Periodic table - Knowledge

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row of elements in each block unusually small, and such elements tend to exhibit characteristic kinds of anomalies for their group. Some chemists arguing for the repositioning of helium have pointed out that helium exhibits these anomalies if it is placed in group 2, but not if it is placed in group 18: on the other hand, neon, which would be the first group 18 element if helium was removed from that spot, does exhibit those anomalies. The relationship between helium and beryllium is then argued to resemble that between hydrogen and lithium, a placement which is much more commonly accepted. For example, because of this trend in the sizes of orbitals, a large difference in atomic radii between the first and second members of each main group is seen in groups 1 and 13–17: it exists between neon and argon, and between helium and beryllium, but not between helium and neon. This similarly affects the noble gases' boiling points and solubilities in water, where helium is too close to neon, and the large difference characteristic between the first two elements of a group appears only between neon and argon. Moving helium to group 2 makes this trend consistent in groups 2 and 18 as well, by making helium the first group 2 element and neon the first group 18 element: both exhibit the characteristic properties of a kainosymmetric first element of a group. The group 18 placement of helium nonetheless remains near-universal due to its extreme inertness. Additionally, tables that float both hydrogen and helium outside all groups may rarely be encountered.

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f-subshells. But the same is true of thorium which is never disputed as an f-block element, and this argument overlooks the problem on the other end: that the f-shells complete filling at ytterbium and nobelium, matching the Sc-Y-Lu-Lr form, and not at lutetium and lawrencium as the Sc-Y-La-Ac form would have it. Not only are such exceptional configurations in the minority, but they have also in any case never been considered as relevant for positioning any other elements on the periodic table: in gaseous atoms, the d-shells complete their filling at copper, palladium, and gold, but it is universally accepted by chemists that these configurations are exceptional and that the d-block really ends in accordance with the Madelung rule at zinc, cadmium, and mercury. The relevant fact for placement is that lanthanum and actinium (like thorium) have valence f-orbitals that can become occupied in chemical environments, whereas lutetium and lawrencium do not: their f-shells are in the core, and cannot be used for chemical reactions. Thus the relationship between yttrium and lanthanum is only a secondary relationship between elements with the same number of valence electrons but different kinds of valence orbitals, such as that between chromium and uranium; whereas the relationship between yttrium and lutetium is primary, sharing both valence electron count and valence orbital type.

18166:, remained under dispute for decades longer because their electron configurations were initially measured incorrectly. On chemical grounds Bassett, Werner, and Bury grouped scandium and yttrium with lutetium rather than lanthanum (the former two left an empty space below yttrium as lutetium had not yet been discovered). Hund assumed in 1927 that all the lanthanide atoms had configuration 4f5d6s, on account of their prevailing trivalency. It is now known that the relationship between chemistry and electron configuration is more complicated than that. Early spectroscopic evidence seemed to confirm these configurations, and thus the periodic table was structured to have group 3 as scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, and actinium, with fourteen f-elements breaking up the d-block between lanthanum and hafnium. But it was later discovered that this is only true for four of the fifteen lanthanides (lanthanum, cerium, gadolinium, and lutetium), and that the other lanthanide atoms do not have a d-electron. In particular, ytterbium completes the 4f shell and thus Soviet physicists Lev Landau and Evgeny Lifshitz noted in 1948 that lutetium is correctly regarded as a d-block rather than an f-block element; that bulk lanthanum is an f-metal was first suggested by 17747:. Although other chemists (including Meyer) had found some other versions of the periodic system at about the same time, Mendeleev was the most dedicated to developing and defending his system, and it was his system that most affected the scientific community. On 17 February 1869 (1 March 1869 in the Gregorian calendar), Mendeleev began arranging the elements and comparing them by their atomic weights. He began with a few elements, and over the course of the day his system grew until it encompassed most of the known elements. After he found a consistent arrangement, his printed table appeared in May 1869 in the journal of the Russian Chemical Society. When elements did not appear to fit in the system, he boldly predicted that either valencies or atomic weights had been measured incorrectly, or that there was a missing element yet to be discovered. In 1871, Mendeleev published a long article, including an updated form of his table, that made his predictions for unknown elements explicit. Mendeleev predicted the properties of three of these unknown elements in detail: as they would be missing heavier homologues of boron, aluminium, and silicon, he named them eka-boron, eka-aluminium, and eka-silicon ("eka" being Sanskrit for "one"). 18495:

IUPAC defines an element to exist only if the nucleus lives longer than 10 seconds, the time needed for it to gather an electron cloud. Nonetheless, theoretical estimates of half-lives are very model-dependent, ranging over many orders of magnitude. The extreme repulsion between protons is predicted to result in exotic nuclear topologies, with bubbles, rings, and tori expected: this further complicates extrapolation. It is not clear if any further-out shell closures exist, due to an expected smearing out of distinct nuclear shells (as is already expected for the electron shells at oganesson). Furthermore, even if later shell closures exist, it is not clear if they would allow such heavy elements to exist. As such, it may be that the periodic table practically ends around element 120, as elements become too short-lived to observe, and then too short-lived to have chemistry; the era of discovering new elements would thus be close to its end. If another proton shell closure beyond 126 does exist, then it probably occurs around 164; thus the region where periodicity fails more or less matches the region of instability between the shell closures.

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The 4p and 5d atoms, coming immediately after new types of transition series are first introduced, are smaller than would have been expected, because the added core 3d and 4f subshells provide only incomplete shielding of the nuclear charge for the outer electrons. Hence for example gallium atoms are slightly smaller than aluminium atoms. Together with kainosymmetry, this results in an even-odd difference between the periods (except in the s-block) that is sometimes known as secondary periodicity: elements in even periods have smaller atomic radii and prefer to lose fewer electrons, while elements in odd periods (except the first) differ in the opposite direction. Thus for example many properties in the p-block show a zigzag rather than a smooth trend along the group. For example, phosphorus and antimony in odd periods of group 15 readily reach the +5 oxidation state, whereas nitrogen, arsenic, and bismuth in even periods prefer to stay at +3. A similar situation holds for the d-block, with lutetium through tungsten atoms being slightly smaller than yttrium through molybdenum atoms respectively.

15620:), because repulsion between d-electrons means that the movement of the second electron from the s- to the d-subshell does not appreciably change its ionisation energy. Because ionizing the transition metals further does not uncover any new inner subshells, their oxidation states tend to vary by steps of 1 instead. The lanthanides and late actinides generally show a stable +3 oxidation state, removing the outer s-electrons and then (usually) one electron from the (n−2)f-orbitals, that are similar in energy to ns. The common and maximum oxidation states of the d- and f-block elements tend to depend on the ionisation energies. As the energy difference between the (n−1)d and ns orbitals rises along each transition series, it becomes less energetically favourable to ionize further electrons. Thus, the early transition metal groups tend to prefer higher oxidation states, but the +2 oxidation state becomes more stable for the late transition metal groups. The highest formal oxidation state thus increases from +3 at the beginning of each d-block row, to +7 or +8 in the middle (e.g. 17283: 17322:

category is used, silicon, germanium, arsenic, and tellurium are almost always included, and boron and antimony usually are; but most sources include other elements as well, without agreement on which extra elements should be added, and some others subtract from this list instead. For example, unlike all the other elements generally considered metalloids or nonmetals, antimony's only stable form has metallic conductivity. Moreover, the element resembles bismuth and, more generally, the other p-block metals in its physical and chemical behaviour. On this basis some authors have argued that it is better classified as a metal than as a metalloid. On the other hand, selenium has some semiconducting properties in its most stable form (though it also has insulating allotropes) and it has been argued that it should be considered a metalloid – though this situation also holds for phosphorus, which is a much rarer inclusion among the metalloids.

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thus they tend to have lower melting and boiling points, and many are liquids or gases at room temperature. Nonmetals are often dull-looking. They tend to be reactive towards metals, except for the noble gases, which are inert towards most substances. They are brittle when solid as their atoms are held tightly in place. They are less dense and conduct electricity poorly, because there are no mobile electrons. Near the borderline, band gaps are small and thus many elements in that region are semiconductors, such as silicon, germanium, and tellurium. Selenium has both a semiconducting grey allotrope and an insulating red allotrope; arsenic has a metallic grey allotrope, a semiconducting black allotrope, and an insulating yellow allotrope (though the last is unstable at ambient conditions). Again there are exceptions; for example, diamond has the highest thermal conductivity of all known materials, greater than any metal.

15930:) readily form covalent molecules with few atoms. The heavier ones tend to form long chains (e.g. red phosphorus, grey selenium, tellurium) or layered structures (e.g. carbon as graphite, black phosphorus, grey arsenic, antimony, bismuth) that only extend in one or two rather than three dimensions. Both kinds of structures can be found as allotropes of phosphorus, arsenic, and selenium, although the long-chained allotropes are more stable in all three. As these structures do not use all their orbitals for bonding, they end up with bonding, nonbonding, and antibonding bands in order of increasing energy. Similarly to group 14, the band gaps shrink for the heavier elements and free movement of electrons between the chains or layers becomes possible. Thus for example black phosphorus, black arsenic, grey selenium, tellurium, and iodine are semiconductors; grey arsenic, antimony, and bismuth are 12684:) are gaseous like hydrogen at standard conditions. Some properties of hydrogen are not a good fit for either group: hydrogen is neither highly oxidizing nor highly reducing and is not reactive with water. Hydrogen thus has properties corresponding to both those of the alkali metals and the halogens, but matches neither group perfectly, and is thus difficult to place by its chemistry. Therefore, while the electronic placement of hydrogen in group 1 predominates, some rarer arrangements show either hydrogen in group 17, duplicate hydrogen in both groups 1 and 17, or float it separately from all groups. This last option has nonetheless been criticized by the chemist and philosopher of science 14512:, the project's opinion was that such interest-dependent concerns should not have any bearing on how the periodic table is presented to "the general chemical and scientific community". Other authors focusing on superheavy elements since clarified that the "15th entry of the f-block represents the first slot of the d-block which is left vacant to indicate the place of the f-block inserts", which would imply that this form still has lutetium and lawrencium (the 15th entries in question) as d-block elements in group 3. Indeed, when IUPAC publications expand the table to 32 columns, they make this clear and place lutetium and lawrencium under yttrium in group 3. 15706: 18174:. This clarified the importance of looking at low-lying excited states of atoms that can play a role in chemical environments when classifying elements by block and positioning them on the table. Many authors subsequently rediscovered this correction based on physical, chemical, and electronic concerns and applied it to all the relevant elements, thus making group 3 contain scandium, yttrium, lutetium, and lawrencium and having lanthanum through ytterbium and actinium through nobelium as the f-block rows: this corrected version achieves consistency with the Madelung rule and vindicates Bassett, Werner, and Bury's initial chemical placement. 14631:, though it is more difficult to examine because the most common ions of consecutive elements normally differ in charge. Ions with the same electron configuration decrease in size as their atomic number rises, due to increased attraction from the more positively charged nucleus: thus for example ionic radii decrease in the series Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc. Ions of the same element get smaller as more electrons are removed, because the attraction from the nucleus begins to outweigh the repulsion between electrons that causes electron clouds to expand: thus for example ionic radii decrease in the series V, V, V, V. 12692:

elements. However it is unreactive at standard conditions, and has a full outer shell: these properties are like the noble gases in group 18, but not at all like the reactive alkaline earth metals of group 2. For these reasons helium is nearly universally placed in group 18 which its properties best match; a proposal to move helium to group 2 was rejected by IUPAC in 1988 for these reasons. Nonetheless, helium is still occasionally placed in group 2 today, and some of its physical and chemical properties are closer to the group 2 elements and support the electronic placement. Solid helium crystallises in a

15627:), and then decrease to +2 at the end. The lanthanides and late actinides usually have high fourth ionisation energies and hence rarely surpass the +3 oxidation state, whereas early actinides have low fourth ionisation energies and so for example neptunium and plutonium can reach +7. The very last actinides go further than the lanthanides towards low oxidation states: mendelevium is more easily reduced to the +2 state than thulium or even europium (the lanthanide with the most stable +2 state, on account of its half-filled f-shell), and nobelium outright favours +2 over +3, in contrast to ytterbium. 20363:

appear already at protactinium. Uranium's actual configuration of 5f6d7s is in fact analogous to that Hund assumed for the lanthanides, but uranium does not favour the trivalent state, preferring to be tetravalent or hexavalent. On the other hand, lanthanide-like configurations for the actinides begin at plutonium, but the shift towards lanthanide-like behaviour is only clear at curium: the elements between uranium and curium form a transition from transition-metal-like behaviour to lanthanide-like behaviour. Thus chemical behaviour and electron configuration do not exactly match each other.

8988:. These are sometimes termed inner transition elements. As there are now not only 4f but also 5d and 6s subshells at similar energies, competition occurs once again with many irregular configurations; this resulted in some dispute about where exactly the f-block is supposed to begin, but most who study the matter agree that it starts at lanthanum in accordance with the Aufbau principle. Even though lanthanum does not itself fill the 4f subshell as a single atom, because of repulsion between electrons, its 4f orbitals are low enough in energy to participate in chemistry. At 7942:

dumbbell-shaped 2p orbitals, and can thus fill up to eight electrons (2×1 + 2×3 = 8). The third shell contains one 3s orbital, three 3p orbitals, and five 3d orbitals, and thus has a capacity of 2×1 + 2×3 + 2×5 = 18. The fourth shell contains one 4s orbital, three 4p orbitals, five 4d orbitals, and seven 4f orbitals, thus leading to a capacity of 2×1 + 2×3 + 2×5 + 2×7 = 32. Higher shells contain more types of orbitals that continue the pattern, but such types of orbitals are not filled in the ground states of known elements. The subshell types are characterized by the

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case "noble gas" is typically taken to imply the unreactive behaviour of the lighter elements of the group. Since calculations generally predict that oganesson should not be particularly inert due to relativistic effects, and may not even be a gas at room temperature if it could be produced in bulk, its status as a noble gas is often questioned in this context. Furthermore, national variations are sometimes encountered: in Japan, alkaline earth metals often do not include beryllium and magnesium as their behaviour is different from the heavier group 2 metals.

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electron; but ionizing again to Mg uncovers the core 2p subshell, making the hydration enthalpy large enough to allow magnesium(II) compounds to form. For similar reasons, the common oxidation states of the heavier p-block elements (where the ns electrons become lower in energy than the np) tend to vary by steps of 2, because that is necessary to uncover an inner subshell and decrease the ionic radius (e.g. Tl uncovers 6s, and Tl uncovers 5d, so once thallium loses two electrons it tends to lose the third one as well). Analogous arguments based on

15608: 14677: 17774:, who named it germanium. The properties of gallium, scandium, and germanium matched what Mendeleev had predicted. In 1889, Mendeleev noted at the Faraday Lecture to the Royal Institution in London that he had not expected to live long enough "to mention their discovery to the Chemical Society of Great Britain as a confirmation of the exactitude and generality of the periodic law". Even the discovery of the noble gases at the close of the 19th century, which Mendeleev had not predicted, fitted neatly into his scheme as an eighth main group. 17271: 17310:: they move faster. These properties persist in the liquid state, as although the crystal structure is destroyed on melting, the atoms still touch and the metallic bond persists, though it is weakened. Metals tend to be reactive towards nonmetals. Some exceptions can be found to these generalizations: for example, beryllium, chromium, manganese, antimony, bismuth, and uranium are brittle (not an exhaustive list); chromium is extremely hard; gallium, rubidium, caesium, and mercury are liquid at or close to room temperature; and 17422: 14640: 18538: 18143: 18341: 15776: 14578: 17691: 3726: 3052: 4122: 17815: 40: 8143:

like beryllium and magnesium, but is typically placed in the column of neon and argon to emphasise that its outer shell is full. (Some contemporary authors question even this single exception, preferring to consistently follow the valence configurations and place helium over beryllium.) There are eight columns in this periodic table fragment, corresponding to at most eight outer-shell electrons. A period begins when a new shell starts filling. Finally, the colouring illustrates the

14688:, which is the energy released when adding an electron to the atom. A passing electron will be more readily attracted to an atom if it feels the pull of the nucleus more strongly, and especially if there is an available partially filled outer orbital that can accommodate it. Therefore, electron affinity tends to increase down to up and left to right. The exception is the last column, the noble gases, which have a full shell and have no room for another electron. This gives the 17687:. Chlorine, bromine, and iodine formed a triad; as did calcium, strontium, and barium; lithium, sodium, and potassium; and sulfur, selenium, and tellurium. Today, all these triads form part of modern-day groups: the halogens, alkaline earth metals, alkali metals, and chalcogens. Various chemists continued his work and were able to identify more and more relationships between small groups of elements. However, they could not build one scheme that encompassed them all. 14561:(the size of atoms) are dependent on the sizes of their outermost orbitals. They generally decrease going left to right along the main-group elements, because the nuclear charge increases but the outer electrons are still in the same shell. However, going down a column, the radii generally increase, because the outermost electrons are in higher shells that are thus further away from the nucleus. The first row of each block is abnormally small, due to an effect called 8356:( 3d 4s) the 3d subshell becomes the next highest in energy. The 4s and 3d subshells have approximately the same energy and they compete for filling the electrons, and so the occupation is not quite consistently filling the 3d orbitals one at a time. The precise energy ordering of 3d and 4s changes along the row, and also changes depending on how many electrons are removed from the atom. For example, due to the repulsion between the 3d electrons and the 4s ones, at 7986: 34193: 33239: 18471:

reach the next noble element after 118. However, while these conclusions about elements 157 through 172's chemistry are generally agreed by models, there is disagreement on whether the periodic table should be drawn to reflect chemical analogies, or if it should reflect likely formal electron configurations, which should be quite different from earlier periods and are not agreed between sources. Discussion about the format of the eighth row thus continues.

18187: 18576:, and regularises atomic number triads and the first-row anomaly trend. While he notes that its placement of helium atop the alkaline earth metals can be seen a disadvantage from a chemical perspective, he counters this by appealing to the first-row anomaly, pointing out that the periodic table "fundamentally reduces to quantum mechanics", and that it is concerned with "abstract elements" and hence atomic properties rather than macroscopic properties. 17666: 17335:

uranium somewhat resembles chromium and tungsten in group 6, as all three have six valence electrons. Relationships between elements with the same number of valence electrons but different types of valence orbital have been called secondary or isodonor relationships: they usually have the same maximum oxidation states, but not the same minimum oxidation states. For example, chlorine and manganese both have +7 as their maximum oxidation state (e.g.

14721: 34217: 15950:. The noble gases are coloured in violet: their molecules are single atoms and no covalent bonding occurs. Greyed-out cells are for elements which have not been prepared in sufficient quantities for their most stable allotropes to have been characterized in this way. Theoretical considerations and current experimental evidence suggest that all of those elements would metallise if they could form condensed phases, except perhaps for oganesson. 8364:, whose atom has a 3d 4s configuration rather than the expected 3d 4s. These are violations of the Madelung rule. Such anomalies, however, do not have any chemical significance: most chemistry is not about isolated gaseous atoms, and the various configurations are so close in energy to each other that the presence of a nearby atom can shift the balance. Therefore, the periodic table ignores them and considers only idealized configurations. 3391: 2639: 19489:, as shown in the accompanying sequence in the left margin (read from top to bottom, left to right). The experimentally determined ground-state electron configurations of the elements differ from the configurations predicted by the Madelung rule in twenty instances, but the Madelung-predicted configurations are always at least close to the ground state. The last two elements shown, elements 119 and 120, have not yet been synthesized. 17915:'s idea of quantization to the atom. He concluded that the energy levels of electrons were quantised: only a discrete set of stable energy states were allowed. Bohr then attempted to understand periodicity through electron configurations, surmising in 1913 that the inner electrons should be responsible for the chemical properties of the element. In 1913, he produced the first electronic periodic table based on a quantum atom. 18288: 15722:

attract the electron pair more, and the less electronegative (or more electropositive) one will attract it less. In extreme cases, the electron can be thought of as having been passed completely from the more electropositive atom to the more electronegative one, though this is a simplification. The bond then binds two ions, one positive (having given up the electron) and one negative (having accepted it), and is termed an

17736: 34229: 33251: 14730: 34205: 17927:< 8." For smaller atoms, the electron shells would be filled as follows: "rings of electrons will only join if they contain equal numbers of electrons; and that accordingly the numbers of electrons on inner rings will only be 2, 4, 8." However, in larger atoms the innermost shell would contain eight electrons: "on the other hand, the periodic system of the elements strongly suggests that already in neon 18034:

which ... only a certain number of electrons—namely, eight in our case—should be arranged. As soon as one ring or shell is completed, a new one has to be started for the next element; the number of electrons, which are most easily accessible, and lie at the outermost periphery, increases again from element to element and, therefore, in the formation of each new shell the chemical periodicity is repeated."

17766:, and named it gallium. He isolated the element and began determining its properties. Mendeleev, reading de Boisbaudran's publication, sent a letter claiming that gallium was his predicted eka-aluminium. Although Lecoq de Boisbaudran was initially sceptical, and suspected that Mendeleev was trying to take credit for his discovery, he later admitted that Mendeleev was correct. In 1879, the Swedish chemist 12732: 13605: 15886:

extent depending on the size of the band gap. Thus metals and nonmetals may be distinguished by the temperature dependence of their electrical conductivity: a metal's conductivity lowers as temperature rises (because thermal motion makes it more difficult for the electrons to flow freely), whereas a nonmetal's conductivity rises (as more electrons may be excited to cross the gap).

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the number of orbitals contributing to the overlap. This is the situation for elements in groups 1 through 13; they also have too few valence electrons to form giant covalent structures where all atoms take equivalent positions, and so almost all of them metallise. The exceptions are hydrogen and boron, which have too high an ionisation energy. Hydrogen thus forms a covalent H

17850:) of each element. Using atomic number gives a definitive, integer-based sequence for the elements. Moseley's research immediately resolved discrepancies between atomic weight and chemical properties; these were cases such as tellurium and iodine, where atomic number increases but atomic weight decreases. Although Moseley was soon killed in World War I, the Swedish physicist 19655:'s most stable isotope is just long enough that it should also be a primordial element. A 1971 study claimed to have detected primordial plutonium, but a more recent study from 2012 could not detect it. Based on its likely initial abundance in the Solar System, present experiments as of 2022 are likely about an order of magnitude away from detecting live primordial Pu. 15938:

the willingness to lose electrons, which increases right to left and up to down. Thus the metals greatly outnumber the nonmetals. Elements near the borderline are difficult to classify: they tend to have properties that are intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals, and may have some properties characteristic of both. They are often termed semimetals or

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repulsion from the 2p orbitals, which have similar angular charge distributions. Thus higher s-, p-, d-, and f-subshells experience strong repulsion from their inner analogues, which have approximately the same angular distribution of charge, and must expand to avoid this. This makes significant differences arise between the small 2p elements, which prefer

18491:, where superheavy nuclides should be more long-lived than expected: predictions for the longest-lived nuclides on the island range from microseconds to millions of years. It should nonetheless be noted that these are essentially extrapolations into an unknown part of the chart of nuclides, and systematic model uncertainties need to be taken into account. 18252:(1928) had previously suggested this, but their ideas did not then receive general acceptance. Seaborg thus called them the actinides. Elements up to 101 (named mendelevium in honour of Mendeleev) were synthesized up to 1955, either through neutron or alpha-particle irradiation, or in nuclear explosions in the cases of 99 (einsteinium) and 100 (fermium). 17751: 14531:

trends in chemical behaviour as one proceeds down a group. As analogous configurations occur at regular intervals, the properties of the elements thus exhibit periodic recurrences, hence the name of the periodic table and the periodic law. These periodic recurrences were noticed well before the underlying theory that explains them was developed.

22549: 18307:. After priority was assigned, the elements were officially added to the periodic table, and the discoverers were invited to propose their names. By 2016, this had occurred for all elements up to 118, therefore completing the periodic table's first seven rows. The discoveries of elements beyond 106 were made possible by techniques devised by 7662:: different electrons must always be in different states. This allows classification of the possible states an electron can take in various energy levels known as shells, divided into individual subshells, which each contain one or more orbitals. Each orbital can contain up to two electrons: they are distinguished by a quantity known as 17295: 14835:

period 6, Cs–Ba have 1–2 valence electrons; La–Yb have 3–16; Lu–Hg have 3–12; and Tl–Rn have 3–8. However, towards the right side of the d- and f-blocks, the theoretical maximum corresponding to using all valence electrons is not achievable at all; the same situation affects oxygen, fluorine, and the light noble gases up to krypton.

17404:, and so on. Similar periodic variations appear for the compounds of the elements, which can be observed by comparing hydrides, oxides, sulfides, halides, and so on. Chemical properties are more difficult to describe quantitatively, but likewise exhibit their own periodicities. Examples include the variation in the 15758: 1093:, though it is not yet known how many more elements are possible; moreover, theoretical calculations suggest that this unknown region will not follow the patterns of the known part of the table. Some scientific discussion also continues regarding whether some elements are correctly positioned in today's table. Many 8110:, the second shell is full, making the second shell a core shell for this and all heavier elements. The eleventh electron begins the filling of the third shell by occupying a 3s orbital, giving a configuration of 1s 2s 2p 3s for sodium. This configuration is abbreviated 3s, where represents neon's configuration. 17858:, and established that it was the element with the highest atomic number then known (92). Based on Moseley and Siegbahn's research, it was also known which atomic numbers corresponded to missing elements yet to be found: 43, 61, 72, 75, 85, and 87. (Element 75 had in fact already been found by Japanese chemist 18435:

table should take into account the failure of the Madelung rule in this region, or if such exceptions should be ignored. The shell structure may also be fairly formal at this point: already the electron distribution in an oganesson atom is expected to be rather uniform, with no discernible shell structure.

19557:). Theoretically, neutron capture on the resulting plutonium might produce even higher-numbered elements, but the quantities would be too small to be observed. In the early Solar System, shorter-lived elements had not yet decayed away, and consequently there were more than 94 naturally occurring elements. 17365:). Elements with the same number of valence vacancies but different numbers of valence electrons are related by a tertiary or isoacceptor relationship: they usually have similar minimum but not maximum oxidation states. For example, hydrogen and chlorine both have −1 as their minimum oxidation state (in 24239:

Wulfsberg, p. 53: "As pointed out by W. B. Jensen, the metallurgical resemblance is much stronger for lutetium than for lanthanum, so we have adopted the metallurgist's convention of listing Lu (and by extension Lr) below Sc and Y. An important additional advantage of this is that the periodic table

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shows metallic conduction parallel to its planes, but is a semiconductor perpendicular to them. Some computations predict copernicium and flerovium to be nonmetallic, but the most recent experiments on them suggest that they are metallic. Astatine is calculated to metallise at standard conditions, so

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Beyond element 172, calculation is complicated by the 1s electron energy level becoming imaginary. Such a situation does have physical interpretation, and does not in itself pose an electronic limit to the periodic table, but the correct way to incorporate such states into multi-electron calculations

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ones, making elements 157–172 probably chemically analogous to groups 3–18: for example, element 164 would appear two places below lead in group 14 under the usual pattern, but is calculated to be very analogous to palladium in group 10 instead. Thus, it takes fifty-four elements rather than fifty to

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at the JINR: cold fusion (bombardment of lead and bismuth by heavy ions) made possible the 1981–2004 discoveries of elements 107 through 112 at GSI and 113 at Riken, and he led the JINR team (in collaboration with American scientists) to discover elements 114 through 118 using hot fusion (bombardment

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in 1914 and in 1916. Kossel explained that in the periodic table new elements would be created as electrons were added to the outer shell. In Kossel's paper, he writes: "This leads to the conclusion that the electrons, which are added further, should be put into concentric rings or shells, on each of

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are acknowledged by IUPAC; the other groups can be referred to by their number, or by their first element (e.g., group 6 is the chromium group). Some divide the p-block elements from groups 13 to 16 by metallicity, although there is neither an IUPAC definition nor a precise consensus on exactly which

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Nonmetals exhibit different properties. Those forming giant covalent crystals exhibit high melting and boiling points, as it takes considerable energy to overcome the strong covalent bonds. Those forming discrete molecules are held together mostly by dispersion forces, which are more easily overcome;

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than the antibonding orbitals, and there is no overlap, so electrical conduction becomes impossible: carbon is a nonmetal. However, covalent bonding becomes weaker for larger atoms and the energy gap between the bonding and antibonding orbitals decreases. Therefore, silicon and germanium have smaller

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In group 14, both metallic and covalent bonding become possible. In a diamond crystal, covalent bonds between carbon atoms are strong, because they have a small atomic radius and thus the nucleus has more of a hold on the electrons. Therefore, the bonding orbitals that result are much lower in energy

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A simple substance is a substance formed from atoms of one chemical element. The simple substances of the more electronegative atoms tend to share electrons (form covalent bonds) with each other. They form either small molecules (like hydrogen or oxygen, whose atoms bond in pairs) or giant structures

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Electronegativity depends on how strongly the nucleus can attract an electron pair, and so it exhibits a similar variation to the other properties already discussed: electronegativity tends to fall going up to down, and rise going left to right. The alkali and alkaline earth metals are among the most

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in the first group all have one valence electron, and form a very homogeneous class of elements: they are all soft and reactive metals. However, there are many factors involved, and groups can often be rather heterogeneous. For instance, hydrogen also has one valence electron and is in the same group

14503:

A third form can sometimes be encountered in which the spaces below yttrium in group 3 are left empty, such as the table appearing on the IUPAC web site, but this creates an inconsistency with quantum mechanics by making the f-block 15 elements wide (La–Lu and Ac–Lr) even though only 14 electrons can

8142:

The first eighteen elements can thus be arranged as the start of a periodic table. Elements in the same column have the same number of valence electrons and have analogous valence electron configurations: these columns are called groups. The single exception is helium, which has two valence electrons

20362:

For example, the early actinides continue to behave more like the d-block transition metals in their propensity towards high oxidation states all the way from actinium to uranium, even though it is actually only actinium and thorium that have d-block-like configurations in the gas phase; f-electrons

19749:

Also, the ordering of the orbitals between each ≪ changes somewhat throughout each period. For example, the ordering in argon and potassium is 3p ≪ 4s < 4p ≪ 3d; by calcium it has become 3p ≪ 4s < 3d < 4p; from scandium to copper it is 3p ≪ 3d < 4s < 4p; and from zinc to krypton it is

17898:

coined the term "isotope" to describe this situation, and considered isotopes to merely be different forms of the same chemical element. This furthermore clarified discrepancies such as tellurium and iodine: tellurium's natural isotopic composition is weighted towards heavier isotopes than iodine's,

17810:

coined the word "atomic number" for this nuclear charge. In van den Broek's published article he illustrated the first electronic periodic table showing the elements arranged according to the number of their electrons. Rutherford confirmed in his 1914 paper that Bohr had accepted the view of van den

17636:

Many more categorizations exist and are used according to certain disciplines. In astrophysics, a metal is defined as any element with atomic number greater than 2, i.e. anything except hydrogen and helium. The term "semimetal" has a different definition in physics than it does in chemistry: bismuth

17584:

being among the possibilities having been used. Some advanced monographs exclude the elements of group 12 from the transition metals on the grounds of their sometimes quite different chemical properties, but this is not a universal practice and IUPAC does not presently mention it as allowable in its

17321:

It is common to designate a class of metalloids straddling the boundary between metals and nonmetals, as elements in that region are intermediate in both physical and chemical properties. However, no consensus exists in the literature for precisely which elements should be so designated. When such a

15885:

at ambient conditions: electrons can cross the gap when thermally excited. (Boron is also a semiconductor at ambient conditions.) The band gap disappears in tin, so that tin and lead become metals. As the temperature rises, all nonmetals develop some semiconducting properties, to a greater or lesser

15815:

of equal capacity, with the antibonding orbitals of higher energy. Net bonding character occurs when there are more electrons in the bonding orbitals than there are in the antibonding orbitals. Metallic bonding is thus possible when the number of electrons delocalized by each atom is less than twice

14664:

In the transition series, the outer electrons are preferentially lost even though the inner orbitals are filling. For example, in the 3d series, the 4s electrons are lost first even though the 3d orbitals are being filled. The shielding effect of adding an extra 3d electron approximately compensates

14565:

or primogenic repulsion: the 1s, 2p, 3d, and 4f subshells have no inner analogues. For example, the 2p orbitals do not experience strong repulsion from the 1s and 2s orbitals, which have quite different angular charge distributions, and hence are not very large; but the 3p orbitals experience strong

14515:

Several arguments in favour of Sc-Y-La-Ac can be encountered in the literature, but they have been challenged as being logically inconsistent. For example, it has been argued that lanthanum and actinium cannot be f-block elements because as individual gas-phase atoms, they have not begun to fill the

12713:

in the periodic table has additionally been cited to support moving helium to group 2. It arises because the first orbital of any type is unusually small, since unlike its higher analogues, it does not experience interelectronic repulsion from a smaller orbital of the same type. This makes the first

12701:

with a structure similar to the analogous beryllium compound (but with no expected neon analogue), have resulted in more chemists advocating a placement of helium in group 2. This relates to the electronic argument, as the reason for neon's greater inertness is repulsion from its filled p-shell that

8138:

fill the three 3p orbitals ( 3s 3p through 3s 3p). This creates an analogous series in which the outer shell structures of sodium through argon are analogous to those of lithium through neon, and is the basis for the periodicity of chemical properties that the periodic table illustrates: at regular

7941:

Elements are known with up to the first seven shells occupied. The first shell contains only one orbital, a spherical s orbital. As it is in the first shell, this is called the 1s orbital. This can hold up to two electrons. The second shell similarly contains a 2s orbital, and it also contains three

1088:

new elements in the laboratory. By 2010, the first 118 elements were known, thereby completing the first seven rows of the table; however, chemical characterization is still needed for the heaviest elements to confirm that their properties match their positions. New discoveries will extend the table

18563:

Alternative periodic tables are often developed to highlight or emphasize chemical or physical properties of the elements that are not as apparent in traditional periodic tables, with different ones skewed more towards emphasizing chemistry or physics at either end. The standard form, which remains

18522:

Even if eighth-row elements can exist, producing them is likely to be difficult, and it should become even more difficult as atomic number rises. Although the 8s elements 119 and 120 are expected to be reachable with present means, the elements beyond that are expected to require new technology, if

18434:

through 156 thus do not fit well as chemical analogues of any previous group in the earlier parts of the table, although they have sometimes been placed as 5g, 6f, and other series to formally reflect their electron configurations. Eric Scerri has raised the question of whether an extended periodic

18194:

By 1936, the pool of missing elements from hydrogen to uranium had shrunk to four: elements 43, 61, 85, and 87 remained missing. Element 43 eventually became the first element to be synthesized artificially via nuclear reactions rather than discovered in nature. It was discovered in 1937 by Italian

17709:

showing that if the elements are arranged in the order of their atomic weights, those having consecutive numbers frequently either belong to the same group or occupy similar positions in different groups, and he pointed out that each eighth element starting from a given one is in this arrangement a

15783:

The more electropositive atoms, however, tend to instead lose electrons, creating a "sea" of electrons engulfing cations. The outer orbitals of one atom overlap to share electrons with all its neighbours, creating a giant structure of molecular orbitals extending over all the atoms. This negatively

15590:

A full explanation requires considering the energy that would be released in forming compounds with different valences rather than simply considering electron configurations alone. For example, magnesium forms Mg rather than Mg cations when dissolved in water, because the latter would spontaneously

14651:

of an atom is the energy required to remove an electron from it. This varies with the atomic radius: ionisation energy increases left to right and down to up, because electrons that are closer to the nucleus are held more tightly and are more difficult to remove. Ionisation energy thus is minimized

14573:

In the transition elements, an inner shell is filling, but the size of the atom is still determined by the outer electrons. The increasing nuclear charge across the series and the increased number of inner electrons for shielding somewhat compensate each other, so the decrease in radius is smaller.

14474:

In many periodic tables, the f-block is shifted one element to the right, so that lanthanum and actinium become d-block elements in group 3, and Ce–Lu and Th–Lr form the f-block. Thus the d-block is split into two very uneven portions. This is a holdover from early mistaken measurements of electron

12659:

Although the modern periodic table is standard today, the placement of the period 1 elements hydrogen and helium remains an open issue under discussion, and some variation can be found. Following their respective s and s electron configurations, hydrogen would be placed in group 1, and helium would

5839:

already considered it incorrect in 1948. Arguments can still occasionally be encountered in the contemporary literature purporting to defend it, but most authors consider them logically inconsistent. Some sources follow a compromise that puts La–Lu and Ac–Lr as the f-block rows (despite that giving

5830:

The correct composition of group 3 is scandium (Sc), yttrium (Y), lutetium (Lu), and lawrencium (Lr), as shown here: this is endorsed by 1988 and 2021 IUPAC reports on the question. General inorganic chemistry texts often put scandium (Sc), yttrium (Y), lanthanum (La), and actinium (Ac) in group 3,

18494:

As the closed shells are passed, the stabilizing effect should vanish: thus, superheavy nuclides with more than 184 neutrons are expected to have much shorter lifetimes, spontaneously fissioning within 10 seconds. If this is so, then it would not make sense to consider them chemical elements:

18319:

declared the year 2019 as the International Year of the Periodic Table, celebrating "one of the most significant achievements in science". The discovery criteria set down by the TWG were updated in 2020 in response to experimental and theoretical progress that had not been foreseen in 1991. Today,

17727:—for the first time, elements had been grouped according to their valence. Works on organizing the elements by atomic weight had until then been stymied by inaccurate measurements of the atomic weights. In 1868, he revised his table, but this revision was published as a draft only after his death. 15937:

The dividing line between metals and nonmetals is roughly diagonal from top left to bottom right, with the transition series appearing to the left of this diagonal (as they have many available orbitals for overlap). This is expected, as metallicity tends to be correlated with electropositivity and

14494:

implied the activity of its 4f shell. In 1965, David C. Hamilton linked this observation to its position in the periodic table, and argued that the f-block should be composed of the elements La–Yb and Ac–No. Since then, physical, chemical, and electronic evidence has supported this assignment. The

24843:

Haas, Arthur Erich (1884–1941) Uber die elektrodynamische Bedeutung des Planckschen Strahlungsgesetzes und uber eine neue Bestimmung des elektrischen Elementarquantums und der dimension des wasserstoffatoms. Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. 2a, 119 pp 119–144

19786:

Properties of the p-block elements nevertheless do affect the succeeding s-block elements. The 3s shell in sodium is above a kainosymmetric 2p core, but the 4s shell in potassium is above the much larger 3p core. Hence while one would have already expected potassium atoms to be larger than sodium

18425:

If the eighth period followed the pattern set by the earlier periods, then it would contain fifty elements, filling the 8s, 5g, 6f, 7d, and finally 8p subshells in that order. But by this point, relativistic effects should result in significant deviations from the Madelung rule. Various different

18150:

The quantum theory clarified the transition metals and lanthanides as forming their own separate groups, transitional between the main groups, although some chemists had already proposed tables showing them this way before then: the English chemist Henry Bassett did so in 1892, the Danish chemist

17717:

noted the sequences of similar chemical and physical properties repeated at periodic intervals. According to him, if the atomic weights were plotted as ordinates (i.e. vertically) and the atomic volumes as abscissas (i.e. horizontally)—the curve obtained a series of maximums and minimums—the most

17644:

The scope of terms varies significantly between authors. For example, according to IUPAC, the noble gases extend to include the whole group, including the very radioactive superheavy element oganesson. However, among those who specialize in the superheavy elements, this is not often done: in this

14530:

As chemical reactions involve the valence electrons, elements with similar outer electron configurations may be expected to react similarly and form compounds with similar proportions of elements in them. Such elements are placed in the same group, and thus there tend to be clear similarities and

4194:

have six protons and most have six neutrons as well, but about one per cent have seven neutrons, and a very small fraction have eight neutrons. Isotopes are never separated in the periodic table; they are always grouped together under a single element. When atomic mass is shown, it is usually the

27889:

E. Rutherford, Phil. Mag., 27, 488–499 (Mar. 1914). "This has led to an interesting suggestion by van Broek that the number of units of charge on the nucleus, and consequently the number of external electrons, may be equal to the number of the elements when arranged in order of increasing atomic

19897:

Descriptions of the structures formed by the elements can be found throughout Greenwood and Earnshaw. There are two borderline cases. Arsenic's most stable form conducts electricity like a metal, but the bonding is significantly more localized to the nearest neighbours than it is for the similar

19767:

In fact, electron configurations represent a first-order approximation: an atom really exists in a superposition of multiple configurations, and electrons in an atom are indistinguishable. The elements in the d- and f-blocks have multiple configurations separated by small energies and can change

18567:

The many different forms of the periodic table have prompted the questions of whether there is an optimal or definitive form of the periodic table, and if so, what it might be. There are no current consensus answers to either question. Janet's left-step table is being increasingly discussed as a

14834:

The electron configuration suggests a ready explanation from the number of electrons available for bonding; indeed, the number of valence electrons starts at 1 in group 1, and then increases towards the right side of the periodic table, only resetting at 3 whenever each new block starts. Thus in

12691:

Helium is the only element that routinely occupies a position in the periodic table that is not consistent with its electronic structure. It has two electrons in its outermost shell, whereas the other noble gases have eight; and it is an s-block element, whereas all other noble gases are p-block

4321:

Under an international naming convention, the groups are numbered numerically from 1 to 18 from the leftmost column (the alkali metals) to the rightmost column (the noble gases). The f-block groups are ignored in this numbering. Groups can also be named by their first element, e.g. the "scandium

25783:

In Group 15 of the Periodic Table, as in both neighboring groups, the metallic character increases when going down. More specifically, there is a transition from a purely non-metallic element (N) via elements with nonmetallic and metallic modifications to purely metallic elements (Sb, Bi). This

17305:

Generally, metals are shiny and dense. They usually have high melting and boiling points due to the strength of the metallic bond, and are often malleable and ductile (easily stretched and shaped) because the atoms can move relative to each other without breaking the metallic bond. They conduct

15721:

to each other by sharing electrons in pairs, creating an overlap of valence orbitals. The degree to which each atom attracts the shared electron pair depends on the atom's electronegativity – the tendency of an atom towards gaining or losing electrons. The more electronegative atom will tend to

10292:

The following table shows the electron configuration of a neutral gas-phase atom of each element. Different configurations can be favoured in different chemical environments. The main-group elements have entirely regular electron configurations; the transition and inner transition elements show

4234:

are in the same column because they all have four electrons in the outermost p-subshell). Elements with similar chemical properties generally fall into the same group in the periodic table, although in the f-block, and to some respect in the d-block, the elements in the same period tend to have

19705:

rule has yet been derived from quantum mechanics. Scerri claims that it has not, despite several attempts to do so. On the other hand, Ostrovsky, who has claimed such justification from 1971, wrote 'Some authors insist that "still nobody has deduced the n+l rule from the principles of quantum

17334:

between elements that are diagonally adjacent (e.g. lithium and magnesium). Some similarities can also be found between the main groups and the transition metal groups, or between the early actinides and early transition metals, when the elements have the same number of valence electrons. Thus

15945:

The following table considers the most stable allotropes at standard conditions. The elements coloured yellow form simple substances that are well-characterised by metallic bonding. Elements coloured light blue form giant network covalent structures, whereas those coloured dark blue form small

15599:

of hydration (surrounding the cation with water molecules) increases in magnitude with the charge and radius of the ion. In Mg, the outermost orbital (which determines ionic radius) is still 3s, so the hydration enthalpy is small and insufficient to compensate the energy required to remove the

14707:

elements, electron affinity likewise somewhat correlates with reactivity, but not perfectly since other factors are involved. For example, fluorine has a lower electron affinity than chlorine (because of extreme interelectronic repulsion for the very small fluorine atom), but is more reactive.

4312:

elements that survived from the Earth's formation. The remaining eleven natural elements decay quickly enough that their continued trace occurrence rests primarily on being constantly regenerated as intermediate products of the decay of thorium and uranium. All 24 known artificial elements are

18568:

candidate for being the optimal or most fundamental form; Scerri has written in support of it, as it clarifies helium's nature as an s-block element, increases regularity by having all period lengths repeated, faithfully follows Madelung's rule by making each period correspond to one value of

15748:

An element's electronegativity varies with the identity and number of the atoms it is bonded to, as well as how many electrons it has already lost: an atom becomes more electronegative when it has lost more electrons. This sometimes makes a large difference: lead in the +2 oxidation state has

14706:

Some exceptions to the trends occur: oxygen and fluorine have lower electron affinities than their heavier homologues sulfur and chlorine, because they are small atoms and hence the newly added electron would experience significant repulsion from the already present ones. For the nonmetallic

7604:

Both forms represent the same periodic table. The form with the f-block included in the main body is sometimes called the 32-column or long form; the form with the f-block cut out the 18-column or medium-long form. The 32-column form has the advantage of showing all elements in their correct

18177:

In 1988, IUPAC released a report supporting this composition of group 3, a decision that was reaffirmed in 2021. Variation can still be found in textbooks on the composition of group 3, and some argumentation against this format is still published today, but chemists and physicists who have

12660:

be placed in group 2. The group 1 placement of hydrogen is common, but helium is almost always placed in group 18 with the other noble gases. The debate has to do with conflicting understandings of the extent to which chemical or electronic properties should decide periodic table placement.

7617:. For the short-lived elements without standard atomic weights, the mass number of the most stable known isotope is used instead. Other tables may include properties such as state of matter, melting and boiling points, densities, as well as provide different classifications of the elements. 8067:, the first shell is full, so its third electron occupies a 2s orbital, giving a 1s 2s configuration. The 2s electron is lithium's only valence electron, as the 1s subshell is now too tightly bound to the nucleus to participate in chemical bonding to other atoms: such a shell is called a " 7612:

Periodic tables usually at least show the elements' symbols; many also provide supplementary information about the elements, either via colour-coding or as data in the cells. The above table shows the names and atomic numbers of the elements, and also their blocks, natural occurrences and

5821:

Group 1 is composed of hydrogen (H) and the alkali metals. Elements of the group have one s-electron in the outer electron shell. Hydrogen is not considered to be an alkali metal as it is not a metal, though it is more analogous to them than any other group. This makes the group somewhat

27890:

weight. On this view, the nucleus charges of hydrogen, helium, and carbon are 1, 2, 6 respectively, and so on for the other elements, provided there is no gap due to a missing element. This view has been taken by Bohr in his theory of the constitution of simple atoms and molecules."

18417:

suffix for metallic elements). All attempts to synthesize such elements have failed so far. An attempt to make element 119 has been ongoing since 2018 at the Riken research institute in Japan. The LBNL in the United States, the JINR in Russia, and the Heavy Ion Research Facility in

10293:

twenty irregularities due to the aforementioned competition between subshells close in energy level. For the last ten elements (109–118), experimental data is lacking and therefore calculated configurations have been shown instead. Completely filled subshells have been greyed out.

14570:, and the larger 3p and higher p-elements, which do not. Similar anomalies arise for the 1s, 2p, 3d, 4f, and the hypothetical 5g elements: the degree of this first-row anomaly is highest for the s-block, is moderate for the p-block, and is less pronounced for the d- and f-blocks. 18320:

the periodic table is among the most recognisable icons of chemistry. IUPAC is involved today with many processes relating to the periodic table: the recognition and naming of new elements, recommending group numbers and collective names, and the updating of atomic weights.

25784:

chapter addresses the two elements besides nitrogen, which are clearly nonmetallic under standard conditions: phosphorus and arsenic. The chemistry of arsenic, however, is only briefly described as many of the arsenic compounds resemble the corresponding phosphorus species.

18041:

postulated the existence of "cells" which we now call orbitals, which could each only contain two electrons each, and these were arranged in "equidistant layers" which we now call shells. He made an exception for the first shell to only contain two electrons. The chemist

18478:

Nuclear stability will likely prove a decisive factor constraining the number of possible elements. It depends on the balance between the electric repulsion between protons and the strong force binding protons and neutrons together. Protons and neutrons are arranged in

14499:

in 1982, and the reassignment of lutetium and lawrencium to group 3 was supported by IUPAC reports dating from 1988 (when the 1–18 group numbers were recommended) and 2021. The variation nonetheless still exists because most textbook writers are not aware of the issue.

18344:

Energy eigenvalues (in eV) for the outermost electrons of elements with Z = 100 through 172, predicted using Dirac–Fock calculations. The − and + signs refer to orbitals with decreased or increased azimuthal quantum number from spin–orbit splitting respectively: p− is

15768:

stretching indefinitely (like carbon or silicon). The noble gases simply stay as single atoms, as they already have a full shell. Substances composed of discrete molecules or single atoms are held together by weaker attractive forces between the molecules, such as the

17918:

Bohr called his electron shells "rings" in 1913: atomic orbitals within shells did not exist at the time of his planetary model. Bohr explains in Part 3 of his famous 1913 paper that the maximum electrons in a shell is eight, writing, "We see, further, that a ring of

4354:, the lettering was similar, except that "A" was used for groups 1 through 7, and "B" was used for groups 11 through 17. In addition, groups 8, 9 and 10 used to be treated as one triple-sized group, known collectively in both notations as group VIII. In 1988, the new 17412:

properties of the elements and their compounds, the stabilities of compounds, and methods of isolating the elements. Periodicity is and has been used very widely to predict the properties of unknown new elements and new compounds, and is central to modern chemistry.

7666:, conventionally labelled "up" or "down". In a cold atom (one in its ground state), electrons arrange themselves in such a way that the total energy they have is minimized by occupying the lowest-energy orbitals available. Only the outermost electrons (so-called 9047:

actually fills the 5f subshell, and lawrencium does not fill the 6d shell, but all these subshells can still become filled in chemical environments. For a very long time, the seventh row was incomplete as most of its elements do not occur in nature. The missing

8037:+ ℓ group. Hence the periodic table is usually drawn to begin each row (often called a period) with the filling of a new s-orbital, which corresponds to the beginning of a new shell. Thus, with the exception of the first row, each period length appears twice: 15889:

Elements in groups 15 through 17 have too many electrons to form giant covalent molecules that stretch in all three dimensions. For the lighter elements, the bonds in small diatomic molecules are so strong that a condensed phase is disfavoured: thus nitrogen

14703:: for example, the lifetime of the most long-lived He level is about 359 microseconds.) The noble gases, having high ionisation energies and no electron affinity, have little inclination towards gaining or losing electrons and are generally unreactive. 5846:

Group 18, the noble gases, were not discovered at the time of Mendeleev's original table. Later (1902), Mendeleev accepted the evidence for their existence, and they could be placed in a new "group 0", consistently and without breaking the periodic table

19916:. The same is probably true of francium, but due to its extreme instability, this has never been experimentally confirmed. Copernicium and flerovium are expected to be liquids, similar to mercury, and experimental evidence suggests that they are metals. 14598:

splits the p-subshell: one p-orbital is relativistically stabilized and shrunken (it fills in thallium and lead), but the other two (filling in bismuth through radon) are relativistically destabilized and expanded. Relativistic effects also explain why

14504:

fit in an f-subshell. There is moreover some confusion in the literature on which elements are then implied to be in group 3. While the 2021 IUPAC report noted that 15-element-wide f-blocks are supported by some practitioners of a specialized branch of

18514:

instead of an island. Other effects may come into play: for example, in very heavy elements the 1s electrons are likely to spend a significant amount of time so close to the nucleus that they are actually inside it, which would make them vulnerable to

8379:( 3d 4s 4p), in a manner analogous to the previous p-block elements. From gallium onwards, the 3d orbitals form part of the electronic core, and no longer participate in chemistry. The s- and p-block elements, which fill their outer shells, are called 17722:

elements would appear at the peaks of the curve in the order of their atomic weights. In 1864, a book of his was published; it contained an early version of the periodic table containing 28 elements, and classified elements into six families by their

18109:

which stated that no two electrons could have the same four quantum numbers. This explained the lengths of the periods in the periodic table (2, 8, 18, and 32), which corresponded to the number of electrons that each shell could occupy. In 1925,

4238:

Today, 118 elements are known, the first 94 of which are known to occur naturally on Earth at present. The remaining 24, americium to oganesson (95–118), occur only when synthesized in laboratories. Of the 94 naturally occurring elements, 83 are

18046:

suggested in 1921 that eight and eighteen electrons in a shell form stable configurations. Bury proposed that the electron configurations in transitional elements depended upon the valence electrons in their outer shell. He introduced the word

15831:

Graph of carbon atoms being brought together to form a diamond crystal, demonstrating formation of the electronic band structure and band gap. The right graph shows the energy levels as a function of the spacing between atoms. When far apart

12696:

structure, which matches beryllium and magnesium in group 2, but not the other noble gases in group 18. Recent theoretical developments in noble gas chemistry, in which helium is expected to show slightly less inertness than neon and to form

8008:

respectively). This rule was first observed empirically by Madelung, and Klechkovsky and later authors gave it theoretical justification. The shells overlap in energies, and the Madelung rule specifies the sequence of filling according to:

18284:(TWG, fermium being element 100) in 1985 to set out criteria for discovery, which were published in 1991. After some further controversy, these elements received their final names in 1997, including seaborgium (106) in honour of Seaborg. 18271:

that lasted decades. These elements were made by bombardment of actinides with light ions. IUPAC at first adopted a hands-off approach, preferring to wait and see if a consensus would be forthcoming. But as it was also the height of the

29678:

Smits, O. R.; Indelicato, P.; Nazarewicz, W.; Piibeleht, M.; Schwerdtfeger, P. (2023). "Pushing the limits of the periodic table—A review on atomic relativistic electronic structure theory and calculations for the superheavy elements".

14762:

of an element can be defined either as the number of hydrogen atoms that can combine with it to form a simple binary hydride, or as twice the number of oxygen atoms that can combine with it to form a simple binary oxide (that is, not a

4169:; those for hydrogen, helium, and lithium are respectively H, He, and Li. Neutrons do not affect the atom's chemical identity, but do affect its weight. Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called 17682:

began to formulate one of the earliest attempts to classify the elements. In 1829, he found that he could form some of the elements into groups of three, with the members of each group having related properties. He termed these groups

4243:

and 11 occur only in decay chains of primordial elements. A few of the latter are so rare that they were not discovered in nature, but were synthesized in the laboratory before it was determined that they do exist in nature after all:

18426:

models have been suggested for the configurations of eighth-period elements, as well as how to show the results in a periodic table. All agree that the eighth period should begin like the previous ones with two 8s elements, 119 and

15772:: as electrons move within the molecules, they create momentary imbalances of electrical charge, which induce similar imbalances on nearby molecules and create synchronized movements of electrons across many neighbouring molecules. 24691:

Festkörper Probleme: Plenary Lectures of the Divisions Semiconductor Physics, Surface Physics, Low Temperature Physics, High Polymers, Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics, of the German Physical Society, Münster, March 19–24,

12663:

Like the group 1 metals, hydrogen has one electron in its outermost shell and typically loses its only electron in chemical reactions. Hydrogen has some metal-like chemical properties, being able to displace some metals from their

14585:

Thallium and lead atoms are about the same size as indium and tin atoms respectively, but from bismuth to radon the 6p atoms are larger than the analogous 5p atoms. This happens because when atomic nuclei become highly charged,

18556:'s left-step periodic table (pictured below), and the modernised form of Mendeleev's original 8-column layout that is still common in Russia. Other periodic table formats have been shaped much more exotically, such as spirals ( 9052:

started to be synthesized in the laboratory in 1940, when neptunium was made. (However, the first element to be discovered by synthesis rather than in nature was technetium in 1937.) The row was completed with the synthesis of

17710:

kind of repetition of the first, like the eighth note of an octave in music (The Law of Octaves). However, Newlands's formulation only worked well for the main-group elements, and encountered serious problems with the others.

