Knowledge

Penselwood

Source 📝

31: 49: 1175: 56: 552:
groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public
547:
has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and
1873: 210: 906: 553:
transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.
250: 95: 258: 122: 403: 234: 753: 713: 35: 883: 1166: 900: 1202: 1094: 294: 577: 227: 1224: 1167:"Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs, Land Character Assessment, Type 7: Greensand Hills, 7B Penselwood – Longleat Hills" 1159: 1124: 952: 658: 1164: 856: 487:
Pen Pits quern quarries north of Combe Bottom are a series of bowl shaped pits which were used as stone quarries during the
1072: 1897: 1892: 222: 1129: 1008: 932: 825: 48: 662: 276: 681:
Moldrums Ground includes a dry woodland surrounding unimproved grassland. Ponds on the site provide a habitat for
239: 194: 158: 215: 88: 1165:
Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) Partnership (June 2003).
783:"'Penselwood', A History of the County of Somerset: Volume 7: Bruton, Horethorne and Norton Ferris Hundreds" 1217: 506: 481: 1232: 510: 544: 286: 30: 619: 565: 557: 281: 1179: 880: 569: 549: 172: 1210: 615: 503: 1184: 817: 811: 1480: 807: 697: 514: 1098: 1730: 1600: 1485: 1370: 701: 682: 476: 1515: 1445: 1285: 782: 686: 666: 585: 460: 104: 8: 1645: 1610: 1570: 1490: 1355: 1305: 1270: 670: 654: 573: 1745: 1725: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1430: 1405: 1320: 427: 355: 148: 140: 977: 736:, which mention many of the historical events that took place in or near the village. 1735: 1685: 1460: 1420: 1395: 1365: 1360: 1295: 1004: 928: 821: 643: 593: 471: 422: 1775: 1740: 1520: 1510: 1505: 1375: 1335: 1275: 1255: 1120: 948: 631: 528: 391: 199: 1050: 1024: 439:
being Welsh for "forest"), although others view it as three separate words: Pensa
1825: 1760: 1640: 1580: 1380: 1350: 1310: 1290: 1260: 927:. The making of the English landscape. London: Hodder and Stoughton. p. 79. 910: 887: 867: 848: 717: 623: 618:
is responsible for running the largest and most expensive local services such as
581: 532: 371: 351: 1857: 1675: 1525: 1400: 1234: 647: 589: 561: 518: 492: 399: 112: 1886: 1830: 1810: 1780: 1755: 1680: 1670: 1635: 1620: 1465: 1410: 1385: 444: 309: 296: 1750: 1665: 1550: 1455: 1435: 1300: 693: 639: 521:, the Manor of Penselwood formed part of the estates of the Wadham family. 459:
A couple of miles north of the village amidst the trees are the remains of
331: 1715: 1545: 1440: 1425: 1340: 1250: 496: 1174: 1845: 1815: 1805: 1790: 1770: 1710: 1575: 1495: 1470: 1345: 605: 601: 1862: 1835: 1820: 1765: 1655: 1650: 1595: 1590: 1535: 1530: 1415: 1390: 597: 467: 432: 407: 367: 363: 343: 187: 182: 781:
Baggs, A P; Siraut, M C (1999). Currie, C R J; Dunning, R W (eds.).
