1216:(originally derived for spherical, non-porous particles and laminar flow) combined with White's approximation, which suggest that sinking velocity increases linearly with excess density (the difference from the water density) and the square of particle diameter (i.e., linearly with the particle area). Building on these expectations, many studies have tried to relate sinking velocity primarily to size, which has been shown to be a useful predictor for particles generated in controlled environments (e.g., roller tanks. However, strong relationships were only observed when all particles were generated using the same water/plankton community. When particles were made by different plankton communities, size alone was a bad predictor (e.g., Diercks and Asper, 1997) strongly supporting notions that particle densities and shapes vary widely depending on the source material.
1220:
mineral particles to marine particle populations frequently leads to smaller more densely packed aggregates that sink slower because of their smaller size. Mucous-rich particles have been shown to float despite relatively large sizes, whereas oil- or plastic-containing aggregates have been shown to sink rapidly despite the presence of substances with an excess density smaller than seawater. In natural environments, particles are formed through different mechanisms, by different organisms, and under varying environmental conditions that affect aggregation (e.g., salinity, pH, minerals), ballasting (e.g., dust deposition, sediment load; van der Jagt et al., 2018) and sinking behaviour (e.g., viscosity;). A universal conversion of size-to-sinking velocity is hence impracticable.
1408:
1280:
1090:
1232:, POM drives the lower aquatic food web by providing energy in the form of carbohydrates, sugars, and other polymers that can be degraded. POM in water bodies is derived from terrestrial inputs (e.g. soil organic matter, leaf litterfall), submerged or floating aquatic vegetation, or autochthonous production of algae (living or detrital). Each source of POM has its own chemical composition that affects its lability, or accessibility to the food web. Algal-derived POM is thought to be most labile, but there is growing evidence that terrestrially-derived POM can supplement the diets of micro-organisms such as zooplankton when primary productivity is limited.
1104:
19:
1263:
1203:
produced in the upper sunlit layers of the ocean forms an important limb of the oceanic biological pump, which impacts the sequestration of carbon and resupply of nutrients in the mesopelagic ocean. Particles raining out from the upper ocean undergo remineralization by bacteria colonized on their surface and interior, leading to an attenuation in the sinking flux of organic matter with depth. The diagram illustrates a mechanistic model for the depth-dependent, sinking, particulate mass flux constituted by a range of sinking, remineralizing particles.
1422:
represents the case of a glowing particle in the bioluminescence shunt hypothesis. Bioluminescent bacteria are represented aggregated onto the particle. Their light emission is shown as a bluish cloud around it. Blue dotted arrows represent the visual detection and the movement toward the particle of the consumer organisms. Increasing the visual detection allows a better detection by upper trophic levels, potentially leading to the fragmentation of sinking POC into suspended POC due to sloppy feeding.
51:
994:: is usually the largest proportion of organic matter in soil, contributing 45 to 75%. Typically it adheres to soil minerals, and plays an important role structuring soil. Humus is the end product of soil organism activity, is chemically complex, and does not have recognisable characteristics of its origin. Humus is of very small unit size and has large surface area in relation to its weight. It holds nutrients, has high water holding capacity and significant
628:
1157:. Technologies to image particles have advanced greatly over the last two decades, but the quantitative translation of these immense datasets into biogeochemical properties remains a challenge. In particular, advances are needed to enable the optimal translation of imaged objects into carbon content and sinking velocities. In addition, different devices often measure different optical properties, leading to difficulties in comparing results.
1369:, doubling the size of the particle increases the sinking speed by a factor of 4. However, the highly porous nature of many marine particles means that they do not obey Stokes' Law because small changes in particle density (i.e., compactness) can have a large impact on their sinking velocities. Large sinking particles are typically of two types: (1) aggregates formed from a number of primary particles, including phytoplankton, bacteria,
1011:
10 years. Less active parts may take 15 to 100 years to turnover. Where it is still at the soil surface and relatively fresh, particulate organic matter intercepts the energy of raindrops and protects physical soil surfaces from damage. As it is decomposes, particulate organic matter provides much of the energy required by soil organisms as well as providing a steady release of nutrients into the soil environment.
4305:
3231:
3196:
2298:
2185:
2080:
1711:
1479:
1041:; ultimately, depleting POM. Reduction in POM content is observed when native grasslands are converted to agricultural land. Soil temperature and moisture also affect the rate of POM decomposition. Because POM is a readily available (labile) source of soil nutrients, is a contributor to soil structure, and is highly sensitive to soil management, it is frequently used as an indicator to measure
1074:
1337:. When this biomass sinks to the deep ocean, a portion of it fuels the metabolism of the organisms living there, including deep-sea fish and benthic organisms. Zooplankton play a critical role in shaping particle flux through ingestion and fragmentation of particles, production of fast-sinking fecal material and active vertical migration.
1384:
Knowing the size, abundance, structure and composition (e.g. carbon content) of settling particles is important as these characteristics impose fundamental constraints on the biogeochemical cycling of carbon. For example, changes in climate are expected to facilitate a shift in species composition in
1148:
Optical particle measurements are emerging as an important technique for understanding the ocean carbon cycle, including contributions to estimates of their downward flux, which sequesters carbon dioxide in the deep sea. Optical instruments can be used from ships or installed on autonomous platforms,
1340:
Besides the importance of "exported" organic carbon as a food source for deep ocean organisms, the biological carbon pump provides a valuable ecosystem function: Exported organic carbon transports an estimated 5–20 Gt C each year to the deep ocean, where some of it (~0.2–0.5 Gt C) is sequestered for
1139:
in Earth's early history to the sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide in the deep ocean. Understanding the distribution, characteristics, dynamics, and changes over time of particulate matter in the ocean is hence fundamental in understanding and predicting the marine ecosystem, from food web
1001:
Resistant organic matter: has a high carbon content and includes charcoal, charred plant materials, graphite and coal. Turnover times are long and estimated in hundreds of years. It is not biologically active but contributes positively to soil structural properties, including water holding capacity,
1691:
Kharbush, J.J., Close, H.G., Van Mooy, B.A., Arnosti, C., Smittenberg, R.H., Le Moigne, F.A., Mollenhauer, G., Scholz-Böttcher, B., Obreht, I., Koch, B.P. and Becker, K. (2020) "Particulate
Organic Carbon Deconstructed: Molecular and Chemical Composition of Particulate Organic Carbon in the Ocean".
1341:
several millennia. The biological carbon pump is hence of similar magnitude to current carbon emissions from fossil fuels (~10 Gt C year−1). Any changes in its magnitude caused by a warming world may have direct implications for both deep-sea organisms and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations.