19601:, but this has not been confirmed. It is not clear how far they would extend past 100 and how long they would last: calculations suggest that nuclides of mass number around 280 to 290 are formed in the r-process, but quickly 9043:). Starting from lawrencium the 5f orbitals are in the core, and probably the 6d orbitals join the core starting from nihonium. Again there are a few anomalies along the way: for example, as single atoms neither actinium nor 19768:

configuration depending on the chemical environment. In some of the undiscovered g-block elements, mixing of configurations may become so important that the result can no longer be well-described by a single configuration.

20456:

Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022).

4173:

of the same chemical element. Naturally occurring elements usually occur as mixes of different isotopes; since each isotope usually occurs with a characteristic abundance, naturally occurring elements have well-defined

28302:

The first use of the term "transition" in its modern electronic sense appears to be due to the British chemist C. R.Bury, who first used the term in his 1921 paper on the electronic structure of atoms and the periodic

19866:

The boundary between dispersion forces and metallic bonding is gradual, like that between ionic and covalent bonding. Characteristic metallic properties do not appear in small mercury clusters, but do appear in large

17777:

Mendeleev nevertheless had some trouble fitting the known lanthanides into his scheme, as they did not exhibit the periodic change in valencies that the other elements did. After much investigation, the Czech chemist

14607:

is a liquid at room temperature. They are expected to become very strong in the late seventh period, potentially leading to a collapse of periodicity. Electron configurations are only clearly known until element 108

18247:

in 1941, and discovered that contrary to previous thinking, the elements from actinium onwards were congeners of the lanthanides rather than transition metals. Bassett (1892), Werner (1905), and the French engineer

18430:. However, after that the massive energetic overlaps between the 5g, 6f, 7d, and 8p subshells means that they all begin to fill together, and it is not clear how to separate out specific 5g and 6f series. Elements 15942:. The term "semimetal" used in this sense should not be confused with its strict physical sense having to do with band structure: bismuth is physically a semimetal, but is generally considered a metal by chemists. 18114:

arrived at configurations close to the modern ones. As a result of these advances, periodicity became based on the number of chemically active or valence electrons rather than by the valences of the elements. The

17931:= 10 an inner ring of eight electrons will occur." His proposed electron configurations for the atoms (shown to the right) mostly do not accord with those now known. They were improved further after the work of 17893:

of the primordial radioactive elements thorium and uranium, it soon became evident that there were many apparent new elements that had different atomic weights but exactly the same chemical properties. In 1913,

15615:

For transition metals, common oxidation states are nearly always at least +2 for similar reasons (uncovering the next subshell); this holds even for the metals with anomalous ds or ds configurations (except for

18450:) are destabilized. (Such shifts in the quantum numbers happen for all types of shells, but it makes the biggest difference to the order for the p-shells.) It is likely that by element 157, the filled 8s and 8p 7600:

For reasons of space, the periodic table is commonly presented with the f-block elements cut out and positioned as a distinct part below the main body. This reduces the number of element columns from 32 to 18.

22157: 14660:

at the right edge of the period. There are some exceptions to this trend, such as oxygen, where the electron being removed is paired and thus interelectronic repulsion makes it easier to remove than expected.

24019: 17425:

A periodic table colour-coded to show some commonly used sets of similar elements. The categories and their boundaries differ somewhat between sources. Lutetium and lawrencium in group 3 are also transition

19642:. However, the predicted half-lives are extremely long (e.g. the alpha decay of Pb to the ground state of Hg is expected to have a half-life greater than 10 years), and the decays have never been observed. 24844:(1910). Haas AE. Die Entwicklungsgeschichte des Satzes von der Erhaltung der Kraft. Habilitation Thesis, Vienna, 1909. Hermann, A. Arthur Erich Haas, Der erste Quantenansatz für das Atom. Stuttgart, 1965 17622:

remain common. With the increasing recognition of lutetium and lawrencium as d-block elements, some authors began to define the lanthanides as La–Yb and the actinides as Ac–No, matching the f-block. The

20756:

Gopka, V.F.; Yushchenko, A.V.; Yushchenko, V.A.; Panov, I.V.; Kim, Ch. (15 May 2008). "Identification of absorption lines of short half-life actinides in the spectrum of Przybylski's star (HD 101065)".

18312:

of actinides by calcium ions) in 1998–2010. The heaviest known element, oganesson (118), is named in Oganessian's honour. Element 114 is named flerovium in honour of his predecessor and mentor Flyorov.

17574:

elements should be considered metals, nonmetals, or semi-metals (sometimes called metalloids). Neither is there a consensus on what the metals succeeding the transition metals ought to be called, with

19898:

structures of antimony and bismuth, and unlike normal metals it does not have a long liquid range, but rather sublimes instead. Hence its structure is better treated as network covalent. Carbon as

26025:

Florez, Edison; Smits, Odile R.; Mewes, Jan-Michael; Jerabek, Paul; Schwerdtfeger, Peter (2022). "From the gas phase to the solid state: The chemical bonding in the superheavy element flerovium".

20041: 18389:

The most recently named elements – nihonium (113), moscovium (115), tennessine (117), and oganesson (118) – completed the seventh row of the periodic table. Future elements would have to begin an

7605:

sequence, but it has the disadvantage of requiring more space. The form chosen is an editorial choice, and does not imply any change of scientific claim or statement. For example, when discussing

19729:) and neutral atoms (Madelung's rule). Thus for example, the energy order for the 55th electron outside the xenon core proceeds as follows in the isoelectronic series of caesium (55 electrons): 17866:, but he mistakenly assigned it as element 43 instead of 75 and so his discovery was not generally recognized until later. The contemporarily accepted discovery of element 75 came in 1925, when 30354: 27384: 15934:(exhibiting quasi-metallic conduction, with a very small band overlap); and polonium and probably astatine are true metals. Finally, the natural group 18 elements all stay as individual atoms. 15864:

is such a large number, adjacent orbitals are extremely close together in energy so the orbitals can be considered a continuous energy band. At the actual diamond crystal cell size (denoted by

31123:

featuring select visual representations of the periodic table of the elements, with an emphasis on alternative layouts including circular, cylindrical, pyramidal, spiral, and triangular forms.

20199: 19744:

and in the isoelectronic series of holmium (67 electrons), a Ho atom is 4f6s, but Er is 4f6s, Tm through W are 4f, and from Re onward the configuration is 4f5p following the hydrogenic order.

17782:

suggested in 1902 that the lanthanides could all be placed together in one group on the periodic table. He named this the "asteroid hypothesis" as an astronomical analogy: just as there is an

19876:

All this describes the situation at standard pressure. Under sufficiently high pressure, the band gaps of any solid drop to zero and metallization occurs. Thus for example at about 170

25360:

Schmidt, H. T.; Reinhed, P.; Orbán, A.; Rosén, S.; Thomas, R. D.; Johansson, H. A. B.; Werner, J.; Misra, D.; Björkhage, M.; Brännholm, L.; Löfgren, P.; Liljeby, L.; Cederquist, H. (2012).

31148: 30525:

Scerri, ER (2021). "The Impact of Twentieth-Century Physics on the Periodic Table and Some Remaining Questions in the Twenty-First Century". In Giunta, CJ; Mainz, VV; Girolami, GS (eds.).

20892:

Marcillac, Pierre de; Noël Coron; Gérard Dambier; Jacques Leblanc; Jean-Pierre Moalic (April 2003). "Experimental detection of α-particles from the radioactive decay of natural bismuth".

4195:

weighted average of naturally occurring isotopes; but if no isotopes occur naturally in significant quantities, the mass of the most stable isotope usually appears, often in parentheses.

19932:. For example, a periodic table used by the American Chemical Society includes polonium as a metalloid, but one used by the Royal Society of Chemistry does not, and that included in the 19706:

mechanics", while others present quantum justification of the rule that was not ever disputed.' Other authors argue that such a derivation is not necessary, because it admits exceptions.

8360:

the 4s energy level becomes slightly higher than 3d, and so it becomes more profitable for a chromium atom to have a 3d 4s configuration than an 3d 4s one. A similar anomaly occurs at

18159:

in 1905. Bohr used Thomsen's form in his 1922 Nobel Lecture; Werner's form is very similar to the modern 32-column form. In particular, this supplanted Brauner's asteroidal hypothesis.

15973: 15824:

clusters. In a metal, the bonding and antibonding orbitals have overlapping energies, creating a single band that electrons can freely flow through, allowing for electrical conduction.

30243: 21825:

Thyssen, P.; Binnemans, K. (2011). "Accommodation of the Rare Earths in the Periodic Table: A Historical Analysis". In Gschneidner, K. A. Jr.; Bünzli, J-C.G; Vecharsky, Bünzli (eds.).

30029: 29587:

Jerabek, Paul; Schuetrumpf, Bastian; Schwerdtfeger, Peter; Nazarewicz, Witold (2018). "Electron and Nucleon Localization Functions of Oganesson: Approaching the Thomas-Fermi Limit".

15811:

The metallicity of an element can be predicted from electronic properties. When atomic orbitals overlap during metallic or covalent bonding, they create both bonding and antibonding

24422:

Smits, Odile R.; Düllmann, Christoph E.; Indelicato, Paul; Nazarewicz, Witold; Schwerdtfeger, Peter (2023). "The quest for superheavy elements and the limit of the periodic table".

24240:

becomes more symmetrical, and it becomes easier to predict electron configurations. E. R. Scerri points out that recent determinations of the electron configurations of most of the

10316: 14668:

As metal atoms tend to lose electrons in chemical reactions, ionisation energy is generally correlated with chemical reactivity, although there are other factors involved as well.

8352:

the 4s subshell is the lowest in energy, and therefore they fill it. Potassium adds one electron to the 4s shell ( 4s), and calcium then completes it ( 4s). However, starting from

30994:. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on the Periodic Table, part 1, Kananaskis Guest Ranch, Alberta, 14–20 July 2003. Baldock, Hertfordshire: Research Studies Press. 25591:

Carrasco, Rigo A.; Zamarripa, Cesy M.; Zollner, Stefan; Menéndez, José; Chastang, Stephanie A.; Duan, Jinsong; Grzybowski, Gordon J.; Claflin, Bruce B.; Kiefer, Arnold M. (2018).

17606:

are considered to be the elements Ac–Lr (historically Th–Lr), although variation of properties in this set is much greater than within the lanthanides. IUPAC recommends the names

19521:

The question of how many natural elements there are is quite complicated and is not fully resolved. The heaviest element that occurs in large quantities on Earth is element 92,

29305: 30568:

Bent, HA; Weinhold, F (2007). "News from the periodic table: an introduction to periodicity symbols, tables and models for higher order valency and donor-acceptor kinships".

25325:

Cárdenas, Carlos; Ayers, Paul; De Proft, Frank; Tozer, David J.; Geerlings, Paul (2010). "Should negative electron affinities be used for evaluating the chemical hardness?".

22089: 19622:

Some isotopes currently considered stable are theoretically expected to be radioactive with extremely long half-lives: for instance, all the stable isotopes of elements 62 (

18483:, just like electrons, and so a closed shell can significantly increase stability: the known superheavy nuclei exist because of such a shell closure, probably at around 114– 17596:

are considered to be the elements La–Lu, which are all very similar to each other: historically they included only Ce–Lu, but lanthanum became included by common usage. The

14539:

Historically, the physical size of atoms was unknown until the early 20th century. The first calculated estimate of the atomic radius of hydrogen was published by physicist

23689: 19613:

nuclides would decay within a month. If instead they were sufficiently long-lived, they might similarly be brought to Earth via cosmic rays, but again none have been found.

19750:

3p < 3d ≪ 4s < 4p as the d-orbitals fall into the core at gallium. Deeply buried core shells in heavy atoms thus come closer to the hydrogenic order: around osmium (

19685:

Strictly speaking, one cannot draw an orbital such that the electron is guaranteed to be inside it, but it can be drawn to guarantee a 90% probability of this for example.

18281: 15872:

band gap. (Here only the valence 2s and 2p electrons have been illustrated; the 1s orbitals do not significantly overlap, so the bands formed from them are much narrower.)

14665:

the rise in nuclear charge, and therefore the ionisation energies stay mostly constant, though there is a small increase especially at the end of each transition series.

18548:

The periodic law may be represented in multiple ways, of which the standard periodic table is only one. Within 100 years of the appearance of Mendeleev's table in 1869,

17282: 19777:

Compounds that would use the 6d orbitals of nihonium as valence orbitals have been theoretically investigated, but they are all expected to be too unstable to observe.

27664: 29360:

Gan, Z. G.; Huang, W. X.; Zhang, Z. Y.; Zhou, X. H.; Xu, H. S. (2022). "Results and perspectives for study of heavy and super-heavy nuclei and elements at IMP/CAS".

29756: 20231: 26386: 29248: 27342: 22523:

Jørgensen, Christian Klixbüll (1988). "Influence of Rare Earths on Chemical Understanding and Classification". In Gschneidner Jr., Karl A.; Eyring, Leroy (eds.).

20351: 20325: 17637:

is a semimetal by physical definitions, but chemists generally consider it a metal. A few terms are widely used, but without any very formal definition, such as "

30739:

Scerri, Eric (2021). "Various forms of the periodic table including the left-step table, the regularization of atomic number triads and first-member anomalies".

28477: 26807: 15966: 4235:

similar properties, as well. Thus, it is relatively easy to predict the chemical properties of an element if one knows the properties of the elements around it.

28969: 22699: 20299: 20279: 20259: 20125: 20105: 20081: 20061: 18178:

considered the matter largely agree on group 3 containing scandium, yttrium, lutetium, and lawrencium and challenge the counterarguments as being inconsistent.

8371:( 3d 4s), the 3d orbitals are completely filled with a total of ten electrons. Next come the 4p orbitals, completing the row, which are filled progressively by 8048:

Starting from the simplest atom, this lets us build up the periodic table one at a time in order of atomic number, by considering the cases of single atoms. In

1084:

The periodic table continues to evolve with the progress of science. In nature, only elements up to atomic number 94 exist; to go further, it was necessary to

29857:

Schwerdtfeger, Peter; Pašteka, Lukáš F.; Punnett, Andrew; Bowman, Patrick O. (2015). "Relativistic and quantum electrodynamic effects in superheavy elements".

28357: 25003:

Imyanitov, Naum S. (2018). "Is the periodic table appears doubled? Two variants of division of elements into two subsets. Internal and secondary periodicity".

17786:

instead of a single planet between Mars and Jupiter, so the place below yttrium was thought to be occupied by all the lanthanides instead of just one element.

4379: 23582: 26629: 25695:

Pastor, G. M.; Stampfli, P.; Bennemann, K. (1988). "On the transition from Van der Waals- to metallic bonding in Hg-clusters as a function of cluster size".

22910:

Krinsky, Jamin L.; Minasian, Stefan G.; Arnold, John (8 December 2010). "Covalent Lanthanide Chemistry Near the Limit of Weak Bonding: Observation of (CpSiMe

14771:). The valences of the main-group elements are directly related to the group number: the hydrides in the main groups 1–2 and 13–17 follow the formulae MH, MH 12702:

helium lacks, though realistically it is unlikely that helium-containing molecules will be stable outside extreme low-temperature conditions (around 10

12668:. But it forms a diatomic nonmetallic gas at standard conditions, unlike the alkali metals which are reactive solid metals. This and hydrogen's formation of 10309: 27809: 15745:

is the most electronegative element, but the Pauling scale cannot measure its electronegativity because it does not form covalent bonds with most elements.

14486:

in 1948 considered it incorrect to group lutetium as an f-block element. They did not yet take the step of removing lanthanum from the d-block as well, but

33044: 31013:. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on the Periodic Table, part 2, Kananaskis Guest Ranch, Alberta, 14–20 July 2003. New York: Nova Science. 28286: 22971: 18597: 17306:

electricity because their electrons are free to move in all three dimensions. Similarly, they conduct heat, which is transferred by the electrons as extra

857: 30494: 27131: 15761:

The diamond-cubic structure, a giant covalent structure adopted by carbon (as diamond), as well as by silicon, germanium, and (grey) tin, all in group 14.

33054: 26877: 26567:

Wei, Lanhua; Kuo, P. K.; Thomas, R. L.; Anthony, T. R.; Banholzer, W. F. (1993). "Thermal conductivity of isotopically modified single crystal diamond".

19846:(sulfur in the +5 oxidation state). Some compounds that appear to be in such intermediate oxidation states are actually mixed-valence compounds, such as 8045:

The overlaps get quite close at the point where the d-orbitals enter the picture, and the order can shift slightly with atomic number and atomic charge.

8017:

Here the sign ≪ means "much less than" as opposed to < meaning just "less than". Phrased differently, electrons enter orbitals in order of increasing

1065:. The periodic law was recognized as a fundamental discovery in the late 19th century. It was explained early in the 20th century, with the discovery of 867: 27521: 22826:

Farberovich, O. V.; Kurganskii, S. I.; Domashevskaya, E. P. (1980). "Problems of the OPW Method. II. Calculation of the Band Structure of ZnS and CdS".

14475:

configurations; modern measurements are more consistent with the form with lutetium and lawrencium in group 3, and with La–Yb and Ac–No as the f-block.

33104: 15959: 7631:

The periodic table is a graphic description of the periodic law, which states that the properties and atomic structures of the chemical elements are a

917: 30344: 27368: 33201: 33079: 31202: 20545: 891: 30548:

Scerri, ER (2009). "The dual sense of the term "element", attempts to derive the Madelung rule and the optimal form of the periodic table, if any".

26703: 5831:

so that Ce–Lu and Th–Lr become the f-block between groups 3 and 4; this was based on incorrectly measured electron configurations from history, and

27469: 22467:

Jørgensen, Christian (1973). "The Loose Connection between Electron Configuration and the Chemical Behavior of the Heavy Elements (Transuranics)".

21874: 10302: 974: 30588:

Allen, LC; Knight, ET (2002). "The Löwdin challenge: origin of the (Madelung) rule for filling the orbital configurations of the periodic table".

23511: 18438:

The situation from elements 157 to 172 should return to normalcy and be more reminiscent of the earlier rows. The heavy p-shells are split by the

33288: 33084: 33059: 32505: 30165:

Giuliani, S. A.; Matheson, Z.; Nazarewicz, W.; Olsen, E.; Reinhard, P.-G.; Sadhukhan, J.; Schtruempf, B.; Schunck, N.; Schwerdtfeger, P. (2019).

29929: 22575:

Tossell, J.A. (1 November 1977). "Theoretical studies of valence orbital binding energies in solid zinc sulfide, zinc oxide, and zinc fluoride".

21424: 18454:

shells with four electrons in total have sunk into the core. Beyond the core, the next orbitals are 7d and 9s at similar energies, followed by 9p

18277: 896: 872: 27536:

Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner: "An Attempt to Group Elementary Substances according to Their Analogies" (Lemoyne College (Syracuse, New York, USA))

17633:

are the short-lived elements beyond the actinides, starting at lawrencium or rutherfordium (depending on where the actinides are taken to end).

15659:); they are nonetheless united by having four valence electrons. This often leads to similarities in maximum and minimum oxidation states (e.g. 33039: 32755: 29331: 28129:

Translated in Helge Kragh, Aarhus, Lars Vegard, Atomic Structure, and the Periodic System, Bull. Hist. Chem., VOLUME 37, Number 1 (2012), p.43.

28064:

Niels Bohr, "On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules, Part III, Systems containing several nuclei" Philosophical Magazine 26:857--875 (1913)

23604: 15709:

Electrostatic potential map of a water molecule, where the oxygen atom has a more negative charge (red) than the positive (blue) hydrogen atoms

852: 500: 21277: 20281:

arises at zero energy and then becomes bound, recovering the Madelung order. Perturbation-theory considerations show that states with smaller

15611:

Oxidation states of the transition metals. The solid dots show common oxidation states, and the hollow dots show possible but unlikely states.

33168: 27200: 26511: 26080: 20372:

Technetium, promethium, astatine, neptunium, and plutonium were eventually discovered to occur in nature as well, albeit in tiny traces. See

18295:

The TWG's criteria were used to arbitrate later element discovery claims from LBNL and JINR, as well as from research institutes in Germany (

18255:

A significant controversy arose with elements 102 through 106 in the 1960s and 1970s, as competition arose between the LBNL team (now led by

4358:(International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) naming system (1–18) was put into use, and the old group names (I–VIII) were deprecated. 190: 29999: 29495:

Fricke, B.; Greiner, W.; Waber, J. T. (1971). "The continuation of the periodic table up to Z = 172. The chemistry of superheavy elements".

29122: 1081:

were in fact f-block rather than d-block elements. The periodic table and law are now a central and indispensable part of modern chemistry.

33389: 33178: 33173: 30112:

Cheng-Jun, Xia; She-Sheng, Xue; Ren-Xin, Xu; Shan-Gui, Zhou (2020). "Supercritically charged objects and electron-positron pair creation".

29282: 25523:

Allen, Leland C. (1989). "Electronegativity is the average one-electron energy of the valence-shell electrons in ground-state free atoms".

23022:

Xu, Wei; Ji, Wen-Xin; Qiu, Yi-Xiang; Schwarz, W. H. Eugen; Wang, Shu-Guang (2013). "On structure and bonding of lanthanoid trifluorides LnF

21352: 19938:

does not refer to metalloids or semi-metals at all. Classification can change even within a single work. For example, Sherwin and Weston's

15763:(In grey tin, the band gap vanishes and metallization occurs. Tin has another allotrope, white tin, whose structure is even more metallic.) 8033:+ ℓ are similar in energy, but in the case of the s-orbitals (with ℓ = 0), quantum effects raise their energy to approach that of the next 185: 180: 26545: 25592: 18552:

had collected an estimated 700 different published versions of the periodic table. Many forms retain the rectangular structure, including

8147:: the elements in the s-block (coloured red) are filling s-orbitals, while those in the p-block (coloured yellow) are filling p-orbitals. 33394: 33114: 33074: 33069: 33029: 31059:. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on the Periodic Table, Cuzco, Peru 14–16 August 2012. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 28716: 21572: 18296: 926: 887: 883: 842: 31101:]. 1st International Conference on the Periodic Table, Torino-Roma, 15–21 September 1969. Torino: Accademia delle Scienze di Torino. 27646: 24866: 17838:

and showed that Mendeleev's ordering actually places the elements in sequential order by nuclear charge. Nuclear charge is identical to

1073:, both ideas serving to illuminate the internal structure of the atom. A recognisably modern form of the table was reached in 1945 with 33089: 33024: 32810: 30395: 28075: 27279: 19913: 15630:

As elements in the same group share the same valence configurations, they usually exhibit similar chemical behaviour. For example, the

4372: 901: 837: 563: 48: 28612: 26280: 25039: 23260:

Kelley, Morgan P.; Deblonde, Gauthier J.-P.; Su, Jing; Booth, Corwin H.; Abergel, Rebecca J.; Batista, Enrique R.; Yang, Ping (2018).

20610: 19718:

1s ≪ 2s < 2p ≪ 3s < 3p ≪ 3d < 4s < 4p ≪ 4d < 5s < 5p ≪ 4f < 5d < 6s < 6p ≪ 5f < 6d < 7s < 7p ≪ ...

8091:, which states that atoms usually prefer to singly occupy each orbital of the same type before filling them with the second electron. 8013:

1s ≪ 2s < 2p ≪ 3s < 3p ≪ 4s < 3d < 4p ≪ 5s < 4d < 5p ≪ 6s < 4f < 5d < 6p ≪ 7s < 5f < 6d < 7p ≪ ...

33183: 33163: 32950: 28928: 25673: 23003:

Wang, Fan; Le-Min, Li (2002). "镧系元素 4f 轨道在成键中的作用的理论研究" [Theoretical Study on the Role of Lanthanide 4f Orbitals in Bonding].

19554: 729: 200: 170: 22119: 33019: 32983: 28996: 28207: 28148: 27772: 27415: 25303: 25269: 25181: 24689:

Wittig, Jörg (1973). "The pressure variable in solid state physics: What about 4f-band superconductors?". In H. J. Queisser (ed.).

22073: 21640:

Chemey, Alexander T.; Albrecht-Schmitt, Thomas E. (2019). "Evolution of the periodic table through the synthesis of new elements".

20373: 18590: 17660: 1123: 832: 29789: 27428:「12．アルカリ土類金属」の範囲についても，△を含めれば，すべての教科書で提案が考慮されている。歴史的には第4 周期のカルシウム以下を指していた用語だったが，「周期表の2 族に対応する用語とする」というIUPAC の勧告1）に従うのは現在では自然な流れだろう。 17770:

discovered a new element, which he named scandium: it turned out to be eka-boron. Eka-silicon was found in 1886 by German chemist

5840:

15 f-block elements in each row, which contradicts quantum mechanics), leaving the heavier members of group 3 ambiguous. See also

1061:. As not all elements were then known, there were gaps in his periodic table, and Mendeleev successfully used the periodic law to 33372: 28046:

Helge Kragh, Aarhus, Lars Vegard, Atomic Structure, and the Periodic System, Bull. Hist. Chem., VOLUME 37, Number 1 (2012), p.43.

23681: 22023: 18475:

is still an open problem. This would need to be solved to continue calculating the periodic table's structure beyond this point.

14695:

Some atoms, like the noble gases, have no electron affinity: they cannot form stable gas-phase anions. (They can form metastable

25642: 9008:) complete the period. From lutetium onwards the 4f orbitals are in the core, and from thallium onwards so are the 5d orbitals. 7670:) have enough energy to break free of the nucleus and participate in chemical reactions with other atoms. The others are called 33416: 33064: 33014: 29018:

Hofmann, Sigurd; Dmitriev, Sergey N.; Fahlander, Claes; Gates, Jacklyn M.; Roberto, James B.; Sakai, Hideyuki (4 August 2020).

24106: 20863:

Silva, Robert J. (2006). "Fermium, Mendelevium, Nobelium and Lawrencium". In Morss, L. R.; Edelstein, N. M.; Fuger, J. (eds.).

20734: 17806:

proposed in 1913 that the nuclear charge determined the placement of elements in the periodic table. The New Zealand physicist

877: 827: 27711: 26243: 23616: 17330:

There are some other relationships throughout the periodic table between elements that are not in the same group, such as the

17294: 14594:

result in heavy elements increasingly having differing properties compared to their lighter homologues in the periodic table.

33109: 33034: 32945: 31195: 31083: 31064: 31018: 30999: 30980: 30958: 30939: 30917: 30873: 30852: 30817: 30794: 29817: 29785: 29657: 29339: 29093: 28022: 27918: 27616: 27571: 27538: 27231: 27115: 26995: 26947: 26734: 26404: 26369: 26336: 26311: 25954: 25776: 25563: 25223: 24828: 24795: 24762: 24707: 24565:"A comparison of the structural chemistry of scandium, yttrium, lanthanum and lutetium: A contribution to the group 3 debate" 24217: 23954: 23811: 23775: 23741: 23659: 22532: 22083: 21842: 21271: 20876: 20812: 18240: 13600: 12727: 4365: 921: 847: 724: 30458: 27880:

A. van den Broek, Die Radioelemente, das periodische System und die Konstitution der Atom, Physik. Zeitsch., 14, 32, (1913).

25569: 24564: 24223: 23071:"Octacarbonyl Ion Complexes of Actinides [An(CO)8]+/− (An=Th, U) and the Role of f Orbitals in Metal–Ligand Bonding" 22780: 22201: 12688:

on the grounds that it appears to imply that hydrogen is above the periodic law altogether, unlike all the other elements.

4280:

emitted from microscopic quantities (300,000 atoms). Of the 94 natural elements, eighty have a stable isotope and one more (

34275: 33428: 33367: 31036: 27661: 22630: 19954: 18260: 17830:

confirmed van den Broek's proposal experimentally. Moseley determined the value of the nuclear charge of each element from

967: 30315: 19529:

in nature, and the resulting neutrons can strike other uranium atoms. If neutron capture then occurs, elements 93 and 94,

8071:". The 1s subshell is a core shell for all elements from lithium onward. The 2s subshell is completed by the next element 33281: 32543: 32498: 29725: 25442:

Amador, J.; Puebla, E. Gutierrez; Monge, M. A.; Rasines, I.; Valero, C. Ruiz (1988). "Diantimony Tetraoxides Revisited".

18583: 221: 44: 30662:

Ostrovsky, V. N. (2005). "On Recent Discussion Concerning Quantum Justification of the Periodic Table of the Elements".

26410: 18523:

they can be produced at all. Experimentally characterizing these elements chemically would also pose a great challenge.

8992:, the seven 4f orbitals are completely filled with fourteen electrons; thereafter, a series of ten transition elements ( 8414:). Again, from indium onward the 4d orbitals are in the core. Hence the fifth row has the same structure as the fourth. 32978: 32935: 29231: 27305: 23069:

Chi, Chaoxian; Pan, Sudip; Jin, Jiaye; Meng, Luyan; Luo, Mingbiao; Zhao, Lili; Zhou, Mingfei; Frenking, Gernot (2019).

20130: 17384:

Many other physical properties of the elements exhibit periodic variation in accordance with the periodic law, such as

14831:, which is the formal charge left on an element when all other elements in a compound have been removed as their ions. 761: 712: 28508: 26792: 23638:

Fricke, B. (1975). Dunitz, J. D. (ed.). "Superheavy elements a prediction of their chemical and physical properties".

21122: 20943:

Belli, P.; Bernabei, R.; Danevich, F. A.; et al. (2019). "Experimental searches for rare alpha and beta decays".

20640: 18401:

adopted in 1978, which directly relate to the atomic numbers (e.g. "unhexquadium" for element 164, derived from Latin

17759: 1097:

of the periodic law exist, and there is some discussion as to whether there is an optimal form of the periodic table.

33151: 30889: 28955: 24673: 24506: 24331:

Karol, Paul J.; Barber, Robert C.; Sherrill, Bradley M.; Vardaci, Emanuele; Yamazaki, Toshimitsu (22 December 2015).

22706: 22241: 22017: 21790: 19485:

This form of periodic table is congruent with the order in which electron shells are ideally filled according to the

8103:(1s 2s 2p) then complete the already singly filled 2p orbitals; the last of these fills the second shell completely. 8060:

adds a second electron, which also goes into 1s, completely filling the first shell and giving the configuration 1s.

1062: 149: 28388: 25134:

Norrby, Lars J. (1991). "Why is mercury liquid? Or, why do relativistic effects not get into chemistry textbooks?".

14547:(~0.529 Å). In his model, Haas used a single-electron configuration based on the classical atomic model proposed by 31188: 28533:

Karapetoff, Vladimir (1930). "A chart of consecutive sets of electronic orbits within atoms of chemical elements".

26934: 23572: 23262:"Bond Covalency and Oxidation State of Actinide Ions Complexed with Therapeutic Chelating Agent 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO)" 21468:

William B. Jensen (1982). "The Positions of Lanthanum (Actinium) and Lutetium (Lawrencium) in the Periodic Table".

20868: 17641:", which has been given such a wide range of definitions that it has been criticized as "effectively meaningless". 15730:

electropositive elements, while the chalcogens, halogens, and noble gases are among the most electronegative ones.

7654:, which characterizes the probability it can be found in any particular region around the atom. Their energies are 302: 26617: 20495:(i.e. a substance composed purely of neutrons), is included in a few alternate presentations, for example, in the 4222:

of the atom; elements with the same number of electrons in a particular subshell fall into the same columns (e.g.

323: 281: 34233: 33099: 32973: 31120: 27832: 27712:"The natural system of elements and its application to the indication of the properties of undiscovered elements" 25182:"Theoretical Predictions of the Chemistry of Superheavy Elements: Continuation of the Periodic Table up to Z=184" 21041:

Hoffman, D. C.; Lawrence, F. O.; Mewherter, J. L.; Rourke, F. M. (1971). "Detection of Plutonium-244 in Nature".

19578: 19486: 18304: 18066:, but Bury and Bohr had predicted that element 72 could not be a rare earth element and had to be a homologue of 4663: 4603: 960: 911: 295: 288: 31: 17: 28255: 26663: 22978: 19561:(element 96) is the longest-lived element beyond the first 94, and is probably still being brought to Earth via 17541:

Many terms have been used in the literature to describe sets of elements that behave similarly. The group names

4057: 316: 34112: 33274: 33254: 33136: 32491: 30490: 28232: 28173: 27138: 15733:

Electronegativity is generally measured on the Pauling scale, on which the most electronegative reactive atom (

14591: 14505: 789: 158: 32710: 27640: 26908: 22006:

Feynman, Richard; Leighton, Robert B.; Sands, Matthew (1964). "19. The Hydrogen Atom and The Periodic Table".

18139:; the complete rule was derived from a similar potential in 1971 by Yury N. Demkov and Valentin N. Ostrovsky. 17705:

in February 1863 on the periodicity among the chemical elements. In 1864 Newlands published an article in the

15749:

electronegativity 1.87 on the Pauling scale, while lead in the +4 oxidation state has electronegativity 2.33.

330: 309: 34285: 33555: 33309: 33128: 33049: 32939: 31161: 30699:"What is an element? What is the periodic table? And what does quantum mechanics contribute to the question?" 27493: 26112: 23075: 22344: 19715:

Once two to four electrons are removed, the d and f orbitals usually become lower in energy than the s ones:

17654: 12710: 863: 785: 716: 132: 17679: 29726:"Relativistic effects on the electronic structure of the heaviest elements. Is the Periodic Table endless?" 19942:(1966) has a periodic table on p. 7 classifying antimony as a nonmetal, but on p. 115 it is called a metal. 18267:. Each team claimed discovery, and in some cases each proposed their own name for the element, creating an 17762:, working without knowledge of Mendeleev's prediction, discovered a new element in a sample of the mineral 14696: 14643:

Graph of first ionisation energies of the elements in electronvolts (predictions used for elements 109–118)

12676:

which do the same (though it is rarer for hydrogen to form H than H). Moreover, the lightest two halogens (

6720: 1116: 31099:

Proceedings of the Mendeleevian conference: Periodicity and symmetry in the elementary structure of matter

21121:

Wu, Yang; Dai, Xiongxin; Xing, Shan; Luo, Maoyi; Christl, Marcus; Synal, Hans-Arno; Hou, Shaochun (2022).

19725:

instead. There is a gradual transition between the limiting situations of highly charged ions (increasing

33832: 33319: 33158: 31137: 26695: 24496: 4198:

In the standard periodic table, the elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number. A new row (

1094: 166: 32720: 32715: 30214:

Giardina, G.; Fazio, G.; Mandaglio, G.; Manganaro, M.; Nasirov, A.K.; Romaniuk, M.V.; Saccà, C. (2010).

29536:(2011). "A suggested periodic table up to Z ≤ 172, based on Dirac–Fock calculations on atoms and ions". 27441: 21870: 20496: 17270: 8139:

but changing intervals of atomic numbers, the properties of the chemical elements approximately repeat.

4178:, defined as the average mass of a naturally occurring atom of that element. All elements have multiple 34260: 34209: 33758: 33729: 33709: 33662: 32993: 28965: 26659: 25883:"Oganesson is a Semiconductor: On the Relativistic Band-Gap Narrowing in the Heaviest Noble-Gas Solids" 21328: 21006: 20427: 18439: 18422:(HIRFL) in China also plan to make their own attempts at synthesizing the first few period 8 elements. 18268: 18029:

The first one to systematically expand and correct the chemical potentials of Bohr's atomic theory was

14595: 797: 388: 52: 29896: 27170:

Kragh, Helge (2017). "The search for superheavy elements: Historical and philosophical perspectives".

26091: 21393: 21167:

Wallner, A.; Faestermann, T.; Feige, J.; Feldstein, C.; Knie, K.; Korschinek, G.; et al. (2015).

19934: 34270: 33347: 32926: 31117: 30391: 30267:"Future of superheavy element research: Which nuclei could be synthesized within the next few years?" 27858: 26625: 24300:"Discovery of the elements with atomic numbers greater than or equal to 113 (IUPAC Technical Report)" 18106: 15849: 7659: 4165:, atomic number 3; and so on. Each of these names can be further abbreviated by a one- or two-letter 4149:. Each distinct atomic number therefore corresponds to a class of atom: these classes are called the 705: 27482:

Here, Döbereiner found that strontium's properties were intermediate to those of calcium and barium.

20458: 19721:

and in the limit for extremely highly charged ions, orbitals simply fill in the order of increasing

17684: 9061:

had already been made in 2002), and the last elements in this seventh row were given names in 2016.

34102: 34018: 33657: 32528: 23544: 22266:

Ostrovsky, V. N. (May 2001). "What and How Physics Contributes to Understanding the Periodic Law".

21258: 21169:"Abundance of live Pu in deep-sea reservoirs on Earth points to rarity of actinide nucleosynthesis" 18606: 18532: 17236: 7954: 7947: 105: 33146: 27940:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

27192: 26503: 24297: 23446:; Abdullin, F.Sh.; Bailey, P.D.; Benker, D.E.; Bennett, M.E.; Dmitriev, S.N.; et al. (2010). 21545:"The positions of lanthanum (actinium) and lutetium (lawrencium) in the periodic table: an update" 15697:

is not known to form oxidation state +6, despite being in the same group as sulfur and selenium).

14624:), so the chemical characterization of the heaviest elements remains a topic of current research. 4499: 144: 34255: 34040: 33951: 33914: 33798: 33724: 33545: 33528: 33471: 33242: 33211: 32705: 32662: 32533: 31140:, leading philosopher of science specializing in the history and philosophy of the periodic table 31095:

Atti del convegno Mendeleeviano: Periodicità e simmetrie nella struttura elementare della materia

26199:

Hermann, A.; Hoffmann, R.; Ashcroft, N. W. (2013). "Condensed Astatine: Monatomic and Metallic".

26087: 25802: 24787: 24694:. Advances in Solid State Physics. Vol. 13. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 375–396. 24660: 24298:

Barber, Robert C.; Karol, Paul J; Nakahara, Hiromichi; Vardaci, Emanuele; Vogt, Erich W. (2011).

18398: 18394: 18329: 18101:

took up the problem of electron configurations in 1923. Pauli extended Bohr's scheme to use four

17698: 15769: 7958: 4199: 1296: 1109: 1090: 1000: 940: 458: 400: 208: 115: 71: 31143: 29274: 28120:

W. Kossel, "Über Molekülbildung als Folge des Atom- baues", Ann. Phys., 1916, 49, 229–362 (237).

21320: 20234: 15796:. Some elements can form multiple simple substances with different structures: these are called 33958: 33946: 33837: 33702: 33476: 33342: 32732: 32559: 30349: 29077: 29065: 26537: 23358: 20238: 19885: 18511: 18136: 17803: 12693: 10343: 8984:. After this, the first f-block elements (coloured green below) begin to appear, starting with 8144: 8053: 7655: 7640: 7626: 7614: 4399: 4219: 4213: 1142: 1032: 1004: 774: 468: 238: 32965: 30000:"The limits of the nuclear chart set by fission and alpha decay | EPJ Web of Conferences" 28793:"Criteria that must be satisfied for the discovery of a new chemical element to be recognized" 28705: 25881:

Mewes, Jan-Michael; Smits, Odile Rosette; Jerabek, Paul; Schwerdtfeger, Peter (25 July 2019).

21544: 14699:

if the incoming electron arrives with enough kinetic energy, but these inevitably and rapidly

14581:

Liquid mercury. Its liquid state at standard conditions is the result of relativistic effects.

4342:. The Roman numerals used correspond to the last digit of today's naming convention (e.g. the 749: 34280: 34107: 34004: 33989: 33919: 33842: 33674: 33624: 33533: 33458: 33357: 33206: 32787: 30786: 27910: 27904: 25107:

Pyykkö, Pekka; Desclaux, Jean Paul (1979). "Relativity and the periodic system of elements".

24858: 24333:"Discovery of the elements with atomic numbers Z = 113, 115 and 117 (IUPAC Technical Report)" 23903: 19836: 19674: 18119:

that describes the electron configurations of the elements was first empirically observed by

17875: 17576: 17448: 17331: 16093: 15601: 12723: 10284:

This completes the modern periodic table, with all seven rows completely filled to capacity.

7606: 5841: 533: 56: 28792: 27444:[Excerpt of a letter from Court Advisor Wurzer, Professor of Chemistry at Marburg]. 27248: 26361: 26354: 24779: 21908: 15635:

as the alkali metals, but its chemical behaviour is quite different. The stable elements of

34097: 34052: 33827: 33647: 33577: 33334: 33314: 32888: 32572: 31231: 31113: 30434: 30291: 30227: 30178: 30131: 30070: 30011: 29911: 29866: 29826: 29698: 29606: 29545: 29411: 29369: 29306:"Berkeley Lab to lead US hunt for element 120 after breakdown of collaboration with Russia" 29186: 29137: 28658: 28569: 28492: 28426: 28372: 28328: 28270: 28198: 27559: 27505: 27453: 26892: 26850: 26762: 26576: 26476: 26433: 26272: 26208: 26153: 26034: 25855: 25810: 25704: 25604: 25373: 25143: 24820: 24813: 24618: 24458: 24270: 24141: 23983: 23466: 23370: 23320: 23224: 23177: 23130: 23035: 22879: 22835: 22408: 22352: 22313: 22165: 21957: 21708: 21477: 21190: 21095: 21052: 21015: 20962: 20901: 20766: 20702: 20602: 20396: 20204: 19812: 19570: 18502:

may become stable at high mass numbers, in which the nucleus is composed of freely flowing

18128: 18043: 17397: 17336: 16084: 15995: 15793: 14851: 10355: 8005: 7658:, which is to say that they can only take discrete values. Furthermore, electrons obey the 4737: 4409: 4129:

atomic orbitals showing probability density and phase (g orbitals and higher are not shown)

1152: 1047: 756: 664: 521: 263: 31126: 30385: 28906: 25665: 22233: 22227: 19541:; these are in fact more common than some of the rarest elements in the first 92, such as 18223:

in 1939. The elements beyond uranium were likewise discovered artificially, starting with

15868:), two bands are formed, called the valence and conduction bands, separated by a 5.5 14791:, and finally MH. The highest oxides instead increase in valence, following the formulae M 254: 8: 34265: 34120: 34074: 33999: 33972: 33870: 33852: 33805: 33743: 33639: 33619: 33488: 33483: 33384: 32805: 30340: 30303: 29924: 29839: 29812: 25386: 25361: 24931:"The role of radial nodes of atomic orbitals for chemical bonding and the periodic table" 23213:"The chemistry of superheavy elements. III. Theoretical studies on element 113 compounds" 23121:

Singh, Prabhakar P. (1994). "Relativistic effects in mercury: Atom, clusters, and bulk".

22111: 20330: 20304: 20261:

passes through each of these values, a manifold containing all states with that value of

19929: 19801: 19606: 19598: 19526: 18557: 18541: 18488: 18480: 18335: 18124: 18094:(element 71). Hafnium and rhenium thus became the last stable elements to be discovered. 17767: 17724: 17347: 15947: 14759: 9049: 7968: 4289: 809: 30438: 30295: 30231: 30182: 30135: 30074: 30015: 29915: 29870: 29830: 29702: 29610: 29549: 29415: 29373: 29190: 29141: 28992: 28662: 28573: 28496: 28430: 28376: 28332: 28274: 27764: 27563: 27509: 27457: 27407: 26896: 26854: 26766: 26580: 26480: 26437: 26212: 26157: 26038: 25859: 25814: 25708: 25608: 25377: 25295: 25261: 25147: 25069:

P. Pyykkö; M. Atsumi (2009). "Molecular Single-Bond Covalent Radii for Elements 1-118".

24780: 24622: 24274: 24145: 23987: 23470: 23374: 23324: 23228: 23181: 23134: 23039: 22883: 22839: 22501:. Moscow: State Publishing House of Technical-Theoretical Literature. pp. 382, 397. 22412: 22356: 22317: 22169: 21961: 21712: 21481: 21194: 21099: 21056: 21019: 20966: 20905: 20770: 20706: 18142: 17794: 15827: 8056:

is written 1s, where the superscript indicates the number of electrons in the subshell.

4268:(element 99) has ever been observed in macroscopic quantities in its pure form, nor has 34197: 34163: 34025: 33994: 33875: 33817: 33515: 33498: 33493: 33448: 33411: 33401: 33362: 32893: 32853: 30756: 30721: 30679: 30307: 30281: 30196: 30147: 30121: 30094: 30060: 29971: 29781: 29748: 29688: 29630: 29596: 29569: 29512: 29472: 29437: 29041: 28812: 28773: 28646: 28593: 28581: 28103: 27824: 27334: 27271: 27171: 27085: 26841:

Fernelius, W. C.; Loening, Kurt; Adams, Roy M. (1971). "Names of groups and elements".

26449: 26176: 26141: 26058: 25999: 25974: 25907: 25882: 25720: 25620: 25020: 24960: 24911: 24587: 24545: 24439: 24388: 24365: 24006: 23492: 23404: 23242: 23098: 23070: 22772: 22431: 22396: 22283: 21834: 21724: 21696: 21564: 21416: 21344: 21219: 21180: 21168: 21142: 21068: 21004:

Tretyak, V.I.; Zdesenko, Yu.G. (2002). "Tables of Double Beta Decay Data — An Update".

20986: 20952: 20925: 20845: 20782: 20726: 20284: 20264: 20244: 20110: 20090: 20066: 20046: 19847: 19610: 18131:

derived the first part of the Madelung rule (that orbitals fill in order of increasing

18060: 17827: 17629: 17598: 17401: 15592: 14587: 14552: 14509: 8384: 8380: 4309: 4240: 4126: 4033: 4027: 1050:

character increases going from the bottom left of the periodic table to the top right.

804: 680: 657: 652: 378: 358: 30629: 29954:

Hofmann, Sigurd (2019). "Synthesis and properties of isotopes of the transactinides".

29381: 28546: 22325: 22188: 19589:, but they have long since decayed away. Even heavier elements may be produced in the 1053:

The first periodic table to become generally accepted was that of the Russian chemist

351: 34216: 34178: 34143: 34126: 34064: 33982: 33977: 33905: 33890: 33860: 33781: 33748: 33719: 33714: 33689: 33679: 33599: 33587: 33466: 33379: 32988: 32858: 32082: 31079: 31060: 31014: 30995: 30976: 30954: 30935: 30913: 30885: 30869: 30848: 30831: 30823: 30813: 30806: 30790: 30760: 30725: 30450: 30215: 30200: 30151: 30086: 29975: 29752: 29653: 29622: 29561: 29516: 29441: 29429: 29212: 29204: 29149: 29089: 29046: 28777: 28585: 28442: 28224: 28165: 28095: 28018: 27957: 27914: 27639: 27612: 27577: 27567: 27338: 27227: 27111: 27089: 27024: 26991: 26943: 26730: 26592: 26400: 26365: 26332: 26307: 26224: 26181: 26062: 26050: 26004: 25950: 25912: 25828: 25772: 25724: 25716: 25638: 25624: 25559: 25342: 25219: 25086: 25024: 24952: 24915: 24824: 24791: 24758: 24703: 24669: 24591: 24549: 24502: 24443: 24392: 24213: 24159: 24011: 23971: 23950: 23827:

Seaborg, G. (1945). "The chemical and radioactive properties of the heavy elements".

23807: 23771: 23737: 23655: 23603: 23484: 23396: 23336: 23289: 23281: 23193: 23146: 23103: 23051: 22947: 22939: 22764: 22695: 22626: 22528: 22436: 22237: 22193: 22079: 22013: 21941: 21838: 21786: 21420: 21267: 21224: 21206: 21146: 20990: 20978: 20917: 20872: 20849: 20808: 20786: 20718: 20528: 20474: 20084: 19881: 19832: 19639: 19224: 18171: 18055:

or transition elements. Bohr's theory was vindicated by the discovery of element 72:

17932: 17807: 17750: 17602:(or rare earth metals) add scandium and yttrium to the lanthanides. Analogously, the 17478: 17358: 16862: 15812: 15714: 15679: 14685: 14648: 14604: 14540: 14496: 14491: 14190: 13317: 11855: 9963: 8997: 7632: 7201: 6439: 5580: 4301: 4041: 2852: 1085: 1070: 1028: 781: 769: 621: 368: 344: 30683: 30311: 30098: 29878: 29573: 28816: 28597: 28414: 27828: 27275: 24964: 24094: 23682:"The periodic table is an icon. But chemists still can't agree on how to arrange it" 23408: 23246: 22776: 22287: 21568: 21348: 20730: 20690: 20555: 19831:

The normally "forbidden" intermediate oxidation states may be stabilized by forming

15607: 14676: 14543:

in 1910 to within an order of magnitude (a factor of 10) of the accepted value, the

8383:; the d-block elements (coloured blue below), which fill an inner shell, are called 264: 34221: 34138: 33793: 33652: 33629: 33582: 33523: 33223: 33141: 32917: 32782: 32740: 32700: 32695: 32690: 32685: 32680: 32675: 32670: 32622: 32617: 32612: 32146: 31851: 31680: 31509: 31428: 31347: 31320: 31283: 31278: 31273: 30778: 30748: 30713: 30671: 30617: 30597: 30577: 30557: 30530: 30442: 30299: 30235: 30186: 30139: 30082: 30078: 30024: 30019: 29963: 29919: 29874: 29834: 29740: 29706: 29634: 29618: 29614: 29553: 29504: 29464: 29419: 29377: 29244: 29240: 29194: 29145: 29081: 29031: 28918: 28882: 28849: 28804: 28763: 28577: 28542: 28500: 28434: 28380: 28336: 28278: 28216: 28202: 28157: 28143: 28087: 27988: 27947: 27723: 27513: 27461: 27376: 27324: 27316: 27263: 27077: 27050: 27020: 26900: 26858: 26770: 26584: 26484: 26453: 26441: 26392: 26220: 26216: 26171: 26161: 26042: 25994: 25986: 25902: 25894: 25863: 25823: 25818: 25797: 25712: 25612: 25532: 25451: 25381: 25334: 25151: 25116: 25078: 25012: 24942: 24901: 24695: 24626: 24579: 24535: 24470: 24431: 24380: 24344: 24311: 24278: 24149: 24073: 24001: 23991: 23915: 23870: 23836: 23791: 23647: 23608: 23496: 23479: 23474: 23447: 23386: 23378: 23328: 23273: 23232: 23185: 23164:

Hu, Shu-Xian; Zou, Wenli (23 September 2021). "Stable copernicium hexafluoride (CnF

23138: 23093: 23083: 23043: 22931: 22887: 22843: 22756: 22584: 22476: 22426: 22416: 22360: 22321: 22275: 22183: 22173: 21965: 21830: 21728: 21716: 21649: 21612: 21556: 21485: 21408: 21336: 21214: 21198: 21134: 21103: 21072: 21060: 21043: 21023: 20970: 20929: 20909: 20837: 20774: 20710: 20559: 20550: 20518: 20510: 20466: 20436: 18549: 18516: 18390: 18236: 18220: 18116: 18075: 18052: 17779: 17744: 17409: 17231: 16926: 16631: 16460: 16289: 16208: 16127: 16100: 16047: 16042: 16037: 15621: 15422: 15255: 15156: 15057: 15008: 14959: 14940: 14903: 14898: 14893: 12665: 12654: 10408: 10403: 10398: 7997: 7667: 5644: 5470: 5299: 5128: 5027: 4926: 4861: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4305: 4150: 3005: 2586: 2166: 1743: 1550: 1357: 1301: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1074: 1054: 996: 947: 694: 528: 484: 451: 444: 437: 430: 423: 416: 409: 336: 329: 322: 139: 30:

This article is about the table used in chemistry and physics. For other uses, see

29710: 29239:. Nobel Symposium NS160 – Chemistry and Physics of Heavy and Superheavy Elements. 27535: 27496:[An attempt to group elementary substances according to their analogies]. 27081: 26326: 25040:"Biron's Secondary Periodicity of the Side d-subgroups of Mendeleev's Short Table" 23277: 22007: 21600: 18078:

searched for the element in zirconium ores and found element 72, which they named

17690: 15775: 8052:, there is only one electron, which must go in the lowest-energy orbital 1s. This 1057:

in 1869; he formulated the periodic law as a dependence of chemical properties on

34079: 34035: 34030: 33924: 33900: 33734: 33697: 33550: 33540: 33423: 33094: 32955: 32607: 32602: 32597: 32592: 32587: 32582: 32577: 31268: 31263: 31258: 31253: 31248: 31243: 31238: 31165: 30534: 30419: 30191: 30166: 28960: 28139: 27820: 27668: 27542: 25551: 24207: 23443: 22741: 22149: 22078:(1st Canadian ed.). Vancouver, British Columbia: BC Campus (opentextbc.ca). 21913: 21512: 20974: 19499: 18308: 18215:) were likewise produced artificially in 1945 and 1940 respectively; element 87 ( 18163: 18038: 17895: 17771: 17719: 17614:

to avoid ambiguity, as the -ide suffix typically denotes a negative ion; however

17421: 16032: 16027: 16022: 16017: 16012: 16007: 16002: 15672: 14888: 14883: 14878: 14873: 14868: 14863: 14858: 14828: 14639: 14577: 14525: 14483: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 8087:(1s 2s 2p) all three 2p orbitals become singly occupied. This is consistent with 7644: 5836: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4404: 4343: 4166: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1039: 1020: 906: 736: 315: 308: 301: 294: 287: 280: 273: 247: 31029: 30143: 29533: 26588: 26467:

Johnson, P. B.; Christy, R. W. (1972). "Optical Constants of the Noble Metals".

26424:

Hammer, B.; Norskov, J. K. (1995). "Why gold is the noblest of all the metals".