1795: 1785: 1700: 1630: 1615: 1585: 1500: 1475: 1330: 1238: 525: 509:, and from the early fifteenth century until 1609 and the death of 488: 464: 339: 130: 69: 1154: 754:"Statistics for Wards, LSOAs and Parishes — SUMMARY Profiles" 1840: 1800: 1720: 1690: 1660: 1625: 1450: 1315: 1280: 1265: 840: 627: 609: 418: 335: 164: 1872: 480:. The English also made a stand here against the Viking invader 1851: 1705: 1325: 635: 448: 375: 347: 1605: 1540: 359: 386:
The medieval form of the name was "Penn in Selwood", where
902:
Lives of the English Saints: St. German, Bishop of Auxerre
378:. In 1991 the parish occupied 523 hectares (1,292 acres). 904:, Ch. X: "Britain in 429, A. D.", p. 92. 696:, a 28-mile (45.1 km) footpath which runs from 342:. It is located 4 miles (6.4 km) north east of 1119: 947: 728:Penselwood is the setting for James Long's books, 716:was built in the 15th century. It is a Grade II* 1884: 1125:"Church of St. Michael and All Angels (1238353)" 844: 1218: 816:. Wimborne: The Dovecote Press Ltd. pp.  564:, which was formed on 1 April 1974 under the 524:Just outside the village is the site of the 394:for "head") probably referred to a hill and 1017: 780: 1233:Towns, villages and hamlets in the former 1225: 1211: 676: 572:. The district council is responsible for 431:on the basis that it should be read as an 354:, and 5 miles (8.0 km) north west of 1097:. Discover South Somerset. Archived from 502:The parish of Penselwood was part of the 922: 916: 873: 358:. The south-east of the parish borders 1885: 998: 893: 802: 800: 346:, 4 miles (6.4 km) south east of 1206: 1001:A Field Guide to Somerset Archaeology 957:Research records (formerly PastScape) 776: 774: 1003:. Wimborne, Dorset: Dovecote Press. 834: 806: 692:Penselwood is near the start of the 1183:). pp. 183–189. Archived from 1087: 797: 746: 714:Church of St Michael and All Angels 13: 1130:National Heritage List for England 899:Newman, John Henry & al. 771: 707: 55: 14: 1909: 1160:Description of Penselwood in 1868 1148: 568:, having previously been part of 470:which may be the location of the 447:believed the listing referred to 1871: 1173: 1029:A vision of Britain Through Time 663:Parliament of the United Kingdom 402:which once surrounded the area. 350:, 4 miles (6.4 km) west of 54: 47: 29: 1113: 1065: 1043: 999:Adkins, Lesley and Roy (1992). 992: 608:, leisure services, parks, and 36:St Michael's Church, Penselwood 970: 941: 852: 1: 739: 556:The village falls within the 538: 913:James Toovey (London), 1844. 862:Composed after AD 830. 813:Somerset: The complete guide 7: 723: 511:Nicholas Wadham (1531-1609) 89:OS grid reference 18:Human settlement in England 10: 1914: 1898:Civil parishes in Somerset 1893:Villages in South Somerset 1031:. University of Portsmouth 923:Havinden, Michael (1981). 454: 1869: 1246: 734:The Lives She Left Behind 566:Local Government Act 1972 558:Non-metropolitan district 474:in 658, mentioned in the 267: 249: 245: 233: 221: 209: 205: 193: 181: 171: 157: 139: 121: 103: 87: 79: 42: 28: 23: 881:The 28 Cities of Britain 650:and strategic planning. 570:Wincanton Rural District 259:Glastonbury and Somerton 759:. Somerset Intelligence 677:Geography and amenities 616:Somerset County Council 381: 925:The Somerset Landscape 515:Wadham College, Oxford 435:form of 'Penselwood' ( 428:History of the Britons 195:Postcode district 1731:Seavington St Michael 1486:Hardington Mandeville 909:21 March 2016 at the 890:" at Britannia. 2000. 886:15 April 2016 at the 702:Ham Hill Country Park 683:northern crested newt 653:It is also part of a 477:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 953:"Pen Pits (202568)" 687:local nature reserve 673:system of election. 