1219:
Packaging and porosity contribute appreciably to determining sinking velocities. On the one hand, adding ballasting materials, such as diatom frustules, to aggregates may lead to an increase in sinking velocities owing to the increase in excess density. On the other hand, the addition of ballasting
1202:
Sinking oceanic particles encompass a wide range of shape, porosity, ballast and other characteristics. The model shown in the diagram at the right attempts to capture some of the predominant features that influence the shape of the sinking flux profile (red line). The sinking of organic particles
1098:
POC includes components of living cells as well as dead material (detritus), and originates from both allochthonous and autochthonous sources. The POC pool can also exchange material with the dissolved OC (DOC) pool through aggregation and disaggregation of particles. This process and others may be
1010:
Particulate organic matter (POM) includes steadily decomposing plant litter and animal faeces, and the detritus from the activity of microorganisms. Most of it continually undergoes decomposition by microorganisms (when conditions are sufficiently moist) and usually has a turnover time of less than
1728:
Wagner, Sasha; Schubotz, Florence; Kaiser, Karl; Hallmann, Christian; Waska, Hannelore; Rossel, Pamela E.; Hansman, Roberta; Elvert, Marcus; Middelburg, Jack J.; Engel, Anja; Blattmann, Thomas M.; Catalá, Teresa S.; Lennartz, Sinikka T.; Gomez-Saez, Gonzalo V.; Pantoja-Gutiérrez, Silvio; Bao, Rui;
681:
is a closely related term often used interchangeably with POM. POC refers specifically to the mass of carbon in the particulate organic material, while POM refers to the total mass of the particulate organic matter. In addition to carbon, POM includes the mass of the other elements in the organic
1344:
The magnitude and efficiency (amount of carbon sequestered relative to primary production) of the biological carbon pump, hence ocean carbon storage, is partly determined by the amount of organic matter exported and the rate at which it is remineralized (i.e., the rate with which sinking organic
1215:
The range of recorded sinking velocities of particles in the oceans spans from negative (particles float toward the surface) to several km per day (as with salp fecal pellets) When considering the sinking velocity of an individual particle, a first approximation can be obtained from Stoke's law
1254:
concentration. Therefore, a central focus of marine organic geochemistry studies is to improve the understanding of POC distribution, composition, and cycling. The last few decades have seen improvements in analytical techniques that have greatly expanded what can be measured, both in terms of
985:(DOM): is the organic matter which dissolves in soil water. It comprises the relatively simple organic compounds (e.g. organic acids, sugars and amino acids) which easily decompose. It has a turnover time of less than 12 months. Exudates from plant roots (mucilages and gums) are included here.
682:
matter, such as nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen. In this sense POC is a component of POM and there is typically about twice as much POM as POC. Many statements that can be made about POM apply equally to POC, and much of what is said in this article about POM could equally have been said of POC.
1421:
In the diagram on the right, the sinking POC is moving downward followed by a chemical plume. The plain white arrows represent the carbon flow. Panel (a) represents the classical view of a non-bioluminescent particle. The length of the plume is identified by the scale on the side. Panel (b)
834:
As shown below, non-living organic matter in soils can be grouped into four distinct categories on the basis of size, behaviour and persistence. These categories are arranged in order of decreasing ability to decompose. Each of them contribute to soil health in different ways.
1389:, influencing the proportion of biomass exported to depth. As such, any climate-induced change in the structure or function of phytoplankton communities is likely to alter the efficiency of the biological carbon pump, with feedbacks on the rate of climate change.
1357:. In general, particles in a fluid are thought to sink once their densities are higher than the ambient fluid, i.e., when excess densities are larger than zero. Larger individual phytoplankton cells can thus contribute to sedimentary fluxes. For example, large
787:, other aggregated material, and terrestrially-derived organic matter. Some studies further divide POC operationally based on its sinking rate or size, with ≥ 51 μm particles sometimes equated to the sinking fraction. Both DOC and POC play major roles in the
1130:
can be defined as both living and non-living matter of biological origin with a size of ≥0.2 μm in diameter, including anything from a small bacterium (0.2 μm in size) to blue whales (20 m in size). Organic matter plays a crucial role in regulating global
2687:
Iversen, Morten
Hvitfeldt; Nowald, Nicolas; Ploug, Helle; Jackson, George A.; Fischer, Gerhard (2010). "High resolution profiles of vertical particulate organic matter export off Cape Blanc, Mauritania: Degradation processes and ballasting effects".
1206:
Marine snow varies in shape, size and character, ranging from individual cells to pellets and aggregates, most of which is rapidly colonized and consumed by heterotrophic bacteria, contributing to the attenuation of the sinking flux with depth.
2286:
Giering, S.L., Cavan, E.L., Basedow, S.L., Briggs, N., Burd, A.B., Darroch, L.J., Guidi, L., Irrison, J.O., Iversen, M.H., Kiko, R. and
Lindsay, D.J. (2020) "Sinking organic particles in the ocean—flux estimates from in situ optical devices".
1417:
The consumption of the bioluminescent POC by fish can lead to the emission of bioluminescent fecal pellets (repackaging), which can also be produced with non-bioluminescent POC if the fish gut is already charged with bioluminescent bacteria.
3159:
Henley, Sian F.; Cavan, Emma L.; Fawcett, Sarah E.; Kerr, Rodrigo; Monteiro, Thiago; Sherrell, Robert M.; Bowie, Andrew R.; Boyd, Philip W.; Barnes, David K. A.; Schloss, Irene R.; Marshall, Tanya; Flynn, Raquel; Smith, Shantelle (2020).
1352:
Sinking particles can be phytoplankton, zooplankton, detritus, fecal pellets, or a mix of these. They range in size from a few micrometers to several centimeters, with particles of a diameter of >0.5 mm being referred to as
2201:
Blanchard, J.L., Heneghan, R.F., Everett, J.D., Trebilco, R. and
Richardson, A.J. (2017) "From bacteria to whales: using functional size spectra to model marine ecosystems. Trends in ecology & evolution, 32(3), pp.174-186.
3474:
Giering, S.L., Sanders, R., Lampitt, R.S., Anderson, T.R., Tamburini, C., Boutrif, M., Zubkov, M.V., Marsay, C.M., Henson, S.A., Saw, K. and Cook, K. (2014) "Reconciliation of the carbon budget in the ocean’s twilight zone".
3580:
Kiko, R., Biastoch, A., Brandt, P., Cravatte, S., Hauss, H., Hummels, R., Kriest, I., Marin, F., McDonnell, A.M., Oschlies, A. and
Picheral, M. (2017) "Biological and physical influences on marine snowfall at the equator".
3529:
Steinberg, D.K., Carlson, C.A., Bates, N.R., Goldthwait, S.A., Madin, L.P. and
Michaels, A.F. (2000) "Zooplankton vertical migration and the active transport of dissolved organic and inorganic carbon in the Sargasso Sea".
3448:
Iversen, M.H., Nowald, N., Ploug, H., Jackson, G.A. and
Fischer, G. (2010) "High resolution profiles of vertical particulate organic matter export off Cape Blanc, Mauritania: Degradation processes and ballasting effects".
2488:
Iversen, M.H., Pakhomov, E.A., Hunt, B.P., Van der Jagt, H., Wolf-Gladrow, D. and Klaas, C. (2017) "Sinkers or floaters? Contribution from salp pellets to the export flux during a large bloom event in the
Southern Ocean".
779:(DOC), which is usually operationally defined as < 0.2 μm. Typically POC is considered to contain suspended and sinking particles ≥ 0.2 μm in size, which therefore includes biomass from living microbial cells,
3765:
Ploug, H., Iversen, M.H. and
Fischer, G. (2008) "Ballast, sinking velocity, and apparent diffusivity within marine snow and zooplankton fecal pellets: Implications for substrate turnover by attached bacteria".
1332:
of organic carbon in the ocean. In brief, photosynthesis by microorganisms in the upper tens of meters of the water column fix inorganic carbon (any of the chemical species of dissolved carbon dioxide) into
3739:
Ploug, H., Iversen, M.H., Koski, M. and
Buitenhuis, E.T. (2008) "Production, oxygen respiration rates, and sinking velocity of copepod fecal pellets: direct measurements of ballasting by opal and calcite".
675:
is a fraction of total organic matter operationally defined as that which does not pass through a filter pore size that typically ranges in size from 0.053 millimeters (53 μm) to 2 millimeters.