26396: 21138: 20891: 18340: 18196: 4121: 43:

Periodic table of the chemical elements showing the most or more commonly named

33963: 33941: 33936: 33931: 33886: 33882: 33865: 33822: 33753: 33614: 33609: 33594: 33406: 32903: 32898: 32868: 32863: 32848: 30752: 30266: 29782:"Superheavy Element 114 Confirmed: A Stepping Stone to the Island of Stability" 29199: 29174: 28907:"Mendeleev's Periodic Table Is Finally Completed and What To Do about Group 3?" 27993: 27976: 27103: 24540: 24523: 24435: 23840: 23332: 22395:

Cao, Changsu; Vernon, René E.; Schwarz, W. H. Eugen; Li, Jun (6 January 2021).

21520: 21107: 19664:

Tiny traces of plutonium are also continually brought to Earth via cosmic rays.

18316: 18264: 18256: 18228: 18224: 18152: 18120: 18111: 18102: 18098: 18056: 18030: 17867: 17859: 17851: 17509: 17393: 17307: 14742: 14738: 14700: 14590:

becomes needed to gauge the effect of the nucleus on the electron cloud. These

10325: 8088: 8001: 7943: 7663: 7651: 5825: 4323: 4205: 4146: 1046:

character increases going down a group and from right to left across a period.

676: 672: 616: 609: 604: 479: 459: 60: 39: 31175: 31076:

The Periodic System of Chemical Elements: A History of the First Hundred Years

30717: 30675: 30239: 29123:"Dirac–Fock–Slater calculations for the elements Z = 100, fermium, to Z = 173" 28438: 26166: 25016: 24583: 24078: 24061: 23996: 22760: 22279: 21560: 20841: 20778: 20714: 4153:. The chemical elements are what the periodic table classifies and organizes. 34249: 34168: 34057: 34013: 33738: 33572: 33567: 33560: 33438: 32305: 31057:

Mendeleev to Oganesson: A Multidisciplinary Perspective on the Periodic Table

29208: 29066:"Superheavy elements: a prediction of their chemical and physical properties" 28560:

Ostrovsky, Valentin N. (2003). "Physical Explanation of the Periodic Table".

28228: 28169: 28099: 27635: 27517: 27465: 24316: 24299: 23972:"Helium's placement in the Periodic Table from a crystal structure viewpoint" 23947:

Shattered Symmetry: Group Theory from the Eightfold Way to the Periodic Table

23799: 23795: 23142: 22943: 22768: 22421: 21210: 21086:

Lachner, J.; et al. (2012). "Attempt to detect primordial Pu on Earth".

20982: 20554:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) " 20532: 20478: 19364: 18553: 18537: 18249: 18200: 18156: 18146:

Periodic table of Alfred Werner (1905), the first appearance of the long form

17936: 17923:

electrons cannot rotate in a single ring round a nucleus of charge ne unless

17843: 17823: 17802:

After the internal structure of the atom was probed, amateur Dutch physicist

17783: 17438: 17389: 17385: 17242: 17085: 15882: 15785: 15718: 14567: 14562: 14558: 14548: 14360: 13487: 12324: 10334:(neutral gaseous atoms in the ground state; predictions for elements 109–118) 10157: 8068: 7996:

The sequence in which the subshells are filled is given in most cases by the

7990: 7671: 7636: 7275: 6609: 5684: 4327: 4175: 4134: 3078: 1066: 1024: 1008: 30835: 30698: 28923: 28854: 28837: 28808: 27581: 27380: 27267: 26488: 23920: 23875: 23858: 23261: 22847: 21340: 20563: 17814: 12731: 4330:, the Roman numerals were followed by either an "A" if the group was in the 1035:. Elements in the same group tend to show similar chemical characteristics. 1031:

is evident. The table is divided into four roughly rectangular areas called

337: 34045: 33895: 33810: 33786: 33776: 33768: 33669: 33604: 33503: 33352: 33218: 32883: 32878: 32632: 32567: 32359: 32188: 31893: 31293: 31226: 30454: 30090: 29967: 29626: 29565: 29433: 29424: 29399: 29216: 28589: 28446: 27961: 27952: 27935: 27900: 26596: 26228: 26185: 26054: 26008: 25990: 25916: 25898: 25832: 25346: 25090: 25082: 24956: 24474: 24163: 24015: 23488: 23400: 23340: 23293: 23197: 23150: 23107: 23088: 23055: 22951: 22480: 22440: 22197: 21653: 21228: 21027: 20921: 20722: 20632: 19394: 19299: 19119: 18499: 17714: 17638: 17489: 17139: 16968: 16673: 16057: 15990: 15869: 15852:

prohibits them from having the same energy, so the orbitals hybridize into

15820:

molecule, and boron forms a giant covalent structure based on icosahedral B

15636: 15631: 14913: 14846: 14653: 14628: 14627:

The trend that atomic radii decrease from left to right is also present in

14402: 14269: 14043: 13604: 13529: 13396: 13170: 12438: 12077: 11456: 10418: 10350: 10199: 10066: 9816: 7509: 7405: 7317: 6651: 6518: 6292: 5738: 4769: 4732: 4726: 4472: 4347: 3775: 3443: 3198: 1215: 1147: 640: 628: 516: 350: 253: 30051:

Holdom, B.; Ren, J.; Zhang, C. (2018). "Quark matter may not be strange".

29036: 29019: 28203:"Langmuir's Theory of the Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules" 27320: 24906: 24889: 24384: 24349: 24332: 24244:-block elements now are more compatible with this placement of Lu and Lr." 22870:

Hamilton, David C. (1965). "Position of Lanthanum in the Periodic Table".

22742:"Electronic Configurations and the Periodic Table for Superheavy Elements" 22178: 20470: 20441: 20422: 18393:. These elements may be referred to either by their atomic numbers (e.g. " 18167: 15757: 15705: 14487: 12672:, in which it gains an electron, brings it close to the properties of the 33443: 32998: 32873: 32627: 32413: 32377: 32368: 32278: 32260: 32251: 31288: 30973:

Graphical Representations of the Periodic System During One Hundred Years

30968: 30927: 30861: 30527:

150 Years of the Periodic Table: Perspectives on the History of Chemistry

29586: 28902: 28887: 28870: 28838:"Names and symbols of transfermium elements (IUPAC Recommendations 1997)" 28768: 28751: 27604: 27054: 21412: 19635: 19566: 19424: 19404: 19399: 19349: 19339: 19334: 18071: 17890: 17529: 17458: 17311: 17193: 17157: 17148: 17058: 17040: 17031: 16052: 14908: 14613: 14544: 14444: 14416: 14409: 14339: 14325: 14318: 13571: 13543: 13536: 13466: 13452: 13445: 12685: 12552: 12476: 12457: 12267: 12229: 12210: 10413: 10241: 10213: 10206: 10136: 10122: 10115: 9032: 7579: 7565: 7558: 7359: 7331: 7324: 6693: 6665: 6658: 6588: 6574: 6567: 5792: 5756: 5747: 4789: 4764: 4467: 4265: 4080: 3981: 3941: 3921: 3318: 3238: 3218: 1210: 1058: 645: 633: 343: 33266: 28220: 28161: 28107: 27650:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 515. 27494:"Versuch zu einer Gruppirung der elementaren Stoffe nach ihrer Analogie" 27011:

Villar, G. E. (1966). "A suggested modification to the periodic chart".

26140:

Yakushev, A.; Lens, L.; Düllmann, Ch. E.; et al. (25 August 2022).

26113:"Study shows flerovium is the most volatile metal in the periodic table" 25593:"The direct bandgap of gray α-tin investigated by infrared ellipsometry" 25536: 25455: 25120: 23391: 22588: 20913: 18219:) became the last element to be discovered in nature, by French chemist 4308:. The stable elements plus bismuth, thorium, and uranium make up the 83 63:; it is usually shown at the foot of the table to save horizontal space. 34069: 32772: 32422: 32350: 32323: 32296: 31956: 31938: 31911: 31742: 31733: 31472: 30581: 29557: 29508: 29476: 29085: 27329: 26774: 25867: 25338: 24699: 24631: 24606: 24154: 24129: 23651: 23382: 23189: 23047: 21970: 21945: 21720: 21616: 21508: 21202: 20523: 20514: 20492: 20459:"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)" 19877: 19797: 19602: 19562: 19542: 19538: 19444: 19439: 19429: 19389: 19374: 19359: 19154: 19144: 19129: 19019: 19014: 18845: 18510:

instead of binding them into protons and neutrons; this would create a

18507: 18484: 18427: 18208: 18204: 18186: 18083: 17912: 17908: 17763: 17499: 17202: 17130: 17103: 17076: 16736: 16718: 16691: 16522: 16513: 16252: 15723: 14768: 14479: 14451: 14395: 14374: 14353: 14092: 14078: 14057: 13929: 13922: 13723: 13578: 13522: 13501: 13480: 13219: 13205: 13184: 13056: 13049: 12850: 12571: 12419: 12362: 12305: 11589: 11551: 11494: 11167: 11152: 10679: 10248: 10192: 10171: 10150: 9865: 9851: 9830: 9680: 9673: 9378: 9054: 9028: 8874: 8867: 8636: 8301: 8123: 7454: 7440: 7419: 7366: 7310: 7289: 7268: 7036: 7029: 6832: 6700: 6644: 6623: 6602: 6341: 6327: 6306: 6178: 6171: 5972: 5832: 5801: 5729: 5702: 5675: 5493: 5361: 5352: 5091: 4779: 4774: 4249: 4245: 3601: 3555: 3489: 3338: 3178: 3118: 3058: 2312: 2289: 1650: 540: 30804:

Petrucci, Ralph H.; Harwood, William S.; Herring, F. Geoffrey (2002).

30621: 30561: 30446: 29744: 28504: 28384: 28282: 27442:"Auszug eines Briefes vom Hofrath Wurzer, Prof. der Chemie zu Marburg" 27132:"A New Era of Discovery: the 2023 Long Range Plan for Nuclear Science" 26904: 26862: 26306:(in German) (91–100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1110–1117. 26046: 25798:"Molecular to Atomic Phase Transition in Hydrogen under High Pressure" 25616: 25155: 24947: 24930: 24062:"On the position of helium and neon in the Periodic Table of Elements" 23285: 22935: 22891: 22397:"Understanding Periodic and Non-periodic Chemistry in Periodic Tables" 22364: 21489: 17665: 15737:) is given electronegativity 4.0, and the least electronegative atom ( 8976:

The sixth row of the table likewise starts with two s-block elements:

8075:(1s 2s). The following elements then proceed to fill the 2p subshell. 7985: 274: 34131: 33433: 33298: 32828: 32797: 32652: 32642: 32637: 32431: 32404: 32395: 32242: 32224: 32215: 32206: 31992: 31902: 31875: 31823: 31769: 31751: 31715: 31695: 31634: 31571: 31515: 31454: 31443: 31362: 31313: 31303: 31298: 28341: 28316: 28091: 27068:

Neve, Francesco (2022). "Chemistry of superheavy transition metals".

26651: 26445: 24890:"Physical origin of chemical periodicities in the system of elements" 24283: 24258: 23237: 23212: 22550:"NIST Atomic Spectra Database: Ionization Energies Data: All Ho-like" 22342:

Wong, D. Pan (1979). "Theoretical justification of Madelung's rule".

21257:

Connelly, N. G.; Damhus, T.; Hartshorn, R. M.; Hutton, A. T. (2005).

21064: 19652: 19594: 19590: 19582: 19534: 19530: 19434: 19419: 19414: 19329: 19319: 19314: 19309: 19174: 19124: 19109: 19064: 19034: 19024: 19004: 18977: 18947: 18912: 18865: 18835: 18816: 18762: 18431: 18276:, it became clear that this would not happen. As such, IUPAC and the 18244: 18232: 18067: 17871: 17831: 17468: 17211: 17184: 17175: 17022: 17004: 16995: 16986: 16772: 16682: 16655: 16603: 16549: 16531: 16495: 16475: 16414: 16351: 16295: 16234: 16223: 16142: 16077: 16067: 16062: 15939: 15931: 15797: 15668: 15648: 14933: 14923: 14918: 14657: 14621: 14612:), and experimental chemistry beyond 108 has only been done for 112 ( 14458: 14437: 14430: 14311: 14297: 14290: 14283: 14120: 14050: 14029: 13992: 13950: 13936: 13908: 13890: 13846: 13797: 13753: 13709: 13700: 13640: 13585: 13564: 13557: 13438: 13424: 13417: 13410: 13247: 13177: 13156: 13119: 13077: 13063: 13035: 13017: 12973: 12924: 12880: 12836: 12827: 12767: 12590: 12533: 12514: 12191: 12153: 12134: 12115: 11665: 11475: 11418: 11316: 11214: 11184: 11120: 11084: 10971: 10852: 10752: 10649: 10632: 10501: 10438: 10428: 10423: 10255: 10234: 10227: 10108: 10094: 10087: 10080: 9893: 9823: 9802: 9743: 9701: 9687: 9659: 9617: 9551: 9502: 9432: 9364: 9309: 9179: 9058: 9040: 8989: 8985: 8937: 8895: 8881: 8853: 8839: 8776: 8727: 8685: 8622: 8595: 8498: 8395: 8345: 8287: 8280: 8206: 8115: 8111: 8072: 7551: 7537: 7530: 7523: 7482: 7412: 7391: 7373: 7352: 7345: 7099: 7057: 7043: 7015: 6999: 6955: 6906: 6862: 6818: 6809: 6749: 6707: 6686: 6679: 6560: 6546: 6539: 6532: 6369: 6299: 6278: 6241: 6199: 6185: 6157: 6139: 6095: 6046: 6002: 5958: 5949: 5889: 5810: 5783: 5774: 5442: 5388: 5370: 5334: 5314: 5253: 5190: 5134: 5073: 5042: 4941: 4492: 4482: 4477: 4285: 4261: 4257: 3901: 3861: 3841: 3821: 3693: 3466: 3397: 3358: 3298: 3278: 2516: 2378: 2332: 2243: 2195: 2050: 1889: 1749: 1604: 1579: 1386: 1235: 1225: 1220: 1023:, which states that when the elements are arranged in order of their 1012: 586: 553: 387: 367: 357: 27:

Tabular arrangement of the chemical elements ordered by atomic number

30601: 29468: 26385:

G.V. Samsonov, ed. (1968). "Mechanical Properties of the Elements".

26327:

Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils & Holleman, Arnold Frederick (2001).

23308: 22918:

Ce−ECp* and a Comprehensive Density Functional Theory Analysis of Cp

21394:"Provisional Report on Discussions on Group 3 of the Periodic Table" 14478:

The 4f shell is completely filled at ytterbium, and for that reason

4182:, variants with the same number of protons but different numbers of 34153: 32820: 32777: 32386: 32287: 32170: 32152: 32127: 32118: 32091: 32064: 32028: 32019: 32001: 31929: 31920: 31814: 31686: 31652: 31562: 31553: 31544: 31535: 31490: 31409: 31391: 31326: 30934:(New ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 634–651. 30630:"n + ' filling rule in the periodic system and focusing potentials" 30345:"Making New Elements Doesn't Pay. Just Ask This Berkeley Scientist" 30126: 30065: 29693: 29601: 27176: 22972:"Some Comments on the Position of Lawrencium in the Periodic Table" 21185: 20957: 19899: 19627: 19623: 19550: 19546: 19409: 19354: 19289: 19259: 19249: 19244: 19229: 19214: 19194: 19189: 19179: 19139: 19134: 19059: 18972: 18957: 18907: 18902: 18897: 18892: 18855: 18801: 18791: 18736: 18503: 18273: 18216: 18212: 18162:

The exact position of the lanthanides, and thus the composition of

18091: 17519: 17370: 17166: 17067: 16950: 16932: 16907: 16898: 16871: 16844: 16808: 16799: 16781: 16709: 16700: 16594: 16466: 16432: 16342: 16333: 16324: 16315: 16270: 16189: 16171: 16106: 15878: 15805: 15734: 15690: 15664: 15596: 14764: 14617: 14423: 14346: 14255: 14241: 14225: 14218: 14197: 14176: 14148: 14141: 14127: 14071: 14064: 13985: 13883: 13860: 13790: 13783: 13776: 13767: 13737: 13677: 13663: 13615: 13550: 13473: 13382: 13368: 13352: 13345: 13324: 13303: 13275: 13268: 13254: 13198: 13191: 13112: 13010: 12987: 12917: 12910: 12903: 12896: 12864: 12804: 12790: 12742: 12681: 12677: 12495: 12286: 12039: 12003: 11950: 11931: 11874: 11817: 11741: 11722: 11684: 11532: 11513: 11299: 11069: 11005: 10837: 10820: 10803: 10786: 10709: 10578: 10548: 10451: 10220: 10143: 10052: 10038: 9998: 9991: 9970: 9949: 9921: 9914: 9900: 9844: 9837: 9736: 9610: 9565: 9495: 9488: 9481: 9474: 9392: 9262: 9248: 9070: 9036: 9024: 9020: 9012: 9001: 8993: 8930: 8832: 8790: 8720: 8713: 8706: 8699: 8650: 8553: 8539: 8422: 8391: 8357: 8353: 8315: 8241: 8227: 8155: 8131: 8096: 8084: 8049: 7586: 7495: 7433: 7426: 7338: 7252: 7236: 7229: 7208: 7187: 7159: 7152: 7138: 7092: 6992: 6969: 6899: 6892: 6885: 6878: 6846: 6786: 6772: 6724: 6672: 6595: 6504: 6490: 6474: 6467: 6446: 6425: 6397: 6390: 6376: 6320: 6313: 6234: 6132: 6109: 6039: 6032: 6025: 6018: 5986: 5926: 5912: 5864: 5765: 5668: 5650: 5625: 5616: 5589: 5562: 5526: 5517: 5499: 5433: 5305: 5271: 5181: 5172: 5163: 5154: 5109: 5008: 4990: 4867: 4784: 4273: 4269: 4253: 4231: 4209: 4154: 4001: 3732: 3532: 3509: 3258: 3011: 2964: 2944: 2875: 2806: 2714: 2691: 2645: 2493: 2172: 2096: 1866: 1843: 1820: 1797: 1696: 1503: 1457: 1308: 1078: 573: 545: 30827: 30286: 29677: 29175:"Extreme chemistry: experiments at the edge of the periodic table" 28613:"Justification of the Rule for Successive Filling of (n+l) Groups" 26302:

Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985). "Mangan".

25973:

Mewes, J.-M.; Smits, O. R.; Kresse, G.; Schwerdtfeger, P. (2019).

25949:(5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. p. 194. 24888:

Cao, Chang-Su; Hu, Han-Shi; Li, Jun; Schwarz, W. H. Eugen (2019).

23573:"IUPAC Announces the Names of the Elements 113, 115, 117, and 118" 22825: 20828:

Panov, I.V. (2017). "Formation of Superheavy Elements in Nature".

18303:). Currently, consideration of discovery claims is performed by a 18287: 18243:(LBNL) continued discovering transuranium elements, starting with 34173: 32647: 32483: 32468: 32463: 32458: 32453: 32341: 32332: 32314: 32269: 32197: 32179: 32109: 32055: 32037: 32010: 31983: 31965: 31947: 31857: 31787: 31760: 31724: 31706: 31670: 31661: 31643: 31625: 31524: 31463: 31353: 31308: 31180: 30608:

Wong, DP (1979). "Theoretical justification of Madelung's rule".

30111: 29856: 29332:"Berkeley Lab to Test New Approach to Making Superheavy Elements" 28647:"n+l Filling Rule in the Periodic System and Focusing Potentials" 24421: 22304:

Ostrovsky, V. N. (1981). "Dynamic symmetry of atomic potential".

19631: 19574: 19522: 19478: 19473: 19468: 19463: 19384: 19379: 19369: 19344: 19304: 19294: 19239: 19209: 19199: 19184: 19169: 19159: 19149: 19079: 19044: 19029: 19009: 18999: 18967: 18962: 18952: 18942: 18870: 18840: 18757: 18717: 18697: 18665: 18621: 18487:

protons and 184 neutrons. They are probably close to a predicted

18419: 18079: 17886: 17879: 17855: 17735: 17366: 17121: 17112: 17094: 17049: 16977: 16959: 16889: 16835: 16817: 16790: 16763: 16745: 16727: 16637: 16567: 16540: 16504: 16486: 16450: 16441: 16423: 16405: 16304: 16243: 16133: 16072: 15801: 15784:

charged "sea" pulls on all the ions and keeps them together in a

15738: 15686: 15644: 14928: 14689: 14609: 14388: 14381: 14367: 14332: 14276: 14262: 14211: 14169: 14155: 14134: 14113: 14099: 14085: 14015: 13964: 13943: 13915: 13897: 13874: 13867: 13853: 13839: 13760: 13716: 13633: 13515: 13508: 13494: 13459: 13403: 13389: 13338: 13296: 13282: 13261: 13240: 13226: 13212: 13142: 13091: 13070: 13042: 13028: 13001: 12994: 12980: 12966: 12887: 12843: 12760: 12673: 12669: 12629: 12624: 12619: 12614: 12400: 12381: 12343: 12248: 12096: 12058: 11912: 11798: 11760: 11703: 11646: 11608: 11570: 11382: 11248: 11199: 11137: 11103: 11039: 11022: 10988: 10954: 10767: 10664: 10488: 10433: 10185: 10178: 10164: 10129: 10073: 10059: 9984: 9942: 9928: 9907: 9886: 9872: 9858: 9788: 9715: 9694: 9666: 9652: 9579: 9572: 9558: 9544: 9439: 9371: 9172: 9044: 8977: 8909: 8888: 8860: 8846: 8804: 8797: 8783: 8769: 8692: 8629: 8491: 8403: 8399: 8376: 8372: 8349: 8294: 8199: 8119: 8064: 7609:, the options can be shown equally (unprejudiced) in both forms. 7572: 7516: 7502: 7475: 7461: 7447: 7303: 7296: 7282: 7222: 7180: 7166: 7145: 7122: 7071: 7050: 7022: 7008: 6983: 6976: 6962: 6948: 6869: 6825: 6742: 6637: 6630: 6616: 6581: 6525: 6511: 6460: 6418: 6404: 6383: 6362: 6348: 6334: 6264: 6213: 6192: 6164: 6150: 6123: 6116: 6102: 6088: 6009: 5965: 5882: 5720: 5711: 5693: 5607: 5553: 5535: 5508: 5476: 5406: 5379: 5343: 5325: 5289: 5280: 5262: 5244: 5143: 5082: 4932: 4487: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4297: 4293: 4281: 4183: 4179: 4170: 4162: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 3961: 3798: 3752: 3670: 3624: 3578: 3158: 3138: 3098: 2921: 2783: 2737: 2668: 2592: 2424: 2355: 2266: 2220: 2142: 2119: 2073: 2027: 1772: 1627: 1363: 1230: 1016: 581: 377: 248: 30949:

Fontani, Marco; Costa, Mariagrazia; Orna, Mary Virginia (2007).

26301: 26139: 25590: 22739: 21166: 20942: 19884:

should form at pressures of about four million atmospheres. See

17261:. If there are several, the most stable allotrope is considered. 32233: 32161: 32046: 31974: 31884: 31866: 31832: 31796: 31778: 31607: 31598: 31589: 31481: 31434: 31400: 31382: 31337: 30265:

Zagrebaev, Valeriy; Karpov, Alexander; Greiner, Walter (2013).

30213: 30164: 29233:

Status and perspectives of the Dubna superheavy element factory

28256:"The Place of Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury in the Periodic Table" 27660:

Meyer, Julius Lothar; Die modernen Theorien der Chemie (1864);

26964: 26878:"The Place of Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury in the Periodic Table" 24607:"Lanthanum (La) and Actinium (Ac) Should Remain in the d-block" 24524:"The location and composition of Group 3 of the periodic table" 24498:

Nomenclature of inorganic chemistry : recommendations 1990

24209:

Modeling Marvels: Computational Anticipation of Novel Molecules

22740:

Nefedov, V.I.; Trzhaskovskaya, M.B.; Yarzhemskii, V.G. (2006).

21260:

Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations 2005

20455: 19558: 19324: 19264: 19204: 19164: 19114: 19084: 19069: 19049: 19039: 18932: 18927: 18922: 18850: 18811: 18796: 18786: 18741: 17839: 17013: 16941: 16826: 16754: 16664: 16646: 16612: 16576: 16558: 16387: 16378: 16369: 16261: 16214: 16180: 16162: 16117: 15694: 15660: 15640: 15617: 14827:. Today the notion of valence has been extended by that of the 14304: 14248: 14162: 14106: 14036: 14022: 13999: 13971: 13957: 13825: 13818: 13811: 13730: 13693: 13670: 13656: 13624: 13431: 13375: 13289: 13233: 13163: 13149: 13126: 13098: 13084: 12952: 12945: 12938: 12857: 12820: 12797: 12783: 12751: 12703: 12172: 12020: 11779: 11627: 11437: 11399: 11333: 11265: 11231: 10920: 10903: 10886: 10694: 10619: 10563: 10533: 10464: 10101: 10045: 9935: 9879: 9809: 9795: 9750: 9722: 9708: 9530: 9523: 9516: 9385: 9302: 9255: 9241: 9137: 9016: 8981: 8944: 8916: 8902: 8755: 8748: 8741: 8643: 8588: 8546: 8532: 8461: 8407: 8361: 8308: 8273: 8234: 8220: 8174: 8127: 8114:( 3s) finishes this 3s orbital, and the following six elements 8107: 8092: 8080: 8057: 8029:

is occupied first. In general, orbitals with the same value of

7639:. Elements are placed in the periodic table according to their 7544: 7468: 7398: 7259: 7173: 7129: 7106: 7078: 7064: 6934: 6927: 6920: 6839: 6802: 6779: 6765: 6733: 6553: 6497: 6411: 6355: 6285: 6271: 6248: 6220: 6206: 6074: 6067: 6060: 5979: 5942: 5919: 5905: 5873: 5659: 5544: 5485: 5451: 5415: 5397: 5226: 5217: 5208: 5100: 5033: 4999: 4981: 4916: 4351: 4227: 4223: 4187: 4158: 4142: 3881: 3647: 3420: 3031: 2760: 2615: 2539: 2447: 2401: 1981: 1958: 1935: 1673: 1556: 1480: 1434: 1333: 30491:"Happy sesquicentennial to the periodic table of the elements" 27975:

Hisamatsu, Yoji; Egashira, Kazuhiro; Maeno, Yoshiteru (2022).

25880: 23442: 21040: 20755: 20423:"Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)" 18462:

at similar energies, and then a large gap. Thus, the 9s and 9p

18315:

In celebration of the periodic table's 150th anniversary, the

17357:), but their respective minimum oxidation states are −1 (e.g. 8021:+ ℓ, and if two orbitals are available with the same value of 7946:. Four numbers describe an orbital in an atom completely: the 4141:— for "Zahl", German for "number") representing the number of 32764: 32447: 32136: 31841: 31499: 31373: 31158: 29897:"Nuclei: superheavy-superneutronic-strange-and of antimatter" 29017: 27405: 25972: 23577: 21256: 19586: 19254: 19074: 18860: 18781: 18323: 18300: 17374: 17226: 16916: 16621: 16279: 16153: 15946:

covalently bonded molecules that are held together by weaker

15789: 14232: 14006: 13744: 13649: 13359: 13133: 12871: 12776: 12608: 11969: 11350: 10724: 10518: 10005: 9757: 9399: 9234: 9005: 8951: 8657: 8525: 8411: 8322: 8213: 8135: 8076: 7243: 7113: 6853: 6758: 6481: 6255: 5993: 5898: 5634: 5460: 5118: 4972: 4355: 4277: 4024: 2984: 2562: 1719: 1411: 1043: 508: 31153: 29813:"Nuclei in the "Island of Stability" of Superheavy Elements" 26142:"On the adsorption and reactivity of element 114, flerovium" 25552:"Transmetalation reactions producing organocopper compounds" 24757:. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 32. 23736:. Translated by Sobolev, D. Mir Publishers. pp. 23–27. 23307:

Johansson, B.; Abuja, R.; Eriksson, O.; et al. (1995).

21697:"Die Befruchtung der Chemie durch die Röntgenstrahlenphysik" 21507: 18385:= 157; between them, a very different situation is observed. 17878:

independently rediscovered it and gave it its present name,

15844:

with the same energies. However, when the atoms come closer

14692:

in the next-to-last column the highest electron affinities.

34148: 32100: 32073: 31616: 31580: 31418: 30216:"Expectations and limits to synthesize nuclei with Z ≥ 120" 29230:

Dmitriev, Sergey; Itkis, Mikhail; Oganessian, Yuri (2016).

26538:"The Trend From Non-Metal to Metal In the Group 4 Elements" 23790: 23306: 22625:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 257–260. 20639:. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2019. 19234: 19219: 18937: 18917: 18806: 17885:

The dawn of atomic physics also clarified the situation of

17835: 17405: 16880: 16853: 16396: 16360: 16198: 15952: 15742: 15656: 15604:

can be used for the less electronegative p-block elements.

14750: 14600: 14204: 14183: 13832: 13804: 13684: 13331: 13310: 12959: 12931: 12811: 11893: 11836: 10937: 10869: 10593: 9977: 9956: 9537: 9509: 9269: 8762: 8734: 8560: 8368: 8248: 8100: 7215: 7194: 6941: 6913: 6793: 6453: 6432: 6081: 6053: 5933: 5598: 5571: 5235: 5199: 5017: 4395: 4191: 2898: 2829: 2004: 1912: 1526: 31170: 31131: 27936:"Henry Moseley, X-ray spectroscopy and the periodic table" 26388:

Handbook of the Physicochemical Properties of the Elements

26360:(81st ed.). Boca Raton (FL, US): CRC press. pp. 25324: 24330: 21123:"Direct search for primordial Pu in Bayan Obo bastnaesite" 17743:

The definitive breakthrough came from the Russian chemist

17300:

Arsenic, an element often called a semi-metal or metalloid

15848:, their electron orbitals begin to spatially overlap. The 8406:, again with a few anomalies along the way), and then 5p ( 34158: 31805: 31220: 30812:(8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. 27810:"Rediscovery of the Elements: Moseley and Atomic Numbers" 27158:> 102) are teetering at the limits of mass and charge. 27137:. U.S. Department of Energy. October 2023. Archived from 27041:

Cotton, S. A. (1996). "After the actinides, then what?".

26504:"Atomic and Physical Properties of the Period 3 Elements" 24212:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 69–71. 23211:

Seth, Michael; Schwerdtfeger, Peter; Fægri, Knut (1999).

20501:

Labarca, M. (2016). "An element of atomic number zero?".

20401:

IUPAC | International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

19054: 18090:

in Latin). Urbain's celtium proved to be simply purified

16585: 15652: 13978: 13105: 11282: 9729: 9011:

The seventh row is analogous to the sixth row: 7s fills (

8923: 7085: 6227: 5424: 2470: 27556:

Eureka!: Scientific Breakthroughs That Changed The World

25796:

McMinis, J.; Clay, R.C.; Lee, D.; Morales, M.A. (2015).

25558:. Vol. 1. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 443–526. 25441: 25359: 20865:

The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements

20420: 17325: 8000:, also known as the Madelung or Klechkovsky rule (after 30167:"Colloquium: Superheavy elements: Oganesson and beyond" 29229: 29020:"On the discovery of new elements (IUPAC/IUPAP Report)" 26725:

Sherwin, E.; Weston, G. J. (1966). Spice, J. E. (ed.).

26198: 26024: 25694: 23859:"A Central Position for Hydrogen in the Periodic Table" 20807:(New ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 15856:

molecular orbitals each with a different energy, where

14652:

at the first element of each period – hydrogen and the

4276:(element 87) has been only photographed in the form of 1063:

predict some properties of some of the missing elements

30932:

Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements

30803: 30387:

Edward G. Mazurs Collection of Periodic Systems Images

30264: 28993:"150 years of the periodic table: Test your knowledge" 27974: 25218:. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 277. 23210: 21639: 21160: 20805:

Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z guide to the elements

20237:

for this potential can be described analytically with

18207:, after the Greek word for "artificial". Elements 61 ( 17373:), but hydrogen's maximum oxidation state is +1 (e.g. 30808:

General chemistry: principles and modern applications

28144:"The Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules" 26967:. The University of Sheffield and WebElements Ltd, UK 26840: 25795: 24786:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 23259: 22909: 20333: 20307: 20287: 20267: 20247: 20207: 20133: 20113: 20093: 20069: 20049: 20036:{\displaystyle U_{1/2}(r)=-{\frac {2v}{rR(r+R)^{2}}}} 19957: 7989:

Idealized order of subshell filling according to the

4322:

group" for group 3. Previously, groups were known by

452: 27977:"Ogawa's nipponium and its re-assignment to rhenium" 25944: 25766: 22525:

Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths

22005: 21829:. Vol. 41. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 1–93. 21827:

Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths

20637:

Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights

18564:

by far the most common, is somewhere in the middle.

445: 438: 424: 30951:

The Lost Elements: The Periodic Table's Shadow Side

26566: 24562: 21871:"The constitution of group 3 of the periodic table" 20684: 20682: 20680: 20678: 20676: 8387:(or transition metals, since they are all metals). 4190:has three naturally occurring isotopes: all of its 431: 417: 30866:The Periodic Table, Its Story and Its Significance 30805: 29494: 29393: 29391: 29273:Sokolova, Svetlana; Popeko, Andrei (24 May 2021). 26356:The Elements, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 26353: 25207: 25068: 24812: 24501:. Blackwell Scientific Publications. p. 283. 23949:. Oxford University Press. pp. 336, 360–381. 23509: 23309:"Anomalous fcc crystal structure of thorium metal" 22394: 22306:Journal of Physics B: Atomic and Molecular Physics 20345: 20319: 20293: 20273: 20253: 20225: 20193: 20119: 20099: 20075: 20055: 20035: 19796:There are many lower oxides as well: for example, 18560:'s pictured to the right), circles and triangles. 17943:Bohr's electron configurations for light elements 15982:Bonding of simple substances in the periodic table 14684:The opposite property to ionisation energy is the 14490:realized in 1963 that lanthanum's low-temperature 8079:(1s 2s 2p) puts its new electron in a 2p orbital; 30842: 30777: 30408:Click on 'Finding Aid' to go to full finding aid. 29890: 29888: 29404:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 29359: 28308: 27534:For an English translation of this article, see: 27406:The Chemical Society of Japan (25 January 2018). 26793:"Classification, symmetry and the periodic table" 25771:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 154–155, 425, 436. 23904:"The Placement of Hydrogen in the Periodic Table" 23567: 23565: 21467: 20301:have lower energy, and that the s-orbitals (with 20194:{\displaystyle v=v_{N}={\frac {1}{4}}R^{2}N(N+1)} 19787:atoms, the size difference is greater than usual. 8390:The next eighteen elements fill the 5s orbitals ( 4076:— Abridged value (uncertainty omitted here) 98: 34247: 30953:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 508. 30948: 28645:Demkov, Yury N.; Ostrovsky, Valentin N. (1972). 28412: 28314: 28017:. Oxford University Press. pp. 47–53, 115. 27807: 27611:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 100. 26320: 25522: 23944: 22496: 22299: 22297: 22147: 21824: 20688: 20673: 20597: 20595: 20593: 20591: 19835:, as in (gallium in the +2 oxidation state) or 19675:the periodic table poster sold by Sigma-Aldrich. 19565:, but it has not been found. Elements up to 99 ( 15713:Another important property of elements is their 14656:– and then generally rises until it reaches the 14469: 13596: 9000:) follows, and finally six main-group elements ( 7643:, the periodic recurrences of which explain the 4288:of 2.01×10 years, over a billion times the 410: 30627: 29673: 29671: 29669: 29388: 29130:Recent Impact of Physics on Inorganic Chemistry 29116: 29114: 29112: 29070:Recent Impact of Physics on Inorganic Chemistry 28651:Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics 28644: 28617:Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics 28413:Burdette, Shawn C.; Thornton, Brett F. (2018). 27803: 27801: 27799: 26990:. University of California Press. p. 598. 26825: 26753:Hawkes, Stephen J. (2001). "Semimetallicity?". 26391:. New York, USA: IFI-Plenum. pp. 387–446. 25846:Hawkes, Stephen J. (2001). "Semimetallicity?". 25657: 25639:"Intermolecular bonding – van der Waals forces" 25509: 25507: 25505: 25503: 25289: 25287: 25255: 25253: 25102: 25100: 24852: 24850: 24739: 24737: 24735: 24733: 24731: 24721: 24719: 24235: 24233: 23761: 23759: 23757: 23755: 23753: 23448:"Synthesis of a new element with atomic number 22930:(1). American Chemical Society (ACS): 345–357. 22150:"The Order of Electron Shells in Ionized Atoms" 21003: 20689:Thornton, Brett F.; Burdette, Shawn C. (2019). 20589: 20587: 20585: 20583: 20581: 20579: 20577: 20575: 20573: 20571: 18278:International Union of Pure and Applied Physics 18170:in 1963, on the grounds of its low-temperature 15788:. Elements forming such bonds are often called 14710: 10287: 8083:(1s 2s 2p) fills a second 2p orbital; and with 7650:An electron can be thought of as inhabiting an 31054: 31030:"Books on the Elements and the Periodic Table" 30868:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press, New York, 30050: 29885: 29580: 29400:"Recent attempts to change the periodic table" 29272: 29168: 29166: 28749: 27968: 27934:Egdell, Russell G.; Bruton, Elizabeth (2020). 27703: 27609:The Ingredients: A Guided Tour of the Elements 26466: 26266: 26264: 26074: 26072: 25932:The Chemistry of Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth 25874: 25746: 25744: 25742: 25740: 25738: 25736: 25734: 25106: 24887: 24819:(7 ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 23731: 23605:National Institute of Standards and Technology 23562: 23021: 22812: 22810: 22492: 22490: 22378: 22376: 22374: 21681: 21679: 21677: 21675: 21673: 21671: 21669: 21667: 21665: 21663: 19924: 19922: 19517: 19515: 18526: 15779:Graphite and diamond, two allotropes of carbon 13601: 12728: 33282: 32499: 31196: 30475: 30473: 30471: 29947: 28478:"The Origin of the s, p, d, f Orbital Labels" 28008: 28006: 28004: 27899: 27696: 27694: 26942:. The Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 9. 26724: 26423: 26384: 25412: 25241: 23940: 23938: 23892:Greenwood & Earnshaw, throughout the book 23765: 23068: 22690: 22688: 22686: 22684: 22682: 22680: 22678: 22676: 22674: 22672: 22670: 22668: 22666: 22664: 22662: 22620: 22518: 22516: 22514: 22512: 22510: 22508: 22294: 21936: 21934: 21932: 21780: 21594: 21592: 21590: 21538: 21536: 21534: 21532: 21530: 21463: 21461: 21459: 21457: 21455: 21453: 21451: 21449: 21447: 21445: 19754:= 76) 4f falls below 5p, and around bismuth ( 18591: 18381:= 120 is normal, and becomes normal again at 17416: 15967: 15860:is the number of atoms in the crystal. Since 15836:all the atoms have discrete valence orbitals 10310: 4373: 1117: 1019:and other sciences. It is a depiction of the 968: 31073: 30567: 30004:European Physical Journal Web of Conferences 29997: 29666: 29109: 28610: 28317:"On the Missing Element of Atomic Number 72" 27933: 27796: 27654: 27036: 27034: 26244:"Metallic properties predicted for astatine" 26135: 26133: 26081:"Gas Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements" 25975:"Copernicium is a Relativistic Noble Liquid" 25945:Rayner-Canham, Geoff; Overton, Tina (2008). 25767:Steudel, Ralf; Scheschkewitz, David (2020). 25549: 25500: 25493: 25491: 25284: 25250: 25097: 24987: 24847: 24728: 24716: 24230: 24055: 24053: 23770:. World Scientific. pp. 53–70, 85–102. 23750: 23429: 23427: 23425: 22660: 22658: 22656: 22654: 22652: 22650: 22648: 22646: 22644: 22642: 22527:. Vol. 11. Elsevier. pp. 197–292. 22462: 22460: 22458: 22456: 22454: 22452: 22450: 22261: 22259: 22257: 22255: 22253: 21865: 21863: 21387: 21385: 21383: 21381: 21379: 21377: 21375: 21373: 21120: 20691:"Neutron stardust and the elements of Earth" 20568: 19951:Demkov and Ostrovsky consider the potential 18235:(via bombardment of uranium with neutrons). 18123:in 1926, though the first to publish it was 15671:both have maximum oxidation state +6, as in 15595:into Mg and Mg cations. This is because the 7980: 31008: 30989: 30587: 30339: 29455:Frazier, K. (1978). "Superheavy Elements". 29223: 29163: 29059: 29057: 28949: 28947: 28699: 28697: 28247: 28080:Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 26962: 26261: 26069: 25762: 25760: 25758: 25756: 25731: 25179: 24654: 24652: 24650: 24648: 24646: 24644: 24642: 24563:Cotton, SA; Raithby, BR; Shield, A (2022). 24127: 24092: 23945:Thyssen, Pieter; Ceulemans, Arnout (2017). 23856: 23675: 23673: 23671: 23352: 23350: 22965: 22963: 22961: 22865: 22863: 22861: 22859: 22857: 22807: 22487: 22371: 22148:Goudsmit, S. A.; Richards, Paul I. (1964). 22143: 22141: 22139: 22137: 21894: 21892: 21776: 21774: 21772: 21770: 21768: 21766: 21764: 21762: 21760: 21758: 21660: 20997: 20885: 20327:) have their energies approaching the next 20083:are constant parameters; this approaches a 19919: 19512: 15741:) is given electronegativity 0.79. In fact 33289: 33275: 32506: 32492: 31203: 31189: 30529:. Book Publishers. pp. 409–423(414). 30468: 30333: 30258: 29852: 29850: 29810: 29490: 29488: 29486: 28750:Öhrström, Lars; Holden, Norman E. (2016). 28562:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 28532: 28460: 28049: 28001: 27787: 27691: 27630: 27628: 27491: 27013:Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 26988:The Theory of Atomic Structure and Spectra 26786: 26784: 26748: 26746: 26693: 26531: 26529: 26020: 26018: 25175: 25173: 25171: 25169: 25167: 25165: 25037: 23963: 23935: 23357:Xu, Wen-Hua; Pyykkö, Pekka (8 June 2016). 23002: 22735: 22733: 22731: 22729: 22727: 22505: 22001: 21929: 21820: 21818: 21816: 21814: 21812: 21810: 21808: 21806: 21804: 21802: 21756: 21754: 21752: 21750: 21748: 21746: 21744: 21742: 21740: 21738: 21587: 21527: 21517:Quantum Mechanics: Non-Relativistic Theory 21442: 20936: 20759:Kinematics and Physics of Celestial Bodies 19914:melting points of the elements (data page) 18598: 18584: 18446:) is more stabilized, and the other two (p 18324:Future extension beyond the seventh period 17257:shows bonding of simple substances in the 15974: 15960: 10317: 10303: 7620: 4380: 4366: 4316: 1124: 1110: 975: 961: 49:dividing line between metals and nonmetals 33296: 31009:Rouvray, D.H.; King, R. B., eds. (2006). 30992:The Periodic Table: Into the 21st Century 30990:Rouvray, D.H.; King, R. B., eds. (2004). 30879: 30661: 30285: 30220:International Journal of Modern Physics E 30190: 30125: 30064: 30023: 29923: 29838: 29692: 29600: 29528: 29526: 29423: 29198: 29045: 29035: 28922: 28886: 28853: 28767: 28559: 28355: 28340: 27992: 27951: 27909:. HarperCollins Publishers, Inc. p. 27709: 27328: 27175: 27031: 26696:"transuranium element (chemical element)" 26175: 26165: 26130: 25998: 25906: 25822: 25488: 25481: 25479: 25469: 25467: 25465: 25385: 25002: 24980: 24978: 24976: 24974: 24946: 24905: 24630: 24539: 24417: 24415: 24413: 24411: 24409: 24348: 24315: 24282: 24252: 24250: 24153: 24077: 24050: 24005: 23995: 23969: 23919: 23874: 23806:(1st ed.). Oxford University Press. 23768:The Periodic Table: Past, Present, Future 23727: 23725: 23723: 23721: 23719: 23709: 23707: 23478: 23422: 23390: 23359:"Is the chemistry of lawrencium peculiar" 23300: 23236: 23097: 23087: 22639: 22522: 22466: 22447: 22430: 22420: 22303: 22265: 22250: 22187: 22177: 22164:(4): 664–671 (with correction on p 906). 21999: 21997: 21995: 21993: 21991: 21989: 21987: 21985: 21983: 21981: 21969: 21860: 21635: 21633: 21503: 21501: 21499: 21370: 21218: 21184: 20956: 20798: 20796: 20522: 20485: 20440: 19693: 19691: 18466:orbitals in essence replace the 8s and 8p 18259:) and a team of Soviet scientists at the 17899:but tellurium has a lower atomic number. 17694:Newlands's table of the elements in 1866. 15898:), white phosphorus and yellow arsenic (P 7647:in properties across the periodic table. 3079: 31144:The Internet Database of Periodic Tables 30975:. Alabama: University of Alabama Press. 30912:. Zaragoza, Spain: Prames. p. 407. 30105: 29774: 29723: 29652:. Oxford University Press. p. vii. 29641: 29054: 28944: 28895: 28694: 28208:Journal of the American Chemical Society 28193: 28191: 28149:Journal of the American Chemical Society 28138: 27634: 27303: 27226:. Academic Press, Inc. pp. 339–40. 27110:. Oxford University Press. p. 387. 26192: 26106: 26104: 26078: 25968: 25966: 25753: 25525:Journal of the American Chemical Society 25428: 25426: 25424: 25044:Journal of General Chemistry of the USSR 24639: 24598: 24259:"Superconductivity in Transition Metals" 24183: 24181: 24179: 24177: 24175: 24173: 24059: 24043: 24041: 24039: 24037: 23852: 23850: 23679: 23668: 23510:Oganessian, Yu. T.; et al. (2002). 23356: 23347: 22958: 22905: 22903: 22901: 22869: 22854: 22134: 22118:. Florida State University. 6 May 2020. 21889: 21694: 21314: 21312: 21310: 21308: 21306: 21304: 21302: 21300: 21298: 21252: 21250: 21248: 21246: 21244: 21242: 21240: 21238: 20655: 20449: 20414: 20374:timeline of chemical element discoveries 19857:, which contains both Sb(III) and Sb(V). 18536: 18339: 18286: 18185: 18141: 17813: 17793: 17749: 17734: 17689: 17664: 17661:Timeline of chemical element discoveries 17420: 17314:such as gold are chemically very inert. 15826: 15774: 15756: 15704: 15685:, and minimum oxidation state −2, as in 15606: 14675: 14638: 14576: 7984: 4120: 3776: 3444: 3199: 47:(in periodic tables), and a traditional 38: 32303: 30482: 30378: 30158: 29953: 29894: 29847: 29804: 29647: 29483: 29454: 29303: 28953: 28868: 28790: 28703: 27808:Marshall, J.L.; Marshall, V.R. (2010). 27716:Journal of the Russian Chemical Society 27625: 27553: 27108:Essential Trends in Inorganic Chemistry 27096: 26781: 26743: 26612: 26610: 26608: 26606: 26526: 26351: 26015: 25979:Angewandte Chemie International Edition 25556:The Chemistry of Organocopper Compounds 25435: 25213: 25180:Fricke, Burkhard; Waber, J. T. (1971). 25162: 25127: 24804: 24752: 24682: 24658: 24604: 23826: 22724: 22574: 22469:Angewandte Chemie International Edition 22337: 22335: 22072:Ball, David W.; Key, Jessie A. (2011). 22071: 21799: 21735: 21085: 20749: 20500: 17083: 14495:issue was brought to wide attention by 5682: 4284:) has an almost-stable isotope (with a 4050:shows natural occurrence of the element 3982: 3942: 3922: 3319: 3239: 3219: 14: 34248: 32357: 32186: 31891: 31055:Scerri, E.; Restrepo, G, eds. (2018). 31027: 30967: 30926: 30738: 30696: 30547: 30524: 30488: 30417: 29982: 29532: 29523: 29397: 29120: 29063: 28990: 28901: 28640: 28638: 28553: 28475: 28253: 28012: 27641:"Newlands, John Alexander Reina" 27439: 27246: 27203:from the original on 27 September 2021 27102: 27040: 27010: 26875: 26790: 26752: 26727:Chemistry of the Non-Metallic Elements 26689: 26687: 26685: 26683: 26681: 25845: 25554:. In Rappoport, Z.; Marek, I. (eds.). 25476: 25462: 25133: 25062: 24971: 24922: 24771: 24755:The essence of materials for engineers 24688: 24521: 24406: 24363: 24324: 24247: 24205: 24093:Bent Weberg, Libby (18 January 2019). 24060:Grochala, Wojciech (1 November 2017). 23901: 23716: 23704: 23637: 23503: 23062: 22969: 22694: 22621:Keeler, James; Wothers, Peter (2014). 22390: 22388: 22232:(1st ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 21978: 21940: 21781:Gonick, First; Criddle, Craig (2005). 21630: 21598: 21542: 21496: 21391: 20802: 20793: 19940:Chemistry of the Non-Metallic Elements 19741:Ce: 4f < 5d < 6s < 6p < 7s 19738:La: 5d < 4f < 6s < 6p < 7s 19735:Ba: 6s < 5d < 6p < 7s < 4f 19732:Cs: 6s < 6p < 5d < 7s < 4f 19688: 19555:Abundance of elements in Earth's crust 18051:to describe the elements now known as 17842:count and determines the value of the 17137: 16966: 16671: 15792:; those which do not are often called 5736: 4264:(element 94). No element heavier than 3602: 3556: 3490: 3339: 3179: 3119: 3059: 2313: 2290: 1651: 33270: 32487: 32411: 32375: 32366: 32276: 32258: 32249: 31184: 31149:Periodic table of endangered elements 31092: 31011:The Mathematics of the Periodic Table 30907: 30464:from the original on 25 October 2012. 30357:from the original on 11 December 2019 30044: 29904:Journal of Physics: Conference Series 29818:Journal of Physics: Conference Series 29762:from the original on 11 December 2020 29340:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 29329: 29275:"How are new chemical elements born?" 28956:"What it takes to make a new element" 28188: 28073: 28037:See Bohr table from 1913 paper below. 27221: 27169: 27061: 26985: 26932: 26706:from the original on 30 November 2010 26618:"Periodic Table of Chemical Elements" 26535: 26501: 26295: 26270: 26101: 25963: 25929: 25663: 25550:Dieter, R. K.; Watson, R. T. (2009). 25421: 25366:Journal of Physics: Conference Series 25293: 25259: 24928: 24869:from the original on 14 November 2020 24856: 24810: 24777: 24494: 24456: 24256: 24170: 24128:Grandinetti, Felice (23 April 2013). 24034: 23888: 23886: 23847: 23585:from the original on 30 November 2016 23163: 23120: 22898: 22616: 22614: 22612: 22610: 22608: 22606: 22604: 22602: 22600: 22598: 22225: 22219: 21321:"New Notations in the Periodic Table" 21318: 21295: 21283:from the original on 23 November 2018 21235: 21034: 20862: 20827: 19903:presumably tennessine should as well. 18377:. The spacing of energy levels up to 18241:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 18181: 18059:claimed to have discovered it as the 17326:Further manifestations of periodicity 17191: 17155: 17146: 17056: 17038: 17029: 5854: 5828:(columns) do not have a group number. 5790: 5754: 5745: 4865: 4157:is the element with atomic number 1; 3902: 3862: 3842: 3822: 3694: 3467: 3398: 3359: 3299: 3279: 2517: 2379: 2333: 2244: 2196: 2051: 1890: 1750: 1605: 1580: 1387: 34204: 32420: 32348: 32321: 32294: 31954: 31936: 31909: 31740: 31731: 31127:IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements 30843:Siekierski, S.; Burgess, J. (2002). 30607: 30246:from the original on 19 October 2021 29285:from the original on 4 November 2021 29172: 28999:from the original on 9 February 2019 28972:from the original on 28 October 2017 28871:"Criteria for New Element Discovery" 28235:from the original on 30 October 2021 28197: 28176:from the original on 26 January 2021 27603: 27558:. New York: John Wiley. p. 43. 27366: 27249:""Heavy Metals"–A Meaningless Term?" 27067: 26813:from the original on 31 January 2017 26632:from the original on 3 February 2021 26603: 26560: 26345: 26241: 26110: 25645:from the original on 22 January 2022 25572:from the original on 17 October 2022 25216:The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements 24291: 24206:Lewars, Errol G. (5 December 2008). 24109:from the original on 1 February 2020 24022:from the original on 19 October 2021 23692:from the original on 28 January 2021 23619:from the original on 8 February 2021 23436: 23204: 23015: 22786:from the original on 13 October 2016 22547: 22341: 22332: 22207:from the original on 10 October 2017 22026:from the original on 19 October 2021 21575:from the original on 30 January 2021 20625: 18261:Joint Institute for Nuclear Research 17428: 17200: 17128: 17101: 17074: 16734: 16716: 16689: 16520: 16511: 16250: 15700: 14671: 14634: 5799: 5727: 5700: 5673: 5359: 5350: 4002: 3733: 3533: 3510: 3259: 3012: 2965: 2945: 2876: 2807: 2715: 2692: 2646: 2494: 2173: 2097: 1867: 1844: 1821: 1798: 1697: 1504: 1458: 1309: 34228: 33250: 32429: 32402: 32393: 32240: 32222: 32213: 32204: 31990: 31900: 31873: 31821: 31767: 31749: 31713: 31693: 31632: 31569: 31470: 31452: 31441: 31360: 31042:from the original on 11 August 2020 30321:from the original on 3 October 2015 29538:Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 29254:from the original on 28 August 2021 28984: 28722:from the original on 15 August 2021 28635: 28415:"Hafnium the lutécium I used to be" 28076:"Niels Bohr's Second Atomic Theory" 27775:from the original on 15 August 2021 27762: 27524:from the original on 8 October 2021 27472:from the original on 8 October 2021 27306:"How to name new chemical elements" 26936:Principles of Chemical Nomenclature 26678: 26378: 25485:Siekierski and Burgess, pp. 178–180 25473:Siekierski and Burgess, pp. 134–137 25327:Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 23857:Kaesz, Herb; Atkins, Peter (2009). 23646:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag: 89–144. 23170:Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 23168:) with an oxidation state of VI+". 23028:Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 22385: 22092:from the original on 15 August 2021 21601:"Which Elements Belong in Group 3?" 21079: 20737:from the original on 14 August 2021 20661:Greenwood & Earnshaw, pp. 24–27 20233:, the zero-energy solutions to the 17587:Principles of Chemical Nomenclature 17209: 17182: 17173: 17020: 17002: 16993: 16984: 16770: 16680: 16653: 16601: 16547: 16529: 16493: 16473: 16412: 16349: 16293: 16232: 16221: 16140: 14749:, right), the two stable oxides of 5849:Group name as recommended by IUPAC. 5808: 5781: 5772: 5440: 5386: 5368: 5332: 5312: 5251: 5188: 5089: 5071: 5040: 4939: 4338:, or a "B" if the group was in the 4304:with a half-life comparable to the 4133:Each chemical element has a unique 3962: 3799: 3753: 3671: 3625: 3579: 3159: 3139: 3099: 2922: 2853: 2784: 2738: 2669: 2593: 2425: 2356: 2267: 2221: 2143: 2120: 2074: 2028: 1773: 1628: 1364: 995:, is an ordered arrangement of the 93: 24: 32513: 32384: 32285: 32168: 32150: 32125: 32116: 32089: 32062: 32017: 31999: 31927: 31918: 31812: 31684: 31650: 31560: 31542: 31533: 31513: 31488: 31210: 30900: 30497:from the original on 27 March 2019 30398:from the original on 27 March 2019 30280:(1). IOP Publishing Ltd.: 012001. 29935:from the original on 30 March 2019 29650:Antimony, Gold, and Jupiter's Wolf 28752:"The Three-letter Element Symbols" 28715:. Los Alamos National Laboratory. 28582:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb06097.x 28292:from the original on 19 April 2012 27285:from the original on 11 April 2021 27190: 26666:from the original on 21 March 2021 26548:from the original on 27 April 2021 26514:from the original on 22 April 2021 26283:from the original on 24 April 2021 26242:Ball, Philip (13 September 2013). 25676:from the original on 21 April 2021 25362:"The lifetime of the helium anion" 25306:from the original on 23 April 2021 25272:from the original on 22 April 2021 24935:Journal of Computational Chemistry 24668:. The Royal Society of Chemistry. 23883: 23157: 22595: 21835:10.1016/B978-0-444-53590-0.00001-7 21430:from the original on 13 April 2021 21358:from the original on 25 March 2012 20643:from the original on 8 August 2020 20613:from the original on 10 April 2016 20551:Compendium of Chemical Terminology 20421:Meija, Juris; et al. (2016). 17902: 17164: 17065: 16948: 16930: 16905: 16896: 16869: 16842: 16806: 16797: 16779: 16707: 16698: 16592: 16464: 16430: 16340: 16331: 16322: 16313: 16268: 16187: 16169: 16104: 14519: 12724:Group 3 element § Composition 5763: 5648: 5623: 5614: 5587: 5560: 5515: 5497: 5431: 5303: 5269: 5179: 5161: 5152: 5132: 5107: 3882: 3648: 3421: 3032: 2761: 2616: 2540: 2448: 2402: 1982: 1959: 1936: 1674: 1557: 1481: 1435: 1334: 1069:and associated pioneering work in 1038:Vertical, horizontal and diagonal 25: 34297: 32339: 32330: 32312: 32267: 32177: 32107: 32080: 32053: 32035: 32026: 32008: 31981: 31963: 31945: 31855: 31785: 31758: 31722: 31668: 31659: 31641: 31623: 31551: 31522: 31461: 31407: 31389: 31351: 31324: 31176:The Periodic Graphics of Elements 31107: 30845:Concise Chemistry of the Elements 30628:Demkov, YN; Ostrovsky, V (1972). 30032:from the original on 20 June 2022 29792:from the original on 20 July 2019 29330:Biron, Lauren (16 October 2023). 28991:Briggs, Helen (29 January 2019). 28954:Chapman, Kit (30 November 2016). 28931:from the original on 5 July 2017. 28535:Journal of the Franklin Institute 27414:. The Chemical Society of Japan. 27408:"【お知らせ】高等学校化学で用いる用語に関する提案（1）への反応" 27387:from the original on 2 March 2021 27070:Journal of Coordination Chemistry 26831:Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 29–31 26304:Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie 26111:Ingo, Peter (15 September 2022). 25750:Siekierski and Burgess, pp. 60–66 25432:Siekierski and Burgess, pp. 45–54 24929:Kaupp, Martin (1 December 2006). 24226:from the original on 19 May 2016. 24187:Siekierski and Burgess, pp. 23–26 23732:Vlasov, L.; Trifonov, D. (1970). 22623:Chemical Structure and Reactivity 19634:) onward are expected to undergo 17939:discovered more quantum numbers. 17822:The same year, English physicist 17119: 17110: 17092: 17047: 16975: 16957: 16887: 16860: 16833: 16815: 16788: 16761: 16743: 16725: 16635: 16565: 16538: 16502: 16484: 16448: 16439: 16421: 16403: 16302: 16241: 16131: 8063:Starting from the third element, 5718: 5709: 5691: 5605: 5578: 5551: 5533: 5524: 5506: 5474: 5404: 5377: 5341: 5287: 5278: 5260: 5242: 5170: 5141: 5080: 5006: 4988: 4930: 2985: 2563: 1720: 1412: 1042:characterize the periodic table. 34227: 34215: 34203: 34192: 34191: 33249: 33238: 33237: 32231: 32195: 32159: 32044: 31972: 31882: 31864: 31794: 31776: 31704: 31605: 31596: 31587: 31432: 31335: 30732: 30690: 30655: 30541: 30518: 30509: 30489:Scerri, Eric (29 January 2019). 30411: 30369: 30207: 29991: 29717: 29448: 29353: 29323: 29304:Chapman, Kit (10 October 2023). 29297: 29266: 29011: 28935: 28862: 28830: 28784: 28743: 28734: 28706:"Source of the Actinide Concept" 28685: 28676: 28604: 28526: 28469: 28406: 28349: 28132: 28123: 28114: 28067: 28058: 28040: 28031: 27927: 27893: 27883: 27874: 27865: 27850: 27756: 27747: 27738: 27682: 27673: 27597: 27588: 27547: 27485: 27433: 27418:from the original on 16 May 2021 27399: 27360: 27348:from the original on 11 May 2020 27297: 27240: 27215: 27184: 27163: 27124: 27004: 26979: 26956: 26926: 26869: 26834: 26718: 26644: 26495: 26460: 26417: 26235: 26090:. pp. 26–28. Archived from 25938: 25923: 25839: 25789: 25688: 25631: 25584: 25543: 25516: 25513:Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 25–6 25403: 25394: 25353: 25318: 25247:Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 24–5 25232: 25031: 24996: 24881: 24837: 24746: 24743:Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 27–9 24556: 24515: 24488: 24450: 24357: 24199: 24190: 24121: 24086: 23766:Rayner-Canham, Geoffrey (2020). 23609:"Periodic Table of the Elements" 21877:from the original on 5 July 2016 21392:Scerri, Eric (18 January 2021). 20366: 20356: 19945: 19906: 19891: 19870: 19860: 19825: 19790: 19780: 19758:= 83) 4f falls below 5s as well. 19609:, so that 99.9% of the produced 17789: 17673: 17293: 17281: 17269: 17011: 16939: 16824: 16752: 16662: 16644: 16610: 16574: 16556: 16385: 16376: 16367: 16259: 16212: 16178: 16160: 16115: 14728: 14719: 14534: 13603: 12730: 5657: 5542: 5483: 5413: 5395: 5323: 5224: 5215: 5206: 5031: 4914: 3724: 3389: 3050: 2899: 2830: 2637: 2005: 1913: 1527: 32134: 31839: 31830: 31497: 31479: 31398: 31380: 30910:Construyendo la Tabla Periódica 30770: 29879:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.02.005 29382:10.1140/epja/s10050-022-00811-w 29362:The European Physical Journal A 28315:Coster, D.; Hevesy, G. (1923). 28074:Kragh, Helge (1 January 1979). 26331:. Academic Press. p. 758. 26027:The Journal of Chemical Physics 25947:Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry 24495:Leigh, G. Jeffrey, ed. (1990). 24263:Progress of Theoretical Physics 24099:Chemical & Engineering News 23895: 23829:Chemical & Engineering News 23820: 23784: 23631: 23597: 23253: 23114: 22996: 22819: 22798: 22568: 22541: 22122:from the original on 6 May 2022 22104: 22065: 22056: 22047: 22038: 22012:. Vol. 3. Addison–Wesley. 22009:The Feynman Lectures on Physics 21901: 21851: 21688: 21114: 20869:Springer Science+Business Media 20856: 20821: 20664: 19771: 19761: 19709: 19679: 19667: 19658: 19645: 19616: 19579:natural nuclear fission reactor 19525:. However, uranium can undergo 18544:'s spiral periodic table (1964) 18305:IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party 18155:in 1895, and the Swiss chemist 17798:Periodic table of van den Broek 17760:Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran 17754:Mendeleev's 1871 periodic table 17669:Mendeleev's 1869 periodic table 16914: 16619: 16277: 16151: 15581: 15576: 15571: 15566: 15561: 15556: 15551: 15546: 15541: 15536: 15531: 15526: 15521: 15516: 15511: 15506: 15501: 15496: 15491: 15486: 15481: 15476: 15471: 15466: 15461: 15456: 15451: 15446: 15441: 15436: 15431: 15426: 15414: 15409: 15404: 15399: 15394: 15389: 15384: 15379: 15374: 15369: 15364: 15359: 15354: 15349: 15344: 15339: 15334: 15329: 15324: 15319: 15314: 15309: 15304: 15299: 15294: 15289: 15284: 15279: 15274: 15269: 15264: 15259: 15247: 15242: 15237: 15232: 15227: 15222: 15217: 15212: 15207: 15202: 15197: 15192: 15187: 15182: 15177: 15172: 15165: 15160: 15148: 15143: 15138: 15133: 15128: 15123: 15118: 15113: 15108: 15103: 15098: 15093: 15088: 15083: 15078: 15073: 15066: 15061: 15049: 15044: 15039: 15034: 15029: 15024: 15017: 15012: 15000: 14995: 14990: 14985: 14980: 14975: 14968: 14963: 14951: 14944: 10252: 10245: 10238: 10231: 10224: 10217: 10210: 10203: 10196: 10189: 10182: 10175: 10168: 10161: 10154: 10147: 10140: 10133: 10126: 10119: 10112: 10105: 10098: 10091: 10084: 10077: 10070: 10063: 10056: 10049: 10042: 10035: 10002: 9995: 9988: 9981: 9974: 9967: 9960: 9953: 9946: 9939: 9932: 9925: 9918: 9911: 9904: 9897: 9890: 9883: 9876: 9869: 9862: 9855: 9848: 9841: 9834: 9827: 9820: 9813: 9806: 9799: 9792: 9785: 9754: 9747: 9740: 9733: 9726: 9719: 9712: 9705: 9698: 9691: 9684: 9677: 9670: 9663: 9656: 9649: 9614: 9607: 9576: 9569: 9562: 9555: 9548: 9541: 9534: 9527: 9520: 9513: 9506: 9499: 9492: 9485: 9478: 9471: 9436: 9429: 9396: 9389: 9382: 9375: 9368: 9361: 9306: 9299: 9266: 9259: 9252: 9245: 9238: 9231: 9176: 9169: 9134: 9067: 8948: 8941: 8934: 8927: 8920: 8913: 8906: 8899: 8892: 8885: 8878: 8871: 8864: 8857: 8850: 8843: 8836: 8829: 8801: 8794: 8787: 8780: 8773: 8766: 8759: 8752: 8745: 8738: 8731: 8724: 8717: 8710: 8703: 8696: 8689: 8682: 8654: 8647: 8640: 8633: 8626: 8619: 8592: 8585: 8557: 8550: 8543: 8536: 8529: 8522: 8495: 8488: 8458: 8419: 8319: 8312: 8305: 8298: 8291: 8284: 8277: 8270: 8245: 8238: 8231: 8224: 8217: 8210: 8203: 8196: 8171: 8152: 7959:orbital magnetic quantum number 7903: 7900: 7897: 7894: 7891: 7888: 7885: 7869: 7866: 7863: 7860: 7857: 7854: 7838: 7835: 7832: 7829: 7826: 7810: 7807: 7804: 7801: 7785: 7782: 7779: 7763: 7760: 7744: 5632: 5458: 5449: 5116: 5098: 4997: 4979: 2471: 32:Periodic table (disambiguation) 32568:1 (Hydrogen and alkali metals) 32098: 32071: 31614: 31578: 31416: 31371: 30930:(2011). "The Periodic Table". 30304:10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012001 30083:10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.222001 30010:. Epj-conferences.org: 03002. 29925:10.1088/1742-6596/413/1/012002 29840:10.1088/1742-6596/337/1/012005 29619:10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.053001 26221:10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.116404 25934:. Pergamon Press. p. 556. 25824:10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.105305 25418:Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 113 25387:10.1088/1742-6596/388/1/012006 24572:Coordination Chemistry Reviews 24196:Siekierski and Burgess, p. 128 23480:10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.142502 21946:"Misapplying the Periodic Law" 21914:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 21783:The Cartoon Guide to Chemistry 21519:. Vol. 3 (1st ed.). 21266:. RSC Publishing. p. 51. 20539: 20389: 20188: 20176: 20021: 20008: 19982: 19976: 19800:in group 15 forms two oxides, 19697:Authors differ on whether the 16878: 16851: 16394: 16358: 16196: 15808:are two allotropes of carbon. 15752: 14508:focusing on the properties of 14506:relativistic quantum mechanics 14470:Incorrect depiction of Group 3 5596: 5569: 5233: 5197: 5015: 4970: 1029:recurrence of their properties 993:periodic table of the elements 13: 1: 33556:Interface and colloid science 33310:Glossary of chemical formulae 33110:Thermal expansion coefficient 32806:Lists of metalloids by source 31803: 29711:10.1016/j.physrep.2023.09.004 28547:10.1016/S0016-0032(30)91131-3 28485:Journal of Chemical Education 28365:Journal of Chemical Education 28263:Journal of Chemical Education 27819:. Vol. 101, no. 3. 27498:Annalen der Physik und Chemie 27369:"Is Element 118 a Noble Gas?" 27082:10.1080/00958972.2022.2084394 26885:Journal of Chemical Education 26843:Journal of Chemical Education 26800:Comp. & Maths. With Appls 26755:Journal of Chemical Education 25848:Journal of Chemical Education 25136:Journal of Chemical Education 25109:Accounts of Chemical Research 25071:Chemistry: A European Journal 24993:Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 29 24611:Journal of Chemical Education 24366:"An essay on periodic tables" 23278:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00345 21950:Journal of Chemical Education 21605:Journal of Chemical Education 20383: 19888:for values for all nonmetals. 19630:), and all elements from 67 ( 17655:History of the periodic table 16583: 15914:), and the stable halogens (F 15906:), sulfur and red selenium (S 12643: 5422: 564:dividing metals and nonmetals 31074:van Spronsen, J. W. (1969). 30884:. University Science Books. 30535:10.1007/978-3-030-67910-1_16 30192:10.1103/RevModPhys.91.011001 30025:10.1051/epjconf/201613103002 29811:Oganessian, Yu. Ts. (2012). 29245:10.1051/epjconf/201613108001 29150:10.1016/0092-640X(77)90010-9 27367:Roth, Klaus (3 April 2018). 27025:10.1016/0022-1902(66)80224-5 22700:"The Periodic Law and Table" 22497:El'yashevich, M. A. (1953). 20603:"Periodic Table of Elements" 20397:"Periodic Table of Elements" 19880:iodine becomes a metal, and 18413:"four", and the traditional 18203:, who named their discovery 17758:In 1875, the French chemist 17730: 14839:Number of valence electrons 14711:Valence and oxidation states 14680:Trend in electron affinities 13602:Group 3: Sc, Y, La, Ac 13597:Correct depiction of Group 3 12729:Group 3: Sc, Y, Lu, Lr 10288:Electron configuration table 8041:2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32, 32, ... 7969:spin magnetic quantum number 4819:manganese group 1100: 7: 34276:Science education materials 33833:Bioorganometallic chemistry 33320:List of inorganic compounds 32849:Platinum-group metals (PGM) 32552:By periodic table structure 30493:. Oxford University Press. 30144:10.1103/PhysRevD.101.103031 28611:Klechkovskii, V.M. (1962). 28476:Jensen, William B. (2007). 28254:Jensen, William B. (2003). 26876:Jensen, William B. (2003). 26791:Jensen, William B. (1986). 26589:10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.3764 26397:10.1007/978-1-4684-6066-7_7 25769:Chemistry of the Non-Metals 24459:"Periodic Tables and IUPAC" 24257:Kondō, Jun (January 1963). 23970:Kurushkin, Mikhail (2020). 23734:107 Stories About Chemistry 23217:Journal of Chemical Physics 22872:American Journal of Physics 22326:10.1088/0022-3700/14/23/008 21785:. Collins. pp. 17–65. 21543:Jensen, William B. (2015). 21139:10.1016/j.cclet.2022.03.036 20945:European Physical Journal A 20867:(3rd ed.). Dordrecht: 19577:) probably occurred in the 19493: 18527:Alternative periodic tables 12648: 8344:Starting the next row, for 5842:Group 3 element#Composition 4300:, have isotopes undergoing 1095:alternative representations 232:By periodic table structure 10: 34302: 33759:Dynamic covalent chemistry 33730:Enantioselective synthesis 33710:Physical organic chemistry 33663:Organolanthanide chemistry 32994:Goldschmidt classification 31702: 31531: 31450: 31369: 31333: 31235: 31134:, with interactive layouts 30753:10.1007/s40828-021-00157-8 29865:(December 2015): 551–577. 29724:Pershina, Valeria (2020). 29200:10.1038/d41586-019-00285-9 29024:Pure and Applied Chemistry 28966:Royal Society of Chemistry 28842:Pure and Applied Chemistry 28797:Pure and Applied Chemistry 28704:Seaborg, Glenn T. (1997). 27994:10.1007/s10698-021-09410-x 27500:. 2nd series (in German). 27492:Döbereiner, J. W. (1829). 27440:Wurzer, Ferdinand (1817). 27313:Pure and Applied Chemistry 27256:Pure and Applied Chemistry 26963:Winter, Mark (1993–2022). 26933:Leigh, G. J., ed. (2011). 26660:Royal Society of Chemistry 25717:10.1088/0031-8949/38/4/022 25038:Chistyakov, V. M. (1968). 24894:Pure and Applied Chemistry 24605:Lavelle, Laurence (2008). 24541:10.1007/s10698-020-09384-2 24457:Leigh, G. Jeffrey (2009). 24436:10.1038/s42254-023-00668-y 24373:Pure and Applied Chemistry 23841:10.1021/cen-v023n023.p2190 23333:10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.280 22816:Petrucci et al., pp. 326–7 22749:Doklady Physical Chemistry 22499:Spectra of the Rare Earths 22229:Modern Inorganic Chemistry 22226:Jolly, William L. (1984). 21108:10.1103/PhysRevC.85.015801 21007:At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 20975:10.1140/epja/i2019-12823-2 20463:Pure and Applied Chemistry 20428:Pure and Applied Chemistry 19467: 19462: 19454: 18996: 18889: 18832: 18778: 18754: 18733: 18530: 18333: 18327: 18282:Transfermium Working Group 18269:element naming controversy 17701:published a letter in the 17680:Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner 17678:In 1817, German physicist 17658: 17652: 17648: 17417:Classification of elements 17381:) while chlorine's is +7. 16482: 16311: 16230: 16149: 16113: 15999: 15955: 15170: 15071: 15022: 14973: 14949: 14855: 14551:in 1904, often called the 14523: 13905: 13773: 13706: 13646: 13621: 13025: 12893: 12833: 12773: 12748: 12721: 12717: 12652: 12607: 11097: 10780: 10643: 10512: 10458: 10359: 10298: 9057:in 2010 (the last element 8106:Starting from element 11, 7957:ℓ (the orbital type), the 7624: 7607:the composition of group 3 6815: 6755: 6730: 6147: 6015: 5955: 5895: 5870: 4083:of the most stable isotope 3378: 1600: 1407: 1329: 922:expansion coefficient 798:Goldschmidt classification 29: 34187: 34090: 33851: 33767: 33688: 33638: 33514: 33457: 33348:Electroanalytical methods 33333: 33305: 33232: 33194: 33127: 33007: 32964: 32925: 32916: 32841: 32819: 32796: 32763: 32753: 32731: 32661: 32573:2 (Alkaline earth metals) 32558: 32551: 32542: 32521: 32445: 32145: 31850: 31679: 31508: 31427: 31346: 31319: 31312: 31307: 31302: 31297: 31292: 31287: 31282: 31277: 31272: 31267: 31262: 31257: 31252: 31247: 31242: 31237: 31230: 31225: 31218: 31154:Periodic table of samples 31118:Science History Institute 30783:Chemistry of the Elements 30781:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). 30718:10.1007/s10698-011-9124-y 30676:10.1007/s10698-005-2141-y 30392:Science History Institute 30240:10.1142/S0218301310015333 30177:(1): 011001-1–011001-25. 30171:Reviews of Modern Physics 29121:Fricke, Burkhard (1977). 29072:. Structure and Bonding. 29064:Fricke, Burkhard (1975). 28439:10.1038/s41557-018-0140-6 28356:Fernelius, W. C. (1982). 27859:Physikalische Zeitschrift 26986:Cowan, Robert D. (1981). 26626:American Chemical Society 26207:(11): 116404-1–116404-5. 26167:10.3389/fchem.2022.976635 25017:10.1007/s10698-018-9321-z 24859:"Atomic and Ionic Radius" 24584:10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214366 24079:10.1007/s10698-017-9302-7 23997:10.1107/S2052252520007769 22761:10.1134/S0012501606060029 22112:"Electron Configurations" 21561:10.1007/s10698-015-9216-1 20842:10.1134/S1063778818010167 20779:10.3103/S0884591308020049 20715:10.1038/s41557-018-0190-9 20633:"Standard Atomic Weights" 19477: 19472: 18082:after Bohr's hometown of 17854:continued his work up to 16091: 16083: 15850:Pauli exclusion principle 10341: 7981:Order of subshell filling 7912:Subshell capacity (4ℓ+2) 7841: 7813: 7788: 7766: 7747: 7703: 7660:Pauli exclusion principle 7490: 7386: 4693: 4633: 4550: 3721: 706:List of chemical elements 34103:Nobel Prize in Chemistry 34019:Supramolecular chemistry 33658:Organometallic chemistry 31159:Periodic table of videos 30880:Wulfsberg, Gary (2000). 30706:Foundations of Chemistry 30664:Foundations of Chemistry 30059:(1): 222001-1–222001-6. 29910:(1): 012002-1–012002-9. 28869:Hofmann, Sigurd (2019). 28015:A Tale of Seven Elements 27981:Foundations of Chemistry 27518:10.1002/andp.18290910217 27466:10.1002/andp.18170560709 27247:Duffus, John H. (2002). 27043:Chemical Society Reviews 26079:Gäggeler, H. W. (2007). 25005:Foundations of Chemistry 24528:Foundations of Chemistry 24317:10.1351/PAC-REP-10-05-01 24066:Foundations of Chemistry 23512:"Results from the first 23143:10.1103/PhysRevB.49.4954 22422:10.3389/fchem.2020.00813 22268:Foundations of Chemistry 21549:Foundations of Chemistry 21127:Chinese Chemical Letters 20830:Physics of Atomic Nuclei 20503:New Journal of Chemistry 20127:satisfies the condition 19605:to nuclides that suffer 19569:) have been observed in 19505: 19263: 19258: 19253: 19248: 19243: 19238: 19233: 19228: 19223: 19218: 19213: 19208: 19203: 19198: 19193: 19188: 19183: 19178: 19173: 19168: 19163: 19158: 19153: 19148: 19143: 19138: 19133: 19128: 19123: 19118: 19113: 19108: 19106: 19090: 18607:Left-step periodic table 18533:Types of periodic tables 18399:systematic element names 15693:); but not always (e.g. 8025:+ ℓ, the one with lower 7955:azimuthal quantum number 7948:principal quantum number 4346:were group IVB, and the 4218:) are determined by the 4204:) is started when a new 599:By other characteristics 209:Systematic element names 34041:Combinatorial chemistry 33952:Food physical chemistry 33915:Environmental chemistry 33799:Bioorthogonal chemistry 33725:Retrosynthetic analysis 33546:Chemical thermodynamics 33529:Spectroelectrochemistry 33472:Computational chemistry 33212:systematic element name 33184:in East Asian languages 32534:Extended periodic table 31116:featured topic page on 31093:Verde, M., ed. (1971). 31078:. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 30418:Francl, M. (May 2009). 30053:Physical Review Letters 29648:Wothers, Peter (2019). 29497:Theoretica Chimica Acta 28924:10.1515/ci.2012.34.4.28 28911:Chemistry International 28875:Chemistry International 28855:10.1351/pac199769122471 28848:(12): 2471–2474. 1997. 28809:10.1351/pac199163060879 28791:Wapstra, A. H. (1991). 28756:Chemistry International 27722:: 25–56. Archived from 27647:Encyclopædia Britannica 27381:10.1002/chemv.201800029 27268:10.1351/pac200274050793 26700:Encyclopædia Britannica 26694:Seaborg, G. (c. 2006). 26569:Physical Review Letters 26489:10.1103/PhysRevB.6.4370 26352:Hammond, C. R. (2004). 26201:Physical Review Letters 26088:Paul Scherrer Institute 25597:Applied Physics Letters 24782:The basics of chemistry 24753:Messler, R. W. (2010). 24659:Johnson, David (1984). 24463:Chemistry International 24130:"Neon behind the signs" 23921:10.1515/ci.2004.26.3.21 23908:Chemistry International 23876:10.1515/ci.2003.25.6.14 23863:Chemistry International 23459:Physical Review Letters 23313:Physical Review Letters 22848:10.1002/pssb.2220970230 22828:Physica Status Solidi B 22382:Petrucci et al., p. 328 22280:10.1023/A:1011476405933 22062:Petrucci et al., p. 322 22053:Petrucci et al., p. 306 22044:Petrucci et al., p. 323 21695:Pfeiffer, Paul (1920). 21685:Petrucci et al., p. 331 21401:Chemistry International 21341:10.1351/pac198860030431 20564:10.1351/goldbook.C01022 19935:Encyclopædia Britannica 18330:Extended periodic table 15770:London dispersion force 15643:), two semiconductors ( 10326:Electron configurations 9050:elements beyond uranium 7641:electron configurations 7621:Electron configurations 7615:standard atomic weights 4317:Group names and numbers 1283:Chalcogens 1091:beyond these seven rows 822:Data pages for elements 501:metallic classification 267:(alkaline earth metals) 34113:of element discoveries 33959:Agricultural chemistry 33947:Carbohydrate chemistry 33838:Bioinorganic chemistry 33703:Alkane stereochemistry 33648:Coordination chemistry 33477:Mathematical chemistry 33343:Instrumental chemistry 33055:Electron configuration 33045:Electrical resistivity 32984:Electron configuration 32788:Post-transition metals 31132:Dynamic periodic table 30908:Calvo, Miguel (2019). 30350:Bloomberg Businessweek 30226:(5 & 6): 882–893. 29968:10.1515/ract-2019-3104 29425:10.1098/rsta.2019.0300 27953:10.1002/chem.202004775 27710:Mendeleev, D. (1871). 27667:2 January 2019 at the 27373:Chemie in unserer Zeit 27222:Burns, Gerald (1985). 27193:"Metallicity of stars" 26146:Frontiers in Chemistry 25991:10.1002/anie.201906966 25899:10.1002/anie.201908327 25083:10.1002/chem.200800987 24475:10.1515/ci.2009.31.1.4 24424:Nature Reviews Physics 24364:Pyykkö, Pekka (2019). 24095:""The" periodic table" 23680:Lemonick, Sam (2019). 23607:(NIST) (August 2019). 23363:Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys 23089:10.1002/chem.201902625 22970:Jensen, W. B. (2015). 22922:Ln−ECp (E = Al, Ga)". 22481:10.1002/anie.197300121 22401:Frontiers in Chemistry 22158:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 22075:Introductory Chemistry 21654:10.1515/ract-2018-3082 21028:10.1006/adnd.2001.0873 20347: 20321: 20295: 20275: 20255: 20239:Gegenbauer polynomials 20227: 20195: 20121: 20101: 20077: 20057: 20037: 19886:metallization pressure 19573:. Elements up to 100 ( 18545: 18512:continent of stability 18440:spin–orbit interaction 18386: 18292: 18191: 18147: 17819: 17804:Antonius van den Broek 17799: 17755: 17740: 17695: 17670: 17538: 17332:diagonal relationships 15873: 15780: 15764: 15710: 15612: 14681: 14644: 14596:Spin–orbit interaction 14582: 12694:hexagonal close-packed 8054:electron configuration 7993: 7627:Electron configuration 4802:beryllium group 4780:chalcogens 4220:electron configuration 4130: 4058:Standard atomic weight 1249:Alkaline earth metals 1077:'s discovery that the 1015:and is widely used in 858:Electrical resistivity 750:Properties of elements 133:Periodic table history 64: 55:actually fits between 34108:Timeline of chemistry 34005:Post-mortem chemistry 33990:Clandestine chemistry 33920:Atmospheric chemistry 33843:Biophysical chemistry 33675:Solid-state chemistry 33625:Equilibrium chemistry 33534:Photoelectrochemistry 32889:Transuranium elements 30787:Butterworth-Heinemann 30779:Greenwood, Norman N. 30697:Scerri, Eric (2012). 29998:Peter Möller (2016). 29733:Comptes Rendus Chimie 29398:Scerri, Eric (2020). 29037:10.1515/pac-2020-2926 28013:Scerri, Eric (2013). 27321:10.1515/pac-2015-0802 27304:Koppenol, W. (2016). 27199:. Durham University. 27154:Superheavy elements ( 26273:"Metallic Structures" 25930:Smith, J. D. (1973). 24907:10.1515/pac-2019-0901 24385:10.1515/pac-2019-0801 24350:10.1515/pac-2015-0502 23902:Scerri, Eric (2004). 23640:Structure and Bonding 22179:10.1073/pnas.51.4.664 21599:Scerri, Eric (2009). 21173:Nature Communications 20803:Emsley, John (2011). 20471:10.1515/pac-2019-0603 20442:10.1515/pac-2015-0305 20348: 20322: 20296: 20276: 20256: 20228: 20226:{\displaystyle N=n+l} 20196: 20122: 20102: 20078: 20058: 20038: 18540: 18343: 18290: 18231:'s 1940 discovery of 18189: 18145: 18105:, and formulated his 17907:The Danish physicist 17817: 17797: 17753: 17738: 17693: 17668: 17577:post-transition metal 17449:Alkaline earth metals 17424: 17398:heats of vaporization 15834:(right side of graph) 15830: 15778: 15760: 15708: 15639:comprise a nonmetal ( 15610: 15602:orbital hybridization 14679: 14642: 14580: 7988: 4849:fluorine group 4843:nitrogen group 4816:chromium group 4813:vanadium group 4810:titanium group 4807:scandium group 4738:alkaline earth metals 4124: 610:Platinum-group metals 159:Discovery of elements 42: 34286:Tables (information) 34098:History of chemistry 34053:Chemical engineering 33828:Bioorganic chemistry 33578:Structural chemistry 33315:List of biomolecules 33105:Thermal conductivity 33080:Heat of vaporization 32522:Periodic table forms 29895:Greiner, W. (2013). 28888:10.1515/ci-2019-0103 28769:10.1515/ci-2016-0204 27906:The Periodic Kingdom 27554:Horvitz, L. (2002). 27541:9 March 2019 at the 27076:(17–18): 2287–2307. 27055:10.1039/CS9962500219 26097:on 20 February 2012. 25238:Wulfsberg, pp. 33–34 25214:Schädel, M. (2003). 23581:. 30 November 2016. 