667:member of parliament 586:environmental health 417:listed among the 28 173:Sovereign state 1491:Haselbury Plucknett 1356:Charlton Horethorne 978:"Somerset Hundreds" 879:Ford, David Nash. " 698:King Alfred's Tower 671:first past the post 657:represented in the 655:county constituency 550:neighbourhood watch 413:Cair Pensa vel Coyt 306: /  1726:Seavington St Mary 1561:Kingsbury Episcopi 1556:Keinton Mandeville 1406:Compton Pauncefoot 1101:on 30 October 2009 1095:"The Leland Trail" 1051:"Moldram's Ground" 858:Historia Brittonum 785:. pp. 184–192 406:associated nearby 310:51.0822°N 2.3511°W 251:UK Parliament 228:Devon and Somerset 1880: 1879: 1736:Shepton Beauchamp 1686:Norton-sub-Hamdon 1421:Cricket St Thomas 1396:Combe St Nicholas 1366:Charlton Musgrove 1361:Charlton Mackrell 1182: 1075:. Natural England 1073:"Moldrums Ground" 644:trading standards 594:refuse collection 472:Battle of Peonnum 461:Kenwalch's Castle 330:is a village and 325: 324: 216:Avon and Somerset 123:Shire county 1905: 1875: 1776:Stoke-sub-Hamdon 1741:Shepton Montague 1506:Hinton St George 1376:Chilthorne Domer 1336:Buckland St Mary 1227: 1220: 1213: 1204: 1203: 1199: 1197: 1195: 1189: 1178: 1177: 1171: 1142: 1141: 1139: 1137: 1121:Historic England 1117: 1111: 1110: 1108: 1106: 1091: 1085: 1084: 1082: 1080: 1069: 1063: 1062: 1060: 1058: 1047: 1041: 1040: 1038: 1036: 1021: 1015: 1014: 996: 990: 989: 987: 985: 974: 968: 967: 965: 963: 949:Historic England 945: 939: 938: 920: 914: 897: 891: 877: 871: 868:Latin Wikisource 865: 854: 846: 838: 832: 831: 804: 795: 794: 792: 790: 778: 769: 768: 766: 764: 758: 750: 665:. It elects one 659:House of Commons 632:public transport 578:building control 531:castle known as 529:motte and bailey 513:, co-founder of 416: 321: 320: 318: 317: 316: 315:51.0822; -2.3511 311: 307: 304: 303: 302: 299: 273: 167: 99: 98: 68:Location within 58: 57: 51: 33: 21: 20: 1913: 1912: 1908: 1907: 1906: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1883: 1882: 1881: 1876: 1867: 1826:Whitelackington 1761:South Petherton 1641:Middle Chinnock 1581:Knowle St Giles 1381:Chilton Cantelo 1311:Bratton Seymour 1291:Barton St David 1242: 1231: 1193: 1191: 1190:on 18 July 2011 1187: 1169: 1155:Village website 1151: 1146: 1145: 1135: 1133: 1118: 1114: 1104: 1102: 1093: 1092: 1088: 1078: 1076: 1071: 1070: 1066: 1056: 1054: 1049: 1048: 1044: 1034: 1032: 1023: 1022: 1018: 1011: 997: 993: 983: 981: 976: 975: 971: 961: 959: 946: 942: 935: 921: 917: 911:Wayback Machine 898: 894: 888:Wayback Machine 878: 874: 863: 849:Theodor Mommsen 839: 835: 828: 805: 798: 788: 786: 779: 772: 762: 760: 756: 752: 751: 747: 742: 732:and its sequel 726: 718:listed building 710: 708:Religious sites 679: 624:social services 582:council housing 580:, local roads, 541: 533:Ballands Castle 457: 411: 404:David Nash Ford 384: 314: 312: 308: 305: 300: 297: 295: 293: 292: 291: 271: 263: 163: 153: 135: 117: 94: 93: 83:273 (2011) 75: 74: 73: 72: 66: 65: 64: 63: 59: 38: 19: 12: 11: 5: 1911: 1901: 1900: 1895: 1878: 1877: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1865: 1860: 1858:Yeovil Without 1855: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1821:West Crewkerne 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1676:North Cheriton 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1526:Huish Episcopi 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1401:Compton Dundon 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1235:South Somerset 1230: 1229: 1222: 1215: 1207: 1201: 1200: 1162: 1157: 1150: 1149:External links 1147: 1144: 1143: 1112: 1086: 1064: 1042: 1025:"Wincanton RD" 1016: 1009: 991: 969: 