3714:
Reygondeau, G., Guidi, L., Beaugrand, G., Henson, S.A., Koubbi, P., MacKenzie, B.R., Sutton, T.T., Fioroni, M. and Maury, O. (2018) "Global biogeochemical provinces of the mesopelagic zone".
1349:
region. Especially particle size and composition are important parameters determining how fast a particle sinks, how much material it contains, and which organisms can find and utilize it.
1361:
cells and diatom chains with a diameter of >5 μm have been shown to sink at rates up to several 10 s meters per day, though this is only possible owing to the heavy ballast of a silica
2320:"Seasonal and interannual variability in deep ocean particle fluxes at the Oceanic Flux Program (OFP)/Bermuda Atlantic Time Series (BATS) site in the western Sargasso Sea near Bermuda"
1188:
in the surface waters. The total new production in the ocean roughly equates to the sinking flux of particulate organic matter to the deep ocean, about 4 × 10 tons of carbon annually.
1037:, typically results in an increase in POM. Alternatively, repeated tillage or soil disturbance increases the rate of decomposition by exposing soil organisms to oxygen and organic
4166:
Le Quere, C.; Rodenbeck, C.; Buitenhuis, E. T.; Conway, T. J.; Langenfelds, R.; Gomez, A.; Labuschagne, C.; Ramonet, M.; Nakazawa, T.; Metzl, N.; Gillett, N.; Heimann, M. (2007).
3689:
Iversen, M. and Ploug, H. (2010) "Ballast minerals and the sinking carbon flux in the ocean: carbon-specific respiration rates and sinking velocity of marine snow aggregates".
2244:
Heinze, C., Meyer, S., Goris, N., Anderson, L., Steinfeldt, R., Chang, N., Quéré, C.L. and Bakker, D.C. (2015) "The ocean carbon sink–impacts, vulnerabilities and challenges".
3631:
Guidi, L., Legendre, L., Reygondeau, G., Uitz, J., Stemmann, L. and Henson, S.A. (2015) "A new look at ocean carbon remineralization for estimating deepwater sequestration".
771:
is intentionally excluded from POC through the use of a pre-filter or specially designed sampling intakes that repel swimming organisms. Sub-micron particles, including most
1118:) sink at a rate predicted by Stokes law. They slow as they reach greater depths due to their shrinking volume and increasing water density and would entirely disappear at z
823:
is anything in the soil of biological origin. Carbon is its key component comprising about 58% by weight. Simple assessment of total organic matter is obtained by measuring
652:
3606:
Henson, S.A., Sanders, R., Madsen, E., Morris, P.J., Le Moigne, F. and Quartly, G.D. (2011) "A reduced estimate of the strength of the ocean's biological carbon pump".
2166:
Omand, M.M., Govindarajan, R., He, J. and Mahadevan, A. (2020) "Sinking flux of particulate organic matter in the oceans: Sensitivity to particle characteristics".
685:
Particulate organic matter is sometimes called suspended organic matter, macroorganic matter, or coarse fraction organic matter. When land samples are isolated by
1823:"The dynamic ocean biological pump: Insights from a global compilation of particulate organic carbon, CaCO3, and opal concentration profiles from the mesopelagic"
1250:. POC is the link between surface primary production, the deep ocean, and sediments. The rate at which POC is degraded in the dark ocean can impact atmospheric CO
2125:
Six, J.; Bossuyt, H.; Degryze, S; Denef, K (2004). "A history of research on the link between (micro) aggregates, soil biota, and soil organic matter dynamics".
988:
Particulate organic matter (POM): is the organic matter that retains evidence of its original cellular structure, and is discussed further in the next section.
3555:
Jónasdóttir, S.H., Visser, A.W., Richardson, K. and Heath, M.R. (2015) "Seasonal copepod lipid pump promotes carbon sequestration in the deep North Atlantic".
715:
for plants. In water bodies, POM can contribute substantially to turbidity, limiting photic depth which can suppress primary productivity. POM also enhances
2605:"Temperature effects on carbon-specific respiration rate and sinking velocity of diatom aggregates – potential implications for deep ocean export processes"
700:, and other materials. When sieving to determine POM content, consistency is crucial because isolated size fractions will depend on the force of agitation.
1610:
Gregorich, E. G.; Beare, M. H.; McKim, U. F.; Skjemstad, J. O. (2006). "Chemical and biological characteristics of physically uncomplexed organic matter".
1057:
rich in POM can contaminate water bodies. Because POM provides a source of energy and nutrients, rapid build-up of organic matter in water can result in
1905:
Volk, Tyler; Hoffert, Martin I. (2013). "Ocean Carbon Pumps: Analysis of Relative Strengths and Efficiencies in Ocean-Driven Atmospheric CO2 Changes".
3319:
Volk, T. and Hoffert, M.I. (1985) "Ocean carbon pumps: Analysis of relative strengths and efficiencies in ocean‐driven atmospheric CO2 changes. In:
1018:
of POM provides energy and nutrients. Nutrients not taken up by soil organisms may be available for plant uptake. The amount of nutrients released (
2647:
Iversen, Morten H.; Robert, Maya L. (2015). "Ballasting effects of smectite on aggregate formation and export from a natural plankton community".
827:
in soil. Living organisms (including roots) contribute about 15% of the total organic matter in soil. These are critical to operation of the soil
1081:
1099:
involved in the formation of the molecularly uncharacterized component (MUC), which may incorporate both autochthonous and allochthonous OC.
1110:
In the simplified model, shown in the inset, the spheres represent either solid particles or aggregates. These particles (initial radius a
1033:
Soil POM content is affected by organic inputs and the activity of soil decomposers. The addition of organic materials, such as manure or
1460:
Monroy, P., Hernández-García, E., Rossi, V. and López, C. (2017) "Modeling the dynamical sinking of biogenic particles in oceanic flow".
3212:
Basu, S. and Mackey, K.R. (2018) "Phytoplankton as key mediators of the biological carbon pump: Their responses to a changing climate".
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Jouandet, Marie-Paule; Trull, Thomas W.; Guidi, Lionel; Picheral, Marc; Ebersbach, Friederike; Stemmann, Lars; Blain, Stéphane (2011).
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Baldock JA and Skjemstad JO (1999) "Soil organic carbon/soil organic matter in soil". In KI Peverill, LA Sparrow and DJ Reuter (Eds.)
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Visser, A.W. and Jackson, G.A. (2004) "Characteristics of the chemical plume behind a sinking particle in a turbulent water column".
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Weidel, Brian; Solomon, Christopher T.; Pace, Michael L.; Kitchell, Jim; Carpenter, Stephen R.; Cole, Jonathan J. (1 February 2011).
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2988:"Optical imaging of mesopelagic particles indicates deep carbon flux beneath a natural iron-fertilized bloom in the Southern Ocean"
3500:
Svensen, C., Morata, N. and Reigstad, M. (2014) "Increased degradation of copepod faecal pellets by co-acting dinoflagellates and
3029:"Strong evidence for terrestrial support of zooplankton in small lakes based on stable isotopes of carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen"
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Eppley, Richard W.; Peterson, Bruce J. (1979). "Particulate organic matter flux and planktonic new production in the deep ocean".
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Waite, A.M., Safi, K.A., Hall, J.A. and Nodder, S.D. (2000) "Mass sedimentation of picoplankton embedded in organic aggregates".
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Long, Marc; Moriceau, Brivaëla; Gallinari, Morgane; Lambert, Christophe; Huvet, Arnaud; Raffray, Jean; Soudant, Philippe (2015).