21413:10.1515/ci-2021-0115 20331: 20305: 20285: 20265: 20245: 20235:Schrödinger equation 20205: 20131: 20111: 20091: 20067: 20047: 19955: 19599:neutron star mergers 18397:"), or by the IUPAC 18239:and his team at the 18129:Vsevolod Klechkovsky 18044:Charles Rugeley Bury 17951:Electrons per shell 17547:alkaline earth metal 15948:van der Waals forces 14592:relativistic effects 8375:( 3d 4s 4p) through 8006:Vsevolod Klechkovsky 4799:lithium group 4350:were group IVA). In 991:, also known as the 892:of vaporization 757:Relative atomic mass 730:by isotope stability 725:by atomic properties 88:Periodic table forms 34121:The central science 34075:Ceramic engineering 34000:Forensic toxicology 33973:Chemistry education 33871:Radiation chemistry 33853:Interdisciplinarity 33806:Medicinal chemistry 33744:Fullerene chemistry 33620:Microwave chemistry 33489:Molecular mechanics 33484:Molecular modelling 33137:Element discoveries 32894:Superheavy elements 32854:Rare-earth elements 31164:3 July 2023 at the 31121:Digital Collections 30882:Inorganic Chemistry 30637:Soviet Physics JETP 30439:2009NatCh...1...97F 30296:2013JPhCS.420a2001Z 30232:2010IJMPE..19..882G 30183:2019RvMP...91a1001G 30136:2020PhRvD.101j3031X 30075:2018PhRvL.120v2001H 30016:2016EPJWC.13103002M 29916:2013JPhCS.413a2002G 29871:2015NuPhA.944..551S 29831:2012JPhCS.337a2005O 29703:2023PhR..1035....1S 29611:2018PhRvL.120e3001J 29550:2011PCCP...13..161P 29416:2020RSPTA.37890300S 29374:2022EPJA...58..158G 29191:2019Natur.565..552B 29142:1977ADNDT..19...83F 28941:Scerri, pp. 356–363 28691:Scerri, pp. 322–340 28682:Scerri, pp. 313–321 28663:1972JETP...35...66D 28574:2003NYASA.988..182O 28514:on 23 November 2018 28497:2007JChEd..84..757J 28431:2018NatCh..10.1074B 28377:1982JChEd..59..242F 28333:1923Natur.111...79C 28275:2003JChEd..80..952J 28221:10.1021/ja01440a023 28162:10.1021/ja02227a002 28055:Scerri, pp. 208–218 27862:, 14, (1913), 32–41 27793:Scerri, pp. 164–169 27700:Scerri, pp. 117–123 27679:Scerri, pp. 106–108 27564:2001esbt.book.....H 27510:1829AnP....91..301D 27458:1817AnP....56..331. 27412:www.chemistry.or.jp 27224:Solid State Physics 26897:2003JChEd..80..952J 26855:1971JChEd..48..730F 26767:2001JChEd..78.1686H 26581:1993PhRvL..70.3764W 26536:Clark, Jim (2015). 26502:Clark, Jim (2018). 26481:1972PhRvB...6.4370J 26438:1995Natur.376..238H 26329:Inorganic chemistry 26271:Clark, Jim (2012). 26213:2013PhRvL.111k6404H 26158:2022FrCh...10.6635Y 26039:2022JChPh.157f4304F 25985:(50): 17964–17968. 25893:(40): 14260–14264. 25860:2001JChEd..78.1686H 25815:2015PhRvL.114j5305M 25709:1988PhyS...38..623P 25664:Clark, Jim (2019). 25609:2018ApPhL.113w2104C 25537:10.1021/ja00207a003 25456:10.1021/ic00281a011 25444:Inorganic Chemistry 25378:2012JPhCS.388a2006S 25296:"Electron Affinity" 25294:Clark, Jim (2012). 25262:"Ionisation Energy" 25260:Clark, Jim (2016). 25148:1991JChEd..68..110N 25121:10.1021/ar50140a002 24984:Scerri, pp. 407–420 24857:Clark, Jim (2012). 24623:2008JChEd..85.1482L 24275:1963PThPh..29....1K 24146:2013NatCh...5..438G 24047:Scerri, pp. 392−401 23988:2020IUCrJ...7..577K 23550:on 13 December 2004 23471:2010PhRvL.104n2502O 23375:2016PCCP...1817351X 23325:1995PhRvL..75..280J 23266:Inorganic Chemistry 23229:1999JChPh.111.6422S 23182:2021PCCP...24..321H 23135:1994PhRvB..49.4954S 23082:(50): 11772–11784. 23040:2013PCCP...15.7839X 23005:Acta Chimica Sinica 22984:on 23 December 2015 22924:Inorganic Chemistry 22884:1965AmJPh..33..637H 22840:1980PSSBR..97..631F 22712:on 10 November 2020 22589:10.1021/ic50177a056 22577:Inorganic Chemistry 22413:2021FrCh....8..813S 22357:1979JChEd..56..714W 22318:1981JPhB...14.4425O 22170:1964PNAS...51..664G 21962:2009JChEd..86.1186J 21713:1920NW......8..984P 21701:Naturwissenschaften 21482:1982JChEd..59..634J 21195:2015NatCo...6.5956W 21100:2012PhRvC..85a5801L 21057:1971Natur.234..132H 21020:2002ADNDT..80...83T 20967:2019EPJA...55..140B 20914:10.1038/nature01541 20906:2003Natur.422..876D 20771:2008KPCB...24...89G 20707:2019NatCh..11....4T 20346:{\displaystyle n+l} 20320:{\displaystyle l=0} 19930:lists of metalloids 19607:spontaneous fission 19527:spontaneous fission 18558:Otto Theodor Benfey 18542:Otto Theodor Benfey 18489:island of stability 18336:Island of stability 18125:Vladimir Karapetoff 18107:exclusion principle 17944: 17768:Lars Fredrik Nilson 17630:superheavy elements 17599:rare earth elements 15651:), and two metals ( 14840: 14510:superheavy elements 9035:), and finally 7p ( 8385:transition elements 8381:main-group elements 4846:oxygen group 4840:carbon group 4831:copper group 4825:cobalt group 4290:age of the universe 4161:, atomic number 2; 3081:Rutherfordium 658:Rare-earth elements 653:Main-group elements 34164:Chemical substance 34026:Chemical synthesis 33995:Forensic chemistry 33876:Actinide chemistry 33818:Clinical chemistry 33499:Molecular geometry 33494:Molecular dynamics 33449:Elemental analysis 33402:Separation process 31028:Scerri, E (n.d.). 30582:10.1021/ed084p1145 30550:Int J Quantum Chem 30274:Journal of Physics 29558:10.1039/c0cp01575j 29509:10.1007/BF01172015 29086:10.1007/BFb0116498 28466:Scerri, pp. 218–23 27856:A. van den Broek, 27823:. pp. 42–47. 27765:"Dmitri Mendeleev" 27446:Annalen der Physik 27152:– via OSTI. 26775:10.1021/ed078p1686 26729:. Pergamon Press. 26152:(976635): 976635. 25868:10.1021/ed078p1686 25666:"Metallic Bonding" 25339:10.1039/C0CP01785J 24811:Chang, R. (2002). 24778:Myers, R. (2003). 24700:10.1007/BFb0108579 24632:10.1021/ed085p1482 24522:Vernon, R (2021). 24155:10.1038/nchem.1631 23652:10.1007/BFb0116496 23541:JINR Communication 23444:Oganessian, Yu.Ts. 23383:10.1039/c6cp02706g 23190:10.1039/D1CP04360A 23048:10.1039/C3CP50717C 23026:(Ln = La to Lu)". 22696:Jensen, William B. 21971:10.1021/ed086p1186 21942:Jensen, William B. 21721:10.1007/BF02448807 21617:10.1021/ed086p1188 21319:Fluck, E. (1988). 21203:10.1038/ncomms6956 20951:(8): 140–1–140–7. 20515:10.1039/C6NJ02076C 20343: 20317: 20291: 20271: 20251: 20223: 20191: 20117: 20097: 20073: 20053: 20033: 18609:(by Charles Janet) 18546: 18442:: one p-orbital (p 18387: 18293: 18280:(IUPAP) created a 18192: 18182:Synthetic elements 18148: 18137:Thomas–Fermi model 18127:in 1930. In 1961, 18097:Prompted by Bohr, 18061:rare earth element 17942: 17862:in 1908 and named 17828:X-ray spectroscopy 17820: 17800: 17756: 17741: 17696: 17671: 17539: 17402:atomisation energy 17288:Sulfur, a nonmetal 15874: 15813:molecular orbitals 15781: 15765: 15711: 15613: 14838: 14682: 14645: 14588:special relativity 14583: 14553:plum-pudding model 7994: 7704:Shell capacity (2 5855:Presentation forms 4260:(element 93), and 4131: 4079:Po: — 3778:Protactinium 3446:Praseodymium 3201:Darmstadtium 65: 34261:Chemical elements 34243: 34242: 34179:Quantum mechanics 34144:Chemical compound 34127:Chemical reaction 34065:Materials science 33983:General chemistry 33978:Amateur chemistry 33906:Photogeochemistry 33891:Stellar chemistry 33861:Nuclear chemistry 33782:Molecular biology 33749:Polymer chemistry 33720:Organic synthesis 33715:Organic reactions 33680:Ceramic chemistry 33670:Cluster chemistry 33600:Chemical kinetics 33588:Molecular physics 33467:Quantum chemistry 33380:Mass spectrometry 33264: 33263: 33123: 33122: 33085:Ionization energy 33060:Electronegativity 33050:Electron affinity 32989:Electronegativity 32979:Crystal structure 32974:Aqueous chemistry 32951:Nuclear stability 32946:Atomic properties 32912: 32911: 32859:Refractory metals 32837: 32836: 32783:Transition metals 32749: 32748: 32481: 32480: 32474: 32473: 32440: 32439: 31085:978-0-444-40776-4 31066:978-0-86380-292-8 31020:978-1-59454-259-6 31001:978-0-86380-292-8 30982:978-0-19-960563-7 30960:978-0-19-938334-4 30941:978-0-19-960563-7 30919:978-84-8321-908-9 30874:978-0-19-091436-3 30854:978-1-898563-71-6 30819:978-0-13-014329-7 30796:978-0-08-037941-8 30622:10.1021/ed056p714 30562:10.1002/qua.21914 30479:Scerri, pp. 402–3 30447:10.1038/nchem.183 30114:Physical Review D 29962:(9–11): 879–915. 29956:Radiochimica Acta 29859:Nuclear Physics A 29745:10.5802/crchim.25 29659:978-0-19-965272-3 29185:(7741): 552–555. 29173:Ball, P. (2019). 29095:978-3-540-07109-9 28740:Scerri, pp. 356–9 28505:10.1021/ed084p757 28385:10.1021/ed059p242 28283:10.1021/ed080p952 28024:978-0-19-539131-2 27920:978-0-465-07265-1 27726:on 13 August 2017 27662:table on page 137 27618:978-0-19-284100-1 27573:978-0-471-23341-1 27233:978-0-12-146070-9 27144:on 5 October 2023 27117:978-0-19-850109-1 26997:978-0-520-90615-0 26949:978-1-84973-007-5 26905:10.1021/ed080p952 26863:10.1021/ed048p730 26761:(12): 1686–1687. 26736:978-1-4831-3905-0 26575:(24): 3764–3767. 26475:(12): 4370–4379. 26469:Physical Review B 26432:(6537): 238–240. 26406:978-1-4684-6066-7 26371:978-0-8493-0485-9 26338:978-0-12-352651-9 26313:978-3-11-007511-3 26047:10.1063/5.0097642 25956:978-1-4292-2434-5 25887:Angewandte Chemie 25778:978-3-11-057805-8 25617:10.1063/1.5053884 25565:978-0-470-77296-6 25531:(25): 9003–9014. 25497:Scerri, pp. 14–15 25409:Wulfsberg, p. 274 25225:978-1-4020-1250-1 25189:Actinides Reviews 25156:10.1021/ed068p110 24948:10.1002/jcc.20522 24900:(12): 1969–1999. 24830:978-0-07-112072-2 24797:978-0-313-31664-7 24764:978-0-7637-7833-0 24709:978-3-528-08019-8 24617:(11): 1482–1483. 24379:(12): 1959–1967. 24219:978-1-4020-6973-4 24072:(2018): 191–207. 23956:978-0-19-061139-2 23813:978-0-19-850346-0 23804:Organic Chemistry 23794:; Greeves, Nick; 23792:Clayden, Jonathan 23777:978-981-12-1850-7 23743:978-0-8285-5067-3 23661:978-3-540-07109-9 23223:(14): 6422–6433. 23123:Physical Review B 22936:10.1021/ic102028d 22892:10.1119/1.1972042 22583:(11): 2944–2949. 22534:978-0-444-87080-3 22365:10.1021/ed056p714 22312:(23): 4425–4439. 22085:978-1-77420-003-2 21917:. Merriam-Webster 21844:978-0-444-53590-0 21642:Radiochimica Acta 21523:. pp. 256–7. 21490:10.1021/ed059p634 21273:978-0-85404-438-2 21088:Physical Review C 21051:(5325): 132–134. 20900:(6934): 876–878. 20878:978-1-4020-3555-5 20814:978-0-19-960563-7 20509:(11): 9002–9006. 20294:{\displaystyle n} 20274:{\displaystyle N} 20254:{\displaystyle v} 20161: 20120:{\displaystyle v} 20100:{\displaystyle r} 20085:Coulomb potential 20076:{\displaystyle v} 20056:{\displaystyle R} 20031: 19882:metallic hydrogen 19651:The half-life of 19640:double beta decay 19571:Przybylski's Star 19537:, are formed via 19484: 19483: 18172:superconductivity 18053:transition metals 18037:In a 1919 paper, 18027: 18026: 17933:Arnold Sommerfeld 17808:Ernest Rutherford 17536: 17535: 17479:Transition metals 17225: 17224: 15717:. Atoms can form 15715:electronegativity 15701:Electronegativity 15588: 15587: 14686:electron affinity 14672:Electron affinity 14649:ionisation energy 14635:Ionisation energy 14497:William B. Jensen 14492:superconductivity 14466: 14465: 14192:Mercury (element) 13593: 13592: 13319:Mercury (element) 12711:first-row anomaly 12641: 12640: 12635: 12634: 11989: 11368: 11057: 10740: 10609: 10478: 10347: 10335: 10330:chemical elements 10281: 10280: 8974: 8973: 8342: 8341: 7939: 7938: 7668:valence electrons 7633:periodic function 7594: 7593: 7203:Mercury (element) 6715: 6714: 6441:Mercury (element) 5819: 5818: 4668: 4608: 4504: 4348:group 14 elements 4302:radioactive decay 4151:chemical elements 4125:3D views of some 4115: 4114: 4023: 4022: 3984:Mendelevium 3944:Einsteinium 3924:Californium 3321:Livermorium 3241:Copernicium 3221:Roentgenium 1280:Pnictogens 1071:quantum mechanics 1003:") and columns (" 997:chemical elements 985: 984: 897:Ionization energy 873:Electronegativity 782:Electronegativity 762:Crystal structure 622:Refractory metals 471:(s, p, d, f, ...) 16:(Redirected from 34293: 34271:Dmitri Mendeleev 34231: 34230: 34219: 34207: 34206: 34195: 34194: 34139:Chemical element 33794:Chemical biology 33653:Magnetochemistry 33630:Mechanochemistry 33583:Chemical physics 33524:Electrochemistry 33429:Characterization 33291: 33284: 33277: 33268: 33267: 33253: 33252: 33241: 33240: 33224:Dmitri Mendeleev 33152:1869 predictions 33142:Dmitri Mendeleev 32923: 32922: 32761: 32760: 32741:Aufbau principle 32653:18 (Noble gases) 32556: 32555: 32549: 32548: 32544:Sets of elements 32508: 32501: 32494: 32485: 32484: 32450: 32449: 32436: 32434: 32427: 32425: 32418: 32416: 32409: 32407: 32400: 32398: 32391: 32389: 32382: 32380: 32373: 32371: 32364: 32362: 32355: 32353: 32346: 32344: 32337: 32335: 32328: 32326: 32319: 32317: 32310: 32308: 32301: 32299: 32292: 32290: 32283: 32281: 32274: 32272: 32265: 32263: 32256: 32254: 32247: 32245: 32238: 32236: 32229: 32227: 32220: 32218: 32211: 32209: 32202: 32200: 32193: 32191: 32184: 32182: 32175: 32173: 32166: 32164: 32157: 32155: 32141: 32139: 32132: 32130: 32123: 32121: 32114: 32112: 32105: 32103: 32096: 32094: 32087: 32085: 32078: 32076: 32069: 32067: 32060: 32058: 32051: 32049: 32042: 32040: 32033: 32031: 32024: 32022: 32015: 32013: 32006: 32004: 31997: 31995: 31988: 31986: 31979: 31977: 31970: 31968: 31961: 31959: 31952: 31950: 31943: 31941: 31934: 31932: 31925: 31923: 31916: 31914: 31907: 31905: 31898: 31896: 31889: 31887: 31880: 31878: 31871: 31869: 31862: 31860: 31846: 31844: 31837: 31835: 31828: 31826: 31819: 31817: 31810: 31808: 31801: 31799: 31792: 31790: 31783: 31781: 31774: 31772: 31765: 31763: 31756: 31754: 31747: 31745: 31738: 31736: 31729: 31727: 31720: 31718: 31711: 31709: 31700: 31698: 31691: 31689: 31675: 31673: 31666: 31664: 31657: 31655: 31648: 31646: 31639: 31637: 31630: 31628: 31621: 31619: 31612: 31610: 31603: 31601: 31594: 31592: 31585: 31583: 31576: 31574: 31567: 31565: 31558: 31556: 31549: 31547: 31540: 31538: 31529: 31527: 31520: 31518: 31504: 31502: 31495: 31493: 31486: 31484: 31477: 31475: 31468: 31466: 31459: 31457: 31448: 31446: 31439: 31437: 31423: 31421: 31414: 31412: 31405: 31403: 31396: 31394: 31387: 31385: 31378: 31376: 31367: 31365: 31358: 31356: 31342: 31340: 31331: 31329: 31221: 31205: 31198: 31191: 31182: 31181: 31102: 31089: 31070: 31051: 31049: 31047: 31041: 31034: 31024: 31005: 30986: 30964: 30945: 30923: 30895: 30858: 30839: 30811: 30800: 30785:(2nd ed.). 30765: 30764: 30736: 30730: 30729: 30703: 30694: 30688: 30687: 30659: 30653: 30652: 30650: 30648: 30634: 30625: 30605: 30585: 30565: 30545: 30539: 30538: 30522: 30516: 30513: 30507: 30506: 30504: 30502: 30486: 30480: 30477: 30466: 30465: 30463: 30427:Nature Chemistry 30424: 30415: 30409: 30407: 30405: 30403: 30382: 30376: 30373: 30367: 30366: 30364: 30362: 30337: 30331: 30330: 30328: 30326: 30320: 30289: 30271: 30262: 30256: 30255: 30253: 30251: 30211: 30205: 30204: 30194: 30162: 30156: 30155: 30129: 30109: 30103: 30102: 30068: 30048: 30042: 30041: 30039: 30037: 30027: 29995: 29989: 29986: 29980: 29979: 29951: 29945: 29944: 29942: 29940: 29934: 29927: 29901: 29892: 29883: 29882: 29854: 29845: 29844: 29842: 29808: 29802: 29801: 29799: 29797: 29778: 29772: 29771: 29769: 29767: 29761: 29730: 29721: 29715: 29714: 29696: 29675: 29664: 29663: 29645: 29639: 29638: 29604: 29584: 29578: 29577: 29530: 29521: 29520: 29492: 29481: 29480: 29452: 29446: 29445: 29427: 29395: 29386: 29385: 29357: 29351: 29350: 29348: 29346: 29327: 29321: 29320: 29318: 29316: 29301: 29295: 29294: 29292: 29290: 29270: 29264: 29263: 29261: 29259: 29253: 29238: 29227: 29221: 29220: 29202: 29170: 29161: 29160: 29158: 29156: 29127: 29118: 29107: 29106: 29104: 29102: 29061: 29052: 29051: 29049: 29039: 29030:(9): 1387–1446. 29015: 29009: 29008: 29006: 29004: 28988: 28982: 28981: 28979: 28977: 28951: 28942: 28939: 28933: 28932: 28926: 28899: 28893: 28892: 28890: 28866: 28860: 28859: 28857: 28834: 28828: 28827: 28825: 28823: 28788: 28782: 28781: 28771: 28747: 28741: 28738: 28732: 28731: 28729: 28727: 28721: 28710: 28701: 28692: 28689: 28683: 28680: 28674: 28673: 28671: 28669: 28642: 28633: 28632: 28630: 28628: 28608: 28602: 28601: 28557: 28551: 28550: 28530: 28524: 28523: 28521: 28519: 28513: 28507:. Archived from 28482: 28473: 28467: 28464: 28458: 28457: 28455: 28453: 28419:Nature Chemistry 28410: 28404: 28403: 28401: 28399: 28394:on 15 March 2020 28393: 28387:. Archived from 28362: 28353: 28347: 28346: 28344: 28342:10.1038/111079a0 28312: 28306: 28305: 28299: 28297: 28291: 28260: 28251: 28245: 28244: 28242: 28240: 28215:(7): 1602–1609. 28199:Bury, Charles R. 28195: 28186: 28185: 28183: 28181: 28140:Langmuir, Irving 28136: 28130: 28127: 28121: 28118: 28112: 28111: 28092:10.2307/27757389 28071: 28065: 28062: 28056: 28053: 28047: 28044: 28038: 28035: 28029: 28028: 28010: 27999: 27998: 27996: 27972: 27966: 27965: 27955: 27931: 27925: 27924: 27897: 27891: 27887: 27881: 27878: 27872: 27869: 27863: 27854: 27848: 27847: 27845: 27843: 27837: 27831:. Archived from 27814: 27805: 27794: 27791: 27785: 27784: 27782: 27780: 27760: 27754: 27753:Scerri, p. 151–2 27751: 27745: 27742: 27736: 27735: 27733: 27731: 27707: 27701: 27698: 27689: 27686: 27680: 27677: 27671: 27658: 27652: 27651: 27643: 27632: 27623: 27622: 27601: 27595: 27592: 27586: 27585: 27551: 27545: 27533: 27531: 27529: 27489: 27483: 27481: 27479: 27477: 27437: 27431: 27430: 27425: 27423: 27403: 27397: 27396: 27394: 27392: 27364: 27358: 27357: 27355: 27353: 27347: 27332: 27310: 27301: 27295: 27294: 27292: 27290: 27284: 27253: 27244: 27238: 27237: 27219: 27213: 27212: 27210: 27208: 27188: 27182: 27181: 27179: 27167: 27161: 27160: 27151: 27149: 27143: 27136: 27128: 27122: 27121: 27100: 27094: 27093: 27065: 27059: 27058: 27038: 27029: 27028: 27008: 27002: 27001: 26983: 26977: 26976: 26974: 26972: 26960: 26954: 26953: 26941: 26930: 26924: 26923: 26921: 26919: 26913: 26907:. Archived from 26882: 26873: 26867: 26866: 26838: 26832: 26829: 26823: 26822: 26820: 26818: 26812: 26797: 26788: 26779: 26778: 26750: 26741: 26740: 26722: 26716: 26715: 26713: 26711: 26691: 26676: 26675: 26673: 26671: 26652:"Periodic Table" 26648: 26642: 26641: 26639: 26637: 26614: 26601: 26600: 26564: 26558: 26557: 26555: 26553: 26533: 26524: 26523: 26521: 26519: 26499: 26493: 26492: 26464: 26458: 26457: 26446:10.1038/376238a0 26421: 26415: 26414: 26413:on 2 April 2015. 26409:. Archived from 26382: 26376: 26375: 26359: 26349: 26343: 26342: 26324: 26318: 26317: 26299: 26293: 26292: 26290: 26288: 26268: 26259: 26258: 26256: 26254: 26239: 26233: 26232: 26196: 26190: 26189: 26179: 26169: 26137: 26128: 26127: 26125: 26123: 26108: 26099: 26098: 26096: 26085: 26076: 26067: 26066: 26022: 26013: 26012: 26002: 25970: 25961: 25960: 25942: 25936: 25935: 25927: 25921: 25920: 25910: 25878: 25872: 25871: 25843: 25837: 25836: 25826: 25803:Phys. Rev. Lett. 25793: 25787: 25786: 25764: 25751: 25748: 25729: 25728: 25692: 25686: 25685: 25683: 25681: 25661: 25655: 25654: 25652: 25650: 25635: 25629: 25628: 25588: 25582: 25581: 25579: 25577: 25547: 25541: 25540: 25520: 25514: 25511: 25498: 25495: 25486: 25483: 25474: 25471: 25460: 25459: 25450:(8): 1367–1370. 25439: 25433: 25430: 25419: 25416: 25410: 25407: 25401: 25400:Wulfsberg, p. 28 25398: 25392: 25391: 25389: 25357: 25351: 25350: 25333:(6): 2285–2293. 25322: 25316: 25315: 25313: 25311: 25291: 25282: 25281: 25279: 25277: 25257: 25248: 25245: 25239: 25236: 25230: 25229: 25211: 25205: 25204: 25202: 25200: 25186: 25177: 25160: 25159: 25131: 25125: 25124: 25104: 25095: 25094: 25066: 25060: 25059: 25057: 25055: 25035: 25029: 25028: 25000: 24994: 24991: 24985: 24982: 24969: 24968: 24950: 24926: 24920: 24919: 24909: 24885: 24879: 24878: 24876: 24874: 24854: 24845: 24841: 24835: 24834: 24818: 24808: 24802: 24801: 24785: 24775: 24769: 24768: 24750: 24744: 24741: 24726: 24725:Wulfsberg, p. 26 24723: 24714: 24713: 24686: 24680: 24679: 24667: 24662:The Periodic Law 24656: 24637: 24636: 24634: 24602: 24596: 24595: 24569: 24560: 24554: 24553: 24543: 24519: 24513: 24512: 24492: 24486: 24485: 24483: 24481: 24454: 24448: 24447: 24419: 24404: 24403: 24401: 24399: 24370: 24361: 24355: 24354: 24352: 24343:(1–2): 139–153. 24328: 24322: 24321: 24319: 24295: 24289: 24288: 24286: 24284:10.1143/PTP.29.1 24254: 24245: 24237: 24228: 24227: 24203: 24197: 24194: 24188: 24185: 24168: 24167: 24157: 24134:Nature Chemistry 24125: 24119: 24118: 24116: 24114: 24090: 24084: 24083: 24081: 24057: 24048: 24045: 24032: 24031: 24029: 24027: 24009: 23999: 23967: 23961: 23960: 23942: 23933: 23932: 23930: 23928: 23923: 23899: 23893: 23890: 23881: 23880: 23878: 23854: 23845: 23844: 23824: 23818: 23817: 23788: 23782: 23781: 23763: 23748: 23747: 23729: 23714: 23711: 23702: 23701: 23699: 23697: 23677: 23666: 23665: 23635: 23629: 23628: 23626: 23624: 23601: 23595: 23594: 23592: 23590: 23569: 23560: 23559: 23557: 23555: 23549: 23543:. Archived from 23538: 23533: 23531: 23530: 23522: 23520: 23519: 23507: 23501: 23500: 23482: 23454: 23440: 23434: 23433:Scerri, p. 354–6 23431: 23420: 23419: 23417: 23415: 23394: 23354: 23345: 23344: 23304: 23298: 23297: 23272:(9): 5352–5363. 23257: 23251: 23250: 23240: 23238:10.1063/1.480168 23208: 23202: 23201: 23161: 23155: 23154: 23129:(7): 4954–4958. 23118: 23112: 23111: 23101: 23091: 23066: 23060: 23059: 23019: 23013: 23012: 23000: 22994: 22993: 22991: 22989: 22983: 22977:. Archived from 22976: 22967: 22956: 22955: 22907: 22896: 22895: 22867: 22852: 22851: 22823: 22817: 22814: 22805: 22804:Wulfsberg, p. 27 22802: 22796: 22795: 22793: 22791: 22785: 22746: 22737: 22722: 22721: 22719: 22717: 22711: 22705:. Archived from 22704: 22692: 22637: 22636: 22632:978-0-19-9604135 22618: 22593: 22592: 22572: 22566: 22565: 22563: 22561: 22545: 22539: 22538: 22520: 22503: 22502: 22494: 22485: 22484: 22464: 22445: 22444: 22434: 22424: 22392: 22383: 22380: 22369: 22368: 22339: 22330: 22329: 22301: 22292: 22291: 22263: 22248: 22247: 22223: 22217: 22216: 22214: 22212: 22206: 22191: 22181: 22154: 22145: 22132: 22131: 22129: 22127: 22116:www.chem.fsu.edu 22108: 22102: 22101: 22099: 22097: 22069: 22063: 22060: 22054: 22051: 22045: 22042: 22036: 22035: 22033: 22031: 22003: 21976: 21975: 21973: 21938: 21927: 21926: 21924: 21922: 21905: 21899: 21896: 21887: 21886: 21884: 21882: 21867: 21858: 21855: 21849: 21848: 21822: 21797: 21796: 21778: 21733: 21732: 21692: 21686: 21683: 21658: 21657: 21637: 21628: 21627: 21625: 21623: 21596: 21585: 21584: 21582: 21580: 21540: 21525: 21524: 21505: 21494: 21493: 21465: 21440: 21439: 21437: 21435: 21429: 21398: 21389: 21368: 21367: 21365: 21363: 21357: 21329:Pure Appl. Chem. 21325: 21316: 21293: 21292: 21290: 21288: 21282: 21265: 21254: 21233: 21232: 21222: 21188: 21164: 21158: 21157: 21155: 21153: 21133:(7): 3522–3526. 21118: 21112: 21111: 21083: 21077: 21076: 21065:10.1038/234132a0 21038: 21032: 21031: 21001: 20995: 20994: 20960: 20940: 20934: 20933: 20889: 20883: 20882: 20860: 20854: 20853: 20825: 20819: 20818: 20800: 20791: 20790: 20753: 20747: 20746: 20744: 20742: 20695:Nature Chemistry 20686: 20671: 20668: 20662: 20659: 20653: 20652: 20650: 20648: 20629: 20623: 20622: 20620: 20618: 20599: 20566: 20556:Chemical element 20543: 20537: 20536: 20526: 20489: 20483: 20482: 20453: 20447: 20446: 20444: 20418: 20412: 20411: 20409: 20407: 20393: 20377: 20370: 20364: 20360: 20354: 20352: 20350: 20349: 20344: 20326: 20324: 20323: 20318: 20300: 20298: 20297: 20292: 20280: 20278: 20277: 20272: 20260: 20258: 20257: 20252: 20232: 20230: 20229: 20224: 20200: 20198: 20197: 20192: 20172: 20171: 20162: 20154: 20149: 20148: 20126: 20124: 20123: 20118: 20106: 20104: 20103: 20098: 20082: 20080: 20079: 20074: 20062: 20060: 20059: 20054: 20042: 20040: 20039: 20034: 20032: 20030: 20029: 20028: 20000: 19992: 19975: 19974: 19970: 19949: 19943: 19926: 19917: 19910: 19904: 19895: 19889: 19874: 19868: 19864: 19858: 19829: 19823: 19794: 19788: 19784: 19778: 19775: 19769: 19765: 19759: 19713: 19707: 19704: 19700: 19695: 19686: 19683: 19677: 19673:See for example 19671: 19665: 19662: 19656: 19649: 19643: 19620: 19614: 19519: 19284: 19283: 19280: 19277: 19274: 19104: 19103: 19100: 19097: 19094: 18992: 18989: 18986: 18885: 18882: 18879: 18828: 18825: 18774: 18771: 18750: 18729: 18614: 18613: 18600: 18593: 18586: 18575: 18571: 18550:Edward G. Mazurs 18517:electron capture 18237:Glenn T. Seaborg 18221:Marguerite Perey 18190:Glenn T. Seaborg 18117:Aufbau principle 18076:Georg von Hevesy 17945: 17941: 17780:Bohuslav Brauner 17745:Dmitri Mendeleev 17739:Dmitri Mendeleev 17528: 17526: 17518: 17516: 17508: 17506: 17498: 17496: 17488: 17486: 17477: 17475: 17467: 17465: 17457: 17455: 17447: 17445: 17437: 17435: 17429: 17297: 17285: 17273: 17262: 17255:Background color 17252: 17251: 17248: 17245: 17239: 17237:Network covalent 17234: 17216: 17214: 17207: 17205: 17198: 17196: 17189: 17187: 17180: 17178: 17171: 17169: 17162: 17160: 17153: 17151: 17144: 17142: 17135: 17133: 17126: 17124: 17117: 17115: 17108: 17106: 17099: 17097: 17090: 17088: 17081: 17079: 17072: 17070: 17063: 17061: 17054: 17052: 17045: 17043: 17036: 17034: 17027: 17025: 17018: 17016: 17009: 17007: 17000: 16998: 16991: 16989: 16982: 16980: 16973: 16971: 16964: 16962: 16955: 16953: 16946: 16944: 16937: 16935: 16921: 16919: 16912: 16910: 16903: 16901: 16894: 16892: 16885: 16883: 16876: 16874: 16867: 16865: 16858: 16856: 16849: 16847: 16840: 16838: 16831: 16829: 16822: 16820: 16813: 16811: 16804: 16802: 16795: 16793: 16786: 16784: 16777: 16775: 16768: 16766: 16759: 16757: 16750: 16748: 16741: 16739: 16732: 16730: 16723: 16721: 16714: 16712: 16705: 16703: 16696: 16694: 16687: 16685: 16678: 16676: 16669: 16667: 16660: 16658: 16651: 16649: 16642: 16640: 16626: 16624: 16617: 16615: 16608: 16606: 16599: 16597: 16590: 16588: 16581: 16579: 16572: 16570: 16563: 16561: 16554: 16552: 16545: 16543: 16536: 16534: 16527: 16525: 16518: 16516: 16509: 16507: 16500: 16498: 16491: 16489: 16480: 16478: 16471: 16469: 16455: 16453: 16446: 16444: 16437: 16435: 16428: 16426: 16419: 16417: 16410: 16408: 16401: 16399: 16392: 16390: 16383: 16381: 16374: 16372: 16365: 16363: 16356: 16354: 16347: 16345: 16338: 16336: 16329: 16327: 16320: 16318: 16309: 16307: 16300: 16298: 16284: 16282: 16275: 16273: 16266: 16264: 16257: 16255: 16248: 16246: 16239: 16237: 16228: 16226: 16219: 16217: 16203: 16201: 16194: 16192: 16185: 16183: 16176: 16174: 16167: 16165: 16158: 16156: 16147: 16145: 16138: 16136: 16122: 16120: 16111: 16109: 15976: 15969: 15962: 15953: 15593:disproportionate 14841: 14837: 14741:(PbO, left) and 14732: 14731: 14723: 14722: 14568:multiple bonding 14461: 14454: 14447: 14440: 14433: 14426: 14419: 14412: 14405: 14398: 14391: 14384: 14377: 14370: 14363: 14356: 14349: 14342: 14335: 14328: 14321: 14314: 14307: 14300: 14293: 14286: 14279: 14272: 14265: 14258: 14251: 14244: 14235: 14228: 14221: 14214: 14207: 14200: 14193: 14186: 14179: 14172: 14165: 14158: 14151: 14144: 14137: 14130: 14123: 14116: 14109: 14102: 14095: 14088: 14081: 14074: 14067: 14060: 14053: 14046: 14039: 14032: 14025: 14018: 14009: 14002: 13995: 13988: 13981: 13974: 13967: 13960: 13953: 13946: 13939: 13932: 13925: 13918: 13911: 13900: 13893: 13886: 13877: 13870: 13863: 13856: 13849: 13842: 13835: 13828: 13821: 13814: 13807: 13800: 13793: 13786: 13779: 13770: 13763: 13756: 13747: 13740: 13733: 13726: 13719: 13712: 13703: 13696: 13687: 13680: 13673: 13666: 13659: 13652: 13643: 13636: 13627: 13618: 13612: 13611: 13607: 13588: 13581: 13574: 13567: 13560: 13553: 13546: 13539: 13532: 13525: 13518: 13511: 13504: 13497: 13490: 13483: 13476: 13469: 13462: 13455: 13448: 13441: 13434: 13427: 13420: 13413: 13406: 13399: 13392: 13385: 13378: 13371: 13362: 13355: 13348: 13341: 13334: 13327: 13320: 13313: 13306: 13299: 13292: 13285: 13278: 13271: 13264: 13257: 13250: 13243: 13236: 13229: 13222: 13215: 13208: 13201: 13194: 13187: 13180: 13173: 13166: 13159: 13152: 13145: 13136: 13129: 13122: 13115: 13108: 13101: 13094: 13087: 13080: 13073: 13066: 13059: 13052: 13045: 13038: 13031: 13020: 13013: 13004: 12997: 12990: 12983: 12976: 12969: 12962: 12955: 12948: 12941: 12934: 12927: 12920: 12913: 12906: 12899: 12890: 12883: 12874: 12867: 12860: 12853: 12846: 12839: 12830: 12823: 12814: 12807: 12800: 12793: 12786: 12779: 12770: 12763: 12754: 12745: 12739: 12738: 12734: 12655:Period 1 element 12611: 12610: 12603: 12582: 12563: 12544: 12525: 12506: 12487: 12466: 12447: 12428: 12409: 12390: 12371: 12352: 12333: 12314: 12295: 12274: 12255: 12236: 12217: 12198: 12179: 12160: 12141: 12122: 12103: 12084: 12065: 12046: 12027: 11987: 11982: 11961: 11942: 11923: 11904: 11885: 11866: 11847: 11826: 11807: 11788: 11769: 11750: 11731: 11712: 11693: 11674: 11653: 11634: 11615: 11596: 11577: 11558: 11539: 11520: 11501: 11482: 11463: 11444: 11425: 11406: 11366: 11361: 11342: 11325: 11308: 11291: 11274: 11257: 11240: 11223: 11174: 11127: 11110: 11091: 11055: 11050: 11031: 11014: 10997: 10980: 10963: 10946: 10929: 10910: 10893: 10876: 10859: 10827: 10810: 10793: 10774: 10738: 10733: 10716: 10701: 10686: 10671: 10656: 10639: 10607: 10602: 10585: 10570: 10555: 10540: 10525: 10508: 10476: 10471: 10342: 10336: 10333: 10319: 10312: 10305: 10296: 10295: 10277: 10274: 10271: 10268: 10031: 10030: 10027: 10024: 10021: 10016: 9781: 9778: 9775: 9774: 9770: 9603: 9600: 9597: 9596: 9592: 9425: 9422: 9421: 9417: 9416: 9412: 9295: 9292: 9291: 9287: 9286: 9282: 9165: 9164: 9160: 9159: 9155: 9154: 9150: 9065: 9064: 8970: 8967: 8964: 8825: 8822: 8819: 8815: 8678: 8675: 8674: 8670: 8581: 8578: 8577: 8573: 8484: 8483: 8479: 8478: 8474: 8417: 8416: 8338: 8335: 8266: 8263: 8259: 8192: 8191: 8187: 8150: 8149: 8099:(1s 2s 2p), and 7998:Aufbau principle 7677: 7676: 7589: 7582: 7575: 7568: 7561: 7554: 7547: 7540: 7533: 7526: 7519: 7512: 7505: 7498: 7485: 7478: 7471: 7464: 7457: 7450: 7443: 7436: 7429: 7422: 7415: 7408: 7401: 7394: 7376: 7369: 7362: 7355: 7348: 7341: 7334: 7327: 7320: 7313: 7306: 7299: 7292: 7285: 7278: 7271: 7262: 7255: 7246: 7239: 7232: 7225: 7218: 7211: 7204: 7197: 7190: 7183: 7176: 7169: 7162: 7155: 7148: 7141: 7132: 7125: 7116: 7109: 7102: 7095: 7088: 7081: 7074: 7067: 7060: 7053: 7046: 7039: 7032: 7025: 7018: 7011: 7002: 6995: 6986: 6979: 6972: 6965: 6958: 6951: 6944: 6937: 6930: 6923: 6916: 6909: 6902: 6895: 6888: 6881: 6872: 6865: 6856: 6849: 6842: 6835: 6828: 6821: 6812: 6805: 6796: 6789: 6782: 6775: 6768: 6761: 6752: 6745: 6736: 6727: 6721: 6710: 6703: 6696: 6689: 6682: 6675: 6668: 6661: 6654: 6647: 6640: 6633: 6626: 6619: 6612: 6605: 6598: 6591: 6584: 6577: 6570: 6563: 6556: 6549: 6542: 6535: 6528: 6521: 6514: 6507: 6500: 6493: 6484: 6477: 6470: 6463: 6456: 6449: 6442: 6435: 6428: 6421: 6414: 6407: 6400: 6393: 6386: 6379: 6372: 6365: 6358: 6351: 6344: 6337: 6330: 6323: 6316: 6309: 6302: 6295: 6288: 6281: 6274: 6267: 6258: 6251: 6244: 6237: 6230: 6223: 6216: 6209: 6202: 6195: 6188: 6181: 6174: 6167: 6160: 6153: 6142: 6135: 6126: 6119: 6112: 6105: 6098: 6091: 6084: 6077: 6070: 6063: 6056: 6049: 6042: 6035: 6028: 6021: 6012: 6005: 5996: 5989: 5982: 5975: 5968: 5961: 5952: 5945: 5936: 5929: 5922: 5915: 5908: 5901: 5892: 5885: 5876: 5867: 5861: 5860: 5815: 5813: 5806: 5804: 5797: 5795: 5788: 5786: 5779: 5777: 5770: 5768: 5761: 5759: 5752: 5750: 5743: 5741: 5734: 5732: 5725: 5723: 5716: 5714: 5707: 5705: 5698: 5696: 5689: 5687: 5680: 5678: 5671: 5664: 5662: 5655: 5653: 5639: 5637: 5630: 5628: 5621: 5619: 5612: 5610: 5603: 5601: 5594: 5592: 5585: 5583: 5576: 5574: 5567: 5565: 5558: 5556: 5549: 5547: 5540: 5538: 5531: 5529: 5522: 5520: 5513: 5511: 5504: 5502: 5490: 5488: 5481: 5479: 5465: 5463: 5456: 5454: 5447: 5445: 5438: 5436: 5429: 5427: 5420: 5418: 5411: 5409: 5402: 5400: 5393: 5391: 5384: 5382: 5375: 5373: 5366: 5364: 5357: 5355: 5348: 5346: 5339: 5337: 5330: 5328: 5319: 5317: 5310: 5308: 5294: 5292: 5285: 5283: 5276: 5274: 5267: 5265: 5258: 5256: 5249: 5247: 5240: 5238: 5231: 5229: 5222: 5220: 5213: 5211: 5204: 5202: 5195: 5193: 5186: 5184: 5177: 5175: 5168: 5166: 5159: 5157: 5148: 5146: 5139: 5137: 5123: 5121: 5114: 5112: 5105: 5103: 5096: 5094: 5087: 5085: 5078: 5076: 5047: 5045: 5038: 5036: 5022: 5020: 5013: 5011: 5004: 5002: 4995: 4993: 4986: 4984: 4977: 4975: 4946: 4944: 4937: 4935: 4921: 4919: 4878: 4876: 4875: 4871: 4796:Name by element 4775:pnictogens 4697: 4666: 4606: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4516: 4510: 4502: 4396: 4382: 4375: 4368: 4344:group 4 elements 4306:age of the Earth 4091: 4090: 4075: 4068: 4051: 4044: 4038: 4036: 4030: 4017: 4015: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4005: 3997: 3995: 3994: 3991: 3988: 3985: 3977: 3975: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3965: 3957: 3955: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3937: 3935: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3917: 3915: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3897: 3895: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3877: 3875: 3874: 3871: 3868: 3865: 3857: 3855: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3837: 3835: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3817: 3815: 3814: 3813: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3794: 3792: 3791: 3790: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3771: 3769: 3768: 3767: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3748: 3746: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3736: 3728: 3727: 3712: 3710: 3709: 3708: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3689: 3687: 3686: 3685: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3666: 3664: 3663: 3662: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3643: 3641: 3640: 3639: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3620: 3618: 3617: 3616: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3604:Dysprosium 3597: 3595: 3594: 3593: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3574: 3572: 3571: 3570: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3558:Gadolinium 3551: 3549: 3548: 3547: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3528: 3526: 3525: 3524: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3505: 3503: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3492:Promethium 3485: 3483: 3482: 3481: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3462: 3460: 3459: 3458: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3439: 3437: 3436: 3435: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3416: 3414: 3413: 3412: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3393: 3392: 3374: 3372: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3354: 3352: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3341:Tennessine 3334: 3332: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3314: 3312: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3294: 3292: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3282: 3274: 3272: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3254: 3252: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3234: 3232: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3214: 3212: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3194: 3192: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3181:Meitnerium 3174: 3172: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3154: 3152: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3134: 3132: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3121:Seaborgium 3114: 3112: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3094: 3092: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3074: 3072: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3061:Lawrencium 3054: 3053: 3047: 3045: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3027: 3025: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3000: 2998: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2980: 2978: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2960: 2958: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2940: 2938: 2937: 2936: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2917: 2915: 2914: 2913: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2894: 2892: 2891: 2890: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2871: 2869: 2868: 2867: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2848: 2846: 2845: 2844: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2825: 2823: 2822: 2821: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2802: 2800: 2799: 2798: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2779: 2777: 2776: 2775: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2756: 2754: 2753: 2752: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2733: 2731: 2730: 2729: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2710: 2708: 2707: 2706: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2687: 2685: 2684: 2683: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2664: 2662: 2661: 2660: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2641: 2640: 2634: 2632: 2631: 2630: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2611: 2609: 2608: 2607: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2581: 2579: 2578: 2577: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2558: 2556: 2555: 2554: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2535: 2533: 2532: 2531: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2512: 2510: 2509: 2508: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2489: 2487: 2486: 2485: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2466: 2464: 2463: 2462: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2443: 2441: 2440: 2439: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2420: 2418: 2417: 2416: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2397: 2395: 2394: 2393: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2374: 2372: 2371: 2370: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2351: 2349: 2348: 2347: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2328: 2326: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2315:Technetium 2308: 2306: 2305: 2304: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2292:Molybdenum 2285: 2283: 2282: 2281: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2262: 2260: 2259: 2258: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2239: 2237: 2236: 2235: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2214: 2212: 2211: 2210: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2191: 2189: 2188: 2187: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2161: 2159: 2158: 2157: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2138: 2136: 2135: 2134: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2115: 2113: 2112: 2111: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2092: 2090: 2089: 2088: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2069: 2067: 2066: 2065: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2046: 2044: 2043: 2042: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2023: 2021: 2020: 2019: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2000: 1998: 1997: 1996: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1977: 1975: 1974: 1973: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1954: 1952: 1951: 1950: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1931: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1908: 1906: 1905: 1904: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1885: 1883: 1882: 1881: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1862: 1860: 1859: 1858: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1839: 1837: 1836: 1835: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1816: 1814: 1813: 1812: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1791: 1789: 1788: 1787: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1768: 1766: 1765: 1764: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1738: 1736: 1735: 1734: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1715: 1713: 1712: 1711: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1692: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1669: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1653:Phosphorus 1646: 1644: 1643: 1642: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1623: 1621: 1620: 1619: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1598: 1596: 1595: 1594: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1575: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1545: 1543: 1542: 1541: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1522: 1520: 1519: 1518: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1499: 1497: 1496: 1495: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1476: 1474: 1473: 1472: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1453: 1451: 1450: 1449: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1430: 1428: 1427: 1426: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1405: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1382: 1380: 1379: 1378: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1352: 1350: 1349: 1348: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1327: 1325: 1324: 1323: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1139: 1138: 1126: 1119: 1112: 1075:Glenn T. Seaborg 1055:Dmitri Mendeleev 977: 970: 963: 948:Chemistry Portal 582:nonmetal halogen 485:Aufbau principle 461: 454: 447: 440: 433: 426: 419: 412: 393: 383: 373: 363: 353: 346: 339: 332: 325: 318: 311: 304: 297: 290: 283: 276: 269: 258: 250: 222:Sets of elements 150:1869 predictions 120: 114: 110: 67: 66: 45:sets of elements 21: 34301: 34300: 34296: 34295: 34294: 34292: 34291: 34290: 34246: 34245: 34244: 34239: 34183: 34086: 34080:Polymer science 34036:Click chemistry 34031:Green chemistry 33925:Ocean chemistry 33901:Biogeochemistry 33847: 33763: 33735:Total synthesis 33698:Stereochemistry 33684: 33634: 33551:Surface science 33541:Thermochemistry 33510: 33453: 33424:Crystallography 33329: 33301: 33295: 33265: 33260: 33228: 33190: 33119: 33095:Oxidation state 33003: 32960: 32908: 32904:Minor actinides 32899:Major actinides 32864:Precious metals 32833: 32815: 32792: 32745: 32727: 32657: 32643:16 (Chalcogens) 32638:15 (Pnictogens) 32538: 32517: 32512: 32482: 32477: 32476: 32475: 32441: 32432: 32430: 32423: 32421: 32414: 32412: 32405: 32403: 32396: 32394: 32387: 32385: 32378: 32376: 32369: 32367: 32360: 32358: 32351: 32349: 32342: 32340: 32333: 32331: 32324: 32322: 32315: 32313: 32306: 32304: 32297: 32295: 32288: 32286: 32279: 32277: 32270: 32268: 32261: 32259: 32252: 32250: 32243: 32241: 32234: 32232: 32225: 32223: 32216: 32214: 32207: 32205: 32198: 32196: 32189: 32187: 32180: 32178: 32171: 32169: 32162: 32160: 32153: 32151: 32137: 32135: 32128: 32126: 32119: 32117: 32110: 32108: 32101: 32099: 32092: 32090: 32083: 32081: 32074: 32072: 32065: 32063: 32056: 32054: 32047: 32045: 32038: 32036: 32029: 32027: 32020: 32018: 32011: 32009: 32002: 32000: 31993: 31991: 31984: 31982: 31975: 31973: 31966: 31964: 31957: 31955: 31948: 31946: 31939: 31937: 31930: 31928: 31921: 31919: 31912: 31910: 31903: 31901: 31894: 31892: 31885: 31883: 31876: 31874: 31867: 31865: 31858: 31856: 31842: 31840: 31833: 31831: 31824: 31822: 31815: 31813: 31806: 31804: 31797: 31795: 31788: 31786: 31779: 31777: 31770: 31768: 31761: 31759: 31752: 31750: 31743: 31741: 31734: 31732: 31725: 31723: 31716: 31714: 31707: 31705: 31696: 31694: 31687: 31685: 31671: 31669: 31662: 31660: 31653: 31651: 31644: 31642: 31635: 31633: 31626: 31624: 31617: 31615: 31608: 31606: 31599: 31597: 31590: 31588: 31581: 31579: 31572: 31570: 31563: 31561: 31554: 31552: 31545: 31543: 31536: 31534: 31525: 31523: 31516: 31514: 31500: 31498: 31491: 31489: 31482: 31480: 31473: 31471: 31464: 31462: 31455: 31453: 31444: 31442: 31435: 31433: 31419: 31417: 31410: 31408: 31401: 31399: 31392: 31390: 31383: 31381: 31374: 31372: 31363: 31361: 31354: 31352: 31338: 31336: 31327: 31325: 31214: 31209: 31166:Wayback Machine 31110: 31105: 31086: 31067: 31045: 31043: 31039: 31032: 31021: 31002: 30983: 30961: 30942: 30920: 30903: 30901:Further reading 30898: 30892: 30855: 30820: 30797: 30773: 30768: 30737: 30733: 30701: 30695: 30691: 30660: 30656: 30646: 30644: 30632: 30602:10.1002/qua.965 30546: 30542: 30523: 30519: 30514: 30510: 30500: 30498: 30487: 30483: 30478: 30469: 30461: 30422: 30420:"Table manners" 30416: 30412: 30401: 30399: 30390:(Finding Aid). 30384: 30383: 30379: 30374: 30370: 30360: 30358: 30341:Subramanian, S. 30338: 30334: 30324: 30322: 30318: 30269: 30263: 30259: 30249: 30247: 30212: 30208: 30163: 30159: 30110: 30106: 30049: 30045: 30035: 30033: 29996: 29992: 29987: 29983: 29952: 29948: 29938: 29936: 29932: 29899: 29893: 29886: 29855: 29848: 29809: 29805: 29795: 29793: 29780: 29779: 29775: 29765: 29763: 29759: 29728: 29722: 29718: 29681:Physics Reports 29676: 29667: 29660: 29646: 29642: 29589:Phys. Rev. Lett 29585: 29581: 29531: 29524: 29493: 29484: 29469:10.2307/3963006 29453: 29449: 29396: 29389: 29358: 29354: 29344: 29342: 29328: 29324: 29314: 29312: 29310:Chemistry World 29302: 29298: 29288: 29286: 29271: 29267: 29257: 29255: 29251: 29236: 29228: 29224: 29171: 29164: 29154: 29152: 29125: 29119: 29110: 29100: 29098: 29096: 29062: 29055: 29016: 29012: 29002: 29000: 28989: 28985: 28975: 28973: 28961:Chemistry World 28952: 28945: 28940: 28936: 28900: 28896: 28867: 28863: 28836: 28835: 28831: 28821: 28819: 28789: 28785: 28748: 28744: 28739: 28735: 28725: 28723: 28719: 28708: 28702: 28695: 28690: 28686: 28681: 28677: 28667: 28665: 28643: 28636: 28626: 28624: 28609: 28605: 28558: 28554: 28531: 28527: 28517: 28515: 28511: 28480: 28474: 28470: 28465: 28461: 28451: 28449: 28411: 28407: 28397: 28395: 28391: 28360: 28354: 28350: 28313: 28309: 28295: 28293: 28289: 28258: 28252: 28248: 28238: 28236: 28196: 28189: 28179: 28177: 28137: 28133: 28128: 28124: 28119: 28115: 28072: 28068: 28063: 28059: 28054: 28050: 28045: 28041: 28036: 28032: 28025: 28011: 28002: 27973: 27969: 27932: 27928: 27921: 27898: 27894: 27888: 27884: 27879: 27875: 27870: 27866: 27855: 27851: 27841: 27839: 27838:on 16 July 2019 27835: 27821:Alpha Chi Sigma 27812: 27806: 27797: 27792: 27788: 27778: 27776: 27761: 27757: 27752: 27748: 27743: 27739: 27729: 27727: 27708: 27704: 27699: 27692: 27687: 27683: 27678: 27674: 27669:Wayback Machine 27659: 27655: 27633: 27626: 27619: 27602: 27598: 27593: 27589: 27574: 27552: 27548: 27543:Wayback Machine 27527: 27525: 27490: 27486: 27475: 27473: 27438: 27434: 27421: 27419: 27404: 27400: 27390: 27388: 27365: 27361: 27351: 27349: 27345: 27308: 27302: 27298: 27288: 27286: 27282: 27251: 27245: 27241: 27234: 27220: 27216: 27206: 27204: 27189: 27185: 27168: 27164: 27147: 27145: 27141: 27134: 27130: 27129: 27125: 27118: 27104:Mingos, Michael 27101: 27097: 27066: 27062: 27039: 27032: 27009: 27005: 26998: 26984: 26980: 26970: 26968: 26961: 26957: 26950: 26939: 26931: 26927: 26917: 26915: 26914:on 11 June 2010 26911: 26880: 26874: 26870: 26849:(11): 730–731. 26839: 26835: 26830: 26826: 26816: 26814: 26810: 26795: 26789: 26782: 26751: 26744: 26737: 26723: 26719: 26709: 26707: 26692: 26679: 26669: 26667: 26650: 26649: 26645: 26635: 26633: 26616: 26615: 26604: 26565: 26561: 26551: 26549: 26534: 26527: 26517: 26515: 26500: 26496: 26465: 26461: 26422: 26418: 26407: 26383: 26379: 26372: 26350: 26346: 26339: 26325: 26321: 26314: 26300: 26296: 26286: 26284: 26269: 26262: 26252: 26250: 26248:Chemistry World 26240: 26236: 26197: 26193: 26138: 26131: 26121: 26119: 26109: 26102: 26094: 26083: 26077: 26070: 26023: 26016: 25971: 25964: 25957: 25943: 25939: 25928: 25924: 25879: 25875: 25844: 25840: 25794: 25790: 25779: 25765: 25754: 25749: 25732: 25697:Physica Scripta 25693: 25689: 25679: 25677: 25662: 25658: 25648: 25646: 25637: 25636: 25632: 25589: 25585: 25575: 25573: 25566: 25548: 25544: 25521: 25517: 25512: 25501: 25496: 25489: 25484: 25477: 25472: 25463: 25440: 25436: 25431: 25422: 25417: 25413: 25408: 25404: 25399: 25395: 25358: 25354: 25323: 25319: 25309: 25307: 25292: 25285: 25275: 25273: 25258: 25251: 25246: 25242: 25237: 25233: 25226: 25212: 25208: 25198: 25196: 25184: 25178: 25163: 25132: 25128: 25105: 25098: 25067: 25063: 25053: 25051: 25036: 25032: 25001: 24997: 24992: 24988: 24983: 24972: 24927: 24923: 24886: 24882: 24872: 24870: 24855: 24848: 24842: 24838: 24831: 24821:289–310, 340–42 24809: 24805: 24798: 24776: 24772: 24765: 24751: 24747: 24742: 24729: 24724: 24717: 24710: 24687: 24683: 24676: 24665: 24657: 24640: 24603: 24599: 24567: 24561: 24557: 24520: 24516: 24509: 24493: 24489: 24479: 24477: 24455: 24451: 24420: 24407: 24397: 24395: 24368: 24362: 24358: 24337:Pure Appl. Chem 24329: 24325: 24304:Pure Appl. Chem 24296: 24292: 24255: 24248: 24238: 24231: 24220: 24204: 24200: 24195: 24191: 24186: 24171: 24126: 24122: 24112: 24110: 24091: 24087: 24058: 24051: 24046: 24035: 24025: 24023: 23968: 23964: 23957: 23943: 23936: 23926: 23924: 23900: 23896: 23891: 23884: 23855: 23848: 23835:(23): 2190–93. 