940: 933: 915: 892: 872: 833: 826: 796: 770: 744: 743: 741: 738: 725: 722: 709: 706: 678: 675: 648:waste disposal 630:, main roads, 574:local planning 562:South Somerset 545:parish council 540: 537: 519:Dorothy Wadham 517:with his wife 493:Romano-British 482:Cnut the Great 456: 453: 400:Selwood Forest 383: 380: 323: 322: 290: 289: 284: 279: 274: 272:List of places 268: 265: 264: 262: 261: 255: 253: 247: 246: 243: 242: 237: 231: 230: 225: 219: 218: 213: 207: 206: 203: 202: 197: 191: 190: 185: 179: 178: 177:United Kingdom 175: 169: 168: 161: 155: 154: 152: 151: 145: 143: 137: 136: 134: 133: 127: 125: 119: 118: 116: 115: 113:South Somerset 109: 107: 101: 100: 91: 85: 84: 81: 77: 76: 67: 61: 60: 53: 52: 46: 45: 44: 43: 40: 39: 34: 26: 25: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1910: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1888: 1874: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1853: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1831:Whitestaunton 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1811:West Chinnock 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1781:Stoke Trister 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1756:South Cadbury 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1681:North Perrott 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1671:North Cadbury 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1636:Milborne Port 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1621:Marston Magna 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1466:East Chinnock 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1411:Corton Denham 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1386:Chiselborough 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1228: 1223: 1221: 1216: 1214: 1209: 1208: 1205: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1168: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1132: 1131: 1126: 1122: 1116: 1100: 1096: 1090: 1074: 1068: 1053:. Pen Selwood 1052: 1046: 1030: 1026: 1020: 1012: 1010:0-946159-94-7 1006: 1002: 995: 979: 973: 958: 954: 950: 944: 936: 934:0-340-20116-9 930: 926: 919: 912: 908: 905: 903: 896: 889: 885: 882: 876: 869: 861: 859: 850: 842: 837: 829: 827:1-874336-26-1 823: 819: 815: 814: 809: 803: 801: 784: 777: 775: 755: 749: 745: 737: 735: 731: 721: 719: 715: 705: 703: 699: 695: 690: 688: 684: 674: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 651: 649: 645: 641: 640:fire services 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 554: 551: 546: 536: 534: 530: 527: 522: 520: 516: 512: 508: 505: 504:Norton Ferris 500: 498: 494: 490: 485: 483: 479: 478: 473: 469: 466: 462: 452: 450: 446: 445:Bishop Ussher 442: 438: 434: 430: 429: 424: 420: 414: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 379: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 319: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 270: 269: 266: 260: 257: 256: 254: 252: 248: 244: 241: 240:South Western 238: 236: 232: 229: 226: 224: 220: 217: 214: 212: 208: 204: 201: 198: 196: 192: 189: 186: 184: 180: 176: 174: 170: 166: 162: 160: 156: 150: 147: 146: 144: 142: 138: 132: 129: 128: 126: 124: 120: 114: 111: 110: 108: 106: 102: 97: 92: 90: 86: 82: 78: 71: 50: 41: 37: 32: 27: 22: 16: 1850: 1751:South Barrow 1695: 1666:North Barrow 1551:Isle Brewers 1456:Dowlish Wake 1436:Curry Mallet 1301:Beercrocombe 1237:district of 1192:. Retrieved 1185:the original 1134:. Retrieved 1128: 1115: 1103:. Retrieved 1099:the original 1089: 1077:. Retrieved 1067: 1055:. Retrieved 1045: 1033:. Retrieved 1028: 1019: 1000: 994: 982:. Retrieved 972: 962:21 September 960:. Retrieved 956: 943: 924: 918: 