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123:
2071:
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1979:"Attenuation of particulate organic carbon flux in the Scotia Sea, Southern Ocean, is controlled by zooplankton fecal pellets"
1525:
Cambardella, C. A.; Elliott, E. T. (1991). "Particulate soil organic-matter changes across a grassland cultivation sequence".
601:
1030:
entangle soil particles and release sticky, cement-like, polysaccharides into the soil; ultimately forming soil aggregates
2356:
Eppley, R.W. and Peterson, B.J. (1979) "Particulate organic matter flux and planktonic new production in the deep ocean".
1551:
Moody, C.S. and Worrall, F. (2017) "Modeling rates of DOC degradation using DOM composition and hydroclimatic variables".
3659:
Kwon, E.Y., Primeau, F. and Sarmiento, J.L. (2009) "The impact of remineralization depth on the air–sea carbon balance".
1385:
a manner that alters the elemental composition of particulate matter, cell size and the trajectory of carbon through the
66:
759:. The oceanographic community has historically used a variety of filters and pore sizes, most commonly 0.7, 0.8, or 1.0
3285:
Turner, Jefferson T. (2015). "Zooplankton fecal pellets, marine snow, phytodetritus and the ocean's biological pump".
3328:
2526:
2108:
1922:
4425:
1407:
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Life and particulate organic matter in the ocean have fundamentally shaped the planet. On the most basic level,
4420:
1256:
1026:. In addition to nutrient release, decomposers colonizing POM play a role in improving soil structure. Fungal
3423:
Poulsen, L.K. and Iversen, M.H. (2008) "Degradation of copepod fecal pellets: key role of protozooplankton".
1019:
3977:"Sinking rate versus cell volume relationships illuminate sinking rate control mechanisms in marine diatoms"
1279:
775:, which are 0.2–0.8 μm in diameter, are often not captured but should be considered part of POC rather than
1378:
1132:
998:, buffers pH change and can hold cations. Humus is quite slow to decompose and exists in soil for decades.
531:
526:
516:
196:
4131:
Matear, Richard J.; Hirst, Anthony C. (1999). "Climate change feedback on the future oceanic CO2 uptake".
3937:
Alldredge, Alice L.; Silver, Mary W. (1988). "Characteristics, dynamics and significance of marine snow".
1365:. Both size and density affect particle sinking velocity; for example, for sinking velocities that follow
2387:"Ascending marine particles: Significance of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) in the upper ocean"
1089:
586:
484:
184:
2901:
Passow, U.; Sweet, J.; Francis, S.; Xu, C.; Dissanayake, AL; Lin, YY; Santschi, PH; Quigg, A. (2019).
2807:"Dragon kings of the deep sea: Marine particles deviate markedly from the common number-size spectrum"
1772:
Riley, J. S.; Sanders, R.; Marsay, C.; Le Moigne, F. A. C.; Achterberg, E. P.; Poulton, A. J. (2012).
1402:
1022:) during decomposition depends on the biological and chemical characteristics of the POM, such as the
799:
is exported – mainly by gravitational settling – from the surface to the deep ocean and eventually to
4273:"Reviews and syntheses: Bacterial bioluminescence – ecology and impact in the biological carbon pump"
1165:
591:
211:
2542:
Gärdes, Astrid; Iversen, Morten H.; Grossart, Hans-Peter; Passow, Uta; Ullrich, Matthias S. (2011).
2864:"Interactions between microplastics and phytoplankton aggregates: Impact on their respective fates"
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1061:. Suspended organic materials can also serve as a potential vector for the pollution of water with
1023:
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describes the collection of biogeochemical processes associated with the production, sinking, and
1103:
831:. What follows refers to the remaining 85% of the soil organic matter - the non-living component.
2319:
1398:
576:
91:
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Iversen, M.H. and Poulsen, L.K. (2007) "Coprorhexy, coprophagy, and coprochaly in the copepods
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Finkel, Z. V.; Beardall, J.; Flynn, K. J.; Quigg, A.; Rees, T. A. V.; Raven, J. A. (2010).
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Kiørboe, T., Saiz, E. and Visser, A. (1999) "Hydrodynamic signal perception in the copepod
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1990:
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508:
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166:
71:
3096:"Terrestrial carbohydrates support freshwater zooplankton during phytoplankton deficiency"
2103:, pages 159–170, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Melbourne.
1731:"Soothsaying DOM: A Current Perspective on the Future of Oceanic Dissolved Organic Carbon"
1262:
1246:
The dynamics of the particulate organic carbon (POC) pool in the ocean are central to the
8:
2725:"Interactive aggregation and sedimentation of diatoms and clay-sized lithogenic material"
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457:
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2918:
2879:
2822:
2781:
2740:
2701:
2660:
2620:
2559:
2452:
2437:"Diatom flotation at the onset of the spring phytoplankton bloom: An in situ experiment"
2405:
2335:
2138:
1994:
1955:
1875:
1838:
1789:
1623:
4396:
4347:
4248:
4205:
3136:
3095:
3071:
3028:
2839:
2806:
2576:
2543:
2417:
2008:
1940:"Understanding the export of biogenic particles in oceanic waters: Is there consensus?"
1887:
1803:
1436:
1318:
1185:
536:
304:
288:
283:
206:
4018:"Diatom sinkings speeds: Improved predictions and insight from a modified Stokes' law"
3543:
2544:"Diatom-associated bacteria are required for aggregation of Thalassiosira weissflogii"
2343:
1381:, which can dominate particle flux events and sink at velocities exceeding 1,000 m d.
1053:
In poorly-managed soils, particularly on sloped ground, erosion and transport of soil
4339:
4335:
4240:
4197:
3958:
3324:
3141:
3123:
3076:
3058:
2944:"The viscosity effect on marine particle flux: A climate relevant feedback mechanism"
2844:
2581:
2522:
2386:
2104:
2028:"Pathways of Organic Carbon Downward Transport by the Oceanic Biological Carbon Pump"
1918:
1774:"The relative contribution of fast and slow sinking particles to ocean carbon export"
1757:
1334:
1314:
1272:
772:
764:
467:
246:
81:
4400:
4351:
4209:
3349:
2764:
Passow, Uta; de la Rocha, Christina L.; Fairfield, Caitlin; Schmidt, Katrin (2014).
2421:
2012:
1891:
1807:
1297:
using solar energy and produce POC. POC formed in the euphotic zone is processed by
707:
and providing terrestrial material to water bodies. It is a source of food for both
4386:
4367:"Marine snow, organic solute plumes, and optimal chemosensory behavior of bacteria"
4331:
4322:
Kiørboe, Thomas (2011). "How zooplankton feed: Mechanisms, traits and trade-offs".
4292:
4252:
4232:
4187:
4148:
4111:
4078:
4037:
3996:
3954:
3917:
3884:
3854:
3829:
3804:
3775:
3749:
3723:
3698:
3668:
3640:
3615:
3590:
3564:
3539:
3513:
3484:
3458:
3432:
3407:
3370:
3345:
3302:
3259:
3221:
3183:
3173:
3131:
3115:
3066:
3048:
3007:
2966:
2922:
2883:
2834:
2826:
2785:
2744:
2705:
2664:
2624:
2571:
2563:
2498:
2466:
2456:
2409:
2365:
2339:
2288:
2253:
2228:
2203:
2175:
2142:
2039:
1998:
1959:
1910:
1879:
1842:
1793:
1752:
1742:
1701:
1627:
1560:
1534:
1508:
1469:
1346:
1329:
1150:
433:
327:
322:
2887:
2668:
1255:
organic compound structural diversity and isotopic composition, and complementary
751:
Particulate organic carbon (POC) is operationally defined as all combustible, non-
3306:
2943:
1963:
1907:
The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO2 : Natural Variations Archean to Present
1386:
1241:
804:
800:
728:
712:
561:
428:
361:
349:
278:
152:
4152:
2146:
4309:
3250:
Passow, U. and Carlson, C.A. (2012) "The biological pump in a high CO2 world".