23825: 23821: 23814: 23789: 23785: 23778: 23764: 23751: 23744: 23730: 23717: 23712: 23705: 23695: 23693: 23678: 23669: 23662: 23636: 23632: 23622: 23620: 23602: 23598: 23588: 23586: 23571: 23570: 23563: 23553: 23551: 23547: 23536: 23529: 23527: 23526: 23525: 23524: 23518: 23516: 23515: 23514: 23513: 23508: 23504: 23449: 23441: 23437: 23432: 23423: 23413: 23411: 23369:(18): 17351–5. 23355: 23348: 23305: 23301: 23258: 23254: 23209: 23205: 23176:(24): 321–325. 23167: 23162: 23158: 23119: 23115: 23067: 23063: 23034:(15): 7839–47. 23025: 23020: 23016: 23001: 22997: 22987: 22985: 22981: 22974: 22968: 22959: 22921: 22917: 22913: 22908: 22899: 22868: 22855: 22824: 22820: 22815: 22808: 22803: 22799: 22789: 22787: 22783: 22744: 22738: 22725: 22715: 22713: 22709: 22702: 22693: 22640: 22633: 22619: 22596: 22573: 22569: 22559: 22557: 22546: 22542: 22535: 22521: 22506: 22495: 22488: 22465: 22448: 22393: 22386: 22381: 22372: 22351:(11): 714–718. 22340: 22333: 22302: 22295: 22264: 22251: 22244: 22224: 22220: 22210: 22208: 22204: 22152: 22146: 22135: 22125: 22123: 22110: 22109: 22105: 22095: 22093: 22086: 22070: 22066: 22061: 22057: 22052: 22048: 22043: 22039: 22029: 22027: 22020: 22004: 21979: 21939: 21930: 21920: 21918: 21907: 21906: 21902: 21897: 21890: 21880: 21878: 21873:. IUPAC. 2015. 21869: 21868: 21861: 21856: 21852: 21845: 21823: 21800: 21793: 21779: 21736: 21707:(50): 984–991. 21693: 21689: 21684: 21661: 21638: 21631: 21621: 21619: 21597: 21588: 21578: 21576: 21541: 21528: 21506: 21497: 21466: 21443: 21433: 21431: 21427: 21396: 21390: 21371: 21361: 21359: 21355: 21323: 21317: 21296: 21286: 21284: 21280: 21274: 21263: 21255: 21236: 21165: 21161: 21151: 21149: 21119: 21115: 21084: 21080: 21039: 21035: 21002: 20998: 20941: 20937: 20890: 20886: 20879: 20861: 20857: 20826: 20822: 20815: 20801: 20794: 20754: 20750: 20740: 20738: 20687: 20674: 20669: 20665: 20660: 20656: 20646: 20644: 20631: 20630: 20626: 20616: 20614: 20609:. IUPAC. 2021. 20601: 20600: 20569: 20544: 20540: 20497:Chemical Galaxy 20490: 20486: 20454: 20450: 20419: 20415: 20405: 20403: 20395: 20394: 20390: 20386: 20381: 20380: 20371: 20367: 20361: 20357: 20332: 20329: 20328: 20306: 20303: 20302: 20286: 20283: 20282: 20266: 20263: 20262: 20246: 20243: 20242: 20206: 20203: 20202: 20167: 20163: 20153: 20144: 20140: 20132: 20129: 20128: 20112: 20109: 20108: 20092: 20089: 20088: 20068: 20065: 20064: 20048: 20045: 20044: 20024: 20020: 20001: 19993: 19991: 19966: 19962: 19958: 19956: 19953: 19952: 19950: 19946: 19927: 19920: 19911: 19907: 19896: 19892: 19875: 19871: 19865: 19861: 19855: 19851: 19844: 19840: 19830: 19826: 19820: 19816: 19809: 19805: 19795: 19791: 19785: 19781: 19776: 19772: 19766: 19762: 19714: 19710: 19702: 19698: 19696: 19689: 19684: 19680: 19672: 19668: 19663: 19659: 19650: 19646: 19621: 19617: 19520: 19513: 19508: 19500:Nucleosynthesis 19496: 19491: 19490: 19281: 19278: 19275: 19272: 19271: 19101: 19098: 19095: 19092: 19091: 19070: I 18990: 18987: 18984: 18883: 18880: 18877: 18826: 18823: 18772: 18769: 18748: 18727: 18611: 18610: 18604: 18573: 18569: 18535: 18529: 18498:Alternatively, 18469: 18465: 18461: 18457: 18453: 18449: 18445: 18376: 18372: 18368: 18364: 18360: 18356: 18352: 18348: 18338: 18332: 18326: 18309:Yuri Oganessian 18291:Yuri Oganessian 18184: 18103:quantum numbers 18039:Irving Langmuir 17930: 17926: 17922: 17905: 17903:Electron shells 17896:Frederick Soddy 17792: 17772:Clemens Winkler 17733: 17720:electropositive 17713:German chemist 17676: 17663: 17657: 17651: 17537: 17524: 17523: 17522: 17514: 17513: 17512: 17510:Other nonmetals 17504: 17503: 17502: 17494: 17493: 17492: 17484: 17483: 17473: 17472: 17471: 17463: 17462: 17461: 17453: 17452: 17451: 17443: 17442: 17441: 17433: 17432: 17419: 17394:heats of fusion 17378: 17364: 17355: 17351: 17344: 17340: 17328: 17301: 17298: 17289: 17286: 17277: 17274: 17265: 17264: 17253: 17249: 17246: 17240: 17235: 17230: 17229: 17221: 17212: 17210: 17203: 17201: 17194: 17192: 17185: 17183: 17176: 17174: 17167: 17165: 17158: 17156: 17149: 17147: 17140: 17138: 17131: 17129: 17122: 17120: 17113: 17111: 17104: 17102: 17095: 17093: 17086: 17084: 17077: 17075: 17068: 17066: 17059: 17057: 17050: 17048: 17041: 17039: 17032: 17030: 17023: 17021: 17014: 17012: 17005: 17003: 16996: 16994: 16987: 16985: 16978: 16976: 16969: 16967: 16960: 16958: 16951: 16949: 16942: 16940: 16933: 16931: 16917: 16915: 16908: 16906: 16899: 16897: 16890: 16888: 16881: 16879: 16872: 16870: 16863: 16861: 16854: 16852: 16845: 16843: 16836: 16834: 16827: 16825: 16818: 16816: 16809: 16807: 16800: 16798: 16791: 16789: 16782: 16780: 16773: 16771: 16764: 16762: 16755: 16753: 16746: 16744: 16737: 16735: 16728: 16726: 16719: 16717: 16710: 16708: 16701: 16699: 16692: 16690: 16683: 16681: 16674: 16672: 16665: 16663: 16656: 16654: 16647: 16645: 16638: 16636: 16622: 16620: 16613: 16611: 16604: 16602: 16595: 16593: 16586: 16584: 16577: 16575: 16568: 16566: 16559: 16557: 16550: 16548: 16541: 16539: 16532: 16530: 16523: 16521: 16514: 16512: 16505: 16503: 16496: 16494: 16487: 16485: 16476: 16474: 16467: 16465: 16451: 16449: 16442: 16440: 16433: 16431: 16424: 16422: 16415: 16413: 16406: 16404: 16397: 16395: 16388: 16386: 16379: 16377: 16370: 16368: 16361: 16359: 16352: 16350: 16343: 16341: 16334: 16332: 16325: 16323: 16316: 16314: 16305: 16303: 16296: 16294: 16280: 16278: 16271: 16269: 16262: 16260: 16253: 16251: 16244: 16242: 16235: 16233: 16224: 16222: 16215: 16213: 16199: 16197: 16190: 16188: 16181: 16179: 16172: 16170: 16163: 16161: 16154: 16152: 16143: 16141: 16134: 16132: 16118: 16116: 16107: 16105: 15983: 15980: 15929: 15925: 15921: 15917: 15913: 15909: 15905: 15901: 15897: 15893: 15823: 15819: 15800:. For example, 15762: 15755: 15703: 15683: 15676: 15625: 15583: 15578: 15573: 15568: 15563: 15558: 15553: 15548: 15543: 15538: 15533: 15528: 15523: 15518: 15513: 15508: 15503: 15498: 15493: 15488: 15483: 15478: 15473: 15468: 15463: 15458: 15453: 15448: 15443: 15438: 15433: 15428: 15416: 15411: 15406: 15401: 15396: 15391: 15386: 15381: 15376: 15371: 15366: 15361: 15356: 15351: 15346: 15341: 15336: 15331: 15326: 15321: 15316: 15311: 15306: 15301: 15296: 15291: 15286: 15281: 15276: 15271: 15266: 15261: 15249: 15244: 15239: 15234: 15229: 15224: 15219: 15214: 15209: 15204: 15199: 15194: 15189: 15184: 15179: 15174: 15167: 15162: 15150: 15145: 15140: 15135: 15130: 15125: 15120: 15115: 15110: 15105: 15100: 15095: 15090: 15085: 15080: 15075: 15068: 15063: 15051: 15046: 15041: 15036: 15031: 15026: 15019: 15014: 15002: 14997: 14992: 14987: 14982: 14977: 14970: 14965: 14953: 14946: 14829:oxidation state 14826: 14822: 14818: 14814: 14810: 14806: 14802: 14798: 14794: 14790: 14786: 14782: 14778: 14774: 14756: 14755: 14754: 14753: 14748: 14735: 14734: 14733: 14729: 14725: 14724: 14720: 14713: 14674: 14637: 14537: 14528: 14526:Periodic trends 14522: 14520:Periodic trends 14484:Evgeny Lifshitz 14472: 14471: 14468: 14467: 14459: 14452: 14445: 14438: 14431: 14424: 14417: 14410: 14403: 14396: 14389: 14382: 14375: 14368: 14361: 14354: 14347: 14340: 14333: 14326: 14319: 14312: 14305: 14298: 14291: 14284: 14277: 14270: 14263: 14256: 14249: 14242: 14233: 14226: 14219: 14212: 14205: 14198: 14191: 14184: 14177: 14170: 14163: 14156: 14149: 14142: 14135: 14128: 14121: 14114: 14107: 14100: 14093: 14086: 14079: 14072: 14065: 14058: 14051: 14044: 14037: 14030: 14023: 14016: 14007: 14000: 13993: 13986: 13979: 13972: 13965: 13958: 13951: 13944: 13937: 13930: 13923: 13916: 13909: 13898: 13891: 13884: 13875: 13868: 13861: 13854: 13847: 13840: 13833: 13826: 13819: 13812: 13805: 13798: 13791: 13784: 13777: 13768: 13761: 13754: 13745: 13738: 13731: 13724: 13717: 13710: 13701: 13694: 13685: 13678: 13671: 13664: 13657: 13650: 13641: 13634: 13625: 13616: 13608: 13599: 13598: 13595: 13594: 13586: 13579: 13572: 13565: 13558: 13551: 13544: 13537: 13530: 13523: 13516: 13509: 13502: 13495: 13488: 13481: 13474: 13467: 13460: 13453: 13446: 13439: 13432: 13425: 13418: 13411: 13404: 13397: 13390: 13383: 13376: 13369: 13360: 13353: 13346: 13339: 13332: 13325: 13318: 13311: 13304: 13297: 13290: 13283: 13276: 13269: 13262: 13255: 13248: 13241: 13234: 13227: 13220: 13213: 13206: 13199: 13192: 13185: 13178: 13171: 13164: 13157: 13150: 13143: 13134: 13127: 13120: 13113: 13106: 13099: 13092: 13085: 13078: 13071: 13064: 13057: 13050: 13043: 13036: 13029: 13018: 13011: 13002: 12995: 12988: 12981: 12974: 12967: 12960: 12953: 12946: 12939: 12932: 12925: 12918: 12911: 12904: 12897: 12888: 12881: 12872: 12865: 12858: 12851: 12844: 12837: 12828: 12821: 12812: 12805: 12798: 12791: 12784: 12777: 12768: 12761: 12752: 12743: 12735: 12726: 12720: 12700: 12657: 12651: 12646: 12637: 12636: 12601: 12599: 12597: 12595: 12594: 12588: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12576: 12575: 12569: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12557: 12556: 12550: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12538: 12537: 12531: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12519: 12518: 12512: 12507: 12504: 12502: 12500: 12499: 12493: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12481: 12480: 12474: 12469: 12467: 12464: 12462: 12461: 12455: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12442: 12436: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12423: 12417: 12412: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12404: 12398: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12385: 12379: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12366: 12360: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12347: 12341: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12328: 12322: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12309: 12303: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12290: 12284: 12279: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12271: 12265: 12260: 12258: 12256: 12253: 12252: 12246: 12241: 12239: 12237: 12234: 12233: 12227: 12222: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12214: 12208: 12203: 12201: 12199: 12196: 12195: 12189: 12184: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12176: 12170: 12165: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12157: 12151: 12146: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12138: 12132: 12127: 12125: 12123: 12120: 12119: 12113: 12108: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12100: 12094: 12089: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12081: 12075: 12070: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12062: 12056: 12051: 12049: 12047: 12044: 12043: 12037: 12032: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12024: 12018: 12013: 12011: 12009: 12007: 12001: 11996: 11994: 11992: 11990: 11980: 11978: 11976: 11974: 11973: 11967: 11962: 11959: 11957: 11955: 11954: 11948: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11936: 11935: 11929: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11917: 11916: 11910: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11898: 11897: 11891: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11879: 11878: 11872: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11860: 11859: 11853: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11842: 11840: 11834: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11823: 11821: 11815: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11802: 11796: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11783: 11777: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11764: 11758: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11745: 11739: 11734: 11732: 11729: 11727: 11726: 11720: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11707: 11701: 11696: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11688: 11682: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11669: 11663: 11658: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11650: 11644: 11639: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11631: 11625: 11620: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11612: 11606: 11601: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11593: 11587: 11582: 11580: 11578: 11575: 11574: 11568: 11563: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11555: 11549: 11544: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11536: 11530: 11525: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11517: 11511: 11506: 11504: 11502: 11499: 11498: 11492: 11487: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11479: 11473: 11468: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11460: 11454: 11449: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11441: 11435: 11430: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11422: 11416: 11411: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11403: 11397: 11392: 11390: 11388: 11386: 11380: 11375: 11373: 11371: 11369: 11359: 11357: 11355: 11354: 11348: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11337: 11331: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11320: 11314: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11303: 11297: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11286: 11280: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11269: 11263: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11252: 11246: 11241: 11238: 11237: 11235: 11229: 11224: 11221: 11220: 11218: 11212: 11207: 11205: 11203: 11197: 11192: 11190: 11188: 11182: 11177: 11175: 11172: 11171: 11165: 11160: 11158: 11156: 11150: 11145: 11143: 11141: 11135: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11124: 11118: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11107: 11101: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11088: 11082: 11077: 11075: 11073: 11067: 11062: 11060: 11058: 11048: 11046: 11044: 11043: 11037: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11026: 11020: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11009: 11003: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10992: 10986: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10975: 10969: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10958: 10952: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10941: 10935: 10930: 10927: 10926: 10924: 10918: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10907: 10901: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10890: 10884: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10873: 10867: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10856: 10850: 10845: 10843: 10841: 10835: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10824: 10818: 10813: 10811: 10808: 10807: 10801: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10790: 10784: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10771: 10765: 10760: 10758: 10756: 10750: 10745: 10743: 10741: 10731: 10729: 10728: 10722: 10717: 10714: 10713: 10707: 10702: 10699: 10698: 10692: 10687: 10684: 10683: 10677: 10672: 10669: 10668: 10662: 10657: 10654: 10653: 10647: 10640: 10637: 10636: 10630: 10625: 10623: 10617: 10612: 10610: 10600: 10598: 10597: 10591: 10586: 10583: 10582: 10576: 10571: 10568: 10567: 10561: 10556: 10553: 10552: 10546: 10541: 10538: 10537: 10531: 10526: 10523: 10522: 10516: 10509: 10506: 10505: 10499: 10494: 10492: 10486: 10481: 10479: 10469: 10468: 10462: 10455: 10449: 10337: 10332: 10323: 10290: 10282: 10275: 10272: 10269: 10266: 10265: 10254: 10247: 10240: 10233: 10226: 10219: 10212: 10205: 10198: 10191: 10184: 10177: 10170: 10163: 10156: 10149: 10142: 10135: 10128: 10121: 10114: 10107: 10100: 10093: 10086: 10079: 10072: 10065: 10058: 10051: 10044: 10037: 10028: 10025: 10022: 10019: 10018: 10017: 10010: 10004: 9997: 9990: 9983: 9976: 9969: 9962: 9955: 9948: 9941: 9934: 9927: 9920: 9913: 9906: 9899: 9892: 9885: 9878: 9871: 9864: 9857: 9850: 9843: 9836: 9829: 9822: 9815: 9808: 9801: 9794: 9787: 9779: 9776: 9772: 9771: 9768: 9767: 9756: 9749: 9742: 9735: 9728: 9721: 9714: 9707: 9700: 9693: 9686: 9679: 9672: 9665: 9658: 9651: 9616: 9609: 9601: 9598: 9594: 9593: 9590: 9589: 9578: 9571: 9564: 9557: 9550: 9543: 9536: 9529: 9522: 9515: 9508: 9501: 9494: 9487: 9480: 9473: 9438: 9431: 9423: 9419: 9418: 9414: 9413: 9410: 9409: 9398: 9391: 9384: 9377: 9370: 9363: 9308: 9301: 9293: 9289: 9288: 9284: 9283: 9280: 9279: 9268: 9261: 9254: 9247: 9240: 9233: 9178: 9171: 9162: 9161: 9157: 9156: 9152: 9151: 9148: 9147: 9136: 9069: 8968: 8965: 8962: 8961: 8950: 8943: 8936: 8929: 8922: 8915: 8908: 8901: 8894: 8887: 8880: 8873: 8866: 8859: 8852: 8845: 8838: 8831: 8823: 8820: 8817: 8816: 8809: 8803: 8796: 8789: 8782: 8775: 8768: 8761: 8754: 8747: 8740: 8733: 8726: 8719: 8712: 8705: 8698: 8691: 8684: 8676: 8672: 8671: 8668: 8667: 8656: 8649: 8642: 8635: 8628: 8621: 8594: 8587: 8579: 8575: 8574: 8571: 8570: 8559: 8552: 8545: 8538: 8531: 8524: 8497: 8490: 8481: 8480: 8476: 8475: 8472: 8471: 8460: 8421: 8336: 8333: 8332: 8321: 8314: 8307: 8300: 8293: 8286: 8279: 8272: 8264: 8261: 8260: 8253: 8247: 8240: 8233: 8226: 8219: 8212: 8205: 8198: 8189: 8188: 8185: 8184: 8173: 8154: 7983: 7975: 7966: 7944:quantum numbers 7629: 7623: 7598: 7587: 7580: 7573: 7566: 7559: 7552: 7545: 7538: 7531: 7524: 7517: 7510: 7503: 7496: 7483: 7476: 7469: 7462: 7455: 7448: 7441: 7434: 7427: 7420: 7413: 7406: 7399: 7392: 7374: 7367: 7360: 7353: 7346: 7339: 7332: 7325: 7318: 7311: 7304: 7297: 7290: 7283: 7276: 7269: 7260: 7253: 7244: 7237: 7230: 7223: 7216: 7209: 7202: 7195: 7188: 7181: 7174: 7167: 7160: 7153: 7146: 7139: 7130: 7123: 7114: 7107: 7100: 7093: 7086: 7079: 7072: 7065: 7058: 7051: 7044: 7037: 7030: 7023: 7016: 7009: 7000: 6993: 6984: 6977: 6970: 6963: 6956: 6949: 6942: 6935: 6928: 6921: 6914: 6907: 6900: 6893: 6886: 6879: 6870: 6863: 6854: 6847: 6840: 6833: 6826: 6819: 6810: 6803: 6794: 6787: 6780: 6773: 6766: 6759: 6750: 6743: 6734: 6725: 6716: 6708: 6701: 6694: 6687: 6680: 6673: 6666: 6659: 6652: 6645: 6638: 6631: 6624: 6617: 6610: 6603: 6596: 6589: 6582: 6575: 6568: 6561: 6554: 6547: 6540: 6533: 6526: 6519: 6512: 6505: 6498: 6491: 6482: 6475: 6468: 6461: 6454: 6447: 6440: 6433: 6426: 6419: 6412: 6405: 6398: 6391: 6384: 6377: 6370: 6363: 6356: 6349: 6342: 6335: 6328: 6321: 6314: 6307: 6300: 6293: 6286: 6279: 6272: 6265: 6256: 6249: 6242: 6235: 6228: 6221: 6214: 6207: 6200: 6193: 6186: 6179: 6172: 6165: 6158: 6151: 6140: 6133: 6124: 6117: 6110: 6103: 6096: 6089: 6082: 6075: 6068: 6061: 6054: 6047: 6040: 6033: 6026: 6019: 6010: 6003: 5994: 5987: 5980: 5973: 5966: 5959: 5950: 5943: 5934: 5927: 5920: 5913: 5906: 5899: 5890: 5883: 5874: 5865: 5857: 5852: 5851: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5837:Evgeny Lifshitz 5829: 5823: 5811: 5809: 5802: 5800: 5793: 5791: 5784: 5782: 5775: 5773: 5766: 5764: 5757: 5755: 5748: 5746: 5739: 5737: 5730: 5728: 5721: 5719: 5712: 5710: 5703: 5701: 5694: 5692: 5685: 5683: 5676: 5674: 5667: 5660: 5658: 5651: 5649: 5635: 5633: 5626: 5624: 5617: 5615: 5608: 5606: 5599: 5597: 5590: 5588: 5581: 5579: 5572: 5570: 5563: 5561: 5554: 5552: 5545: 5543: 5536: 5534: 5527: 5525: 5518: 5516: 5509: 5507: 5500: 5498: 5486: 5484: 5477: 5475: 5461: 5459: 5452: 5450: 5443: 5441: 5434: 5432: 5425: 5423: 5416: 5414: 5407: 5405: 5398: 5396: 5389: 5387: 5380: 5378: 5371: 5369: 5362: 5360: 5353: 5351: 5344: 5342: 5335: 5333: 5326: 5324: 5315: 5313: 5306: 5304: 5290: 5288: 5281: 5279: 5272: 5270: 5263: 5261: 5254: 5252: 5245: 5243: 5236: 5234: 5227: 5225: 5218: 5216: 5209: 5207: 5200: 5198: 5191: 5189: 5182: 5180: 5173: 5171: 5164: 5162: 5155: 5153: 5144: 5142: 5135: 5133: 5119: 5117: 5110: 5108: 5101: 5099: 5092: 5090: 5083: 5081: 5074: 5072: 5043: 5041: 5034: 5032: 5018: 5016: 5009: 5007: 5000: 4998: 4991: 4989: 4982: 4980: 4973: 4971: 4942: 4940: 4933: 4931: 4917: 4915: 4873: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4695: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4552: 4546: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4522: 4514: 4508: 4393: 4392: 4386: 4319: 4186:. For example, 4167:chemical symbol 4119: 4118: 4117: 4116: 4088: 4087: 4086: 4073: 4066: 4055: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4032: 4026: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3980: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3904:Berkelium 3903: 3900: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3864:Americium 3863: 3860: 3852: 3849: 3846: 3844:Plutonium 3843: 3840: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3824:Neptunium 3823: 3820: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3751: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3725: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3696:Ytterbium 3695: 3692: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3469:Neodymium 3468: 3465: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3400:Lanthanum 3399: 3396: 3390: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3361:Oganesson 3360: 3357: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3337: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3301:Moscovium 3300: 3297: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3281:Flerovium 3280: 3277: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3051: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3010: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2638: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2519:Tellurium 2518: 2515: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2381:Palladium 2380: 2377: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2335:Ruthenium 2334: 2331: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2302: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2246:Zirconium 2245: 2242: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2198:Strontium 2197: 2194: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2053:Germanium 2052: 2049: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2003: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1892:Manganese 1891: 1888: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1752:Potassium 1751: 1748: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1607:Aluminium 1606: 1603: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1582:Magnesium 1581: 1578: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1389:Beryllium 1388: 1385: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1299: 1290: 1286:Halogens 1245: 1136: 1135: 1130: 1103: 1027:an approximate 981: 932: 931: 907:Oxidation state 823: 815: 814: 752: 742: 741: 708: 698: 687: 686: 617:Precious metals 600: 592: 591: 534:post-transition 503: 492: 491: 480:Atomic orbitals 233: 225: 214: 213: 135: 125: 124: 118: 112: 108: 89: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Periodic system 15: 12: 11: 5: 34299: 34289: 34288: 34283: 34278: 34273: 34268: 34263: 34258: 34256:Periodic table 34241: 34240: 34238: 34237: 34225: 34213: 34201: 34188: 34185: 34184: 34182: 34181: 34176: 34171: 34166: 34161: 34156: 34151: 34146: 34141: 34136: 34135: 34134: 34124: 34117: 34116: 34115: 34105: 34100: 34094: 34092: 34088: 34087: 34085: 34084: 34083: 34082: 34077: 34072: 34062: 34061: 34060: 34050: 34049: 34048: 34043: 34038: 34033: 34023: 34022: 34021: 34010: 34009: 34008: 34007: 34002: 33992: 33987: 33986: 33985: 33980: 33969: 33968: 33967: 33966: 33964:Soil chemistry 33956: 33955: 33954: 33949: 33942:Food chemistry 33939: 33937:Carbochemistry 33934: 33932:Clay chemistry 33929: 33928: 33927: 33922: 33911: 33910: 33909: 33908: 33903: 33893: 33887:Astrochemistry 33883:Cosmochemistry 33880: 33879: 33878: 33873: 33868: 33866:Radiochemistry 33857: 33855: 33849: 33848: 33846: 33845: 33840: 33835: 33830: 33825: 33823:Neurochemistry 33820: 33815: 33814: 33813: 33803: 33802: 33801: 33791: 33790: 33789: 33784: 33773: 33771: 33765: 33764: 33762: 33761: 33756: 33754:Petrochemistry 33751: 33746: 33741: 33732: 33727: 33722: 33717: 33712: 33707: 33706: 33705: 33694: 33692: 33686: 33685: 33683: 33682: 33677: 33672: 33667: 33666: 33665: 33655: 33650: 33644: 33642: 33636: 33635: 33633: 33632: 33627: 33622: 33617: 33615:Spin chemistry 33612: 33610:Photochemistry 33607: 33602: 33597: 33595:Femtochemistry 33592: 33591: 33590: 33580: 33575: 33570: 33565: 33564: 33563: 33553: 33548: 33543: 33538: 33537: 33536: 33531: 33520: 33518: 33512: 33511: 33509: 33508: 33507: 33506: 33496: 33491: 33486: 33481: 33480: 33479: 33469: 33463: 33461: 33455: 33454: 33452: 33451: 33446: 33441: 33436: 33431: 33426: 33421: 33420: 33419: 33414: 33407:Chromatography 33404: 33399: 33398: 33397: 33392: 33387: 33377: 33376: 33375: 33370: 33365: 33360: 33350: 33345: 33339: 33337: 33331: 33330: 33328: 33327: 33325:Periodic table 33322: 33317: 33312: 33306: 33303: 33302: 33294: 33293: 33286: 33279: 33271: 33262: 33261: 33259: 33258: 33246: 33233: 33230: 33229: 33227: 33226: 33221: 33216: 33215: 33214: 33209: 33198: 33196: 33192: 33191: 33189: 33188: 33187: 33186: 33181: 33176: 33171: 33166: 33156: 33155: 33154: 33149: 33144: 33133: 33131: 33125: 33124: 33121: 33120: 33118: 33117: 33115:Vapor pressure 33112: 33107: 33102: 33100:Speed of sound 33097: 33092: 33087: 33082: 33077: 33075:Heat of fusion 33072: 33067: 33062: 33057: 33052: 33047: 33042: 33037: 33032: 33030:Critical point 33027: 33022: 33017: 33011: 33009: 33005: 33004: 33002: 33001: 32996: 32991: 32986: 32981: 32976: 32970: 32968: 32962: 32961: 32959: 32958: 32953: 32948: 32943: 32931: 32929: 32920: 32914: 32913: 32910: 32909: 32907: 32906: 32901: 32896: 32891: 32886: 32881: 32876: 32871: 32869:Coinage metals 32866: 32861: 32856: 32851: 32845: 32843: 32839: 32838: 32835: 32834: 32832: 32831: 32825: 32823: 32817: 32816: 32814: 32813: 32808: 32802: 32800: 32794: 32793: 32791: 32790: 32785: 32780: 32775: 32769: 32767: 32758: 32751: 32750: 32747: 32746: 32744: 32743: 32737: 32735: 32729: 32728: 32726: 32725: 32724: 32723: 32718: 32713: 32703: 32698: 32693: 32688: 32683: 32678: 32673: 32667: 32665: 32659: 32658: 32656: 32655: 32650: 32645: 32640: 32635: 32630: 32625: 32620: 32615: 32610: 32605: 32600: 32595: 32590: 32585: 32580: 32575: 32570: 32564: 32562: 32553: 32546: 32540: 32539: 32537: 32536: 32531: 32525: 32523: 32519: 32518: 32515:Periodic table 32511: 32510: 32503: 32496: 32488: 32479: 32478: 32472: 32471: 32466: 32461: 32456: 32448: 32446: 32443: 32442: 32438: 32437: 32428: 32419: 32410: 32401: 32392: 32383: 32374: 32365: 32356: 32347: 32338: 32329: 32320: 32311: 32302: 32293: 32284: 32275: 32266: 32257: 32248: 32239: 32230: 32221: 32212: 32203: 32194: 32185: 32176: 32167: 32158: 32149: 32143: 32142: 32133: 32124: 32115: 32106: 32097: 32088: 32079: 32070: 32061: 32052: 32043: 32034: 32025: 32016: 32007: 31998: 31989: 31980: 31971: 31962: 31953: 31944: 31935: 31926: 31917: 31908: 31899: 31890: 31881: 31872: 31863: 31854: 31848: 31847: 31838: 31829: 31820: 31811: 31802: 31793: 31784: 31775: 31766: 31757: 31748: 31739: 31730: 31721: 31712: 31703: 31701: 31692: 31683: 31677: 31676: 31667: 31658: 31649: 31640: 31631: 31622: 31613: 31604: 31595: 31586: 31577: 31568: 31559: 31550: 31541: 31532: 31530: 31521: 31512: 31506: 31505: 31496: 31487: 31478: 31469: 31460: 31451: 31449: 31440: 31431: 31425: 31424: 31415: 31406: 31397: 31388: 31379: 31370: 31368: 31359: 31350: 31344: 31343: 31334: 31332: 31323: 31317: 31316: 31311: 31306: 31301: 31296: 31291: 31286: 31281: 31276: 31271: 31266: 31261: 31256: 31251: 31246: 31241: 31236: 31234: 31229: 31224: 31219: 31216: 31215: 31212:Periodic table 31208: 31207: 31200: 31193: 31185: 31179: 31178: 31173: 31168: 31156: 31151: 31146: 31141: 31135: 31129: 31124: 31114:Periodic Table 31109: 31108:External links 31106: 31104: 31103: 31090: 31084: 31071: 31065: 31052: 31025: 31019: 31006: 31000: 30987: 30981: 30965: 30959: 30946: 30940: 30924: 30918: 30904: 30902: 30899: 30897: 30896: 30890: 30877: 30862:Scerri, Eric R 30859: 30853: 30840: 30818: 30801: 30795: 30774: 30772: 30769: 30767: 30766: 30731: 30689: 30670:(3): 235–239. 30654: 30590:J Quantum Chem 30540: 30517: 30515:Scerri, p. 255 30508: 30481: 30467: 30410: 30377: 30368: 30332: 30257: 30206: 30157: 30120:(10): 103031. 30104: 30043: 29990: 29988:Scerri, p. 386 29981: 29946: 29884: 29846: 29803: 29773: 29739:(3): 255–265. 29716: 29665: 29658: 29640: 29579: 29522: 29482: 29463:(15): 236–38. 29447: 29387: 29352: 29322: 29296: 29265: 29222: 29162: 29108: 29094: 29053: 29010: 28983: 28943: 28934: 28894: 28861: 28829: 28803:(6): 879–886. 28783: 28742: 28733: 28693: 28684: 28675: 28634: 28603: 28568:(1): 182–192. 28552: 28541:(5): 609–624. 28525: 28468: 28459: 28405: 28348: 28307: 28269:(8): 952–961. 28246: 28187: 28156:(6): 868–934. 28131: 28122: 28113: 28066: 28057: 28048: 28039: 28030: 28023: 28000: 27967: 27926: 27919: 27892: 27882: 27873: 27871:Scerri, p. 185 27864: 27849: 27795: 27786: 27755: 27746: 27744:Scerri, p. 149 27737: 27718:(in Russian). 27702: 27690: 27688:Scerri, p. 113 27681: 27672: 27653: 27638:, ed. (1911). 27636:Chisholm, Hugh 27624: 27617: 27596: 27587: 27572: 27546: 27504:(2): 301–307. 27484: 27452:(7): 331–334. 27432: 27398: 27359: 27296: 27262:(5): 793–807. 27239: 27232: 27214: 27183: 27162: 27123: 27116: 27095: 27060: 27049:(3): 219–227. 27030: 27003: 26996: 26978: 26955: 26948: 26925: 26891:(8): 952–961. 26868: 26833: 26824: 26780: 26742: 26735: 26717: 26677: 26643: 26602: 26559: 26525: 26494: 26459: 26416: 26405: 26377: 26370: 26344: 26337: 26319: 26312: 26294: 26260: 26234: 26191: 26129: 26100: 26068: 26014: 25962: 25955: 25937: 25922: 25873: 25838: 25809:(10): 105305. 25788: 25777: 25752: 25730: 25703:(4): 623–626. 25687: 25656: 25630: 25603:(23): 232104. 25583: 25564: 25542: 25515: 25499: 25487: 25475: 25461: 25434: 25420: 25411: 25402: 25393: 25352: 25317: 25283: 25249: 25240: 25231: 25224: 25206: 25161: 25126: 25096: 25077:(1): 186–197. 25061: 25030: 24995: 24986: 24970: 24921: 24880: 24846: 24836: 24829: 24803: 24796: 24770: 24763: 24745: 24727: 24715: 24708: 24681: 24674: 24638: 24597: 24555: 24534:(2): 155–197. 24514: 24507: 24487: 24449: 24405: 24356: 24323: 24290: 24246: 24229: 24218: 24198: 24189: 24169: 24120: 24085: 24049: 24033: 23982:(4): 577–578. 23962: 23955: 23934: 23894: 23882: 23846: 23819: 23812: 23800:Wothers, Peter 23796:Warren, Stuart 23783: 23776: 23749: 23742: 23715: 23703: 23667: 23660: 23630: 23596: 23561: 23528: 23517: 23502: 23465:(14): 142502. 23435: 23421: 23346: 23319:(2): 280–283. 23299: 23252: 23203: 23165: 23156: 23113: 23061: 23023: 23014: 23007:(in Chinese). 22995: 22957: 22919: 22915: 22911: 22897: 22878:(8): 637–640. 22853: 22834:(2): 631–640. 22818: 22806: 22797: 22755:(2): 149–151. 22723: 22638: 22631: 22594: 22567: 22540: 22533: 22504: 22486: 22446: 22384: 22370: 22345:J. Chem. Educ. 22331: 22293: 22274:(2): 145–181. 22249: 22242: 22218: 22133: 22103: 22084: 22064: 22055: 22046: 22037: 22018: 21977: 21928: 21909:"periodic law" 21900: 21888: 21859: 21857:Scerri, p. 375 21850: 21843: 21798: 21791: 21734: 21687: 21659: 21648:(9–11): 1–31. 21629: 21586: 21526: 21521:Pergamon Press 21513:E. M. Lifshitz 21495: 21476:(8): 634–636. 21441: 21369: 21335:(3): 431–436. 21294: 21272: 21234: 21159: 21113: 21078: 21033: 20996: 20935: 20884: 20877: 20855: 20820: 20813: 20792: 20748: 20672: 20663: 20654: 20624: 20567: 20538: 20484: 20448: 20413: 20387: 20385: 20382: 20379: 20378: 20365: 20355: 20342: 20339: 20336: 20316: 20313: 20310: 20290: 20270: 20250: 20222: 20219: 20216: 20213: 20210: 20190: 20187: 20184: 20181: 20178: 20175: 20170: 20166: 20160: 20157: 20152: 20147: 20143: 20139: 20136: 20116: 20096: 20072: 20052: 20027: 20023: 20019: 20016: 20013: 20010: 20007: 20004: 19999: 19996: 19990: 19987: 19984: 19981: 19978: 19973: 19969: 19965: 19961: 19944: 19918: 19905: 19890: 19869: 19859: 19853: 19849: 19842: 19838: 19824: 19818: 19814: 19807: 19803: 19789: 19779: 19770: 19760: 19748: 19747: 19743: 19742: 19739: 19736: 19733: 19720: 19719: 19708: 19687: 19678: 19666: 19657: 19644: 19615: 19510: 19509: 19507: 19504: 19503: 19502: 19495: 19492: 19482: 19481: 19476: 19471: 19466: 19461: 19459: 19456: 19455: 19453: 19451: 19448: 19447: 19442: 19437: 19432: 19427: 19422: 19417: 19412: 19407: 19402: 19397: 19392: 19387: 19382: 19377: 19372: 19367: 19362: 19357: 19352: 19347: 19342: 19337: 19332: 19327: 19322: 19317: 19312: 19307: 19302: 19297: 19292: 19287: 19285: 19268: 19267: 19262: 19257: 19252: 19247: 19242: 19237: 19232: 19227: 19222: 19217: 19212: 19207: 19202: 19197: 19192: 19187: 19182: 19177: 19172: 19167: 19162: 19157: 19152: 19147: 19142: 19137: 19132: 19127: 19122: 19117: 19112: 19107: 19105: 19088: 19087: 19082: 19077: 19072: 19067: 19062: 19057: 19052: 19047: 19042: 19037: 19032: 19027: 19022: 19017: 19012: 19007: 19002: 18997: 18995: 18993: 18981: 18980: 18975: 18970: 18965: 18960: 18955: 18950: 18945: 18940: 18935: 18930: 18925: 18920: 18915: 18910: 18905: 18900: 18895: 18890: 18888: 18886: 18874: 18873: 18868: 18863: 18858: 18853: 18848: 18843: 18838: 18833: 18831: 18829: 18820: 18819: 18814: 18809: 18804: 18799: 18794: 18789: 18784: 18779: 18777: 18775: 18766: 18765: 18760: 18755: 18753: 18751: 18745: 18744: 18739: 18734: 18732: 18730: 18724: 18723: 18720: 18715: 18712: 18709: 18706: 18703: 18700: 18695: 18692: 18689: 18686: 18683: 18680: 18677: 18674: 18671: 18668: 18663: 18660: 18657: 18654: 18651: 18648: 18645: 18642: 18639: 18636: 18633: 18630: 18627: 18624: 18619: 18617: 18612: 18605: 18603: 18602: 18595: 18588: 18580: 18579: 18578: 18531:Main article: 18528: 18525: 18467: 18463: 18459: 18455: 18451: 18447: 18443: 18374: 18370: 18366: 18362: 18358: 18354: 18350: 18346: 18328:Main article: 18325: 18322: 18317:United Nations 18265:Georgy Flyorov 18263:(JINR) led by 18257:Albert Ghiorso 18229:Philip Abelson 18225:Edwin McMillan 18183: 18180: 18153:Julius Thomsen 18135:+ ℓ) from the 18121:Erwin Madelung 18112:Friedrich Hund 18099:Wolfgang Pauli 18057:Georges Urbain 18031:Walther Kossel 18025: 18024: 18021: 18017: 18016: 18013: 18009: 18008: 18005: 18001: 18000: 17997: 17993: 17992: 17989: 17985: 17984: 17981: 17977: 17976: 17973: 17969: 17968: 17965: 17961: 17960: 17957: 17953: 17952: 17949: 17928: 17924: 17920: 17904: 17901: 17868:Walter Noddack 17860:Masataka Ogawa 17852:Manne Siegbahn 17791: 17788: 17732: 17729: 17675: 17672: 17653:Main article: 17650: 17647: 17625:transactinides 17534: 17533: 17481: 17427: 17418: 17415: 17390:boiling points 17386:melting points 17376: 17362: 17353: 17349: 17342: 17338: 17327: 17324: 17308:kinetic energy 17303: 17302: 17299: 17292: 17290: 17287: 17280: 17278: 17275: 17268: 17259:periodic table 17227: 17223: 17222: 17218: 17217: 17208: 17199: 17190: 17181: 17172: 17163: 17154: 17145: 17136: 17127: 17118: 17109: 17100: 17091: 17082: 17073: 17064: 17055: 17046: 17037: 17028: 17019: 17010: 17001: 16992: 16983: 16974: 16965: 16956: 16947: 16938: 16929: 16923: 16922: 16913: 16904: 16895: 16886: 16877: 16868: 16859: 16850: 16841: 16832: 16823: 16814: 16805: 16796: 16787: 16778: 16769: 16760: 16751: 16742: 16733: 16724: 16715: 16706: 16697: 16688: 16679: 16670: 16661: 16652: 16643: 16634: 16628: 16627: 16618: 16609: 16600: 16591: 16582: 16573: 16564: 16555: 16546: 16537: 16528: 16519: 16510: 16501: 16492: 16483: 16481: 16472: 16463: 16457: 16456: 16447: 16438: 16429: 16420: 16411: 16402: 16393: 16384: 16375: 16366: 16357: 16348: 16339: 16330: 16321: 16312: 16310: 16301: 16292: 16286: 16285: 16276: 16267: 16258: 16249: 16240: 16231: 16229: 16220: 16211: 16205: 16204: 16195: 16186: 16177: 16168: 16159: 16150: 16148: 16139: 16130: 16124: 16123: 16114: 16112: 16103: 16097: 16096: 16089: 16088: 16081: 16080: 16075: 16070: 16065: 16060: 16055: 16050: 16045: 16040: 16035: 16030: 16025: 16020: 16015: 16010: 16005: 16000: 15998: 15993: 15988: 15985: 15984: 15981: 15979: 15978: 15971: 15964: 15956: 15927: 15923: 15919: 15915: 15911: 15907: 15903: 15899: 15895: 15891: 15883:semiconductors 15821: 15817: 15754: 15751: 15719:covalent bonds 15702: 15699: 15681: 15674: 15623: 15586: 15585: 15580: 15575: 15570: 15565: 15560: 15555: 15550: 15545: 15540: 15535: 15530: 15525: 15520: 15515: 15510: 15505: 15500: 15495: 15490: 15485: 15480: 15475: 15470: 15465: 15460: 15455: 15450: 15445: 15440: 15435: 15430: 15425: 15419: 15418: 15413: 15408: 15403: 15398: 15393: 15388: 15383: 15378: 15373: 15368: 15363: 15358: 15353: 15348: 15343: 15338: 15333: 15328: 15323: 15318: 15313: 15308: 15303: 15298: 15293: 15288: 15283: 15278: 15273: 15268: 15263: 15258: 15252: 15251: 15246: 15241: 15236: 15231: 15226: 15221: 15216: 15211: 15206: 15201: 15196: 15191: 15186: 15181: 15176: 15171: 15169: 15164: 15159: 15153: 15152: 15147: 15142: 15137: 15132: 15127: 15122: 15117: 15112: 15107: 15102: 15097: 15092: 15087: 15082: 15077: 15072: 15070: 15065: 15060: 15054: 15053: 15048: 15043: 15038: 15033: 15028: 15023: 15021: 15016: 15011: 15005: 15004: 14999: 14994: 14989: 14984: 14979: 14974: 14972: 14967: 14962: 14956: 14955: 14950: 14948: 14943: 14937: 14936: 14931: 14926: 14921: 14916: 14911: 14906: 14901: 14896: 14891: 14886: 14881: 14876: 14871: 14866: 14861: 14856: 14854: 14849: 14844: 14824: 14820: 14816: 14812: 14808: 14804: 14800: 14796: 14792: 14788: 14784: 14780: 14776: 14772: 14746: 14743:lead(IV) oxide 14739:Lead(II) oxide 14737: 14736: 14727: 14726: 14718: 14717: 14716: 14715: 14714: 14712: 14709: 14673: 14670: 14636: 14633: 14603:is golden and 14536: 14533: 14524:Main article: 14521: 14518: 14464: 14463: 14456: 14449: 14442: 14435: 14428: 14421: 14414: 14407: 14400: 14393: 14386: 14379: 14372: 14365: 14358: 14351: 14344: 14337: 14330: 14323: 14316: 14309: 14302: 14295: 14288: 14281: 14274: 14267: 14260: 14253: 14246: 14238: 14237: 14230: 14223: 14216: 14209: 14202: 14195: 14188: 14181: 14174: 14167: 14160: 14153: 14146: 14139: 14132: 14125: 14118: 14111: 14104: 14097: 14090: 14083: 14076: 14069: 14062: 14055: 14048: 14041: 14034: 14027: 14020: 14012: 14011: 14004: 13997: 13990: 13983: 13976: 13969: 13962: 13955: 13948: 13941: 13934: 13927: 13920: 13913: 13906: 13904: 13902: 13895: 13888: 13880: 13879: 13872: 13865: 13858: 13851: 13844: 13837: 13830: 13823: 13816: 13809: 13802: 13795: 13788: 13781: 13774: 13772: 13765: 13758: 13750: 13749: 13742: 13735: 13728: 13721: 13714: 13707: 13705: 13698: 13690: 13689: 13682: 13675: 13668: 13661: 13654: 13647: 13645: 13638: 13630: 13629: 13622: 13620: 13610: 13609: 13591: 13590: 13583: 13576: 13569: 13562: 13555: 13548: 13541: 13534: 13527: 13520: 13513: 13506: 13499: 13492: 13485: 13478: 13471: 13464: 13457: 13450: 13443: 13436: 13429: 13422: 13415: 13408: 13401: 13394: 13387: 13380: 13373: 13365: 13364: 13357: 13350: 13343: 13336: 13329: 13322: 13315: 13308: 13301: 13294: 13287: 13280: 13273: 13266: 13259: 13252: 13245: 13238: 13231: 13224: 13217: 13210: 13203: 13196: 13189: 13182: 13175: 13168: 13161: 13154: 13147: 13139: 13138: 13131: 13124: 13117: 13110: 13103: 13096: 13089: 13082: 13075: 13068: 13061: 13054: 13047: 13040: 13033: 13026: 13024: 13022: 13015: 13007: 13006: 12999: 12992: 12985: 12978: 12971: 12964: 12957: 12950: 12943: 12936: 12929: 12922: 12915: 12908: 12901: 12894: 12892: 12885: 12877: 12876: 12869: 12862: 12855: 12848: 12841: 12834: 12832: 12825: 12817: 12816: 12809: 12802: 12795: 12788: 12781: 12774: 12772: 12765: 12757: 12756: 12749: 12747: 12737: 12736: 12722:Main article: 12719: 12716: 12698: 12653:Main article: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12639: 12638: 12633: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12609: 12605: 12604: 12585: 12566: 12547: 12528: 12509: 12490: 12471: 12452: 12433: 12414: 12395: 12376: 12357: 12338: 12319: 12300: 12281: 12262: 12243: 12224: 12205: 12186: 12167: 12148: 12129: 12110: 12091: 12072: 12053: 12034: 12015: 11998: 11984: 11983: 11964: 11945: 11926: 11907: 11888: 11869: 11850: 11831: 11812: 11793: 11774: 11755: 11736: 11717: 11698: 11679: 11660: 11641: 11622: 11603: 11584: 11565: 11546: 11527: 11508: 11489: 11470: 11451: 11432: 11413: 11394: 11377: 11363: 11362: 11345: 11328: 11311: 11294: 11277: 11260: 11243: 11226: 11209: 11194: 11179: 11162: 11147: 11132: 11115: 11098: 11096: 11079: 11064: 11052: 11051: 11034: 11017: 11000: 10983: 10966: 10949: 10932: 10915: 10898: 10881: 10864: 10847: 10832: 10815: 10798: 10781: 10779: 10762: 10747: 10735: 10734: 10719: 10704: 10689: 10674: 10659: 10644: 10642: 10627: 10614: 10604: 10603: 10588: 10573: 10558: 10543: 10528: 10513: 10511: 10496: 10483: 10473: 10472: 10459: 10457: 10446: 10442: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10339: 10338: 10324: 10322: 10321: 10314: 10307: 10299: 10289: 10286: 10279: 10278: 10260:2×(1+3+5+7) = 10258: 10251: 10244: 10237: 10230: 10223: 10216: 10209: 10202: 10195: 10188: 10181: 10174: 10167: 10160: 10153: 10146: 10139: 10132: 10125: 10118: 10111: 10104: 10097: 10090: 10083: 10076: 10069: 10062: 10055: 10048: 10041: 10033: 10032: 10011:2×(1+3+5+7) = 10008: 10001: 9994: 9987: 9980: 9973: 9966: 9959: 9952: 9945: 9938: 9931: 9924: 9917: 9910: 9903: 9896: 9889: 9882: 9875: 9868: 9861: 9854: 9847: 9840: 9833: 9826: 9819: 9812: 9805: 9798: 9791: 9783: 9782: 9760: 9753: 9746: 9739: 9732: 9725: 9718: 9711: 9704: 9697: 9690: 9683: 9676: 9669: 9662: 9655: 9648: 9646: 9644: 9642: 9640: 9638: 9636: 9634: 9632: 9630: 9628: 9626: 9624: 9622: 9620: 9613: 9605: 9604: 9582: 9575: 9568: 9561: 9554: 9547: 9540: 9533: 9526: 9519: 9512: 9505: 9498: 9491: 9484: 9477: 9470: 9468: 9466: 9464: 9462: 9460: 9458: 9456: 9454: 9452: 9450: 9448: 9446: 9444: 9442: 9435: 9427: 9426: 9402: 9395: 9388: 9381: 9374: 9367: 9360: 9358: 9356: 9354: 9352: 9350: 9348: 9346: 9344: 9342: 9340: 9338: 9336: 9334: 9332: 9330: 9328: 9326: 9324: 9322: 9320: 9318: 9316: 9314: 9312: 9305: 9297: 9296: 9272: 9265: 9258: 9251: 9244: 9237: 9230: 9228: 9226: 9224: 9222: 9220: 9218: 9216: 9214: 9212: 9210: 9208: 9206: 9204: 9202: 9200: 9198: 9196: 9194: 9192: 9190: 9188: 9186: 9184: 9182: 9175: 9167: 9166: 9140: 9133: 9131: 9129: 9127: 9125: 9123: 9121: 9119: 9117: 9115: 9113: 9111: 9109: 9107: 9105: 9103: 9101: 9099: 9097: 9095: 9093: 9091: 9089: 9087: 9085: 9083: 9081: 9079: 9077: 9075: 9073: 9063: 8972: 8971: 8954: 8947: 8940: 8933: 8926: 8919: 8912: 8905: 8898: 8891: 8884: 8877: 8870: 8863: 8856: 8849: 8842: 8835: 8827: 8826: 8807: 8800: 8793: 8786: 8779: 8772: 8765: 8758: 8751: 8744: 8737: 8730: 8723: 8716: 8709: 8702: 8695: 8688: 8680: 8679: 8660: 8653: 8646: 8639: 8632: 8625: 8618: 8616: 8614: 8612: 8610: 8608: 8606: 8604: 8602: 8600: 8598: 8591: 8583: 8582: 8563: 8556: 8549: 8542: 8535: 8528: 8521: 8519: 8517: 8515: 8513: 8511: 8509: 8507: 8505: 8503: 8501: 8494: 8486: 8485: 8464: 8457: 8455: 8453: 8451: 8449: 8447: 8445: 8443: 8441: 8439: 8437: 8435: 8433: 8431: 8429: 8427: 8425: 8340: 8339: 8325: 8318: 8311: 8304: 8297: 8290: 8283: 8276: 8268: 8267: 8251: 8244: 8237: 8230: 8223: 8216: 8209: 8202: 8194: 8193: 8177: 8170: 8168: 8166: 8164: 8162: 8160: 8158: 8043: 8042: 8015: 8014: 8002:Erwin Madelung 7982: 7979: 7973: 7964: 7937: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7928: 7925: 7922: 7919: 7916: 7913: 7909: 7908: 7905: 7902: 7899: 7896: 7893: 7890: 7887: 7884: 7877: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7865: 7862: 7859: 7856: 7853: 7846: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7834: 7831: 7828: 7825: 7818: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7806: 7803: 7800: 7793: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7781: 7778: 7771: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7759: 7752: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7736: 7735: 7732: 7729: 7726: 7723: 7720: 7717: 7714: 7710: 7709: 7702: 7699: 7696: 7693: 7690: 7687: 7684: 7681: 7672:core electrons 7652:atomic orbital 7625:Main article: 7622: 7619: 7592: 7591: 7584: 7577: 7570: 7563: 7556: 7549: 7542: 7535: 7528: 7521: 7514: 7507: 7500: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7487: 7480: 7473: 7466: 7459: 7452: 7445: 7438: 7431: 7424: 7417: 7410: 7403: 7396: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7383: 7379: 7378: 7371: 7364: 7357: 7350: 7343: 7336: 7329: 7322: 7315: 7308: 7301: 7294: 7287: 7280: 7273: 7266: 7264: 7257: 7249: 7248: 7241: 7234: 7227: 7220: 7213: 7206: 7199: 7192: 7185: 7178: 7171: 7164: 7157: 7150: 7143: 7136: 7134: 7127: 7119: 7118: 7111: 7104: 7097: 7090: 7083: 7076: 7069: 7062: 7055: 7048: 7041: 7034: 7027: 7020: 7013: 7006: 7004: 6997: 6989: 6988: 6981: 6974: 6967: 6960: 6953: 6946: 6939: 6932: 6925: 6918: 6911: 6904: 6897: 6890: 6883: 6876: 6874: 6867: 6859: 6858: 6851: 6844: 6837: 6830: 6823: 6816: 6814: 6807: 6799: 6798: 6791: 6784: 6777: 6770: 6763: 6756: 6754: 6747: 6739: 6738: 6731: 6729: 6713: 6712: 6705: 6698: 6691: 6684: 6677: 6670: 6663: 6656: 6649: 6642: 6635: 6628: 6621: 6614: 6607: 6600: 6593: 6586: 6579: 6572: 6565: 6558: 6551: 6544: 6537: 6530: 6523: 6516: 6509: 6502: 6495: 6487: 6486: 6479: 6472: 6465: 6458: 6451: 6444: 6437: 6430: 6423: 6416: 6409: 6402: 6395: 6388: 6381: 6374: 6367: 6360: 6353: 6346: 6339: 6332: 6325: 6318: 6311: 6304: 6297: 6290: 6283: 6276: 6269: 6261: 6260: 6253: 6246: 6239: 6232: 6225: 6218: 6211: 6204: 6197: 6190: 6183: 6176: 6169: 6162: 6155: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6137: 6129: 6128: 6121: 6114: 6107: 6100: 6093: 6086: 6079: 6072: 6065: 6058: 6051: 6044: 6037: 6030: 6023: 6016: 6014: 6007: 5999: 5998: 5991: 5984: 5977: 5970: 5963: 5956: 5954: 5947: 5939: 5938: 5931: 5924: 5917: 5910: 5903: 5896: 5894: 5887: 5879: 5878: 5871: 5869: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5826:f-block groups 5820: 5817: 5816: 5807: 5798: 5789: 5780: 5771: 5762: 5753: 5744: 5735: 5726: 5717: 5708: 5699: 5690: 5681: 5672: 5665: 5656: 5647: 5641: 5640: 5631: 5622: 5613: 5604: 5595: 5586: 5577: 5568: 5559: 5550: 5541: 5532: 5523: 5514: 5505: 5496: 5491: 5482: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5457: 5448: 5439: 5430: 5421: 5412: 5403: 5394: 5385: 5376: 5367: 5358: 5349: 5340: 5331: 5322: 5320: 5311: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5286: 5277: 5268: 5259: 5250: 5241: 5232: 5223: 5214: 5205: 5196: 5187: 5178: 5169: 5160: 5151: 5149: 5140: 5131: 5125: 5124: 5115: 5106: 5097: 5088: 5079: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5039: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5014: 5005: 4996: 4987: 4978: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4938: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4850: 4847: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4793: 4792: 4787: 4785:halogens 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4735: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4719: 4716: 4713: 