901: 895: 875: 857: 836: 812: 787:. Retrieved 761:. Retrieved 748: 733: 729: 727: 711: 694:Leland trail 691: 680: 669:(MP) by the 652: 614: 555: 542: 523: 501: 486: 475: 458: 440: 436: 426: 412: 395: 387: 385: 332:civil parish 327: 326: 15: 1716:Queen Camel 1601:Long Sutton 1546:Isle Abbots 1441:Curry Rivel 1426:Cucklington 1371:Chillington 1341:Castle Cary 1251:Abbas Combe 1105:30 November 808:Bush, Robin 592:and fairs, 497:Middle Ages 313: / 1887:Categories 1846:Yarlington 1816:West Coker 1806:West Camel 1791:Tintinhull 1771:Stocklinch 1711:Puckington 1696:Penselwood 1576:Kingweston 1516:Horsington 1496:Henstridge 1471:East Coker 1446:Dinnington 1346:Chaffcombe 1286:Barrington 984:18 October 866:Hosted at 864:(in Latin) 740:References 685:. It is a 606:crematoria 602:cemeteries 539:Governance 356:Gillingham 338:county of 328:Penselwood 298:51°04′56″N 149:South West 80:Population 62:Penselwood 24:Penselwood 1863:Yeovilton 1836:Wincanton 1766:Sparkford 1656:Muchelney 1651:Montacute 1646:Misterton 1611:Lovington 1596:Long Load 1591:Limington 1571:Kingstone 1536:Ilminster 1531:Ilchester 1481:Hambridge 1416:Crewkerne 1391:Closworth 1306:Blackford 1241:, England 1194:7 October 1079:26 August 1057:25 August 1035:4 January 763:4 January 628:libraries 620:education 598:recycling 484:in 1016. 468:hill fort 451:instead. 433:Old Welsh 410:with the 408:Ilchester 392:Brittonic 368:Wiltshire 364:Stourhead 344:Wincanton 301:2°21′04″W 235:Ambulance 188:Wincanton 183:Post town 1796:Wambrook 1786:Tatworth 1746:Somerton 1701:Pitcombe 1631:Merriott 1616:Maperton 1586:Langport 1566:Kingsdon 1501:High Ham 1476:Fivehead 1431:Cudworth 1331:Brympton 1321:Broadway 1239:Somerset 1136:22 April 980:. GENUKI 907:Archived 884:Archived 810:(1994). 789:6 August 724:In media 636:policing 526:medieval 489:Iron Age 465:Iron Age 398:was the 340:Somerset 287:Somerset 131:Somerset 105:District 96:ST755315 70:Somerset 1841:Winsham 1801:Wayford 1721:Rimpton 1691:Odcombe 1661:Mudford 1626:Martock 1461:Drayton 1451:Donyatt 1316:Brewham 1296:Barwick 1281:Babcary 1266:Ansford 845:attrib. 841:Nennius 757:(Excel) 661:of the 610:tourism 590:markets 507:Hundred 455:History 425:by the 423:Britain 415:  396:Selwood 372:Bourton 336:English 334:in the 282:England 165:England 159:Country 1852:Yeovil 1706:Pitney 1521:Horton 1511:Holton 1326:Bruton 1276:Ashill 1256:Alford 1007:  931:  824:  730:Ferney 449:Exeter 443:Coyt. 419:cities 376:Dorset 370:, and 348:Bruton 211:Police 141:Region 1606:Lopen 1541:Ilton 1351:Chard 1261:Aller 1188:(PDF) 1170:(PDF) 860:, VI. 463:, an 360:Zeals 1196:2010 1138:2018 1107:2009 1081:2015 1059:2015 1037:2014 1005:ISBN 986:2011 964:2014 929:ISBN 822:ISBN 791:2019 765:2014 712:The 638:and 604:and 596:and 576:and 543:The 495:and 437:coit 382:Name 362:and 352:Mere 223:Fire 1271:Ash 1180:PDF 855:). 853:ed. 847:). 818:167 700:to 560:of 421:of 388:pen 374:in 366:in 200:BA9 1889:: 1127:. 1123:. 1027:. 955:. 951:. 820:. 799:^ 773:^ 720:. 704:. 689:. 646:, 642:, 634:, 626:, 622:, 612:. 600:, 588:, 584:, 535:. 499:. 491:, 441:or 277:UK 1226:e 1219:t 1212:v 1198:. 1172:( 1140:. 1109:. 1083:. 1061:. 1039:. 1013:. 988:. 966:. 937:. 870:. 851:( 843:( 830:. 793:. 767:. 390:(

Index

Stone building with square tower.
St Michael's Church, Penselwood
Penselwood is located in Somerset
Somerset
OS grid reference
ST755315
District
South Somerset
Shire county
Somerset
Region
South West
Country
England
Sovereign state
Post town
Wincanton
Postcode district
BA9
Police
Avon and Somerset
Fire
Devon and Somerset
Ambulance
South Western
UK Parliament
Glastonbury and Somerton
UK
England
Somerset

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.