3235:
3200:
3162:"Changing Biogeochemistry of the Southern Ocean and Its Ecosystem Implications"
2863:
2502:
2302:
2207:
2189:
2179:
2084:
1715:
1483:
1431:
1366:
1062:
1058:
792:
716:
708:
704:
571:
541:
521:
462:
376:
259:
254:
115:
4391:
4366:
4271:
Tanet, Lisa; Martini, Séverine; Casalot, Laurie; Tamburini, Christian (2020).
4083:
4058:
4042:
4017:
3779:
3753:
3462:
3374:
3012:
2987:
2790:
2765:
2749:
2724:
2709:
2413:
4430:
4414:
3178:
3161:
3127:
3062:
2315:
2292:
2044:
2027:
1747:
1730:
1705:
1665:
1294:
1290:
1177:
1173:
1154:
1034:
1015:
796:
690:
4297:
4272:
4192:
4167:
4116:
4099:
3568:
3053:
2629:
2604:
1473:
50:
4343:
4244:
4201:
3702:
3321:
The carbon cycle and atmospheric CO2: natural variations Archean to present
3145:
3080:
2848:
2585:
2567:
2257:
2232:
1631:
1370:
1197:
1042:
828:
788:
784:
354:
268:
222:
160:
42:
4100:"Phytoplankton in a changing world: Cell size and elemental stoichiometry"
3093:
2434:
1149:
delivering much greater spatial and temporal coverage of particles in the
3906:"Zooplankton fecal pellets, marine snow and sinking phytoplankton blooms"
3644:
3619:
2971:
2805:
Bochdansky, Alexander B.; Clouse, Melissa A.; Herndl, Gerhard J. (2016).
2600:
2435:
Acuña, JL; López-Alvarez, M.; Nogueira, E.; González-Taboada, F. (2010).
2003:
1978:
1847:
1822:
1798:
1773:
1564:
1496:
1354:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1268:
824:
768:
418:
391:
386:
381:
371:
341:
227:
86:
4168:"Saturation of the Southern Ocean CO2 Sink Due to Recent Climate Change"
3488:
3188:
1499:(2002) "Microbial ecology of organic aggregates in aquatic ecosystems".
4001:
3976:
3858:
3833:
3808:
3225:
1914:
1114:) produced within the sunlit euphotic zone (green region extending to z
756:
366:
3922:
3905:
3889:
3872:
3727:
3517:
3436:
3411:
3263:
3119:
2927:
2902:
2830:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2642:
2640:
2471:
2461:
2436:
2380:
2378:
2221:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1512:
4236:
4059:"Size-ascent rate relationships in positively buoyant marine diatoms"
3594:
2369:
2219:
Holland, H.D. (2006) "The oxygenation of the atmosphere and oceans".
1883:
1412:
Carbon fluxes at the level of a gravitational sinking particle
752:
3672:
2675:
2637:
2375:
1374:
1362:
1054:
1027:
780:
693:
4308:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
4165:
3234:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
3199:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
2763:
2301:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
2188:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
1714:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
1482:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
736:
732:
724:
449:
232:
3340:
Giering, S.L. and Humphreys, M.P. (2018) "Biological Pump". In:
1284:
Mean annual POC export at 100 m across the Southern Ocean
3873:"Microbial ecology of organic aggregates in aquatic ecosystems"
3820:
Visser, A.W. (2001) "Hydromechanical signals in the plankton".
1358:
740:
697:
611:
4223:
Azam, Farooq; Long, Richard A. (2001). "Sea snow microcosms".
2942:
Taucher, J.; Bach, L. T.; Riebesell, U.; Oschlies, A. (2014).
4304:
3230:
3195:
2297:
2184:
2083:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
2079:
1821:
Lam, Phoebe J.; Doney, Scott C.; Bishop, James K. B. (2011).
1710:
1478:
991:
932:
686:
606:
4270:
3870:
2941:
2861:
1976:
1727:
1609:
760:
3974:
3871:
Simon, M.; Grossart, HP; Schweitzer, B.; Ploug, H. (2002).
2541:
1771:
1588:(11th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc.
3975:
Waite, A.; Fisher, A.; Thompson, PA; Harrison, PJ (1997).
2985:
2491:
Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
2324:
Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
3026:
2686:
4097:
3532:
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
3451:
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
2690:
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
4310:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
3236:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
3201:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
3158:
2804:
2303:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
2190:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
2124:
2085:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
1716:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
1484:
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 International License
1073:
743:
application, alter the POM content of soil and water.
1223:
1191:
2900:
2766:"Aggregation as a function of and mineral particles"
2384:
1524:
1392:
1153:of the ocean than traditional techniques, such as
1909:. Geophysical Monograph Series. pp. 99–110.
1002:cation exchange capacity and thermal properties.
880: particulate organic matter
859:
4412:
855:
689:or filtration, this fraction includes partially
3936:
3557:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3033:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1553:Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences
4364:
4056:
3685:
3683:
3681:
2484:
2482:
2314:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2095:
2093:
1861:
1820:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
4057:Moore, J. Keith; Villareal, Tracy A. (1996).
3280:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3246:
3244:
2903:"Incorporation of oil into diatom aggregates"
2646:
1305:and their consumers into organic aggregates (
1235:
653:
4365:Kiørboe, Thomas; Jackson, George A. (2001).
4266:
4264:
4262:
4015:
3970:
3968:
3344:, W. White (Ed.) Cham: Springer, pages 1–6.
2598:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
1495:Simon, M., Grossart, H., Schweitzer, B. and
4133:Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology
4130:
3678:
3655:
3653:
2479:
2263:
2090:
1904:
1676:
1403:Biological pump § Bioluminescent shunt
1160:
24:Size and classification of marine particles
4016:Miklasz, Kevin A.; Denny, Mark W. (2010).
3323:, pages 99–110, University of California.
3269:
3241:
3152:
2385:Azetsu-Scott, Kumiko; Passow, Uta (2004).
1140:dynamics to global biogeochemical cycles.
703:POM is readily decomposable, serving many
660:
646:
4390:
4296:
4259:
4191:
4115:
4082:
4041:
4000:
3965:
3921:
3888:
3187:
3177:
3135:
3070:
3052:
3011:
2970:
2926:
2838:
2789:
2748:
2628:
2575:
2470:
2460:
2153:
2043:
2025:
2002:
1937:
1846:
1797:
1756:
1746:
1583:
810:
4222:
3650:
3206:
1406:
1278:
1261:
1102:
1088:
1072:
1048:
791:, but POC is the major pathway by which
17:
4321:
2101:Soil analysis: an interpretation manual
1612:Soil Science Society of America Journal
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1539:10.2136/sssaj1992.03615995005600030017x
1527:Soil Science Society of America Journal
1345:matter is reworked and respired in the
1095:Marine particulate organic carbon (POC)
1005:
597:Territorialisation of carbon governance
4413:
3903:
3284:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1644:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1078:Ocean particulate organic matter (POM)
815:
2514:
2318:; Ralph, Nate; Ross, Edith H (2001).
1670:Soil quality for environmental health
1647:Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis
1638:
1065:, toxic metals or organic compounds.
