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many engines? What spare parts? How much oil? How many lathes? How many cutters? How many punching and shearing machines? What arrangements of signals would be necessary? How many lamps? How many points? How many trolleys? What amount of coal should be ordered? How much water would be wanted? How should it be carried? To what extent would its carriage affect the hauling power and influence all previous calculations? How much railway plant was needed? How many miles of rail? How many thousand sleepers? Where could they be procured at such short notice? How many fishplates were necessary? What tools would be required? What appliances? What machinery? How much skilled labour was wanted? How much of the class of labour available? How were the workmen to be fed and watered? How much food would they want? How many trains a day must be run to feed them and their escort? How many must be run to carry plant? How did these requirements affect the estimate for rolling stock? The answers to all these questions, and to many others with which I will not inflict the reader, were set forth by
Lieutenant Girouard in a ponderous volume several inches thick; and such was the comprehensive accuracy of the estimate that the working parties were never delayed by the want even of a piece of brass wire.
385:. In turn, the "Cape to Cairo railroad" would be the device for the British colonization of much of Africa as Rhodes had grandiose plans for settling millions of British settlers in Africa. As such, Rhodes was keen to do everything to help Kitchener conquer the Sudan so he could build his "Cape to Cairo railroad". The strong-willed Girouard was well known for his willingness to argue with Kitchener, a man whom many found to be very intimidating, and despite their frequent disagreements Kitchener never sacked him. This line that Girouard built allowed Kitchener to move the Egyptian and British armies under his command into the heart of the Sudan and defeat the forces of the Khalifa at Atbara and Omdurman in 1898. He received the
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587:"Born in Montréal, Girouard was educated at Royal Military College, Kingston, commissioned in the Royal Engineers in 1888, and appointed to the Royal Arsenal Railways at Woolwich. Charged in 1896 with construction of the Wadi Halfa – Khartoum Railway, he was later director of railways in South Africa and as high commissioner in Northern Nigeria superintended the building of a line to Kano. Governor of Northern Nigeria (1908–9), of East Africa (1909–12), and director general of munitions supply in the British government (1915–16), he also wrote several books on the strategic importance of railways."
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467:. Girouard was also responsible for building a railway from Baro, on the Niger River, 366 miles north to the ancient city of Kano. As High Commissioner he also supported the work of the Northern Nigerian Lands Committee and the legislation which resulted from this work had the effect of preventing the establishment of private property in land. He then served as Commissioner of the British
475:) from 1909 to 1912. His involvement in the controversial move of the Maasai led to a smoldering dispute with the Colonial Secretary, Lord Milner, who accepted his resignation in 1912. By then Girouard had been offered a position as the managing director of the Eslwick Works of the armaments and shipbuilding concern of Armstrong Whitworth and Co. Ltd.
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In 1897 he was ordered by
Kitchener to build a railway from Wadi Halfa to Abu Hamed, 235 miles directly across the Nubian Desert, which eliminated 500 miles of navigation up the Nile River. This was highly risky as Girouard had always built his railroad close to the Nile, where there were gunboats to
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Sitting in his hut at Wadi Halfa, he drew up a comprehensive list. Nothing was forgotten. Every want was provided for; every difficulty was foreseen; every requisite was noted. The questions to be decided were numerous and involved. How much carrying capacity was required? How much rolling stock? How
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In
October 1899 Girouard was sent by the War Office to South Africa to advise on the railway situation of the Cape Colony. When the Boer War (1899–1902) broke out he became Director of Imperial Military Railways which included the lines in the Cape, as well as the lines taken over from the Boers in
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attacks, but he accepted the risk and went to work. Girouard frequently traveled up and down the railroad, supervising the work as he had little faith in the ability of his
Sudanese workers to build a railroad on their own. When Kitchener purchased several locomotives that Girouard deemed too light
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in 1888. Quickly earning a reputation as a very able and tough railroad man due to his work in Maine led to
Girouard being offered a position in Britain in 1890. Girouard's family wanted him to stay in Canada, but Girouard wanted to see the world by building railroads all over the British Empire.
260:, the traditional training ground of the Francophone elite, instead electing for an education in English at the Royal Military College. Girouard graduated first in his class as an engineer, and was the first Roman Catholic ever to be awarded a degree in engineering at the Royal Military College.
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the Orange Free State and the
Transvaal. His rapid reconstruction of the damaged lines and the innovative low level deviations around destroyed bridges, enabled the rapid movement of men and material to support the rapid advance of Lord Robert's forces in 1900 to capture Pretoria. He was
256:, in 1886. Girouard's father was a wealthy French-Canadian lawyer who went on to become a Conservative MP and Supreme Court justice while his mother was an Irish immigrant. Unlike most of the other members of the French-Canadian elite of Montreal, Girourad was not educated at
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at the Battle of Hafir on 19 September 1896, Dongola was taken on 24 September 1896. These victories were largely made possible by the railroad
Girouard built, which allowed Kitchener to bring in enough supplies and men to apply crushing firepower against the
389:(DSO) following the defeat of the Sudanese. By then Girouard had been appointed President of Egyptian State Railways and was responsible for clearing the congestion at the Port of Alexandria. In 1902, he was awarded the Second Class of the Imperial Ottoman
583:, was named in his honour in 1977. A plaque honouring Sir Edouard Percy Cranwill Girouard 1867–1932 was erected in 1985 by the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada in a breezeway between the Girouard and Sawyer Buildings at the
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in July 1902. Girouard remained in South Africa as
Commissioner of the Railways (with the local rank of lieutenant-colonel) until pressure from the Johannesburg mine owners to reduce railway expenses forced his resignation in 1904.
