:
325:
320:
304:
281:
252:
236:erythematous
217:
189:periodontium
176:
172:
168:
166:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2385:Jay Seibert
2335:Frank Beube
2174:Debridement
1964:Red complex
1570:(1): 5–14.
939:(8): 1135.
538:clindamycin
534:amoxicillin
329:orthodontic
232:oral mucosa
2456:Categories
2355:Jan Lindhe
2280:Sinus lift
2210:Bone graft
2097:Ante's law
2036:Gingivitis
2006:Edentulism
1667:2022-08-16
1654:StatPearls
1635:2022-08-16
1622:StatPearls
1597:2024-05-21
1302:2024-05-21
747:2024-05-21
734:StatPearls
572:References
554:antiseptic
256:cellulitis
69:newspapers
2160:Treatment
2142:Triclosan
2127:Mouthwash
1974:(amoebic)
1906:Infection
1853:Diagnoses
1836:Stippling
1584:2335-0245
1524:0893-8512
1477:0022-3492
1420:1874-2106
1373:0916-0701
1244:1874-2106
1187:1874-2106
1130:2168-8184
1071:1996-1944
1049:Materials
1012:0893-8512
955:2077-0383
847:2227-9059
788:2235-2988
709:(1): 83.
460:does not
441:Treatment
420:around a
387:near the
354:Diagnosis
308:furcation
296:pathogens
183:(i.e. an
152:Dentistry
147:Specialty
2298:Membrane
2117:Flossing
2102:Brushing
2011:Fremitus
1996:Calculus
1791:Cementum
1662:29630201
1630:32809460
1588:Archived
1542:11023956
1485:29926937
1438:26312093
1342:Archived
1205:26312087
1148:38601385
1139:11004587
1089:30248991
1030:19136433
973:31370168
914:35282488
865:36289921
806:29765908
742:32809460
678:10875694
489:May 2016
426:impacted
400:apically
381:purulent
340:diabetes
292:calculus
99:May 2016
2293:Curette
2198:Surgery
1845:Disease
1801:Gingiva
1769:Anatomy
1717:D005491
1707:: K05.2
1429:4541303
1381:2489671
1253:4541334
1196:4541311
1080:6213094
1021:2620633
964:6723779
905:8907939
856:9599402
797:5938363
772:: 124.
481:removed
466:sources
391:or the
333:Bruxism
321:in situ
240:swollen
238:(red),
185:abscess
83:scholar
2308:Scaler
2289:Tools
2071:Plaque
1660:
1628:
1582:
1540:
1530:
1522:
1483:
1475:
1436:
1426:
1418:
1379:
1371:
1334:
1293:
1250:
1242:
1203:
1193:
1185:
1146:
1136:
1128:
1108:Cureus
1087:
1077:
1069:
1028:
1018:
1010:
971:
961:
953:
912:
902:
863:
853:
845:
804:
794:
786:
740:
676:
621:
596:
313:scaled
278:Causes
220:mobile
154:
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2303:Probe
1989:Other
1591:(PDF)
1560:(PDF)
1533:88948
1279:Mosby
685:(PDF)
654:(PDF)
414:crown
272:fever
205:acute
175:, or
90:JSTOR
76:books
1712:MeSH
1658:PMID
1626:PMID
1580:ISSN
1538:PMID
1520:ISSN
1481:PMID
1473:ISSN
1434:PMID
1416:ISSN
1377:PMID
1369:ISSN
1332:ISBN
1291:ISBN
1240:ISSN
1201:PMID
1183:ISSN
1144:PMID
1126:ISSN
1085:PMID
1067:ISSN
1026:PMID
1008:ISSN
969:PMID
951:ISSN
910:PMID
861:PMID
843:ISSN
802:PMID
784:ISSN
738:PMID
674:PMID
619:ISBN
594:ISBN
564:and
464:any
462:cite
424:and
270:and
268:pain
242:and
226:and
62:news
1700:ICD
1572:doi
1528:PMC
1512:doi
1465:doi
1424:PMC
1408:doi
1324:doi
1283:doi
1248:PMC
1232:doi
1191:PMC
1175:doi
1134:PMC
1116:doi
1075:PMC
1057:doi
1016:PMC
1000:doi
959:PMC
941:doi
900:PMC
892:doi
851:PMC
833:doi
792:PMC
774:doi
711:doi
666:doi
475:by
181:pus
45:by
2458::
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