803:, and is thus a key component of the
602:Total Carbon Column Observing Network
2722:
1570:
1377:and zooplankton and debris, and (2)
1068:
2113:
2052:
1653:
1592:
1210:
952:resistant organic matter
763:glass or quartz fiber filters. The
711:and aquatic organisms and provides
13:
2026:Le Moigne, Frédéric A. C. (2019).
1586:The nature and properties of soils
1584:Brady, N. C.; Weil, R. R. (2007).
1224:Role in the lower aquatic food web
1192:Model of sinking oceanic particles
1108:Model of sinking oceanic particles
857:dissolved organic matter
755:carbon that can be collected on a
14:
4442:
1462:Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics
1309:), which is then exported to the
4336:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00148.x
4303:
3229:
3194:
2296:
2183:
2078:
1938:Boyd, P.W.; Trull, T.W. (2007).
1709:
1477:
1143:
679:Particulate organic carbon (POC)
673:Particulate organic matter (POM)
627:
626:
49:
28:Adapted from Simon et al., 2002.
4358:
4315:
4216:
4159:
4124:
4091:
4050:
4009:
3930:
3897:
3864:
3839:
3814:
3785:
3759:
3733:
3708:
3625:
3600:
3574:
3549:
3523:
3494:
3468:
3442:
3417:
3380:
3355:
3350:10.1007/978-3-319-39193-9_154-1
3334:
3313:
3087:
3020:
2979:
2935:
2894:
2855:
2798:
2757:
2716:
2592:
2535:
2508:
2428:
2350:
2308:
2238:
2213:
2195:
2019:
1970:
1931:
1898:
1855:
1814:
1765:
1721:
1393:Bioluminescent shunt hypothesis
1289:As illustrated in the diagram,
783:material including dead cells,
3981:Marine Ecology Progress Series
3847:Marine Ecology Progress Series
3822:Marine Ecology Progress Series
3797:Marine Ecology Progress Series
3506:Marine Ecology Progress Series
3425:Marine Ecology Progress Series
3400:Marine Ecology Progress Series
3252:Marine Ecology Progress Series
2907:Marine Ecology Progress Series
2441:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1545:
1518:
1489:
1454:
562:Climate reconstruction proxies
1:
3544:10.1016/S0967-0637(99)00052-7
2888:10.1016/j.marchem.2015.04.003
2669:10.1016/j.marchem.2015.04.009
2344:10.1016/S0967-0645(00)00150-8
1447:
844:Soil organic matter
723:, aeration and resistance to
4104:Journal of Plankton Research
3959:10.1016/0079-6611(88)90053-5
3633:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
3608:Geophysical Research Letters
3342:Encyclopedia of Geochemistry
3307:10.1016/j.pocean.2014.08.005
2951:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
1983:Geophysical Research Letters
1964:10.1016/j.pocean.2006.10.007
1827:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
1778:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
1666:"Particulate Organic Matter"
1133:marine biogeochemical cycles
532:Carbonate compensation depth
197:Particulate inorganic carbon
7:
4153:10.3402/tellusb.v51i3.16472
3166:Frontiers in Marine Science
2723:Hamm, Christian E. (2002).
2147:10.1016/j.still.2004.03.008
2032:Frontiers in Marine Science
1735:Frontiers in Marine Science
1694:Frontiers in Marine Science
1425:
863:relatively simple molecules
746:
10:
4447:
4371:Limnology and Oceanography
4063:Limnology and Oceanography
4022:Limnology and Oceanography
3768:Limnology and Oceanography
3742:Limnology and Oceanography
3363:Limnology and Oceanography
2992:Limnology and Oceanography
2770:Limnology and Oceanography
2729:Limnology and Oceanography
2503:10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.12.004
2394:Limnology and Oceanography
2208:10.1016/j.tree.2016.12.003
2180:10.1038/s41598-020-60424-5
2075:Victorian Resources Online
1396:
1293:fix carbon dioxide in the
1239:
1236:The biological carbon pump
1195:
1128:particulate organic matter
865:from decomposing materials
587:Carbon capture and storage
191:Particulate organic carbon
185:Dissolved inorganic carbon
4392:10.4319/lo.2001.46.6.1309
4084:10.4319/lo.1996.41.7.1514
4043:10.4319/lo.2010.55.6.2513
3910:Aquatic Microbial Ecology
3877:Aquatic Microbial Ecology
3780:10.4319/lo.2008.53.5.1878
3754:10.4319/lo.2008.53.2.0469
3463:10.1016/j.dsr.2010.03.007
3375:10.4319/lo.2000.45.1.0087
3013:10.4319/lo.2011.56.3.1130
2791:10.4319/lo.2014.59.2.0532
2750:10.4319/lo.2002.47.6.1790
2710:10.1016/j.dsr.2010.03.007
2414:10.4319/lo.2004.49.3.0741
2127:Soil and Tillage Research
2077:. Updated 23 March 2020.
1758:21.11116/0000-0006-6F5D-7
1501:Aquatic microbial ecology
1379:zooplankton fecal pellets
1321:by zooplankton and fish.
1166:Marine primary production
954:
936:
906:
889:
882:
861:
849:
592:Carbon cycle re-balancing
3939:Progress in Oceanography
3287:Progress in Oceanography
3179:10.3389/fmars.2020.00581
2515:White, Frank M. (2006).
2293:10.3389/fmars.2019.00834
2072:Soil: Forms and Function
2045:10.3389/fmars.2019.00634
1944:Progress in Oceanography
1748:10.3389/fmars.2020.00341
1706:10.3389/fmars.2020.00518
1230:dissolved organic matter
1161:Ocean primary production
996:cation exchange capacity
983:Dissolved organic matter
777:dissolved organic carbon
567:Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio
527:Carbonate–silicate cycle
495:Carbon dioxide clathrate
490:Clathrate gun hypothesis
318:Net ecosystem production
179:Dissolved organic carbon
4426:Environmental chemistry
4298:10.5194/bg-17-3757-2020
4193:10.1126/science.1136188
3716:Journal of Biogeography
3569:10.1073/pnas.1512110112
3392:Pseudocalanus elongatus
3054:10.1073/pnas.1012807108
2630:10.5194/bg-10-4073-2013
1474:10.5194/npg-24-293-2017
1399:Bioluminescent bacteria
1313:(200–1000 m depth) and
1257:molecular omics studies
1176:nutrient inputs to the
577:Deep Carbon Observatory
37:Part of a series on the
3703:10.5194/bg-7-2613-2010
2568:10.1038/ismej.2010.145
2258:10.5194/esd-6-327-2015
2233:10.1098/rstb.2006.1838
1645:Carter, M. R. (1993).
1632:10.2136/sssaj2005.0116
1414:
1326:biological carbon pump
1286:
1276:
1182:regenerated production
1123:
1100:
1086:
811:Terrestrial ecosystems
397:Continental shelf pump
173:Total inorganic carbon
139:Satellite measurements
31:
4421:Chemical oceanography
4117:10.1093/plankt/fbp098
3388:Calanus helgolandicus
2246:Earth System Dynamics
1729:Galy, Valier (2020).