495:" forced the British Government to abandon its "business as usual" policy. Kitchener had asked Girouard for advice on the production of munitions and supported his appointment as Director General of Munitions in the newly formed
305:, and Girouard went to work building a railroad across the desert. By 4 August 1896 Girouard reported to Kitchener the railroad now extended from Wali Halfa to Kosheh, covering some 116 miles of arid desert.
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The Irish historian Donal Lowry used
Girouard's career as an example of "French-Canadian loyalism" to the British Empire in the Victorian and Edwardian eras, using him together with men such as Sir
503:. But Girouard could not work under a politician and six weeks later he returned to Armstrong's Elswick works in Newcastle where he remained a company director until his death.
610:, the politician and soldier who might had become Prime Minister had he not been killed at the battle of Passchendaele in 1917; who all identified with the British Empire.
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Lowry, Donal "The Crown, Empire
Loyalism, and Assimilation of Non-British White Subjects in the British World: An Argument against 'Ethnic Determinism'" pages 98–120 from
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Lowry, Donal "The Crown, Empire Loyalism, and Assimilation of Non-British White Subjects in the British World: An Argument against 'Ethnic Determinism'" pages 98-120 from
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to operate in the desert, the latter went to Britain to personally buy heavier locomotives from the United States and while borrowing several more from
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393:"in recognition of his services as President of the Council of Administration of the Egyptian Railways, Telegraphs, and the Port of Alexandria".
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in South Africa. The millionaire Rhodes, who made a fortune in the diamond and gold mines of South Africa had a great dream of building the
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The Crown, Empire Loyalism, and Assimilation of Non-British White Subjects in the British World: An Argument against 'Ethnic Determinism'
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From 1890 to 1895 he was in charge of the Woolwich Arsenal Railway before he joined the Dongola Expedition in 1896 and was asked by
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4237 Dr. Adrian Preston & Peter Dennis (Edited) "Swords and Covenants" Rowman And Littlefield, London. Croom Helm. 1976.
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H1877 R. Guy C. Smith (editor) "As You Were! Ex-Cadets Remember". In 2 Volumes. Volume I: 1876–1918. Volume II: 1919–1984.
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Girouard in 1903, at the time when he was Chief Commissioner of railways for the Transvaal and the Orange River Colony
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H16511 Dr. Richard Arthur Preston "To Serve Canada: A History of the Royal Military College of Canada" 1997 Toronto,
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Percy Girouard (left), incoming governor of the East Africa Protectorate welcomed by British settlers in 1909
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Kirk-Greene, A.H.M "Canada in Africa: Sir Percy Girouard, Neglected Colonial Governor" pages 207-239 from
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Building a railroad in the desert in the 19th century presented major challenges such as attacks from the
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praised Girouard as an extraordinarily capable man who made the advance into the Sudan possible.
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Letters & Sketches from Northern Nigeria ... With an introduction by Sir Percy Girouard
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Girouard (seated right) in talks with a Kikuyu chief in Kenya c. 1910
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212:(26 January 1867 – 26 September 1932) was an Empire enthusiast, a
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History of the railways during the war in South Africa, 1899-1902
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In 1903 he married Mary Gwendolen Solomon, the only child of Sir
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and the East Africa Protectorate and British industrialist.
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Sir Percy Girouard, Governor of Northern Nigeria, 1907–1909
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Northern Nigerian governor and railway builder from Canada
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248:(1879–1882) and graduated from the
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986:. The R.M.C. Club of Canada. 1984
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993:, Volume 83, No 331, April 1984.
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142:(1932-09-26)
93:Succeeded by
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1214:1932 deaths
1209:1867 births
924:Engineering
849:"No. 27467"
814:"No. 27306"
794:"No. 27459"
771:"No. 27282"
751:"No. 27466"
514:in Surrey.
131:Canada East
80:Preceded by
1203:Categories
614:References
120:1867-01-26
1188:MacDonald
1170:MacDonald
835:The Times
459:In 1906,
379:Cape Town
295:Kitchener
228:Education
74:1907–1909
70:In office
1155:Mitchell
1130:Coryndon
1102:Belfield
1097:Girouard
1077:Hardinge
604:O Canada
330:—
232:Born in
214:Canadian
127:Montreal
1165:Renison
1125:Northey
1107:Northey
1087:Stewart
965:, 1969.
904:Sources
878:8 April
465:Nigeria
176:Colonel
151:England
1160:Baring
1092:Sadler
534:Legacy
518:Family
508:London
499:under
264:Career
147:London
1150:Moore
1140:Byrne
1135:Grigg
1082:Eliot
926:, at
568:, in
473:Kenya
383:Cairo
366:Ansar
350:Ansar
345:Ansar
310:Ansar
276:" in
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880:2010
272:'s "
202:KCMG
173:Rank
137:Died
114:Born
97:Sir
84:Sir
33:KCMG
980:RMC
912:at
579:in
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209:DSO
37:DSO
25:Sir
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