4710: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4698: 4692: 4689: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4669: 4664:Old IUPAC 4660: 4659: 4656: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4644: 4641: 4638: 4635: 4632: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4591: 4585: 4579: 4573: 4567: 4561: 4555: 4549: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4517: 4511: 4505: 4503:(I–VIII) 4496: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4394: 4390:periodic table 4388:Groups in the 4387: 4385: 4384: 4377: 4370: 4362: 4361: 4360: 4324:Roman numerals 4318: 4315: 4256:(element 85), 4252:(element 61), 4248:(element 43), 4208:has its first 4206:electron shell 4176:atomic weights 4113: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4089: 4085: 4084: 4077: 4069: 4064: 4054: 4053: 4025: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4004:Nobelium 3998: 3978: 3958: 3938: 3918: 3898: 3878: 3858: 3838: 3818: 3795: 3772: 3749: 3735:Actinium 3729: 3722: 3719: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3690: 3667: 3644: 3621: 3598: 3575: 3552: 3535:Europium 3529: 3512:Samarium 3506: 3486: 3463: 3440: 3417: 3394: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3355: 3335: 3315: 3295: 3275: 3261:Nihonium 3255: 3235: 3215: 3195: 3175: 3155: 3135: 3115: 3095: 3075: 3055: 3048: 3028: 3014:Francium 3008: 3002: 3001: 2981: 2967:Astatine 2961: 2947:Polonium 2941: 2918: 2895: 2872: 2849: 2826: 2809:Platinum 2803: 2780: 2757: 2734: 2717:Tungsten 2711: 2694:Tantalum 2688: 2665: 2648:Lutetium 2642: 2635: 2612: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2559: 2536: 2513: 2496:Antimony 2490: 2467: 2444: 2421: 2398: 2375: 2352: 2329: 2309: 2286: 2263: 2240: 2217: 2215: 2192: 2175:Rubidium 2169: 2163: 2162: 2139: 2116: 2099:Selenium 2093: 2070: 2047: 2024: 2001: 1978: 1955: 1932: 1909: 1886: 1869:Chromium 1863: 1846:Vanadium 1840: 1823:Titanium 1817: 1800:Scandium 1794: 1792: 1769: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1716: 1699:Chlorine 1693: 1670: 1647: 1624: 1601: 1599: 1576: 1553: 1547: 1546: 1523: 1506:Fluorine 1500: 1477: 1460:Nitrogen 1454: 1431: 1408: 1406: 1383: 1360: 1354: 1353: 1330: 1328: 1311:Hydrogen 1305: 1293: 1292: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1268: 1266: 1264: 1262: 1260: 1258: 1256: 1254: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1246:alkali metals 1244:Hydrogen & 1242: 1239: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1137: 1133:Periodic table 1131: 1129: 1128: 1121: 1114: 1106: 1105: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1067:atomic numbers 1025:atomic numbers 989:periodic table 983: 982: 980: 979: 972: 965: 957: 954: 953: 952: 951: 944: 934: 933: 930: 929: 927:Vapor pressure 924: 914: 912:Speed of sound 909: 904: 899: 894: 888:of fusion 880: 875: 870: 862:Electron 860: 855: 850: 845: 843:Critical point 840: 835: 830: 824: 821: 820: 817: 816: 813: 812: 807: 801: 800: 794: 793: 778: 777: 772: 765: 764: 759: 753: 748: 747: 744: 743: 740: 739: 733: 732: 727: 721: 720: 709: 704: 703: 700: 699: 692: 689: 688: 685: 684: 669: 668: 661: 660: 655: 649: 648: 643: 637: 636: 631: 625: 624: 619: 613: 612: 607: 605:Coinage metals 601: 598: 597: 594: 593: 590: 589: 584: 578: 577: 569: 568: 567: 566: 558: 557: 549: 548: 543: 537: 536: 531: 525: 524: 522:alkaline earth 519: 513: 512: 504: 498: 497: 494: 493: 490: 489: 488: 487: 482: 474: 473: 464: 463: 456: 449: 442: 435: 428: 421: 414: 406: 405: 396: 395: 385: 375: 365: 355: 348: 341: 334: 327: 320: 313: 306: 299: 292: 285: 278: 271: 261: 244: 243: 234: 231: 230: 227: 226: 219: 216: 215: 212: 211: 205: 204: 196: 195: 194: 193: 188: 183: 175: 174: 162: 161: 155: 154: 153: 152: 147: 136: 131: 130: 127: 126: 123: 122: 102: 101: 96: 90: 87: 86: 83: 82: 80:Periodic table 76: 75: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 34298: 34287: 34284: 34282: 34279: 34277: 34274: 34272: 34269: 34267: 34264: 34262: 34259: 34257: 34254: 34253: 34251: 34236: 34235: 34226: 34224: 34223: 34218: 34214: 34212: 34211: 34202: 34200: 34199: 34190: 34189: 34186: 34180: 34177: 34175: 34172: 34170: 34169:Chemical bond 34167: 34165: 34162: 34160: 34157: 34155: 34152: 34150: 34147: 34145: 34142: 34140: 34137: 34133: 34130: 34129: 34128: 34125: 34122: 34118: 34114: 34111: 34110: 34109: 34106: 34104: 34101: 34099: 34096: 34095: 34093: 34089: 34081: 34078: 34076: 34073: 34071: 34068: 34067: 34066: 34063: 34059: 34058:Stoichiometry 34056: 34055: 34054: 34051: 34047: 34044: 34042: 34039: 34037: 34034: 34032: 34029: 34028: 34027: 34024: 34020: 34017: 34016: 34015: 34014:Nanochemistry 34012: 34011: 34006: 34003: 34001: 33998: 33997: 33996: 33993: 33991: 33988: 33984: 33981: 33979: 33976: 33975: 33974: 33971: 33970: 33965: 33962: 33961: 33960: 33957: 33953: 33950: 33948: 33945: 33944: 33943: 33940: 33938: 33935: 33933: 33930: 33926: 33923: 33921: 33918: 33917: 33916: 33913: 33912: 33907: 33904: 33902: 33899: 33898: 33897: 33894: 33892: 33888: 33884: 33881: 33877: 33874: 33872: 33869: 33867: 33864: 33863: 33862: 33859: 33858: 33856: 33854: 33850: 33844: 33841: 33839: 33836: 33834: 33831: 33829: 33826: 33824: 33821: 33819: 33816: 33812: 33809: 33808: 33807: 33804: 33800: 33797: 33796: 33795: 33792: 33788: 33785: 33783: 33780: 33779: 33778: 33775: 33774: 33772: 33770: 33766: 33760: 33757: 33755: 33752: 33750: 33747: 33745: 33742: 33740: 33739:Semisynthesis 33736: 33733: 33731: 33728: 33726: 33723: 33721: 33718: 33716: 33713: 33711: 33708: 33704: 33701: 33700: 33699: 33696: 33695: 33693: 33691: 33687: 33681: 33678: 33676: 33673: 33671: 33668: 33664: 33661: 33660: 33659: 33656: 33654: 33651: 33649: 33646: 33645: 33643: 33641: 33637: 33631: 33628: 33626: 33623: 33621: 33618: 33616: 33613: 33611: 33608: 33606: 33603: 33601: 33598: 33596: 33593: 33589: 33586: 33585: 33584: 33581: 33579: 33576: 33574: 33573:Sonochemistry 33571: 33569: 33568:Cryochemistry 33566: 33562: 33561:Micromeritics 33559: 33558: 33557: 33554: 33552: 33549: 33547: 33544: 33542: 33539: 33535: 33532: 33530: 33527: 33526: 33525: 33522: 33521: 33519: 33517: 33513: 33505: 33502: 33501: 33500: 33497: 33495: 33492: 33490: 33487: 33485: 33482: 33478: 33475: 33474: 33473: 33470: 33468: 33465: 33464: 33462: 33460: 33456: 33450: 33447: 33445: 33442: 33440: 33439:Wet chemistry 33437: 33435: 33432: 33430: 33427: 33425: 33422: 33418: 33415: 33413: 33410: 33409: 33408: 33405: 33403: 33400: 33396: 33393: 33391: 33388: 33386: 33383: 33382: 33381: 33378: 33374: 33371: 33369: 33366: 33364: 33361: 33359: 33356: 33355: 33354: 33351: 33349: 33346: 33344: 33341: 33340: 33338: 33336: 33332: 33326: 33323: 33321: 33318: 33316: 33313: 33311: 33308: 33307: 33304: 33300: 33292: 33287: 33285: 33280: 33278: 33273: 33272: 33269: 33257: 33256: 33247: 33245: 33244: 33235: 33234: 33231: 33225: 33222: 33220: 33217: 33213: 33210: 33208: 33205: 33204: 33203: 33200: 33199: 33197: 33193: 33185: 33182: 33180: 33177: 33175: 33172: 33170: 33169:controversies 33167: 33165: 33162: 33161: 33160: 33157: 33153: 33150: 33148: 33145: 33143: 33140: 33139: 33138: 33135: 33134: 33132: 33130: 33126: 33116: 33113: 33111: 33108: 33106: 33103: 33101: 33098: 33096: 33093: 33091: 33090:Melting point 33088: 33086: 33083: 33081: 33078: 33076: 33073: 33071: 33070:Heat capacity 33068: 33066: 33063: 33061: 33058: 33056: 33053: 33051: 33048: 33046: 33043: 33041: 33038: 33036: 33033: 33031: 33028: 33026: 33025:Boiling point 33023: 33021: 33020:Atomic radius 33018: 33016: 33013: 33012: 33010: 33006: 33000: 32997: 32995: 32992: 32990: 32987: 32985: 32982: 32980: 32977: 32975: 32972: 32971: 32969: 32967: 32963: 32957: 32954: 32952: 32949: 32947: 32944: 32941: 32937: 32933: 32932: 32930: 32928: 32924: 32921: 32919: 32915: 32905: 32902: 32900: 32897: 32895: 32892: 32890: 32887: 32885: 32884:Native metals 32882: 32880: 32877: 32875: 32872: 32870: 32867: 32865: 32862: 32860: 32857: 32855: 32852: 32850: 32847: 32846: 32844: 32840: 32830: 32827: 32826: 32824: 32822: 32818: 32812: 32811:Dividing line 32809: 32807: 32804: 32803: 32801: 32799: 32795: 32789: 32786: 32784: 32781: 32779: 32776: 32774: 32771: 32770: 32768: 32766: 32762: 32759: 32757: 32752: 32742: 32739: 32738: 32736: 32734: 32730: 32722: 32719: 32717: 32714: 32712: 32709: 32708: 32707: 32704: 32702: 32699: 32697: 32694: 32692: 32689: 32687: 32684: 32682: 32679: 32677: 32674: 32672: 32669: 32668: 32666: 32664: 32660: 32654: 32651: 32649: 32648:17 (Halogens) 32646: 32644: 32641: 32639: 32636: 32634: 32631: 32629: 32626: 32624: 32621: 32619: 32616: 32614: 32611: 32609: 32606: 32604: 32601: 32599: 32596: 32594: 32591: 32589: 32586: 32584: 32581: 32579: 32576: 32574: 32571: 32569: 32566: 32565: 32563: 32561: 32557: 32554: 32550: 32547: 32545: 32541: 32535: 32532: 32530: 32527: 32526: 32524: 32520: 32516: 32509: 32504: 32502: 32497: 32495: 32490: 32489: 32486: 32470: 32467: 32465: 32462: 32460: 32457: 32455: 32452: 32451: 32444: 32435: 32426: 32417: 32408: 32399: 32390: 32381: 32372: 32363: 32354: 32345: 32336: 32327: 32318: 32309: 32300: 32291: 32282: 32273: 32264: 32255: 32246: 32237: 32228: 32219: 32210: 32201: 32192: 32183: 32174: 32165: 32156: 32148: 32144: 32140: 32131: 32122: 32113: 32104: 32095: 32086: 32077: 32068: 32059: 32050: 32041: 32032: 32023: 32014: 32005: 31996: 31987: 31978: 31969: 31960: 31951: 31942: 31933: 31924: 31915: 31906: 31897: 31888: 31879: 31870: 31861: 31853: 31849: 31845: 31836: 31827: 31818: 31809: 31800: 31791: 31782: 31773: 31764: 31755: 31746: 31737: 31728: 31719: 31710: 31699: 31690: 31682: 31678: 31674: 31665: 31656: 31647: 31638: 31629: 31620: 31611: 31602: 31593: 31584: 31575: 31566: 31557: 31548: 31539: 31528: 31519: 31511: 31507: 31503: 31494: 31485: 31476: 31467: 31458: 31447: 31438: 31430: 31426: 31422: 31413: 31404: 31395: 31386: 31377: 31366: 31357: 31349: 31345: 31341: 31330: 31322: 31318: 31315: 31310: 31305: 31300: 31295: 31290: 31285: 31280: 31275: 31270: 31265: 31260: 31255: 31250: 31245: 31240: 31233: 31228: 31223: 31222: 31217: 31213: 31206: 31201: 31199: 31194: 31192: 31187: 31186: 31183: 31177: 31174: 31172: 31169: 31167: 31163: 31160: 31157: 31155: 31152: 31150: 31147: 31145: 31142: 31139: 31136: 31133: 31130: 31128: 31125: 31122: 31119: 31115: 31112: 31111: 31100: 31096: 31091: 31087: 31081: 31077: 31072: 31068: 31062: 31058: 31053: 31038: 31031: 31026: 31022: 31016: 31012: 31007: 31003: 30997: 30993: 30988: 30984: 30978: 30974: 30970: 30969:Mazurs, E. G. 30966: 30962: 30956: 30952: 30947: 30943: 30937: 30933: 30929: 30925: 30921: 30915: 30911: 30906: 30905: 30893: 30891:9781891389016 30887: 30883: 30878: 30875: 30871: 30867: 30863: 30860: 30856: 30850: 30846: 30841: 30837: 30833: 30829: 30825: 30821: 30815: 30810: 30809: 30802: 30798: 30792: 30788: 30784: 30780: 30776: 30775: 30762: 30758: 30754: 30750: 30746: 30742: 30735: 30727: 30723: 30719: 30715: 30711: 30707: 30700: 30693: 30685: 30681: 30677: 30673: 30669: 30665: 30658: 30642: 30638: 30631: 30623: 30619: 30615: 30611: 30603: 30599: 30595: 30591: 30583: 30579: 30576:: 1145–1146. 30575: 30571: 30563: 30559: 30555: 30551: 30544: 30536: 30532: 30528: 30521: 30512: 30496: 30492: 30485: 30476: 30474: 30472: 30460: 30456: 30452: 30448: 30444: 30440: 30436: 30432: 30428: 30421: 30414: 30397: 30393: 30389: 30388: 30381: 30375:Scerri, p. 20 30372: 30356: 30352: 30351: 30346: 30342: 30336: 30317: 30313: 30309: 30305: 30301: 30297: 30293: 30288: 30283: 30279: 30275: 30268: 30261: 30245: 30241: 30237: 30233: 30229: 30225: 30221: 30217: 30210: 30202: 30198: 30193: 30188: 30184: 30180: 30176: 30172: 30168: 30161: 30153: 30149: 30145: 30141: 30137: 30133: 30128: 30123: 30119: 30115: 30108: 30100: 30096: 30092: 30088: 30084: 30080: 30076: 30072: 30067: 30062: 30058: 30054: 30047: 30031: 30026: 30021: 30017: 30013: 30009: 30005: 30001: 29994: 29985: 29977: 29973: 29969: 29965: 29961: 29957: 29950: 29931: 29926: 29921: 29917: 29913: 29909: 29905: 29898: 29891: 29889: 29880: 29876: 29872: 29868: 29864: 29860: 29853: 29851: 29841: 29836: 29832: 29828: 29825:(1): 012005. 29824: 29820: 29819: 29814: 29807: 29791: 29787: 29783: 29777: 29758: 29754: 29750: 29746: 29742: 29738: 29734: 29727: 29720: 29712: 29708: 29704: 29700: 29695: 29690: 29686: 29682: 29674: 29672: 29670: 29661: 29655: 29651: 29644: 29636: 29632: 29628: 29624: 29620: 29616: 29612: 29608: 29603: 29598: 29595:(5): 053001. 29594: 29590: 29583: 29575: 29571: 29567: 29563: 29559: 29555: 29551: 29547: 29544:(1): 161–68. 29543: 29539: 29535: 29529: 29527: 29518: 29514: 29510: 29506: 29503:(3): 235–60. 29502: 29498: 29491: 29489: 29487: 29478: 29474: 29470: 29466: 29462: 29458: 29451: 29443: 29439: 29435: 29431: 29426: 29421: 29417: 29413: 29409: 29405: 29401: 29394: 29392: 29383: 29379: 29375: 29371: 29367: 29363: 29356: 29341: 29337: 29333: 29326: 29311: 29307: 29300: 29284: 29280: 29276: 29269: 29250: 29246: 29242: 29235: 29234: 29226: 29218: 29214: 29210: 29206: 29201: 29196: 29192: 29188: 29184: 29180: 29176: 29169: 29167: 29151: 29147: 29143: 29139: 29135: 29131: 29124: 29117: 29115: 29113: 29097: 29091: 29087: 29083: 29079: 29075: 29071: 29067: 29060: 29058: 29048: 29043: 29038: 29033: 29029: 29025: 29021: 29014: 28998: 28994: 28987: 28971: 28967: 28963: 28962: 28957: 28950: 28948: 28938: 28930: 28925: 28920: 28916: 28912: 28908: 28904: 28898: 28889: 28884: 28880: 28876: 28872: 28865: 28856: 28851: 28847: 28843: 28839: 28833: 28818: 28814: 28810: 28806: 28802: 28798: 28794: 28787: 28779: 28775: 28770: 28765: 28761: 28757: 28753: 28746: 28737: 28718: 28714: 28707: 28700: 28698: 28688: 28679: 28664: 28660: 28656: 28652: 28648: 28641: 28639: 28622: 28618: 28614: 28607: 28599: 28595: 28591: 28587: 28583: 28579: 28575: 28571: 28567: 28563: 28556: 28548: 28544: 28540: 28536: 28529: 28510: 28506: 28502: 28498: 28494: 28490: 28486: 28479: 28472: 28463: 28448: 28444: 28440: 28436: 28432: 28428: 28424: 28420: 28416: 28409: 28390: 28386: 28382: 28378: 28374: 28370: 28366: 28359: 28352: 28343: 28338: 28334: 28330: 28326: 28322: 28318: 28311: 28304: 28288: 28284: 28280: 28276: 28272: 28268: 28264: 28257: 28250: 28234: 28230: 28226: 28222: 28218: 28214: 28210: 28209: 28204: 28201:(July 1921). 28200: 28194: 28192: 28175: 28171: 28167: 28163: 28159: 28155: 28151: 28150: 28145: 28142:(June 1919). 28141: 28135: 28126: 28117: 28109: 28105: 28101: 28097: 28093: 28089: 28085: 28081: 28077: 28070: 28061: 28052: 28043: 28034: 28026: 28020: 28016: 28009: 28007: 28005: 27995: 27990: 27986: 27982: 27978: 27971: 27963: 27959: 27954: 27949: 27945: 27941: 27937: 27930: 27922: 27916: 27912: 27908: 27907: 27902: 27901:Atkins, P. W. 27896: 27886: 27877: 27868: 27861: 27860: 27853: 27834: 27830: 27826: 27822: 27818: 27811: 27804: 27802: 27800: 27790: 27774: 27770: 27769:New Scientist 27766: 27759: 27750: 27741: 27725: 27721: 27717: 27713: 27706: 27697: 27695: 27685: 27676: 27670: 27666: 27663: 27657: 27649: 27648: 27642: 27637: 27631: 27629: 27620: 27614: 27610: 27606: 27600: 27594:Scerri, p. 47 27591: 27583: 27579: 27575: 27569: 27565: 27561: 27557: 27550: 27544: 27540: 27537: 27523: 27519: 27515: 27511: 27507: 27503: 27499: 27495: 27488: 27471: 27467: 27463: 27459: 27455: 27451: 27448:(in German). 27447: 27443: 27436: 27429: 27417: 27413: 27409: 27402: 27386: 27382: 27378: 27374: 27370: 27363: 27344: 27340: 27336: 27331: 27326: 27322: 27318: 27315:. DeGruyter. 27314: 27307: 27300: 27281: 27277: 27273: 27269: 27265: 27261: 27257: 27250: 27243: 27235: 27229: 27225: 27218: 27202: 27198: 27197:icc.dur.ac.uk 27194: 27191:Theuns, Tom. 27187: 27178: 27173: 27166: 27159: 27157: 27140: 27133: 27127: 27119: 27113: 27109: 27105: 27099: 27091: 27087: 27083: 27079: 27075: 27071: 27064: 27056: 27052: 27048: 27044: 27037: 27035: 27026: 27022: 27018: 27014: 27007: 26999: 26993: 26989: 26982: 26966: 26965:"WebElements" 26959: 26951: 26945: 26938: 26937: 26929: 26910: 26906: 26902: 26898: 26894: 26890: 26886: 26879: 26872: 26864: 26860: 26856: 26852: 26848: 26844: 26837: 26828: 26809: 26805: 26801: 26794: 26787: 26785: 26776: 26772: 26768: 26764: 26760: 26756: 26749: 26747: 26738: 26732: 26728: 26721: 26705: 26701: 26697: 26690: 26688: 26686: 26684: 26682: 26665: 26661: 26657: 26653: 26647: 26631: 26627: 26623: 26619: 26613: 26611: 26609: 26607: 26598: 26594: 26590: 26586: 26582: 26578: 26574: 26570: 26563: 26547: 26543: 26539: 26532: 26530: 26513: 26509: 26505: 26498: 26490: 26486: 26482: 26478: 26474: 26470: 26463: 26455: 26451: 26447: 26443: 26439: 26435: 26431: 26427: 26420: 26412: 26408: 26402: 26398: 26394: 26390: 26389: 26381: 26373: 26367: 26363: 26358: 26357: 26348: 26340: 26334: 26330: 26323: 26315: 26309: 26305: 26298: 26282: 26278: 26274: 26267: 26265: 26249: 26245: 26238: 26230: 26226: 26222: 26218: 26214: 26210: 26206: 26202: 26195: 26187: 26183: 26178: 26173: 26168: 26163: 26159: 26155: 26151: 26147: 26143: 26136: 26134: 26118: 26114: 26107: 26105: 26093: 26089: 26082: 26075: 26073: 26064: 26060: 26056: 26052: 26048: 26044: 26040: 26036: 26033:(6): 064304. 26032: 26028: 26021: 26019: 26010: 26006: 26001: 25996: 25992: 25988: 25984: 25980: 25976: 25969: 25967: 25958: 25952: 25948: 25941: 25933: 25926: 25918: 25914: 25909: 25904: 25900: 25896: 25892: 25888: 25884: 25877: 25869: 25865: 25861: 25857: 25853: 25849: 25842: 25834: 25830: 25825: 25820: 25816: 25812: 25808: 25805: 25804: 25799: 25792: 25785: 25780: 25774: 25770: 25763: 25761: 25759: 25757: 25747: 25745: 25743: 25741: 25739: 25737: 25735: 25726: 25722: 25718: 25714: 25710: 25706: 25702: 25698: 25691: 25675: 25671: 25667: 25660: 25644: 25640: 25634: 25626: 25622: 25618: 25614: 25610: 25606: 25602: 25598: 25594: 25587: 25571: 25567: 25561: 25557: 25553: 25546: 25538: 25534: 25530: 25526: 25519: 25510: 25508: 25506: 25504: 25494: 25492: 25482: 25480: 25470: 25468: 25466: 25457: 25453: 25449: 25445: 25438: 25429: 25427: 25425: 25415: 25406: 25397: 25388: 25383: 25379: 25375: 25372:(1): 012006. 25371: 25367: 25363: 25356: 25348: 25344: 25340: 25336: 25332: 25328: 25321: 25305: 25301: 25297: 25290: 25288: 25271: 25267: 25263: 25256: 25254: 25244: 25235: 25227: 25221: 25217: 25210: 25194: 25190: 25183: 25176: 25174: 25172: 25170: 25168: 25166: 25157: 25153: 25149: 25145: 25141: 25137: 25130: 25122: 25118: 25114: 25110: 25103: 25101: 25092: 25088: 25084: 25080: 25076: 25072: 25065: 25049: 25045: 25041: 25034: 25026: 25022: 25018: 25014: 25010: 25006: 24999: 24990: 24981: 24979: 24977: 24975: 24966: 24962: 24958: 24954: 24949: 24944: 24941:(1): 320–25. 24940: 24936: 24932: 24925: 24917: 24913: 24908: 24903: 24899: 24895: 24891: 24884: 24868: 24864: 24860: 24853: 24851: 24840: 24832: 24826: 24822: 24817: 24816: 24807: 24799: 24793: 24789: 24784: 24783: 24774: 24766: 24760: 24756: 24749: 24740: 24738: 24736: 24734: 24732: 24722: 24720: 24711: 24705: 24701: 24697: 24693: 24685: 24677: 24675:0-85186-428-7 24671: 24664: 24663: 24655: 24653: 24651: 24649: 24647: 24645: 24643: 24633: 24628: 24624: 24620: 24616: 24612: 24608: 24601: 24593: 24589: 24585: 24581: 24577: 24573: 24566: 24559: 24551: 24547: 24542: 24537: 24533: 24529: 24525: 24518: 24510: 24508:0-632-02319-8 24504: 24500: 24499: 24491: 24476: 24472: 24468: 24464: 24460: 24453: 24445: 24441: 24437: 24433: 24429: 24425: 24418: 24416: 24414: 24412: 24410: 24394: 24390: 24386: 24382: 24378: 24374: 24367: 24360: 24351: 24346: 24342: 24338: 24334: 24327: 24318: 24313: 24309: 24305: 24301: 24294: 24285: 24280: 24276: 24272: 24268: 24264: 24260: 24253: 24251: 24243: 24236: 24234: 24225: 24221: 24215: 24211: 24210: 24202: 24193: 24184: 24182: 24180: 24178: 24176: 24174: 24165: 24161: 24156: 24151: 24147: 24143: 24140:(2013): 438. 24139: 24135: 24131: 24124: 24108: 24104: 24100: 24096: 24089: 24080: 24075: 24071: 24067: 24063: 24056: 24054: 24044: 24042: 24040: 24038: 24021: 24017: 24013: 24008: 24003: 23998: 23993: 23989: 23985: 23981: 23977: 23973: 23966: 23958: 23952: 23948: 23941: 23939: 23922: 23917: 23913: 23909: 23905: 23898: 23889: 23887: 23877: 23872: 23868: 23864: 23860: 23853: 23851: 23842: 23838: 23834: 23830: 23823: 23815: 23809: 23805: 23801: 23797: 23793: 23787: 23779: 23773: 23769: 23762: 23760: 23758: 23756: 23754: 23745: 23739: 23735: 23728: 23726: 23724: 23722: 23720: 23710: 23708: 23691: 23687: 23686:C&EN News 23683: 23676: 23674: 23672: 23663: 23657: 23653: 23649: 23645: 23641: 23634: 23618: 23614: 23610: 23606: 23600: 23584: 23580: 23579: 23574: 23568: 23566: 23546: 23542: 23535: 23506: 23498: 23494: 23490: 23486: 23481: 23476: 23472: 23468: 23464: 23460: 23456: 23452: 23445: 23439: 23430: 23428: 23426: 23410: 23406: 23402: 23398: 23393: 23388: 23384: 23380: 23376: 23372: 23368: 23364: 23360: 23353: 23351: 23342: 23338: 23334: 23330: 23326: 23322: 23318: 23314: 23310: 23303: 23295: 23291: 23287: 23283: 23279: 23275: 23271: 23267: 23263: 23256: 23248: 23244: 23239: 23234: 23230: 23226: 23222: 23218: 23214: 23207: 23199: 23195: 23191: 23187: 23183: 23179: 23175: 23171: 23160: 23152: 23148: 23144: 23140: 23136: 23132: 23128: 23124: 23117: 23109: 23105: 23100: 23095: 23090: 23085: 23081: 23078: 23077: 23076:Chem. Eur. J. 23072: 23065: 23057: 23053: 23049: 23045: 23041: 23037: 23033: 23029: 23018: 23011:(8): 1379–84. 23010: 23006: 22999: 22980: 22973: 22966: 22964: 22962: 22953: 22949: 22945: 22941: 22937: 22933: 22929: 22925: 22906: 22904: 22902: 22893: 22889: 22885: 22881: 22877: 22873: 22866: 22864: 22862: 22860: 22858: 22849: 22845: 22841: 22837: 22833: 22829: 22822: 22813: 22811: 22801: 22782: 22778: 22774: 22770: 22766: 22762: 22758: 22754: 22750: 22743: 22736: 22734: 22732: 22730: 22728: 22708: 22701: 22697: 22691: 22689: 22687: 22685: 22683: 22681: 22679: 22677: 22675: 22673: 22671: 22669: 22667: 22665: 22663: 22661: 22659: 22657: 22655: 22653: 22651: 22649: 22647: 22645: 22643: 22634: 22628: 22624: 22617: 22615: 22613: 22611: 22609: 22607: 22605: 22603: 22601: 22599: 22590: 22586: 22582: 22578: 22571: 22555: 22551: 22548:NIST (2023). 22544: 22536: 22530: 22526: 22519: 22517: 22515: 22513: 22511: 22509: 22500: 22493: 22491: 22482: 22478: 22474: 22470: 22463: 22461: 22459: 22457: 22455: 22453: 22451: 22442: 22438: 22433: 22428: 22423: 22418: 22414: 22410: 22406: 22402: 22398: 22391: 22389: 22379: 22377: 22375: 22366: 22362: 22358: 22354: 22350: 22347: 22346: 22338: 22336: 22327: 22323: 22319: 22315: 22311: 22307: 22300: 22298: 22289: 22285: 22281: 22277: 22273: 22269: 22262: 22260: 22258: 22256: 22254: 22245: 22243:0-07-032760-2 22239: 22235: 22231: 22230: 22222: 22203: 22199: 22195: 22190: 22185: 22180: 22175: 22171: 22167: 22163: 22160: 22159: 22151: 22144: 22142: 22140: 22138: 22121: 22117: 22113: 22107: 22091: 22087: 22081: 22077: 22076: 22068: 22059: 22050: 22041: 22025: 22021: 22019:0-201-02115-3 22015: 22011: 22010: 22002: 22000: 21998: 21996: 21994: 21992: 21990: 21988: 21986: 21984: 21982: 21972: 21967: 21963: 21959: 21955: 21951: 21947: 21943: 21937: 21935: 21933: 21916: 21915: 21910: 21904: 21898:Scerri, p. 17 21895: 21893: 21876: 21872: 21866: 21864: 21854: 21846: 21840: 21836: 21832: 21828: 21821: 21819: 21817: 21815: 21813: 21811: 21809: 21807: 21805: 21803: 21794: 21792:0-06-093677-0 21788: 21784: 21777: 21775: 21773: 21771: 21769: 21767: 21765: 21763: 21761: 21759: 21757: 21755: 21753: 21751: 21749: 21747: 21745: 21743: 21741: 21739: 21730: 21726: 21722: 21718: 21714: 21710: 21706: 21703:(in German). 21702: 21698: 21691: 21682: 21680: 21678: 21676: 21674: 21672: 21670: 21668: 21666: 21664: 21655: 21651: 21647: 21643: 21636: 21634: 21618: 21614: 21610: 21606: 21602: 21595: 21593: 21591: 21574: 21570: 21566: 21562: 21558: 21554: 21550: 21546: 21539: 21537: 21535: 21533: 21531: 21522: 21518: 21514: 21510: 21504: 21502: 21500: 21491: 21487: 21483: 21479: 21475: 21471: 21470:J. Chem. Educ 21464: 21462: 21460: 21458: 21456: 21454: 21452: 21450: 21448: 21446: 21426: 21422: 21418: 21414: 21410: 21406: 21402: 21395: 21388: 21386: 21384: 21382: 21380: 21378: 21376: 21374: 21354: 21350: 21346: 21342: 21338: 21334: 21331: 21330: 21322: 21315: 21313: 21311: 21309: 21307: 21305: 21303: 21301: 21299: 21279: 21275: 21269: 21262: 21261: 21253: 21251: 21249: 21247: 21245: 21243: 21241: 21239: 21230: 21226: 21221: 21216: 21212: 21208: 21204: 21200: 21196: 21192: 21187: 21182: 21178: 21174: 21170: 21163: 21148: 21144: 21140: 21136: 21132: 21128: 21124: 21117: 21109: 21105: 21101: 21097: 21094:(1): 015801. 21093: 21089: 21082: 21074: 21070: 21066: 21062: 21058: 21054: 21050: 21046: 21045: 21037: 21029: 21025: 21021: 21017: 21014:(1): 83–116. 21013: 21009: 21008: 21000: 20992: 20988: 20984: 20980: 20976: 20972: 20968: 20964: 20959: 20954: 20950: 20946: 20939: 20931: 20927: 20923: 20919: 20915: 20911: 20907: 20903: 20899: 20895: 20888: 20880: 20874: 20870: 20866: 20859: 20851: 20847: 20843: 20839: 20835: 20831: 20824: 20816: 20810: 20806: 20799: 20797: 20788: 20784: 20780: 20776: 20772: 20768: 20764: 20760: 20752: 20736: 20732: 20728: 20724: 20720: 20716: 20712: 20708: 20704: 20700: 20696: 20692: 20685: 20683: 20681: 20679: 20677: 20667: 20658: 20642: 20638: 20634: 20628: 20612: 20608: 20604: 20598: 20596: 20594: 20592: 20590: 20588: 20586: 20584: 20582: 20580: 20578: 20576: 20574: 20572: 20565: 20561: 20557: 20553: 20552: 20547: 20542: 20534: 20530: 20525: 20520: 20516: 20512: 20508: 20504: 20498: 20494: 20488: 20480: 20476: 20472: 20468: 20464: 20460: 20452: 20443: 20438: 20435:(3): 265–91. 20434: 20430: 20429: 20424: 20417: 20402: 20398: 20392: 20388: 20375: 20369: 20359: 20340: 20337: 20334: 20314: 20311: 20308: 20288: 20268: 20248: 20240: 20236: 20220: 20217: 20214: 20211: 20208: 20185: 20182: 20179: 20173: 20168: 20164: 20158: 20155: 20150: 20145: 20141: 20137: 20134: 20114: 20094: 20086: 20070: 20050: 20025: 20017: 20014: 20011: 20005: 20002: 19997: 19994: 19988: 19985: 19979: 19971: 19967: 19963: 19959: 19948: 19941: 19937: 19936: 19931: 19925: 19923: 19915: 19909: 19901: 19894: 19887: 19883: 19879: 19873: 19863: 19856: 19845: 19834: 19828: 19821: 19810: 19799: 19793: 19783: 19774: 19764: 19757: 19753: 19746: 19745: 19740: 19737: 19734: 19731: 19730: 19728: 19724: 19717: 19716: 19712: 19694: 19692: 19682: 19676: 19670: 19661: 19654: 19648: 19641: 19637: 19633: 19629: 19625: 19619: 19612: 19608: 19604: 19600: 19596: 19592: 19588: 19584: 19580: 19576: 19572: 19568: 19564: 19560: 19556: 19552: 19548: 19544: 19540: 19536: 19532: 19528: 19524: 19518: 19516: 19511: 19501: 19498: 19497: 19488: 19487:Madelung rule 19480: 19475: 19470: 19465: 19460: 19458: 19457: 19452: 19450: 19449: 19446: 19443: 19441: 19438: 19436: 19433: 19431: 19428: 19426: 19423: 19421: 19418: 19416: 19413: 19411: 19408: 19406: 19403: 19401: 19398: 19396: 19393: 19391: 19388: 19386: 19383: 19381: 19378: 19376: 19373: 19371: 19368: 19366: 19363: 19361: 19358: 19356: 19353: 19351: 19348: 19346: 19343: 19341: 19338: 19336: 19333: 19331: 19328: 19326: 19323: 19321: 19318: 19316: 19313: 19311: 19308: 19306: 19303: 19301: 19298: 19296: 19293: 19291: 19288: 19286: 19270: 19269: 19266: 19261: 19256: 19251: 19246: 19241: 19236: 19231: 19226: 19221: 19216: 19211: 19206: 19201: 19196: 19191: 19186: 19181: 19176: 19171: 19166: 19161: 19156: 19151: 19146: 19141: 19136: 19131: 19126: 19121: 19116: 19111: 19089: 19086: 19083: 19081: 19078: 19076: 19073: 19071: 19068: 19066: 19063: 19061: 19058: 19056: 19053: 19051: 19048: 19046: 19043: 19041: 19038: 19036: 19033: 19031: 19028: 19026: 19023: 19021: 19018: 19016: 19013: 19011: 19008: 19006: 19003: 19001: 18998: 18994: 18983: 18982: 18979: 18976: 18974: 18971: 18969: 18966: 18964: 18961: 18959: 18956: 18954: 18951: 18949: 18946: 18944: 18941: 18939: 18936: 18934: 18931: 18929: 18926: 18924: 18921: 18919: 18916: 18914: 18911: 18909: 18906: 18904: 18901: 18899: 18896: 18894: 18891: 18887: 18876: 18875: 18872: 18869: 18867: 18864: 18862: 18859: 18857: 18854: 18852: 18849: 18847: 18844: 18842: 18839: 18837: 18834: 18830: 18822: 18821: 18818: 18815: 18813: 18810: 18808: 18805: 18803: 18800: 18798: 18795: 18793: 18790: 18788: 18785: 18783: 18780: 18776: 18768: 18767: 18764: 18761: 18759: 18756: 18752: 18747: 18746: 18743: 18740: 18738: 18735: 18731: 18726: 18725: 18721: 18719: 18716: 18713: 18710: 18707: 18704: 18701: 18699: 18696: 18693: 18690: 18687: 18684: 18681: 18678: 18675: 18672: 18669: 18667: 18664: 18661: 18658: 18655: 18652: 18649: 18646: 18643: 18640: 18637: 18634: 18631: 18628: 18625: 18623: 18620: 18618: 18616: 18615: 18608: 18601: 18596: 18594: 18589: 18587: 18582: 18581: 18577: 18565: 18561: 18559: 18555: 18554:Charles Janet 18551: 18543: 18539: 18534: 18524: 18520: 18518: 18513: 18509: 18505: 18501: 18496: 18492: 18490: 18486: 18482: 18476: 18472: 18441: 18436: 18433: 18429: 18423: 18421: 18416: 18412: 18409:"six", Latin 18408: 18405:"one", Greek 18404: 18400: 18396: 18392: 18384: 18380: 18373:, and g+ is g 18342: 18337: 18331: 18321: 18318: 18313: 18310: 18306: 18302: 18299:) and Japan ( 18298: 18289: 18285: 18283: 18279: 18275: 18270: 18266: 18262: 18258: 18253: 18251: 18250:Charles Janet 18246: 18242: 18238: 18234: 18230: 18226: 18222: 18218: 18214: 18210: 18206: 18202: 18201:Carlo Perrier 18198: 18188: 18179: 18175: 18173: 18169: 18165: 18160: 18158: 18157:Alfred Werner 18154: 18144: 18140: 18138: 18134: 18130: 18126: 18122: 18118: 18113: 18108: 18104: 18100: 18095: 18093: 18089: 18085: 18081: 18077: 18073: 18069: 18065: 18062: 18058: 18054: 18050: 18045: 18040: 18035: 18032: 18022: 18019: 18018: 18014: 18011: 18010: 18006: 18003: 18002: 17998: 17995: 17994: 17990: 17987: 17986: 17982: 17979: 17978: 17974: 17971: 17970: 17966: 17963: 17962: 17958: 17955: 17954: 17950: 17947: 17946: 17940: 17938: 17937:Edmund Stoner 17934: 17916: 17914: 17910: 17900: 17897: 17892: 17888: 17883: 17881: 17877: 17873: 17869: 17865: 17861: 17857: 17853: 17849: 17845: 17844:atomic number 17841: 17837: 17833: 17829: 17825: 17824:Henry Moseley 17818:Henry Moseley 17816: 17812: 17809: 17805: 17796: 17790:Atomic number 17787: 17785: 17784:asteroid belt 17781: 17775: 17773: 17769: 17765: 17761: 17752: 17748: 17746: 17737: 17728: 17726: 17721: 17716: 17711: 17708: 17707:Chemical News 17704: 17703:Chemical News 17700: 17699:John Newlands 17692: 17688: 17686: 17681: 17674:Early history 17667: 17662: 17656: 17646: 17642: 17640: 17634: 17632: 17631: 17626: 17621: 17617: 17613: 17609: 17605: 17601: 17600: 17595: 17590: 17588: 17583: 17579: 17578: 17572: 17568: 17564: 17560: 17556: 17552: 17548: 17544: 17531: 17521: 17511: 17501: 17491: 17482: 17480: 17470: 17460: 17450: 17440: 17439:Alkali metals 17431: 17430: 17423: 17414: 17411: 17407: 17403: 17399: 17395: 17391: 17387: 17382: 17380: 17372: 17368: 17360: 17356: 17345: 17333: 17323: 17319: 17315: 17313: 17309: 17296: 17291: 17284: 17279: 17276:Iron, a metal 17272: 17267: 17266: 17263: 17260: 17256: 17244: 17238: 17233: 17220: 17219: 17215: 17206: 17197: 17188: 17179: 17170: 17161: 17152: 17143: 17134: 17125: 17116: 17107: 17098: 17089: 17080: 17071: 17062: 17053: 17044: 17035: 17026: 17017: 17008: 16999: 16990: 16981: 16972: 16963: 16954: 16945: 16936: 16928: 16925: 16924: 16920: 16911: 16902: 16893: 16884: 16875: 16866: 16857: 16848: 16839: 16830: 16821: 16812: 16803: 16794: 16785: 16776: 16767: 16758: 16749: 16740: 16731: 16722: 16713: 16704: 16695: 16686: 16677: 16668: 16659: 16650: 16641: 16633: 16630: 16629: 16625: 16616: 16607: 16598: 16589: 16580: 16571: 16562: 16553: 16544: 16535: 16526: 16517: 16508: 16499: 16490: 16479: 16470: 16462: 16459: 16458: 16454: 16445: 16436: 16427: 16418: 16409: 16400: 16391: 16382: 16373: 16364: 16355: 16346: 16337: 16328: 16319: 16308: 16299: 16291: 16288: 16287: 16283: 16274: 16265: 16256: 16247: 16238: 16227: 16218: 16210: 16207: 16206: 16202: 16193: 16184: 16175: 16166: 16157: 16146: 16137: 16129: 16126: 16125: 16121: 16110: 16102: 16099: 16098: 16095: 16090: 16086: 16082: 16079: 16076: 16074: 16071: 16069: 16066: 16064: 16061: 16059: 16056: 16054: 16051: 16049: 16046: 16044: 16041: 16039: 16036: 16034: 16031: 16029: 16026: 16024: 16021: 16019: 16016: 16014: 16011: 16009: 16006: 16004: 16001: 15997: 15994: 15992: 15989: 15987: 15986: 15977: 15972: 15970: 15965: 15963: 15958: 15957: 15954: 15951: 15949: 15943: 15941: 15935: 15933: 15887: 15884: 15880: 15871: 15867: 15863: 15859: 15855: 15851: 15847: 15843: 15839: 15835: 15829: 15825: 15814: 15809: 15807: 15803: 15799: 15795: 15791: 15787: 15786:metallic bond 15777: 15773: 15771: 15759: 15750: 15746: 15744: 15740: 15736: 15731: 15727: 15725: 15720: 15716: 15707: 15698: 15696: 15692: 15688: 15684: 15677: 15670: 15666: 15662: 15658: 15654: 15650: 15646: 15642: 15638: 15633: 15632:alkali metals 15628: 15626: 15619: 15609: 15605: 15603: 15598: 15594: 15424: 15421: 15420: 15257: 15254: 15253: 15158: 15155: 15154: 15059: 15056: 15055: 15010: 15007: 15006: 14961: 14958: 14957: 14942: 14939: 14938: 14935: 14932: 14930: 14927: 14925: 14922: 14920: 14917: 14915: 14912: 14910: 14907: 14905: 14902: 14900: 14897: 14895: 14892: 14890: 14887: 14885: 14882: 14880: 14877: 14875: 14872: 14870: 14867: 14865: 14862: 14860: 14857: 14853: 14850: 14848: 14845: 14843: 14842: 14836: 14832: 14830: 14770: 14766: 14761: 14752: 14744: 14740: 14708: 14704: 14702: 14698: 14693: 14691: 14687: 14678: 14669: 14666: 14662: 14659: 14655: 14654:alkali metals 14650: 14641: 14632: 14630: 14625: 14623: 14619: 14615: 14611: 14606: 14602: 14597: 14593: 14589: 14579: 14575: 14571: 14569: 14564: 14563:kainosymmetry 14560: 14556: 14554: 14550: 14549:J. J. Thomson 14546: 14542: 14535:Atomic radius 14532: 14527: 14517: 14513: 14511: 14507: 14501: 14498: 14493: 14489: 14485: 14481: 14476: 14462: 14457: 14455: 14450: 14448: 14443: 14441: 14436: 14434: 14429: 14427: 14422: 14420: 14415: 14413: 14408: 14406: 14401: 14399: 14394: 14392: 14387: 14385: 14380: 14378: 14373: 14371: 14366: 14364: 14362:Rutherfordium 14359: 14357: 14352: 14350: 14345: 14343: 14338: 14336: 14331: 14329: 14324: 14322: 14317: 14315: 14310: 14308: 14303: 14301: 14296: 14294: 14289: 14287: 14282: 14280: 14275: 14273: 14268: 14266: 14261: 14259: 14254: 14252: 14247: 14245: 14240: 14239: 14236: 14231: 14229: 14224: 14222: 14217: 14215: 14210: 14208: 14203: 14201: 14196: 14194: 14189: 14187: 14182: 14180: 14175: 14173: 14168: 14166: 14161: 14159: 14154: 14152: 14147: 14145: 14140: 14138: 14133: 14131: 14126: 14124: 14119: 14117: 14112: 14110: 14105: 14103: 14098: 14096: 14091: 14089: 14084: 14082: 14077: 14075: 14070: 14068: 14063: 14061: 14056: 14054: 14049: 14047: 14042: 14040: 14035: 14033: 14028: 14026: 14021: 14019: 14014: 14013: 14010: 14005: 14003: 13998: 13996: 13991: 13989: 13984: 13982: 13977: 13975: 13970: 13968: 13963: 13961: 13956: 13954: 13949: 13947: 13942: 13940: 13935: 13933: 13928: 13926: 13921: 13919: 13914: 13912: 13907: 13903: 13901: 13896: 13894: 13889: 13887: 13882: 13881: 13878: 13873: 13871: 13866: 13864: 13859: 13857: 13852: 13850: 13845: 13843: 13838: 13836: 13831: 13829: 13824: 13822: 13817: 13815: 13810: 13808: 13803: 13801: 13796: 13794: 13789: 13787: 13782: 13780: 13775: 13771: 13766: 13764: 13759: 13757: 13752: 13751: 13748: 13743: 13741: 13736: 13734: 13729: 13727: 13722: 13720: 13715: 13713: 13708: 13704: 13699: 13697: 13692: 13691: 13688: 13683: 13681: 13676: 13674: 13669: 13667: 13662: 13660: 13655: 13653: 13648: 13644: 13639: 13637: 13632: 13631: 13628: 13623: 13619: 13614: 13613: 13606: 13589: 13584: 13582: 13577: 13575: 13570: 13568: 13563: 13561: 13556: 13554: 13549: 13547: 13542: 13540: 13535: 13533: 13528: 13526: 13521: 13519: 13514: 13512: 13507: 13505: 13500: 13498: 13493: 13491: 13489:Rutherfordium 13486: 13484: 13479: 13477: 13472: 13470: 13465: 13463: 13458: 13456: 13451: 13449: 13444: 13442: 13437: 13435: 13430: 13428: 13423: 13421: 13416: 13414: 13409: 13407: 13402: 13400: 13395: 13393: 13388: 13386: 13381: 13379: 13374: 13372: 13367: 13366: 13363: 13358: 13356: 13351: 13349: 13344: 13342: 13337: 13335: 13330: 13328: 13323: 13321: 13316: 13314: 13309: 13307: 13302: 13300: 13295: 13293: 13288: 13286: 13281: 13279: 13274: 13272: 13267: 13265: 13260: 13258: 13253: 13251: 13246: 13244: 13239: 13237: 13232: 13230: 13225: 13223: 13218: 13216: 13211: 13209: 13204: 13202: 13197: 13195: 13190: 13188: 13183: 13181: 13176: 13174: 13169: 13167: 13162: 13160: 13155: 13153: 13148: 13146: 13141: 13140: 13137: 13132: 13130: 13125: 13123: 13118: 13116: 13111: 13109: 13104: 13102: 13097: 13095: 13090: 13088: 13083: 13081: 13076: 13074: 13069: 13067: 13062: 13060: 13055: 13053: 13048: 13046: 13041: 13039: 13034: 13032: 13027: 13023: 13021: 13016: 13014: 13009: 13008: 13005: 13000: 12998: 12993: 12991: 12986: 12984: 12979: 12977: 12972: 12970: 12965: 12963: 12958: 12956: 12951: 12949: 12944: 12942: 12937: 12935: 12930: 12928: 12923: 12921: 12916: 12914: 12909: 12907: 12902: 12900: 12895: 12891: 12886: 12884: 12879: 12878: 12875: 12870: 12868: 12863: 12861: 12856: 12854: 12849: 12847: 12842: 12840: 12835: 12831: 12826: 12824: 12819: 12818: 12815: 12810: 12808: 12803: 12801: 12796: 12794: 12789: 12787: 12782: 12780: 12775: 12771: 12766: 12764: 12759: 12758: 12755: 12750: 12746: 12741: 12740: 12733: 12725: 12715: 12712: 12707: 12705: 12695: 12689: 12687: 12683: 12679: 12675: 12671: 12667: 12661: 12656: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12612: 12606: 12593: 12592: 12586: 12574: 12573: 12567: 12555: 12554: 12548: 12536: 12535: 12529: 12517: 12516: 12510: 12498: 12497: 12491: 12479: 12478: 12472: 12460: 12459: 12453: 12441: 12440: 12434: 12422: 12421: 12415: 12403: 12402: 12396: 12384: 12383: 12377: 12365: 12364: 12358: 12346: 12345: 12339: 12327: 12326: 12320: 12308: 12307: 12301: 12289: 12288: 12282: 12270: 12269: 12263: 12251: 12250: 12244: 12232: 12231: 12225: 12213: 12212: 12206: 12194: 12193: 12187: 12175: 12174: 12168: 12156: 12155: 12149: 12137: 12136: 12130: 12118: 12117: 12111: 12099: 12098: 12092: 12080: 12079: 12073: 12061: 12060: 12054: 12042: 12041: 12035: 12023: 12022: 12016: 12006: 12005: 11999: 11986: 11985: 11972: 11971: 11965: 11953: 11952: 11946: 11934: 11933: 11927: 11915: 11914: 11908: 11896: 11895: 11889: 11877: 11876: 11870: 11858: 11857: 11851: 11839: 11838: 11832: 11820: 11819: 11813: 11801: 11800: 11794: 11782: 11781: 11775: 11763: 11762: 11756: 11744: 11743: 11737: 11725: 11724: 11718: 11706: 11705: 11699: 11687: 11686: 11680: 11668: 11667: 11661: 11649: 11648: 11642: 11630: 11629: 11623: 11611: 11610: 11604: 11592: 11591: 11585: 11573: 11572: 11566: 11554: 11553: 11547: 11535: 11534: 11528: 11516: 11515: 11509: 11497: 11496: 11490: 11478: 11477: 11471: 11459: 11458: 11452: 11440: 11439: 11433: 11421: 11420: 11414: 11402: 11401: 11395: 11385: 11384: 11378: 11365: 11364: 11353: 11352: 11346: 11336: 11335: 11329: 11319: 11318: 11312: 11302: 11301: 11295: 11285: 11284: 11278: 11268: 11267: 11261: 11251: 11250: 11244: 11234: 11233: 11227: 11217: 11216: 11210: 11202: 11201: 11195: 11187: 11186: 11180: 11170: 11169: 11163: 11155: 11154: 11148: 11140: 11139: 11133: 11123: 11122: 11116: 11106: 11105: 11099: 11087: 11086: 11080: 11072: 11071: 11065: 11054: 11053: 11042: 11041: 11035: 11025: 11024: 11018: 11008: 11007: 11001: 10991: 10990: 10984: 10974: 10973: 10967: 10957: 10956: 10950: 10940: 10939: 10933: 10923: 10922: 10916: 10906: 10905: 10899: 10889: 10888: 10882: 10872: 10871: 10865: 10855: 10854: 10848: 10840: 10839: 10833: 10823: 10822: 10816: 10806: 10805: 10799: 10789: 10788: 10782: 10770: 10769: 10763: 10755: 10754: 10748: 10737: 10736: 10727: 10726: 10720: 10712: 10711: 10705: 10697: 10696: 10690: 10682: 10681: 10675: 10667: 10666: 10660: 10652: 10651: 10645: 10635: 10634: 10628: 10622: 10621: 10615: 10606: 10605: 10596: 10595: 10589: 10581: 10580: 10574: 10566: 10565: 10559: 10551: 10550: 10544: 10536: 10535: 10529: 10521: 10520: 10514: 10504: 10503: 10497: 10491: 10490: 10484: 10475: 10474: 10467: 10466: 10460: 10454: 10453: 10447: 10444: 10443: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10345: 10340: 10331: 10327: 10320: 10315: 10313: 10308: 10306: 10301: 10300: 10297: 10294: 10285: 10263: 10259: 10257: 10250: 10243: 10236: 10229: 10222: 10215: 10208: 10201: 10194: 10187: 10180: 10173: 10166: 10159: 10152: 10145: 10138: 10131: 10124: 10117: 10110: 10103: 10096: 10089: 10082: 10075: 10068: 10061: 10054: 10047: 10040: 10034: 10014: 10009: 10007: 10000: 9993: 9986: 9979: 9972: 9965: 9958: 9951: 9944: 9937: 9930: 9923: 9916: 9909: 9902: 9895: 9888: 9881: 9874: 9867: 9860: 9853: 9846: 9839: 9832: 9825: 9818: 9811: 9804: 9797: 9790: 9784: 9765: 9761: 9759: 9752: 9745: 9738: 9731: 9724: 9717: 9710: 9703: 9696: 9689: 9682: 9675: 9668: 9661: 9654: 9647: 9645: 9643: 9641: 9639: 9637: 9635: 9633: 9631: 9629: 9627: 9625: 9623: 9621: 9619: 9612: 9606: 9587: 9583: 9581: 9574: 9567: 9560: 9553: 9546: 9539: 9532: 9525: 9518: 9511: 9504: 9497: 9490: 9483: 9476: 9469: 9467: 9465: 9463: 9461: 9459: 9457: 9455: 9453: 9451: 9449: 9447: 9445: 9443: 9441: 9434: 9428: 9407: 9403: 9401: 9394: 9387: 9380: 9373: 9366: 9359: 9357: 9355: 9353: 9351: 9349: 9347: 9345: 9343: 9341: 9339: 9337: 9335: 9333: 9331: 9329: 9327: 9325: 9323: 9321: 9319: 9317: 9315: 9313: 9311: 9304: 9298: 9277: 9273: 9271: 9264: 9257: 9250: 9243: 9236: 9229: 9227: 9225: 9223: 9221: 9219: 9217: 9215: 9213: 9211: 9209: 9207: 9205: 9203: 9201: 9199: 9197: 9195: 9193: 9191: 9189: 9187: 9185: 9183: 9181: 9174: 9168: 9145: 9141: 9139: 9132: 9130: 9128: 9126: 9124: 9122: 9120: 9118: 9116: 9114: 9112: 9110: 9108: 9106: 9104: 9102: 9100: 9098: 9096: 9094: 9092: 9090: 9088: 9086: 9084: 9082: 9080: 9078: 9076: 9074: 9072: 9066: 9062: 9060: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9042: 9038: 9034: 9030: 9026: 9022: 9018: 9014: 9009: 9007: 9003: 8999: 8995: 8991: 8987: 8983: 8979: 8959: 8955: 8953: 8946: 8939: 8932: 8925: 8918: 8911: 8904: 8897: 8890: 8883: 8876: 8869: 8862: 8855: 8848: 8841: 8834: 8828: 8813: 8808: 8806: 8799: 8792: 8785: 8778: 8771: 8764: 8757: 8750: 8743: 8736: 8729: 8722: 8715: 8708: 8701: 8694: 8687: 8681: 8665: 8661: 8659: 8652: 8645: 8638: 8631: 8624: 8617: 8615: 8613: 8611: 8609: 8607: 8605: 8603: 8601: 8599: 8597: 8590: 8584: 8568: 8564: 8562: 8555: 8548: 8541: 8534: 8527: 8520: 8518: 8516: 8514: 8512: 8510: 8508: 8506: 8504: 8502: 8500: 8493: 8487: 8469: 8465: 8463: 8456: 8454: 8452: 8450: 8448: 8446: 8444: 8442: 8440: 8438: 8436: 8434: 8432: 8430: 8428: 8426: 8424: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8409: 8405: 8401: 8397: 8393: 8388: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8374: 8370: 8365: 8363: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8347: 8330: 8326: 8324: 8317: 8310: 8303: 8296: 8289: 8282: 8275: 8269: 8257: 8252: 8250: 8243: 8236: 8229: 8222: 8215: 8208: 8201: 8195: 8182: 8178: 8176: 8169: 8167: 8165: 8163: 8161: 8159: 8157: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8140: 8137: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8104: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8061: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8046: 8040: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8024: 8020: 8012: 8011: 8010: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7992: 7991:Madelung rule 7987: 7978: 7976: 7970: 7963: 7960: 7956: 7952: 7949: 7945: 7935: 7932: 7929: 7926: 7923: 7920: 7917: 7914: 7911: 7910: 7906: 7882: 7879: 7878: 7874: 7872: 7851: 7848: 7847: 7843: 7823: 7820: 7819: 7815: 7798: 7795: 7794: 7790: 7776: 7773: 7772: 7768: 7757: 7754: 7753: 7749: 7741: 7738: 7737: 7733: 7730: 7727: 7724: 7721: 7718: 7715: 7712: 7711: 7707: 7700: 7697: 7694: 7691: 7688: 7685: 7682: 7679: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7648: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7637:atomic number 7634: 7628: 7618: 7616: 7610: 7608: 7602: 7597: 7590: 7585: 7583: 7578: 7576: 7571: 7569: 7564: 7562: 7557: 7555: 7550: 7548: 7543: 7541: 7536: 7534: 7529: 7527: 7522: 7520: 7515: 7513: 7508: 7506: 7501: 7499: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7486: 7481: 7479: 7474: 7472: 7467: 7465: 7460: 7458: 7453: 7451: 7446: 7444: 7439: 7437: 7432: 7430: 7425: 7423: 7418: 7416: 7411: 7409: 7404: 7402: 7397: 7395: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7381: 7380: 7377: 7372: 7370: 7365: 7363: 7358: 7356: 7351: 7349: 7344: 7342: 7337: 7335: 7330: 7328: 7323: 7321: 7316: 7314: 7309: 7307: 7302: 7300: 7295: 7293: 7288: 7286: 7281: 7279: 7277:Rutherfordium 7274: 7272: 7267: 7265: 7263: 7258: 7256: 7251: 7250: 7247: 7242: 7240: 7235: 7233: 7228: 7226: 7221: 7219: 7214: 7212: 7207: 7205: 7200: 7198: 7193: 7191: 7186: 7184: 7179: 7177: 7172: 7170: 7165: 7163: 7158: 7156: 7151: 7149: 7144: 7142: 7137: 7135: 7133: 7128: 7126: 7121: 7120: 7117: 7112: 7110: 7105: 7103: 7098: 7096: 7091: 7089: 7084: 7082: 7077: 7075: 7070: 7068: 7063: 7061: 7056: 7054: 7049: 7047: 7042: 7040: 7035: 7033: 7028: 7026: 7021: 7019: 7014: 7012: 7007: 7005: 7003: 6998: 6996: 6991: 6990: 6987: 6982: 6980: 6975: 6973: 6968: 6966: 6961: 6959: 6954: 6952: 6947: 6945: 6940: 6938: 6933: 6931: 6926: 6924: 6919: 6917: 6912: 6910: 6905: 6903: 6898: 6896: 6891: 6889: 6884: 6882: 6877: 6875: 6873: 6868: 6866: 6861: 6860: 6857: 6852: 6850: 6845: 6843: 6838: 6836: 6831: 6829: 6824: 6822: 6817: 6813: 6808: 6806: 6801: 6800: 6797: 6792: 6790: 6785: 6783: 6778: 6776: 6771: 6769: 6764: 6762: 6757: 6753: 6748: 6746: 6741: 6740: 6737: 6732: 6728: 6723: 6722: 6719: 6711: 6706: 6704: 6699: 6697: 6692: 6690: 6685: 6683: 6678: 6676: 6671: 6669: 6664: 6662: 6657: 6655: 6650: 6648: 6643: 6641: 6636: 6634: 6629: 6627: 6622: 6620: 6615: 6613: 6611:Rutherfordium 6608: 6606: 6601: 6599: 6594: 6592: 6587: 6585: 6580: 6578: 6573: 6571: 6566: 6564: 6559: 6557: 6552: 6550: 6545: 6543: 6538: 6536: 6531: 6529: 6524: 6522: 6517: 6515: 6510: 6508: 6503: 6501: 6496: 6494: 6489: 6488: 6485: 6480: 6478: 6473: 6471: 6466: 6464: 6459: 6457: 6452: 6450: 6445: 6443: 6438: 6436: 6431: 6429: 6424: 6422: 6417: 6415: 6410: 6408: 6403: 6401: 6396: 6394: 6389: 6387: 6382: 6380: 6375: 6373: 6368: 6366: 6361: 6359: 6354: 6352: 6347: 6345: 6340: 6338: 6333: 6331: 6326: 6324: 6319: 6317: 6312: 6310: 6305: 6303: 6298: 6296: 6291: 6289: 6284: 6282: 6277: 6275: 6270: 6268: 6263: 6262: 6259: 6254: 6252: 6247: 6245: 6240: 6238: 6233: 6231: 6226: 6224: 6219: 6217: 6212: 6210: 6205: 6203: 6198: 6196: 6191: 6189: 6184: 6182: 6177: 6175: 6170: 6168: 6163: 6161: 6156: 6154: 6149: 6145: 6143: 6138: 6136: 6131: 6130: 6127: 6122: 6120: 6115: 6113: 6108: 6106: 6101: 6099: 6094: 6092: 6087: 6085: 6080: 6078: 6073: 6071: 6066: 6064: 6059: 6057: 6052: 6050: 6045: 6043: 6038: 6036: 6031: 6029: 6024: 6022: 6017: 6013: 6008: 6006: 6001: 6000: 5997: 5992: 5990: 5985: 5983: 5978: 5976: 5971: 5969: 5964: 5962: 5957: 5953: 5948: 5946: 5941: 5940: 5937: 5932: 5930: 5925: 5923: 5918: 5916: 5911: 5909: 5904: 5902: 5897: 5893: 5888: 5886: 5881: 5880: 5877: 5872: 5868: 5863: 5862: 5843: 5838: 5834: 5827: 5814: 5805: 5796: 5787: 5778: 5769: 5760: 5751: 5742: 5733: 5724: 5715: 5706: 5697: 5688: 5679: 5670: 5666: 5663: 5654: 5646: 5643: 5642: 5638: 5629: 5620: 5611: 5602: 5593: 5584: 5575: 5566: 5557: 5548: 5539: 5530: 5521: 5512: 5503: 5495: 5492: 5489: 5480: 5472: 5469: 5468: 5464: 5455: 5446: 5437: 5428: 5419: 5410: 5401: 5392: 5383: 5374: 5365: 5356: 5347: 5338: 5329: 5321: 5318: 5309: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5293: 5284: 5275: 5266: 5257: 5248: 5239: 5230: 5221: 5212: 5203: 5194: 5185: 5176: 5167: 5158: 5150: 5147: 5138: 5130: 5127: 5126: 5122: 5113: 5104: 5095: 5086: 5077: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5037: 5029: 5026: 5025: 5021: 5012: 5003: 4994: 4985: 4976: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4936: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4920: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4863: 4860: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4830: 4828:nickel group 4827: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4733:alkali metals 4730: 4728: 4725: 4724: 4720: 4717: 4714: 4711: 4708: 4705: 4702: 4699: 4690: 4687: 4684: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4670: 4667:(Europe, A-B) 4665: 4662: 4661: 4657: 4654: 4651: 4648: 4645: 4642: 4639: 4636: 4630: 4627: 4624: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4610: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4598: 4592: 4586: 4580: 4574: 4568: 4562: 4556: 4544: 4538: 4532: 4526: 4520: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4501: 4498: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4397: 4391: 4383: 4378: 4376: 4371: 4369: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4328:United States 4325: 4314: 4313:radioactive. 