1410:
1299:marine microorganisms
1282:
1265:
1137:Great Oxidation Event
1135:and events, from the
1106:
1092:
1076:
1049:Freshwater ecosystems
719:leading to increased
582:Global Carbon Project
313:Ecosystem respiration
21:
3645:10.1002/2014GB005063
3620:10.1029/2011GL046735
2972:10.1002/2013GB004728
2004:10.1002/2014GL062744
1848:10.1029/2010GB003868
1799:10.1029/2011GB004085
1565:10.1002/2016JG003493
1442:Total organic carbon
1168:can be divided into
1006:Role of POM in soils
867:(< 0.45 microns)
696:and plant material,
411:Carbon sequestration
167:Total organic carbon
4383:2001LimOc..46.1309K
4289:2020BGeo...17.3757T
4184:2007Sci...316.1735L
4178:(5832): 1735–1738.
4145:1999TellB..51..722M
4075:1996LimOc..41.1514M
4034:2010LimOc..55.2513M
3993:1997MEPS..157...97W
3951:1988PrOce..20...41A
3904:Turner, JT (2002).
3563:(39): 12122–12126.
3502:Centropages hamatus
3489:10.1038/nature13123
3299:2015PrOce.130..205T
3112:2016NatSR...630897T
3045:2011PNAS..108.1975C
3004:2011LimOc..56.1130J
2963:2014GBioC..28..415T
2919:2019MEPS..612...65P
2880:2015MarCh.175...39L
2823:2016NatSR...622633B
2782:2014LimOc..59..532P
2741:2002LimOc..47.1790H
2702:2010DSRI...57..771I
2661:2015MarCh.175...18I
2621:2013BGeo...10.4073I
2560:2011ISMEJ...5..436G
2453:2010MEPS..400..115A
2406:2004LimOc..49..741A
2336:2001DSRII..48.1471C
2139:2004STilR..79....7S
1995:2015GeoRL..42..821C
1956:2007PrOce..72..276B
1876:1979Natur.282..677E
1839:2011GBioC..25.3009L
1790:2012GBioC..26.1026R
1624:2006SSASJ..70..975G
1248:marine carbon cycle
1082:imaged by satellite
938:amorphous colloidal
910:(2 mm – 54 micron)
891:litter of plant and
821:Soil organic matter
816:Soil organic matter
731:practices, such as
458:Atmospheric methane
424:Soil carbon storage
274:Reverse Krebs cycle
129:Ocean acidification
4324:Biological Reviews
4002:10.3354/meps157097
3859:10.3354/meps283055
3834:10.3354/meps222001
3809:10.3354/meps179097
3226:10.3390/su10030869
3100:Scientific Reports
2811:Scientific Reports
2518:Viscous Fluid Flow
2330:(8–9): 1471–1505.
2168:Scientific Reports
1915:10.1029/gm032p0099
1437:Particulate matter
1415:
1319:vertical migration
1315:bathypelagic zones
1287:
1277:
1186:nutrient recycling
1124:
1101:
1087:
974:(non‑living)
958:related compounds
942:(< 53 microns)
846:
773:marine prokaryotes
721:water infiltration
537:Great Calcite Belt
485:Aerobic production
305:Carbon respiration
247:Metabolic pathways
207:Primary production
32:
4283:(14): 3757–3778.
4231:(6863): 495–498.
3923:10.3354/ame027057
3890:10.3354/ame028175
3728:10.1111/jbi.13149
3661:Nature Geoscience
3583:Nature Geoscience
3518:10.3354/meps10976
3483:(7493): 480–483.
3437:10.3354/meps07611
3412:10.3354/meps07095
3264:10.3354/meps09985
3120:10.1038/srep30897
2928:10.3354/meps12881
2831:10.1038/srep22633
2462:10.3354/meps08405
2364:(5740): 677–680.
2227:(1470): 903–915.
1870:(5740): 677–680.
1513:10.3354/ame028175
1273:ocean carbon pump
1069:Marine ecosystems
979:
978:
975:
967:
966:
927:
919:
918:
875:
670:
669:
468:Methane emissions
124:In the atmosphere
29:
4438:
4405:
4404:
4394:
4377:(6): 1309–1318.
4362:
4356:
4355:
4319:
4313:
4307:
4302:
4300:
4268:
4257:
4256:
4237:10.1038/35107174
4220:
4214:
4213:
4195:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4069:(7): 1514–1520.
4054:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4028:(6): 2513–2525.
4013:
4007:
4006:
4004:
3972:
3963:
3962:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3868:
3862:
3843:
3837:
3818:
3812:
3789:
3783:
3774:(5): 1878–1886.
3763:
3757:
3737:
3731:
3712:
3706:
3687:
3676:
3657:
3648:
3639:(7): 1044–1059.
3629:
3623:
3604:
3598:
3595:10.1038/ngeo3042
3578:
3572:
3553:
3547:
3527:
3521:
3498:
3492:
3472:
3466:
3446:
3440:
3421:
3415:
3384:
3378:
3359:
3353:
3338:
3332:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3282:
3267:
3248:
3239:
3233:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3193:
3191:
3181:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3139:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3074:
3056:
3039:(5): 1975–1980.
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
2998:(3): 1130–1140.
2983:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2948:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2868:Marine Chemistry
2859:
2853:
2852:
2842:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2735:(6): 1790–1795.
2720:
2714:
2713:
2684:
2673:
2672:
2649:Marine Chemistry
2644:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2615:(6): 4073–4085.
2599:Iversen, M. H.;
2596:
2590:
2589:
2579:
2548:The ISME Journal
2539:
2533:
2532:
2512:
2506:
2486:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2464:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2391:
2382:
2373:
2370:10.1038/282677a0
2354:
2348:
2347:
2316:Conte, Maureen H
2312:
2306:
2300:
2284:
2261:
2242:
2236:
2217:
2211:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2164:
2151:
2150:
2122:
2111:
2097:
2088:
2082:
2069:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2006:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1884:10.1038/282677a0
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1801:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1750:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1689:
1674:
1673:
1662:
1651:
1650:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1607:
1590:
1589:
1581:
1568:
1559:(5): 1175–1191.
1549:
1543:
1542:
1522:
1516:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1458:
1347:mesopelagic zone
1330:remineralization
1267:Central role of
1211:Sinking velocity
1151:mesopelagic zone
973:
925:
893:herbivore origin
885:
884:
873:
852:
851:
839:
838:
662:
655:
648:
635:
630:
629:
434:pelagic sediment
328:Soil respiration
323:Photorespiration
53:
34:
33:
27:
4446:
4445:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4408:
4363:
4359:
4320:
4316:
4269:
4260:
4221:
4217:
4164:
4160:
4129:
4125:
4096:
4092:
4055:
4051:
4014:
4010:
3973:
3966:
3935:
3931:
3902:
3898:
3869:
3865:
3844:
3840:
3819:
3815:
3790:
3786:
3764:
3760:
3738:
3734:
3713:
3709:
3688:
3679:
3673:10.1038/ngeo612
3658:
3651:
3630:
3626:
3605:
3601:
3589:(11): 852–858.
3579:
3575:
3554:
3550:
3528:
3524:
3499:
3495:
3473:
3469:
3447:
3443:
3422:
3418:
3396:Oithona similis
3385:
3381:
3360:
3356:
3339:
3335:
3318:
3314:
3283:
3270:
3249:
3242:
3211:
3207:
3157:
3153:
3092:
3088:
3025:
3021:
2984:
2980:
2946:
2940:
2936:
2899:
2895:
2860:
2856:
2803:
2799:
2762:
2758:
2721:
2717:
2685:
2676:
2645:
2638:
2597:
2593:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2521:. McGraw-Hill.