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4292:). Two more, 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4236: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4216: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4202: 4196: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4135:atomic number 4128: 4127:hydrogen-like 4123: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4092: 4082: 4078: 4071: 4070: 4063: 4060: 4059: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4029: 4019: 4016: 3999: 3996: 3979: 3976: 3964:Fermium 3959: 3956: 3939: 3936: 3919: 3916: 3899: 3896: 3879: 3876: 3859: 3856: 3839: 3836: 3819: 3816: 3801:Uranium 3796: 3793: 3773: 3770: 3755:Thorium 3750: 3747: 3730: 3723: 3720: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3691: 3688: 3668: 3665: 3645: 3642: 3627:Holmium 3622: 3619: 3599: 3596: 3581:Terbium 3576: 3573: 3553: 3550: 3530: 3527: 3507: 3504: 3487: 3484: 3464: 3461: 3441: 3438: 3418: 3415: 3395: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3356: 3353: 3336: 3333: 3316: 3313: 3296: 3293: 3276: 3273: 3256: 3253: 3236: 3233: 3216: 3213: 3196: 3193: 3176: 3173: 3161:Hassium 3156: 3153: 3141:Bohrium 3136: 3133: 3116: 3113: 3101:Dubnium 3096: 3093: 3076: 3073: 3056: 3049: 3046: 3029: 3026: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3003: 2999: 2982: 2979: 2962: 2959: 2942: 2939: 2924:Bismuth 2919: 2916: 2896: 2893: 2873: 2870: 2855:Mercury 2850: 2847: 2827: 2824: 2804: 2801: 2781: 2778: 2758: 2755: 2740:Rhenium 2735: 2732: 2712: 2709: 2689: 2686: 2671:Hafnium 2666: 2663: 2643: 2636: 2633: 2613: 2610: 2595:Caesium 2590: 2588: 2585: 2584: 2580: 2560: 2557: 2537: 2534: 2514: 2511: 2491: 2488: 2468: 2465: 2445: 2442: 2427:Cadmium 2422: 2419: 2399: 2396: 2376: 2373: 2358:Rhodium 2353: 2350: 2330: 2327: 2310: 2307: 2287: 2284: 2269:Niobium 2264: 2261: 2241: 2238: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2193: 2190: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2164: 2160: 2145:Krypton 2140: 2137: 2117: 2114: 2094: 2091: 2071: 2068: 2048: 2045: 2025: 2022: 2002: 1999: 1979: 1976: 1956: 1953: 1933: 1930: 1910: 1907: 1887: 1884: 1864: 1861: 1841: 1838: 1818: 1815: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1775:Calcium 1770: 1767: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1737: 1717: 1714: 1694: 1691: 1671: 1668: 1648: 1645: 1630:Silicon 1625: 1622: 1602: 1597: 1577: 1574: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1544: 1524: 1521: 1501: 1498: 1478: 1475: 1455: 1452: 1432: 1429: 1409: 1404: 1384: 1381: 1366:Lithium 1361: 1359: 1356: 1355: 1351: 1331: 1326: 1306: 1304: 1303: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1269: 1267: 1265: 1263: 1261: 1259: 1257: 1255: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1243: 1241: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1134: 1127: 1122: 1120: 1115: 1113: 1108: 1107: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1007:"). It is an 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 978: 973: 971: 966: 964: 959: 958: 956: 955: 950: 949: 945: 943: 942: 938: 937: 936: 935: 928: 925: 923: 920: / 919: 916:Thermal 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 902:Melting point 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: / 889: 886: / 885: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 868:configuration 866: / 865: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 838:Boiling point 836: 834: 833:Atomic radius 831: 829: 826: 825: 819: 818: 811: 808: 806: 803: 802: 799: 796: 795: 791: 787: 783: 780: 779: 776: 775:configuration 773: 771: 767: 766: 763: 760: 758: 755: 754: 751: 746: 745: 738: 735: 734: 731: 728: 726: 723: 722: 718: 717:in human body 714: 711: 710: 707: 702: 701: 697: 696: 691: 690: 682: 678: 674: 671: 670: 666: 663: 662: 659: 656: 654: 651: 650: 647: 644: 642: 641:Native metals 639: 638: 635: 632: 630: 627: 626: 623: 620: 618: 615: 614: 611: 608: 606: 603: 602: 596: 595: 588: 585: 583: 580: 579: 576: 575: 571: 570: 565: 562: 561: 560: 559: 556: 555: 551: 550: 547: 544: 542: 539: 538: 535: 532: 530: 527: 526: 523: 520: 518: 515: 514: 511: 510: 506: 505: 502: 496: 495: 486: 483: 481: 478: 477: 476: 475: 472: 470: 466: 465: 462: 457: 455: 450: 448: 443: 441: 436: 434: 429: 427: 422: 420: 415: 413: 408: 407: 404: 402: 398: 397: 394: 392: 391:(noble gases) 386: 384: 382: 376: 374: 372: 366: 364: 362: 356: 354: 349: 347: 342: 340: 335: 333: 328: 326: 321: 319: 314: 312: 307: 305: 300: 298: 293: 291: 286: 284: 279: 277: 272: 270: 268: 262: 259: 257: 256:alkali metals 251: 246: 245: 242: 240: 236: 235: 229: 228: 224: 223: 218: 217: 210: 207: 206: 202: 198: 197: 192: 191:controversies 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 178: 177: 176: 173: 172: 168: 164: 163: 160: 157: 156: 151: 148: 146: 143: 142: 141: 138: 137: 134: 129: 128: 117: 107: 104: 103: 100: 97: 95: 92: 91: 85: 84: 81: 78: 77: 73: 69: 68: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 34281:Infographics 34232: 34220: 34208: 34196: 34046:Biosynthesis 33896:Geochemistry 33811:Pharmacology 33787:Cell biology 33777:Biochemistry 33605:Spectroscopy 33504:VSEPR theory 33353:Spectroscopy 33324: 33297:Branches of 33248: 33236: 33219:Trivial name 33207:nomenclature 32879:Heavy metals 32874:Noble metals 32633:14 (Tetrels) 32529:Alternatives 32514: 31211: 31098: 31094: 31075: 31056: 31044:. Retrieved 31010: 30991: 30972: 30950: 30931: 30909: 30881: 30865: 30844: 30807: 30782: 30771:Bibliography 30744: 30740: 30734: 30709: 30705: 30692: 30667: 30663: 30657: 30645:. Retrieved 30640: 30636: 30616:: :714–717. 30613: 30609: 30593: 30589: 30573: 30569: 30553: 30549: 30543: 30526: 30520: 30511: 30499:. Retrieved 30484: 30433:(2): 97–98. 30430: 30426: 30413: 30400:. Retrieved 30386: 30380: 30371: 30359:. Retrieved 30348: 30335: 30323:. Retrieved 30277: 30273: 30260: 30248:. Retrieved 30223: 30219: 30209: 30174: 30170: 30160: 30117: 30113: 30107: 30056: 30052: 30046: 30034:. Retrieved 30007: 30003: 29993: 29984: 29959: 29955: 29949: 29937:. Retrieved 29907: 29903: 29862: 29858: 29822: 29816: 29806: 29794:. Retrieved 29786:Berkeley Lab 29776: 29764:. Retrieved 29736: 29732: 29719: 29684: 29680: 29649: 29643: 29592: 29588: 29582: 29541: 29537: 29500: 29496: 29460: 29457:Science News 29456: 29450: 29407: 29403: 29365: 29361: 29355: 29343:. Retrieved 29335: 29325: 29313:. Retrieved 29309: 29299: 29287:. Retrieved 29278: 29268: 29256:. Retrieved 29232: 29225: 29182: 29178: 29153:. Retrieved 29133: 29129: 29099:. Retrieved 29073: 29069: 29027: 29023: 29013: 29001:. Retrieved 28986: 28974:. Retrieved 28959: 28937: 28914: 28910: 28897: 28881:(1): 10–15. 28878: 28874: 28864: 28845: 28841: 28832: 28820:. Retrieved 28800: 28796: 28786: 28759: 28755: 28745: 28736: 28724:. Retrieved 28712: 28687: 28678: 28666:. Retrieved 28657:(1): 66–69. 28654: 28650: 28625:. Retrieved 28620: 28616: 28606: 28565: 28561: 28555: 28538: 28534: 28528: 28516:. Retrieved 28509:the original 28491:(5): 757–8. 28488: 28484: 28471: 28462: 28450:. Retrieved 28425:(10): 1074. 28422: 28418: 28408: 28396:. Retrieved 28389:the original 28368: 28364: 28351: 28327:(2777): 79. 28324: 28320: 28310: 28301: 28296:18 September 28294:. Retrieved 28266: 28262: 28249: 28237:. Retrieved 28212: 28206: 28178:. Retrieved 28153: 28147: 28134: 28125: 28116: 28083: 28079: 28069: 28060: 28051: 28042: 28033: 28014: 27984: 27980: 27970: 27943: 27939: 27929: 27905: 27895: 27885: 27876: 27867: 27857: 27852: 27840:. Retrieved 27833:the original 27816: 27789: 27777:. Retrieved 27768: 27763:Rouvray, R. 27758: 27749: 27740: 27728:. Retrieved 27724:the original 27719: 27715: 27705: 27684: 27675: 27656: 27645: 27608: 27599: 27590: 27555: 27549: 27526:. Retrieved 27501: 27497: 27487: 27474:. Retrieved 27449: 27445: 27435: 27427: 27420:. Retrieved 27411: 27401: 27389:. Retrieved 27372: 27362: 27350:. Retrieved 27312: 27299: 27287:. Retrieved 27259: 27255: 27242: 27223: 27217: 27205:. Retrieved 27196: 27186: 27165: 27155: 27153: 27146:. Retrieved 27139:the original 27126: 27107: 27098: 27073: 27069: 27063: 27046: 27042: 27019:(1): 25–29. 27016: 27012: 27006: 26987: 26981: 26969:. Retrieved 26958: 26935: 26928: 26916:. Retrieved 26909:the original 26888: 26884: 26871: 26846: 26842: 26836: 26827: 26815:. Retrieved 26803: 26799: 26758: 26754: 26726: 26720: 26708:. Retrieved 26699: 26668:. Retrieved 26655: 26646: 26634:. Retrieved 26621: 26572: 26568: 26562: 26550:. Retrieved 26541: 26516:. Retrieved 26507: 26497: 26472: 26468: 26462: 26429: 26425: 26419: 26411:the original 26387: 26380: 26355: 26347: 26328: 26322: 26303: 26297: 26285:. Retrieved 26276: 26251:. Retrieved 26247: 26237: 26204: 26200: 26194: 26149: 26145: 26120:. Retrieved 26116: 26092:the original 26030: 26026: 25982: 25978: 25946: 25940: 25931: 25925: 25890: 25886: 25876: 25854:(12): 1686. 25851: 25847: 25841: 25806: 25801: 25791: 25782: 25768: 25700: 25696: 25690: 25678:. Retrieved 25669: 25659: 25647:. Retrieved 25633: 25600: 25596: 25586: 25574:. Retrieved 25555: 25545: 25528: 25524: 25518: 25447: 25443: 25437: 25414: 25405: 25396: 25369: 25365: 25355: 25330: 25326: 25320: 25308:. Retrieved 25299: 25274:. Retrieved 25265: 25243: 25234: 25215: 25209: 25197:. Retrieved 25192: 25188: 25139: 25135: 25129: 25112: 25108: 25074: 25070: 25064: 25052:. Retrieved 25050:(2): 213–214 25047: 25043: 25033: 25008: 25004: 24998: 24989: 24938: 24934: 24924: 24897: 24893: 24883: 24871:. Retrieved 24862: 24839: 24814: 24806: 24781: 24773: 24754: 24748: 24690: 24684: 24661: 24614: 24610: 24600: 24575: 24571: 24558: 24531: 24527: 24517: 24497: 24490: 24478:. Retrieved 24466: 24462: 24452: 24430:(2): 86–98. 24427: 24423: 24396:. Retrieved 24376: 24372: 24359: 24340: 24336: 24326: 24307: 24303: 24293: 24266: 24262: 24241: 24208: 24201: 24192: 24137: 24133: 24123: 24111:. Retrieved 24102: 24098: 24088: 24069: 24065: 24024:. Retrieved 23979: 23975: 23965: 23946: 23925:. Retrieved 23914:(3): 21–22. 23911: 23907: 23897: 23866: 23862: 23832: 23828: 23822: 23803: 23786: 23767: 23733: 23694:. Retrieved 23685: 23643: 23639: 23633: 23621:. Retrieved 23612: 23599: 23587:. Retrieved 23576: 23552:. Retrieved 23545:the original 23540: 23505: 23462: 23458: 23450: 23438: 23412:. Retrieved 23392:10138/224395 23366: 23362: 23316: 23312: 23302: 23269: 23265: 23255: 23220: 23216: 23206: 23173: 23169: 23159: 23126: 23122: 23116: 23079: 23074: 23064: 23031: 23027: 23017: 23008: 23004: 22998: 22988:20 September 22986:. Retrieved 22979:the original 22927: 22923: 22875: 22871: 22831: 22827: 22821: 22800: 22788:. Retrieved 22752: 22748: 22714:. Retrieved 22707:the original 22622: 22580: 22576: 22570: 22558:. Retrieved 22553: 22543: 22524: 22498: 22475:(1): 12–19. 22472: 22468: 22407:(813): 813. 22404: 22400: 22348: 22343: 22309: 22305: 22271: 22267: 22228: 22221: 22209:. Retrieved 22161: 22156: 22124:. Retrieved 22115: 22106: 22094:. Retrieved 22074: 22067: 22058: 22049: 22040: 22028:. Retrieved 22008: 21956:(10): 1186. 21953: 21949: 21919:. Retrieved 21912: 21903: 21879:. Retrieved 21853: 21826: 21782: 21704: 21700: 21690: 21645: 21641: 21620:. Retrieved 21611:(10): 1188. 21608: 21604: 21577:. Retrieved 21552: 21548: 21516: 21509:L. D. Landau 21473: 21469: 21432:. Retrieved 21407:(1): 31–34. 21404: 21400: 21360:. Retrieved 21332: 21327: 21285:. Retrieved 21259: 21176: 21172: 21162: 21150:. Retrieved 21130: 21126: 21116: 21091: 21087: 21081: 21048: 21042: 21036: 21011: 21005: 20999: 20948: 20944: 20938: 20897: 20893: 20887: 20864: 20858: 20836:(1): 57–65. 20833: 20829: 20823: 20804: 20765:(2): 89–98. 20762: 20758: 20751: 20739:. Retrieved 20698: 20694: 20666: 20657: 20645:. Retrieved 20636: 20627: 20615:. Retrieved 20606: 20549: 20541: 20506: 20502: 20493:element zero 20487: 20462: 20451: 20432: 20426: 20416: 20404:. Retrieved 20400: 20391: 20368: 20358: 19947: 19939: 19933: 19908: 19893: 19872: 19862: 19827: 19792: 19782: 19773: 19763: 19755: 19751: 19726: 19722: 19711: 19681: 19669: 19660: 19647: 19618: 18566: 18562: 18547: 18521: 18500:quark matter 18497: 18493: 18477: 18473: 18437: 18424: 18414: 18410: 18406: 18402: 18388: 18382: 18378: 18314: 18294: 18254: 18197:Emilio Segrè 18193: 18176: 18161: 18149: 18132: 18096: 18087: 18063: 18048: 18036: 18028: 17917: 17906: 17891:decay chains 17884: 17863: 17847: 17821: 17801: 17776: 17757: 17742: 17715:Lothar Meyer 17712: 17706: 17702: 17697: 17677: 17643: 17635: 17628: 17624: 17619: 17615: 17611: 17607: 17603: 17597: 17593: 17591: 17586: 17581: 17575: 17570: 17566: 17562: 17558: 17554: 17550: 17546: 17543:alkali metal 17542: 17540: 17490:Other metals 17383: 17329: 17320: 17316: 17312:noble metals 17304: 17258: 17254: 17247:Single atoms 17228: 15944: 15936: 15894:), oxygen (O 15888: 15875: 15865: 15861: 15857: 15853: 15845: 15841: 15837: 15833: 15810: 15782: 15766: 15747: 15732: 15728: 15712: 15629: 15614: 15589: 14833: 14757: 14705: 14694: 14683: 14667: 14663: 14646: 14626: 14620:), and 114 ( 14584: 14572: 14559:Atomic radii 14557: 14538: 14529: 14514: 14502: 14477: 14473: 14404:Darmstadtium 14271:Protactinium 14045:Praseodymium 13531:Darmstadtium 13398:Protactinium 13172:Praseodymium 12708: 12690: 12662: 12658: 12589: 12570: 12551: 12532: 12513: 12494: 12475: 12456: 12437: 12418: 12399: 12380: 12361: 12342: 12323: 12304: 12285: 12266: 12247: 12228: 12209: 12190: 12171: 12152: 12133: 12114: 12095: 12076: 12057: 12038: 12019: 12002: 11988:[Rn] 11968: 11949: 11930: 11911: 11892: 11873: 11854: 11835: 11816: 11797: 11778: 11759: 11740: 11721: 11702: 11683: 11664: 11645: 11626: 11607: 11588: 11569: 11550: 11531: 11512: 11493: 11474: 11455: 11436: 11417: 11398: 11381: 11367:[Xe] 11349: 11332: 11315: 11298: 11281: 11264: 11247: 11230: 11213: 11198: 11183: 11166: 11151: 11136: 11119: 11102: 11083: 11068: 11056:[Kr] 11038: 11021: 11004: 10987: 10970: 10953: 10936: 10919: 10902: 10885: 10868: 10851: 10836: 10819: 10802: 10785: 10766: 10751: 10739:[Ar] 10723: 10708: 10693: 10678: 10663: 10648: 10631: 10618: 10608:[Ne] 10592: 10577: 10562: 10547: 10532: 10517: 10500: 10487: 10477:[He] 10463: 10450: 10329: 10291: 10283: 10261: 10012: 9763: 9762:2×(1+3+5) = 9585: 9584:2×(1+3+5) = 9405: 9275: 9143: 9027:), then 6d ( 9019:), then 5f ( 9010: 8975: 8957: 8956:2×(1+3+5) = 8811: 8810:2×(1+3+5) = 8663: 8566: 8467: 8398:), then 4d ( 8389: 8366: 8343: 8328: 8255: 8180: 8141: 8105: 8095:(1s 2s 2p), 8062: 8047: 8044: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8022: 8018: 8016: 7995: 7971: 7961: 7950: 7940: 7880: 7849: 7821: 7796: 7774: 7755: 7739: 7705: 7649: 7630: 7611: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7511:Protactinium 7407:Praseodymium 7319:Darmstadtium 6717: 6653:Darmstadtium 6520:Protactinium 6294:Praseodymium 5822:exceptional. 4853: 4837:boron group 4727:Trivial name 4389: 4320: 4237: 4214: 4200: 4197: 4138: 4132: 4061: 4056: 4047: 3034:Radium 2763:Osmium 2618:Barium 1559:Sodium 1483:Oxygen 1336:Helium 1300: 1132: 1083: 1052: 1037: 1021:periodic law 999:into rows (" 992: 988: 986: 946: 939: 918:conductivity 713:by abundance 693: 665:Transuranium 646:Noble metals 634:Light metals 629:Heavy metals 572: 552: 507: 467: 399: 390: 380: 371:(chalcogens) 370: 361:(pnictogens) 360: 266: 255: 237: 220: 201:in East Asia 165: 140:D. Mendeleev 79: 36: 34234:WikiProject 33459:Theoretical 33444:Calorimetry 33255:WikiProject 32999:Term symbol 32829:Noble gases 32773:Lanthanides 32756:metallicity 32628:13 (Triels) 31171:WebElements 31138:Eric Scerri 30847:. Horwood. 30610:J Chem Educ 30570:J Chem Educ 30556:: 959–971. 29155:25 February 28668:25 November 28398:3 September 28086:: 123–186. 27817:The Hexagon 27330:10045/55935 26656:www.rsc.org 26622:www.acs.org 26122:22 November 25649:17 November 25011:: 255–284. 24398:27 November 24310:(7): 1485. 23713:Gray, p. 12 23696:16 December 23534:experiment" 22716:10 December 21287:26 November 20741:19 February 20701:(1): 4–10. 20524:11336/46854 19636:alpha decay 19567:einsteinium 19563:cosmic rays 18508:down quarks 18395:element 164 18072:Dirk Coster 17639:heavy metal 17616:lanthanides 17608:lanthanoids 17594:lanthanides 17530:Noble gases 17459:Lanthanides 17361:) and −3 (K 15846:(left side) 15753:Metallicity 14629:ionic radii 14614:copernicium 14545:Bohr radius 14541:Arthur Haas 14446:Livermorium 14418:Copernicium 14411:Roentgenium 14341:Mendelevium 14327:Einsteinium 14320:Californium 13573:Livermorium 13545:Copernicium 13538:Roentgenium 13468:Mendelevium 13454:Einsteinium 13447:Californium 12686:Eric Scerri 9033:copernicium 8089:Hund's rule 7596:18 columns 7581:Mendelevium 7567:Einsteinium 7560:Californium 7361:Livermorium 7333:Copernicium 7326:Roentgenium 6718:32 columns 6695:Livermorium 6667:Copernicium 6660:Roentgenium 6590:Mendelevium 6576:Einsteinium 6569:Californium 5669:Ac–No 5494:La–Yb 4856:neon group 4834:zinc group 4822:iron group 4790:noble gases 4607:(US, A-B-A) 4400:IUPAC group 4266:einsteinium 4212:. Columns ( 4081:mass number 1059:atomic mass 1048:Nonmetallic 106:Alternative 34266:1869 works 34250:Categories 34070:Metallurgy 33769:Biological 33335:Analytical 33179:for people 33174:for places 33147:1871 table 33040:Elasticity 33008:Data pages 32966:Properties 32842:Other sets 32798:Metalloids 30928:Emsley, J. 30828:2001032331 30647:8 February 30361:18 January 30325:1 December 30127:2001.03531 30066:1707.06610 29796:23 October 29694:2301.02553 29602:1707.08710 29534:Pyykkö, P. 29345:20 October 29315:20 October 29289:4 November 29136:: 83–192. 29003:8 February 28903:Scerri, E. 28822:18 October 28762:(2): 4–8. 28452:8 February 28371:(3): 242. 28239:22 October 28180:22 October 27177:1708.04064 27148:20 October 26971:5 December 26817:18 January 25142:(2): 110. 25115:(8): 276. 24578:: 214366. 24469:(1): 4–6. 24269:(1): 1–9. 23623:7 February 23589:1 December 21579:28 January 21186:1509.08054 21152:29 January 20958:1908.11458 20670:Gray, p. 6 20647:7 February 20384:References 20087:for small 19798:phosphorus 19611:superheavy 19603:beta decay 19595:supernovae 19543:promethium 19539:beta decay 18391:eighth row 18334:See also: 18211:) and 85 ( 18209:promethium 18205:technetium 18084:Copenhagen 18049:transition 17913:Max Planck 17909:Niels Bohr 17764:sphalerite 17659:See also: 17582:poor metal 17500:Metalloids 17241:Molecular 15940:metalloids 15932:semimetals 15798:allotropes 15724:ionic bond 14769:superoxide 14701:autodetach 14697:resonances 14647:The first 14480:Lev Landau 14453:Tennessine 14397:Meitnerium 14376:Seaborgium 14355:Lawrencium 14094:Dysprosium 14080:Gadolinium 14059:Promethium 13931:Technetium 13924:Molybdenum 13725:Phosphorus 13580:Tennessine 13524:Meitnerium 13503:Seaborgium 13482:Lawrencium 13221:Dysprosium 13207:Gadolinium 13186:Promethium 13058:Technetium 13051:Molybdenum 12852:Phosphorus 12697:(HeO)(LiF) 12644:Variations 9404:2×(1+3) = 9274:2×(1+3) = 9055:tennessine 9029:lawrencium 8662:2×(1+3) = 8565:2×(1+3) = 8327:2×(1+3) = 8254:2×(1+3) = 8124:phosphorus 8069:core shell 7967:, and the 7456:Dysprosium 7442:Gadolinium 7421:Promethium 7368:Tennessine 7312:Meitnerium 7291:Seaborgium 7270:Lawrencium 7038:Technetium 7031:Molybdenum 6834:Phosphorus 6702:Tennessine 6646:Meitnerium 6625:Seaborgium 6604:Lawrencium 6343:Dysprosium 6329:Gadolinium 6308:Promethium 6180:Technetium 6173:Molybdenum 5974:Phosphorus 5847:principle. 5833:Lev Landau 4310:primordial 4250:promethium 4246:technetium 4241:primordial 4035:From decay 4028:Primordial 1086:synthesize 882:Heat 853:Elasticity 554:Metalloids 541:lanthanide 529:transition 403:(1–7, ...) 381:(halogens) 186:for places 181:for people 145:1871 table 34132:Catalysis 33640:Inorganic 33434:Titration 33299:chemistry 33164:etymology 33015:Abundance 32940:in humans 32936:Abundance 32821:Nonmetals 32778:Actinides 30761:245540088 30741:ChemTexts 30726:254503469 30712:: 69–81. 30596:: 80–82. 30402:2 October 30287:1207.5700 30250:15 August 30201:126906074 30152:210157134 29976:203848120 29939:15 August 29753:222225772 29517:117157377 29442:221136189 29258:15 August 29209:1476-4687 29101:4 October 29047:225377737 28778:124737708 28518:15 August 28358:"Hafnium" 28229:0002-7863 28170:0002-7863 28100:0073-2672 27987:: 15–57. 27842:15 August 27730:23 August 27528:15 August 27476:15 August 27352:15 August 27339:102245448 27090:254097024 26542:Chemguide 26508:Chemguide 26277:Chemguide 26063:250539378 25725:250842014 25670:Chemguide 25625:125130534 25300:Chemguide 25266:Chemguide 25199:5 January 25195:: 433–485 25054:6 January 25025:254514910 24916:208868546 24863:Chemguide 24815:Chemistry 24592:245712597 24550:254501533 24480:8 January 24444:266276980 24393:203944816 23927:1 January 23869:(6): 14. 22944:0020-1669 22790:15 August 22769:0012-5016 22560:5 January 22211:15 August 22096:15 August 22030:15 August 21622:1 January 21555:: 23–31. 21421:231694898 21211:2041-1723 21147:247443809 20991:201664098 20983:1434-601X 20850:125149409 20787:120526363 20607:iupac.org 20533:1144-0546 20479:1365-3075 19989:− 19653:plutonium 19591:r-process 19583:Oklo Mine 19535:plutonium 19531:neptunium 18369:, g− is g 18365:, f+ is f 18361:, f− is f 18357:, d+ is d 18353:, d− is d 18349:, p+ is p 18245:plutonium 18233:neptunium 18195:chemists 18168:Jun Kondō 18068:zirconium 17889:. In the 17876:Otto Berg 17872:Ida Tacke 17864:nipponium 17832:aluminium 17731:Mendeleev 17620:actinides 17612:actinoids 17604:actinides 17571:noble gas 17563:chalcogen 17559:pnictogen 17469:Actinides 17371:chlorides 15879:band gaps 15794:nonmetals 15691:selenides 15649:germanium 14658:noble gas 14622:flerovium 14488:Jun Kondō 14460:Oganesson 14439:Moscovium 14432:Flerovium 14313:Berkelium 14299:Americium 14292:Plutonium 14285:Neptunium 14122:Ytterbium 14052:Neodymium 14031:Lanthanum 13994:Tellurium 13952:Palladium 13938:Ruthenium 13910:Zirconium 13892:Strontium 13848:Germanium 13799:Manganese 13755:Potassium 13711:Aluminium 13702:Magnesium 13642:Beryllium 13587:Oganesson 13566:Moscovium 13559:Flerovium 13440:Berkelium 13426:Americium 13419:Plutonium 13412:Neptunium 13249:Ytterbium 13179:Neodymium 13158:Lanthanum 13121:Tellurium 13079:Palladium 13065:Ruthenium 13037:Zirconium 13019:Strontium 12975:Germanium 12926:Manganese 12882:Potassium 12838:Aluminium 12829:Magnesium 12769:Beryllium 10360: 9059:oganesson 9041:oganesson 8990:ytterbium 8986:lanthanum 8396:strontium 8346:potassium 8116:aluminium 8112:Magnesium 8073:beryllium 7656:quantised 7635:of their 7553:Berkelium 7539:Americium 7532:Plutonium 7525:Neptunium 7484:Ytterbium 7414:Neodymium 7393:Lanthanum 7382: 7375:Oganesson 7354:Moscovium 7347:Flerovium 7101:Tellurium 7059:Palladium 7045:Ruthenium 7017:Zirconium 7001:Strontium 6957:Germanium 6908:Manganese 6864:Potassium 6820:Aluminium 6811:Magnesium 6751:Beryllium 6709:Oganesson 6688:Moscovium 6681:Flerovium 6562:Berkelium 6548:Americium 6541:Plutonium 6534:Neptunium 6371:Ytterbium 6301:Neodymium 6280:Lanthanum 6243:Tellurium 6201:Palladium 6187:Ruthenium 6159:Zirconium 6141:Strontium 6097:Germanium 6048:Manganese 6004:Potassium 5960:Aluminium 5951:Magnesium 5891:Beryllium 4500:Mendeleev 4326:. In the 4286:half-life 4262:plutonium 4258:neptunium 4072:Ca: 4042:Synthetic 1101:Structure 1079:actinides 1013:chemistry 828:Abundance 805:Nutrition 768:Electron 737:by symbol 683:actinides 587:noble gas 574:Nonmetals 171:etymology 99:32-column 94:18-column 34198:Category 34154:Molecule 34091:See also 33516:Physical 33243:Category 33195:See also 33065:Hardness 32918:Elements 31162:Archived 31037:Archived 30971:(1974). 30864:(2020). 30836:46872308 30684:93589189 30501:12 April 30495:Archived 30459:Archived 30455:21378810 30396:Archived 30355:Archived 30343:(2019). 30316:Archived 30312:55434734 30244:Archived 30099:49216916 30091:29906186 30030:Archived 29930:Archived 29790:Archived 29788:. 2009. 29766:28 March 29757:Archived 29687:: 1–57. 29627:29481184 29574:31590563 29566:20967377 29434:32811365 29410:(2180). 29283:Archived 29281:. JINR. 29249:Archived 29217:30700884 28997:Archived 28976:22 March 28970:Archived 28929:Archived 28905:(2012). 28817:95737691 28726:28 March 28717:Archived 28623:(2): 334 28598:21629328 28590:12796101 28447:30237529 28287:Archived 28233:Archived 28174:Archived 28108:27757389 27962:32811359 27946:(2180). 27903:(1995). 27829:94398490 27779:19 April 27773:Archived 27665:Archived 27607:(2002). 27605:Ball, P. 27582:50766822 27539:Archived 27522:Archived 27470:Archived 27416:Archived 27391:27 March 27385:Archived 27343:Archived 27289:27 March 27280:Archived 27276:46602106 27207:27 March 27201:Archived 27106:(1998). 26808:Archived 26710:16 March 26704:Archived 26670:27 March 26664:Archived 26662:. 2021. 26636:27 March 26630:Archived 26628:. 2021. 26597:10053956 26552:30 March 26546:Archived 26518:30 March 26512:Archived 26287:30 March 26281:Archived 26229:24074111 26186:36092655 26117:phys.org 26055:35963734 26009:31596013 25917:31343819 25833:25815944 25680:30 March 25674:Archived 25643:Archived 25570:Archived 25347:21113528 25310:30 March 25304:Archived 25276:30 March 25270:Archived 25091:19058281 24965:12677737 24957:17143872 24873:30 March 24867:Archived 24224:Archived 24164:23609097 24113:27 March 24107:Archived 24020:Archived 24016:32695406 23802:(2001). 23690:Archived 23617:Archived 23583:Archived 23489:20481935 23414:24 April 23409:31224634 23401:27314425 23341:10059654 23294:29624372 23247:41854842 23198:34889909 23151:10011429 23108:31276242 23056:23598823 22952:21141834 22781:Archived 22777:95738861 22698:(2000). 22554:nist.gov 22441:33490030 22288:15679915 22202:Archived 22198:16591167 22126:17 April 22120:Archived 22090:Archived 22024:Archived 21944:(2009). 21921:29 March 21875:Archived 21573:Archived 21569:98624395 21515:(1958). 21425:Archived 21362:24 March 21353:Archived 21349:96704008 21278:Archived 21229:25601158 21179:: 5956. 20922:12712201 20735:Archived 20731:54632815 20723:30552435 20641:Archived 20611:Archived 20201:, where 19900:graphite 19628:europium 19624:samarium 19551:francium 19547:astatine 19494:See also 18274:Cold War 18217:francium 18213:astatine 18092:lutetium 18015:8,4,2,2 17911:applied 17887:isotopes 17520:Halogens 17367:hydrides 17243:covalent 17232:Metallic 16087: → 15881:and are 15806:graphite 15735:fluorine 15687:sulfides 15669:group 16 15665:selenium 15637:group 14 15597:enthalpy 14795:O, MO, M 14765:peroxide 14690:halogens 14618:nihonium 14616:), 113 ( 14425:Nihonium 14348:Nobelium 14257:Actinium 14243:Francium 14227:Astatine 14220:Polonium 14199:Thallium 14178:Platinum 14150:Tungsten 14143:Tantalum 14129:Lutetium 14073:Europium 14066:Samarium 13987:Antimony 13885:Rubidium 13862:Selenium 13792:Chromium 13785:Vanadium 13778:Titanium 13769:Scandium 13739:Chlorine 13679:Fluorine 13665:Nitrogen 13617:Hydrogen 13552:Nihonium 13475:Nobelium 13384:Actinium 13370:Francium 13354:Astatine 13347:Polonium 13326:Thallium 13305:Platinum 13277:Tungsten 13270:Tantalum 13256:Lutetium 13200:Europium 13193:Samarium 13114:Antimony 13012:Rubidium 12989:Selenium 12919:Chromium 12912:Vanadium 12905:Titanium 12898:Scandium 12866:Chlorine 12806:Fluorine 12792:Nitrogen 12744:Hydrogen 12682:chlorine 12678:fluorine 12674:halogens 12670:hydrides 12649:Period 1 10264:elements 10015:elements 9766:elements 9588:elements 9408:elements 9278:elements 9146:elements 9037:nihonium 9025:nobelium 9021:actinium 9013:francium 9004:through 9002:thallium 8996:through 8994:lutetium 8960:elements 8814:elements 8666:elements 8569:elements 8470:elements 8410:through 8402:through 8392:rubidium 8358:chromium 8354:scandium 8331:elements 8258:elements 8183:elements 8132:chlorine 8097:fluorine 8085:nitrogen 8050:hydrogen 7713:Orbital 7588:Nobelium 7497:Actinium 7435:Europium 7428:Samarium 7340:Nihonium 7254:Francium 7238:Astatine 7231:Polonium 7210:Thallium 7189:Platinum 7161:Tungsten 7154:Tantalum 7140:Lutetium 7094:Antimony 6994:Rubidium 6971:Selenium 6901:Chromium 6894:Vanadium 6887:Titanium 6880:Scandium 6848:Chlorine 6788:Fluorine 6774:Nitrogen 6726:Hydrogen 6674:Nihonium 6597:Nobelium 6506:Actinium 6492:Francium 6476:Astatine 6469:Polonium 6448:Thallium 6427:Platinum 6399:Tungsten 6392:Tantalum 6378:Lutetium 6322:Europium 6315:Samarium 6236:Antimony 6134:Rubidium 6111:Selenium 6041:Chromium 6034:Vanadium 6027:Titanium 6020:Scandium 5988:Chlorine 5928:Fluorine 5914:Nitrogen 5866:Hydrogen 5645:Period 7 5471:Period 6 5300:Period 5 5129:Period 4 5028:Period 3 4927:Period 2 4862:Period 1 4414:— 4274:francium 4270:astatine 4254:astatine 4232:selenium 4210:electron 4184:neutrons 4180:isotopes 4171:isotopes 4155:Hydrogen 2878:Thallium 1277:Tetrels 1044:Metallic 941:Category 884:capacity 878:Hardness 864:affinity 770:affinity 695:Elements 667:elements 546:actinide 116:extended 72:a series 70:Part of 57:groups 2 34210:Commons 34174:Alchemy 33690:Organic 33129:History 33035:Density 32663:Periods 32469:p-block 32464:d-block 32459:f-block 32454:s-block 30643:: 66–69 30435:Bibcode 30292:Bibcode 30228:Bibcode 30179:Bibcode 30132:Bibcode 30071:Bibcode 30036:13 June 30012:Bibcode 29912:Bibcode 29867:Bibcode 29827:Bibcode 29699:Bibcode 29635:3575243 29607:Bibcode 29546:Bibcode 29477:3963006 29412:Bibcode 29370:Bibcode 29368:(158). 29336:lbl.gov 29279:jinr.ru 29187:Bibcode 29138:Bibcode 28713:fas.org 28659:Bibcode 28627:23 June 28570:Bibcode 28493:Bibcode 28427:Bibcode 28373:Bibcode 28329:Bibcode 28271:Bibcode 27560:Bibcode 27506:Bibcode 27454:Bibcode 27422:3 April 26893:Bibcode 26851:Bibcode 26806:(I/2). 26763:Bibcode 26577:Bibcode 26477:Bibcode 26454:4334587 26434:Bibcode 26253:7 April 26209:Bibcode 26177:9453156 26154:Bibcode 26035:Bibcode 26000:6916354 25908:6790653 25856:Bibcode 25811:Bibcode 25705:Bibcode 25605:Bibcode 25576:6 April 25374:Bibcode 25144:Bibcode 24619:Bibcode 24271:Bibcode 24142:Bibcode 24026:19 June 24007:7340260 23984:Bibcode 23554:13 June 23497:3263480 23467:Bibcode 23371:Bibcode 23321:Bibcode 23286:1458511 23225:Bibcode 23178:Bibcode 23131:Bibcode 23099:6772027 23036:Bibcode 22880:Bibcode 22836:Bibcode 22432:7818537 22409:Bibcode 22353:Bibcode 22314:Bibcode 22166:Bibcode 21958:Bibcode 21881:30 July 21729:7071495 21709:Bibcode 21478:Bibcode 21434:9 April 21220:4309418 21191:Bibcode 21096:Bibcode 21073:4283169 21053:Bibcode 21016:Bibcode 20963:Bibcode 20930:4415582 20902:Bibcode 20767:Bibcode 20703:Bibcode 20617:3 April 20107:. When 19632:holmium 19626:), 63 ( 19575:fermium 19523:uranium 19479:s-block 19474:p-block 19469:d-block 19464:f-block 18420:Lanzhou 18164:group 3 18080:hafnium 18064:celtium 17948:Element 17880:rhenium 17856:uranium 17811:Broek. 17725:valence 17649:History 17567:halogen 17426:metals. 17250:Unknown 16092:↓ 15926:, and I 15802:diamond 15739:caesium 15645:silicon 14760:valence 14610:hassium 14605:mercury 14390:Hassium 14383:Bohrium 14369:Dubnium 14334:Fermium 14278:Uranium 14264:Thorium 14213:Bismuth 14171:Iridium 14157:Rhenium 14136:Hafnium 14115:Thulium 14101:Holmium 14087:Terbium 14017:Caesium 13966:Cadmium 13945:Rhodium 13917:Niobium 13899:Yttrium 13876:Krypton 13869:Bromine 13855:Arsenic 13841:Gallium 13762:Calcium 13718:Silicon 13635:Lithium 13517:Hassium 13510:Bohrium 13496:Dubnium 13461:Fermium 13405:Uranium 13391:Thorium 13340:Bismuth 13298:Iridium 13284:Rhenium 13263:Hafnium 13242:Thulium 13228:Holmium 13214:Terbium 13144:Caesium 13093:Cadmium 13072:Rhodium 13044:Niobium 13030:Yttrium 13003:Krypton 12996:Bromine 12982:Arsenic 12968:Gallium 12889:Calcium 12845:Silicon 12762:Lithium 12718:Group 3 12630:p-block 12625:d-block 12620:f-block 12615:s-block 10328:of the 9045:thorium 8998:mercury 8978:caesium 8404:cadmium 8400:yttrium 8377:krypton 8373:gallium 8350:calcium 8120:silicon 8065:lithium 7574:Fermium 7518:Uranium 7504:Thorium 7477:Thulium 7463:Holmium 7449:Terbium 7305:Hassium 7298:Bohrium 7284:Dubnium 7224:Bismuth 7182:Iridium 7168:Rhenium 7147:Hafnium 7124:Caesium 7073:Cadmium 7052:Rhodium 7024:Niobium 7010:Yttrium 6985:Krypton 6978:Bromine 6964:Arsenic 6950:Gallium 6871:Calcium 6827:Silicon 6744:Lithium 6639:Hassium 6632:Bohrium 6618:Dubnium 6583:Fermium 6527:Uranium 6513:Thorium 6462:Bismuth 6420:Iridium 6406:Rhenium 6385:Hafnium 6364:Thulium 6350:Holmium 6336:Terbium 6266:Caesium 6215:Cadmium 6194:Rhodium 6166:Niobium 6152:Yttrium 6125:Krypton 6118:Bromine 6104:Arsenic 6090:Gallium 6011:Calcium 5967:Silicon 5884:Lithium 5824:The 14 4852:helium 4770:tetrels 4340:d-block 4336:p-block 4298:uranium 4294:thorium 4282:bismuth 4163:lithium 4147:nucleus 4145:in its 4143:protons 4110:p-block 4105:d-block 4100:f-block 4095:s-block 4045: 4039: 4031: 4013: 3993: 3973: 3953: 3933: 3913: 3893: 3873: 3853: 3833: 3810: 3787: 3764: 3744: 3717: 3705: 3682: 3673:Thulium 3659: 3636: 3613: 3590: 3567: 3544: 3521: 3501: 3478: 3455: 3432: 3409: 3370: 3350: 3330: 3310: 3290: 3270: 3250: 3230: 3210: 3190: 3170: 3150: 3130: 3110: 3090: 3070: 3043: 3023: 2996: 2976: 2956: 2933: 2910: 2887: 2864: 2841: 2818: 2795: 2786:Iridium 2772: 2749: 2726: 2703: 2680: 2657: 2627: 2604: 2574: 2551: 2528: 2505: 2482: 2459: 2436: 2413: 2390: 2367: 2344: 2324: 2301: 2278: 2255: 2232: 2223:Yttrium 2207: 2184: 2154: 2131: 2122:Bromine 2108: 2085: 2076:Arsenic 2062: 2039: 2030:Gallium 2016: 1993: 1970: 1947: 1924: 1901: 1878: 1855: 1832: 1809: 1784: 1761: 1731: 1708: 1685: 1662: 1639: 1616: 1591: 1568: 1538: 1515: 1492: 1469: 1446: 1423: 1398: 1375: 1345: 1320: 1274:Triels 1157: 1017:physics 1001:periods 848:Density 810:Valence 790:Pauling 401:Periods 53:f-block 34222:Portal 33368:UV-Vis 33159:Naming 32956:Symbol 32765:Metals 32733:Blocks 32721:Pyykkö 32716:Fricke 32711:Aufbau 32560:Groups 31082: 31063: 31046:9 July 31017: 30998: 30979: 30957: 30938: 30916: 30888: 30872: 30851: 30834: 30826: 30816: 30793: 30759: 30724: 30682: 30453: 30310: 30199: 30150: 30097: 30089: 29974: 29751: 29656: 29633: 29625: 29572: 29564: 29515: 29475: 29440: 29432: 29215: 29207: 29179:Nature 29092: 29078:89–144 29044: 28815: 28776: 28596: 28588: 28445: 28321:Nature 28227: 28168: 28106: 28098: 28021: 27960: 27917: 27827: 27615: 27580: 27570: 27337: 27274: 27230: 27114: 27088: 26994: 26946: 26733: 26595: 26452: 26426:Nature 26403: 26368: 26335: 26310: 26227: 26184: 26174: 26061: 26053: 26007: 25997: 25953: 25915: 25905: 25831: 25775: 25723: 25623: 25562: 25345: 25222: 25089: 25023: 24963: 24955: 24914: 24827: 24794: 24761: 24706: 24672: 24590: 24548: 24505: 24442: 24391: 24216: 24162: 24014: 24004: 23953: 23810: 23774: 23740: 23658: 23495: 23487: 23407: 23399: 23339: 23292: 23284: 23245: 23196: 23149: 23106: 23096: 23054: 22950: 22942: 22775: 22767: 22629: 22556:. NIST 22531: 22439: 22429: 22286: 22240: 22196: 22189:300183 22186: 22082: 22016: 21841: 21789: 21727: 21567: 21419: 21347: 21270: 21227: 21217: 21209: 21145: 21071: 21044:Nature 20989: 20981: 20928: 20920: 20894:Nature 20875: 20848: 20811: 20785: 20729: 20721: 20531: 20499:. See 20477: 20406:11 May 20353:group. 20043:where 19833:dimers 19559:Curium 19549:, and 18481:shells 18458:and 8p 18411:quadra 18088:Hafnia 18023:8,8,2 18007:8,2,1 17991:4,4,1 17983:4,2,2 17874:, and 17840:proton 17826:using 17685:triads 17569:, and 17555:tetrel 17532: 17527: 17525: 17517: 17515: 17507: 17505: 17497: 17495: 17487: 17485: 17476: 17474: 17466: 17464: 17456: 17454: 17446: 17444: 17436: 17434: 17406:acidic 16094:Period 15910:and Se 15902:and As 15790:metals 15695:oxygen 15661:sulfur 15641:carbon 15618:silver 14306:Curium 14250:Radium 14164:Osmium 14108:Erbium 14038:Cerium 14024:Barium 14001:Iodine 13973:Indium 13959:Silver 13827:Copper 13820:Nickel 13813:Cobalt 13732:Sulfur 13695:Sodium 13672:Oxygen 13658:Carbon 13626:Helium 13433:Curium 13377:Radium 13291:Osmium 13235:Erbium 13165:Cerium 13151:Barium 13128:Iodine 13100:Indium 13086:Silver 12954:Copper 12947:Nickel 12940:Cobalt 12859:Sulfur 12822:Sodium 12799:Oxygen 12785:Carbon 12753:Helium 9142:2×1 = 9017:radium 8982:barium 8466:2×1 = 8408:indium 8362:copper 8179:2×1 = 8145:blocks 8134:, and 8128:sulfur 8108:sodium 8093:Oxygen 8081:carbon 8058:Helium 7953:, the 7645:trends 7546:Curium 7470:Erbium 7400:Cerium 7261:Radium 7175:Osmium 7131:Barium 7108:Iodine 7080:Indium 7066:Silver 6936:Copper 6929:Nickel 6922:Cobalt 6841:Sulfur 6804:Sodium 6781:Oxygen 6767:Carbon 6735:Helium 6555:Curium 6499:Radium 6413:Osmium 6357:Erbium 6287:Cerium 6273:Barium 6250:Iodine 6222:Indium 6208:Silver 6076:Copper 6069:Nickel 6062:Cobalt 5981:Sulfur 5944:Sodium 5921:Oxygen 5907:Carbon 5875:Helium 4874: 4870: 4765:triels 4731:H and 4658:VIIIA 4634:VIIIB 4352:Europe 4230:, and 4228:sulfur 4224:oxygen 4215:groups 4201:period 4188:carbon 4159:helium 4074:40.078 4065:r, std 4048:Border 3884:Curium 3812:238.03 3789:231.04 3766:232.04 3707:173.05 3684:168.93 3661:167.26 3650:Erbium 3638:164.93 3615:162.50 3592:158.93 3569:157.25 3546:151.96 3523:150.36 3480:144.24 3457:140.91 3434:140.12 3423:Cerium 3411:138.91 2935:208.98 2889:204.38 2866:200.59 2843:196.97 2820:195.08 2797:192.22 2774:190.23 2751:186.21 2728:183.84 2705:180.95 2682:178.49 2659:174.97 2629:137.33 2606:132.91 2576:131.29 2553:126.90 2542:Iodine 2530:127.60 2507:121.76 2484:118.71 2461:114.82 2450:Indium 2438:112.41 2415:107.87 2404:Silver 2392:106.42 2369:102.91 2346:101.07 2280:92.906 2257:91.224 2234:88.906 2186:85.468 2156:83.798 2133:79.904 2110:78.971 2087:74.922 2064:72.630 2041:69.723 1995:63.546 1984:Copper 1972:58.693 1961:Nickel 1949:58.933 1938:Cobalt 1926:55.845 1903:54.938 1880:51.996 1857:50.942 1834:47.867 1811:44.956 1786:40.078 1763:39.098 1676:Sulfur 1664:30.974 1641:28.085 1618:26.982 1593:24.305 1570:22.990 1540:20.180 1517:18.998 1494:15.999 1471:14.007 1448:12.011 1437:Carbon 1400:9.0122 1347:4.0026 1322:1.0080 1297:Period 1291:gases 1040:trends 1033:blocks 1005:groups 681:trans- 517:alkali 509:Metals 469:Blocks 241:(1–18) 239:Groups 167:Naming 119: 113: 109: 74:on the 51:. The 33395:MALDI 33363:Raman 33202:IUPAC 32927:Lists 31097:[ 31040:(PDF) 31033:(PDF) 30757:S2CID 30747:(6). 30722:S2CID 30702:(PDF) 30680:S2CID 30633:(PDF) 30462:(PDF) 30423:(PDF) 30319:(PDF) 30308:S2CID 30282:arXiv 30270:(PDF) 30197:S2CID 30148:S2CID 30122:arXiv 30095:S2CID 30061:arXiv 29972:S2CID 29933:(PDF) 29900:(PDF) 29760:(PDF) 29749:S2CID 29729:(PDF) 29689:arXiv 29631:S2CID 29597:arXiv 29570:S2CID 29513:S2CID 29473:JSTOR 29438:S2CID 29252:(PDF) 29237:(PDF) 29126:(PDF) 29042:S2CID 28917:(4). 28813:S2CID 28774:S2CID 28720:(PDF) 28709:(PDF) 28594:S2CID 28512:(PDF) 28481:(PDF) 28392:(PDF) 28361:(PDF) 28303:table 28290:(PDF) 28259:(PDF) 28104:JSTOR 27836:(PDF) 27825:S2CID 27813:(PDF) 27346:(PDF) 27335:S2CID 27309:(PDF) 27283:(PDF) 27272:S2CID 27252:(PDF) 27172:arXiv 27142:(PDF) 27135:(PDF) 27086:S2CID 26940:(PDF) 26918:6 May 26912:(PDF) 26881:(PDF) 26811:(PDF) 26796:(PDF) 26450:S2CID 26095:(PDF) 26084:(PDF) 26059:S2CID 25721:S2CID 25621:S2CID 25185:(PDF) 25021:S2CID 24961:S2CID 24912:S2CID 24790:–67. 24666:(PDF) 24588:S2CID 24568:(PDF) 24546:S2CID 24440:S2CID 24389:S2CID 24369:(PDF) 24105:(3). 23976:IUCrJ 23578:IUPAC 23548:(PDF) 23537:(PDF) 23493:S2CID 23453:= 117 23405:S2CID 23243:S2CID 22982:(PDF) 22975:(PDF) 22784:(PDF) 22773:S2CID 22745:(PDF) 22710:(PDF) 22703:(PDF) 22284:S2CID 22234:10–12 22205:(PDF) 22153:(PDF) 21725:S2CID 21565:S2CID 21428:(PDF) 21417:S2CID 21397:(PDF) 21356:(PDF) 21345:S2CID 21324:(PDF) 21281:(PDF) 21264:(PDF) 21181:arXiv 21143:S2CID 21069:S2CID 20987:S2CID 20953:arXiv 20926:S2CID 20846:S2CID 20783:S2CID 20727:S2CID 20546:IUPAC 20241:. As 19867:ones. 19587:Gabon 19553:(see 19506:Notes 18407:hexa 18301:Riken 17551:triel 17410:basic 16085:Group 14767:or a 14234:Radon 14008:Xenon 13746:Argon 13651:Boron 13361:Radon 13135:Xenon 12873:Argon 12778:Boron 12666:salts 10344:Group 9006:radon 8412:xenon 8136:argon 8077:Boron 7245:Radon 7115:Xenon 6855:Argon 6760:Boron 6483:Radon 6257:Xenon 5995:Argon 5900:Boron 4718:VIIB 4706:IIIB 4691:VIIA 4679:IIIA 4655:VIIA 4643:IIIA 4631:VIIB 4619:IIIB 4356:IUPAC 4278:light 4192:atoms 2987:Radon 2912:207.2 2565:Xenon 2303:95.95 2209:87.62 2018:65.38 1733:39.95 1722:Argon 1710:35.45 1687:32.06 1425:10.81 1414:Boron 1289:Noble 1143:Group 786:Allen 677:minor 673:Major 121:forms 34149:Atom 33417:HPLC 32934:By: 31080:ISBN 31061:ISBN 31048:2018 31015:ISBN 30996:ISBN 30977:ISBN 30955:ISBN 30936:ISBN 30914:ISBN 30886:ISBN 30870:ISBN 30849:ISBN 30832:OCLC 30824:LCCN 30814:ISBN 30791:ISBN 30649:2024 30503:2019 30451:PMID 30404:2018 30363:2020 30327:2020 30252:2021 30087:PMID 30038:2022 29941:2021 29798:2019 29768:2021 29685:1035 29654:ISBN 29623:PMID 29562:PMID 29430:PMID 29347:2023 29317:2023 29291:2021 29260:2021 29213:PMID 29205:ISSN 29157:2016 29103:2013 29090:ISBN 29005:2019 28978:2022 28824:2022 28728:2021 28670:2022 28629:2022 28586:PMID 28520:2021 28454:2024 28443:PMID 28400:2009 28298:2021 28241:2021 28225:ISSN 28182:2021 28166:ISSN 28096:ISSN 28019:ISBN 27958:PMID 27915:ISBN 27844:2021 27781:2020 27732:2017 27613:ISBN 27578:OCLC 27568:ISBN 27530:2021 27478:2021 27424:2021 27393:2021 27354:2021 27291:2021 27228:ISBN 27209:2021 27150:2023 27112:ISBN 26992:ISBN 26973:2022 26944:ISBN 26920:2012 26819:2017 26731:ISBN 26712:2010 26672:2021 26638:2021 26593:PMID 26554:2021 26520:2021 26401:ISBN 26366:ISBN 26333:ISBN 26308:ISBN 26289:2021 26255:2023 26225:PMID 26182:PMID 26124:2022 26051:PMID 26005:PMID 25951:ISBN 25913:PMID 25829:PMID 25773:ISBN 25682:2021 25651:2021 25578:2022 25560:ISBN 25343:PMID 25312:2021 25278:2021 25220:ISBN 25201:2024 25087:PMID 25056:2024 24953:PMID 24875:2021 24825:ISBN 24792:ISBN 24759:ISBN 24704:ISBN 24692:1973 24670:ISBN 24503:ISBN 24482:2024 24400:2022 24214:ISBN 24160:PMID 24115:2020 24028:2020 24012:PMID 23951:ISBN 23929:2023 23808:ISBN 23772:ISBN 23738:ISBN 23698:2020 23656:ISBN 23625:2021 23613:NIST 23591:2016 23556:2009 23485:PMID 23416:2017 23397:PMID 23367:2016 23337:PMID 23290:PMID 23282:OSTI 23194:PMID 23174:2022 23147:PMID 23104:PMID 23052:PMID 23032:2013 22990:2015 22948:PMID 22940:ISSN 22792:2021 22765:ISSN 22718:2022 22627:ISBN 22562:2024 22529:ISBN 22437:PMID 22238:ISBN 22213:2021 22194:PMID 22128:2022 22098:2021 22080:ISBN 22032:2021 22014:ISBN 21923:2021 21883:2016 21839:ISBN 21787:ISBN 21624:2023 21581:2021 21436:2021 21364:2012 21289:2018 21268:ISBN 21225:PMID 21207:ISSN 21154:2024 20979:ISSN 20918:PMID 20873:ISBN 20809:ISBN 20743:2022 20719:PMID 20649:2021 20619:2021 20529:ISSN 20475:ISSN 20408:2024 20063:and 19928:See 19912:See 19878:kbar 19811:and 19593:via 19533:and 18506:and 18415:-ium 18403:unus 18227:and 18199:and 18074:and 17999:8,2 17975:4,3 17967:2,4 17959:2,2 17935:and 17836:gold 17618:and 17610:and 17592:The 17580:and 17408:and 17369:and 17346:and 15922:, Br 15918:, Cl 15840:and 15804:and 15743:neon 15689:and 15678:and 15663:and 15657:lead 15655:and 15647:and 14815:, MO 14803:, MO 14787:, MH 14783:, MH 14779:, MH 14775:, MH 14758:The 14751:lead 14745:(PbO 14601:gold 14482:and 14206:Lead 14185:Gold 13834:Zinc 13806:Iron 13686:Neon 13333:Lead 13312:Gold 12961:Zinc 12933:Iron 12813:Neon 12709:The 12680:and 11997:7p: 11376:6p: 11063:5p: 10746:4p: 10613:3p: 10482:2p: 10445:1s: 9015:and 8980:and 8394:and 8369:zinc 8348:and 8101:neon 8004:and 7883:= 7 7852:= 6 7824:= 5 7799:= 4 7777:= 3 7758:= 2 7742:= 1 7680:ℓ = 7664:spin 7217:Lead 7196:Gold 6943:Zinc 6915:Iron 6795:Neon 6455:Lead 6434:Gold 6083:Zinc 6055:Iron 5935:Neon 5835:and 4715:VIB 4709:IVB 4703:IIB 4694:VIII 4688:VIA 4682:IVA 4674:IIA 4652:VIA 4646:IVA 4640:IIB 4628:VIB 4622:IVB 4614:IIA 4551:VIII 4296:and 2901:Lead 2832:Gold 2007:Zinc 1915:Iron 1529:Neon 1377:6.94 1009:icon 987:The 679:and 169:and 59:and 34159:Ion 33390:ICP 33373:NMR 32754:By 30749:doi 30714:doi 30672:doi 30618:doi 30598:doi 30578:doi 30558:doi 30554:109 30531:doi 30443:doi 30300:doi 30278:420 30236:doi 30187:doi 30140:doi 30118:101 30079:doi 30057:120 30020:doi 30008:131 29964:doi 29960:107 29920:doi 29908:413 29875:doi 29863:944 29835:doi 29823:337 29741:doi 29707:doi 29615:doi 29593:120 29554:doi 29505:doi 29465:doi 29461:113 29420:doi 29408:378 29378:doi 29241:doi 29195:doi 29183:565 29146:doi 29082:doi 29032:doi 28919:doi 28883:doi 28850:doi 28805:doi 28764:doi 28578:doi 28566:988 28543:doi 28539:210 28501:doi 28435:doi 28381:doi 28337:doi 28325:111 28279:doi 28217:doi 28158:doi 28088:doi 27989:doi 27948:doi 27944:378 27514:doi 27462:doi 27377:doi 27325:hdl 27317:doi 27264:doi 27078:doi 27051:doi 27021:doi 26901:doi 26859:doi 26804:12B 26771:doi 26585:doi 26485:doi 26442:doi 26430:376 26393:doi 26362:4–1 26217:doi 26205:111 26172:PMC 26162:doi 26043:doi 26031:157 25995:PMC 25987:doi 25903:PMC 25895:doi 25864:doi 25819:doi 25807:114 25713:doi 25613:doi 25601:113 25533:doi 25529:111 25452:doi 25382:doi 25370:388 25335:doi 25152:doi 25117:doi 25079:doi 25013:doi 24943:doi 24902:doi 24696:doi 24627:doi 24580:doi 24576:455 24536:doi 24471:doi 24432:doi 24381:doi 24345:doi 24312:doi 24279:doi 24150:doi 24074:doi 24002:PMC 23992:doi 23916:doi 23871:doi 23837:doi 23648:doi 23475:doi 23463:104 23387:hdl 23379:doi 23329:doi 23274:doi 23233:doi 23221:111 23186:doi 23139:doi 23094:PMC 23084:doi 23044:doi 22932:doi 22888:doi 22844:doi 22757:doi 22753:408 22585:doi 22477:doi 22427:PMC 22417:doi 22361:doi 22322:doi 22276:doi 22184:PMC 22174:doi 21966:doi 21831:doi 21717:doi 21650:doi 21646:107 21613:doi 21557:doi 21486:doi 21409:doi 21337:doi 21215:PMC 21199:doi 21135:doi 21104:doi 21061:doi 21049:234 21024:doi 20971:doi 20910:doi 20898:422 20838:doi 20775:doi 20711:doi 20560:doi 20558:". 20519:hdl 20511:doi 20491:An 20467:doi 20437:doi 19638:or 19597:or 19581:at 19445:Ubn 19440:Uue 18485:126 18468:1/2 18464:1/2 18460:3/2 18456:1/2 18452:1/2 18448:3/2 18444:1/2 18432:121 18428:120 18375:9/2 18371:7/2 18367:7/2 18363:5/2 18359:5/2 18355:3/2 18351:3/2 18347:1/2 18297:GSI 17882:.) 17834:to 17627:or 17359:HCl 15680:SeO 15667:in 15653:tin 15622:OsO 15554:12 15549:11 15544:10 15504:16 15499:15 15494:14 15489:13 15484:12 15479:11 15474:10 15387:12 15382:11 15377:10 15337:16 15332:15 15327:14 15322:13 15317:12 15312:11 15307:10 15220:12 15215:11 15210:10 15121:12 15116:11 15111:10 14819:, M 14807:, M 13980:Tin 13107:Tin 12706:). 12587:118 12568:117 12549:116 12530:115 12511:114 12492:113 12473:112 12454:111 12435:110 12416:109 12397:108 12378:107 12359:106 12340:105 12321:104 12302:103 12283:102 12264:101 12245:100 11995:6d: 11993:5f: 11991:7s: 11374:5d: 11372:4f: 11370:6s: 11061:4d: 11059:5s: 10744:3d: 10742:4s: 10611:3s: 10480:2s: 10253:118 10246:117 10239:116 10232:115 10225:114 10218:113 10211:112 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