2513:
2509:
2487:
2480:
2433:
2429:
2389:
2383:
2376:
2355:
2351:
2313:
2309:
2285:
2264:
2243:
2239:
2218:
2214:
2200:
2196:
2165:
2154:
2123:
2114:
2098:
2091:
2070:
2053:
2024:
2020:
1975:
1971:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1903:
1899:
1860:
1856:
1819:
1815:
1770:
1766:
1726:
1722:
1690:
1677:
1664:
1663:
1654:
1643:
1639:
1608:
1593:
1582:
1571:
1550:
1546:
1523:
1519:
1494:
1490:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1428:
1413:
1405:
1395:
1317:by sinking and
1285:
1275:
1253:
1244:
1242:Biological pump
1238:
1226:
1213:
1200:
1194:
1163:
1146:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1097:
1085:
1079:
1071:
1051:
1008:
980:
968:
957:
941:
939:
920:
909:
894:
892:
866:
864:
818:
813:
805:biological pump
749:
729:Soil management
666:
625:
618:
617:
616:
556:
548:
547:
546:
511:
501:
500:
499:
452:
442:
441:
440:
429:Marine sediment
413:
403:
402:
401:
362:Solubility pump
350:Biological pump
344:
334:
333:
332:
307:
297:
296:
295:
279:Carbon fixation
264:
249:
239:
238:
237:
218:
202:
155:
153:Forms of carbon
145:
144:
143:
118:
108:
107:
106:
61:
30:
26:
12:
11:
5:
4444:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4407:
4406:
4357:
4330:(2): 311–339.
4314:
4277:Biogeosciences
4258:
4215:
4158:
4139:(3): 722–733.
4123:
4090:
4049:
4008:
3964:
3929:
3896:
3863:
3838:
3813:
3784:
3758:
3748:(2): 469–476.
3732:
3722:(2): 500–514.
3707:
3691:Biogeosciences
3677:
3667:(9): 630–635.
3649:
3624:
3599:
3573:
3548:
3538:(1): 137–158.
3522:
3493:
3467:
3457:(6): 771–784.
3441:
3416:
3379:
3354:
3333:
3312:
3268:
3240:
3214:Sustainability
3205:
3151:
3086:
3019:
2978:
2957:(4): 415–422.
2934:
2893:
2854:
2797:
2776:(2): 532–547.
2756:
2715:
2696:(6): 771–784.
2674:
2636:
2609:Biogeosciences
2591:
2554:(3): 436–445.
2534:
2527:
2507:
2478:
2427:
2400:(3): 741–748.
2374:
2349:
2307:
2262:
2252:(1): 327–358.
2237:
2212:
2194:
2152:
2112:
2089:
2051:
2018:
1989:(3): 821–830.
1969:
1950:(4): 276–312.
1930:
1923:
1897:
1854:
1813:
1764:
1720:
1675:
1652:
1637:
1618:(3): 975–985.
1591:
1569:
1544:
1533:(3): 777–783.
1517:
1488:
1468:(2): 293–305.
1452:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1432:Microbial loop
1427:
1424:
1411:
1394:
1391:
1283:
1266:
1251:
1240:Main article:
1237:
1234:
1225:
1222:
1212:
1209:
1193:
1190:
1170:new production
1162:
1159:
1155:sediment traps
1145:
1142:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1093:
1077:
1070:
1067:
1063:fecal bacteria
1059:eutrophication
1050:
1047:
1007:
1004:
977:
976:
970:
969:
965:
964:
961:
960:
953:
949:
948:
945:
944:
935:
929:
928:
922:
921:
917:
916:
913:
912:
905:
902:
901:
898:
897:
888:
883:
881:
877:
876:
870:
869:
860:
850:
848:
837:
825:organic carbon
817:
814:
812:
809:
793:organic carbon
748:
745:
717:soil structure
709:soil organisms
705:soil functions
668:
667:
665:
664:
657:
650:
642:
639:
638:
637:
636:
620:
619:
615:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
572:Deep biosphere
569:
564:
558:
557:
554:
553:
550:
549:
545:
544:
542:Redfield ratio
539:
534:
529:
524:
522:Nutrient cycle
519:
513:
512:
509:Biogeochemical
507:
506:
503:
502:
498:
497:
492:
487:
482:
481:
480:
475:
465:
463:Methanogenesis
460:
454:
453:
448:
447:
444:
443:
439:
438:
437:
436:
426:
421:
415:
414:
409:
408:
405:
404:
400:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
377:Microbial loop
374:
369:
364:
359:
358:
357:
346:
345:
340:
339:
336:
335:
331:
330:
325:
320:
315:
309:
308:
303:
302:
299:
298:
294:
293:
292:
291:
286:
276:
271:
265:
263:
262:
260:Chemosynthesis
257:
255:Photosynthesis
251:
250:
245:
244:
241:
240:
236:
235:
230:
225:
219:
217:
216:
215:
214:
203:
201:
200:
194:
188:
182:
176:
170:
164:
157:
156:
151:
150:
147:
146:
142:
141:
136:
131:
126:
120:
119:
116:Carbon dioxide
114:
113:
110:
109:
105:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
63:
62:
59:
58:
55:
54:
46:
45:
39:
38:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4443:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4402:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4361:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4318:
4311:
4306:
4299:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4219:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4162:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4127:
4118:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4094:
4085:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4053:
4044:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4012:
4003:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3971:
3969:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3933:
3924:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3900:
3891:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3842:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3817:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3793:Acartia tonsa
3788:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3704:
3700:
3697:: 2613–2624.
3696:
3692:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3656:
3654:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3577:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3497:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3420:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3330:
3329:9780875900605
3326:
3322:
3316:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3202:
3197:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3155:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3090:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3023:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2982:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2897:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2858:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2801:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2641:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2530:
2528:9780071244930
2524:
2520:
2519:
2511:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2483:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2431:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2379:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2110:
2109:9780643063761
2106:
2102:
2096:
2094:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2073:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1926:
1924:9781118664322
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1724:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1648:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1587:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1390:
1388:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1371:fecal pellets
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1348:
1342:
1338:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1295:euphotic zone
1292:
1291:phytoplankton
1281:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1260:
1258:
1249:
1243:
1233:
1231:
1221:
1217:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1178:euphotic zone
1175:
1174:allochthonous
1171:
1167:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1144:Measuring POM
1141:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1105:
1096:
1091:
1083:
1075:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1035:crop residues
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:decomposition
1012:
1003:
999:
997:
993:
989:
986:
984:
972:
971:
963:
962:
959:
956:charcoals and
951:
950:
947:
946:
943:
934:
931:
930:
924:
923:
915:
914:
911:
904:
903:
900:
899:
896:
887:
886:
879:
878:
872:
871:
868:
858:
854:
853:
847:
845:
841:
840:
836:
832:
830:
826:
822:
808:
806:
802:
798:
797:phytoplankton
794:
790:
786:
785:fecal pellets
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
701:
699:
695:
692:
688:
683:
680:
676:
674:
663:
658:
656:
651:
649:
644:
643:
641:
640:
634:
624:
623:
622:
621:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
559:
552:
551:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
517:Marine cycles
515:
514:
510:
505:
504:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
479:
476:
474:
471:
470:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
455:
451:
446:
445:
435:
432:
431:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
416:
412:
407:
406:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
356:
353:
352:
351:
348:
347:
343:
338:
337:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
310:
306:
301:
300:
290:
287:
285:
282:
281:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
266:
261:
258:
256:
253:
252:
248:
243:
242:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
220:
213:
210:
209:
208:
205:
204:
198:
195:
192:
189:
186:
183:
180:
177:
174:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
154:
149:
148:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
121:
117:
112:
111:
103:
100:
98:
97:Boreal forest
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
64:
57:
56:
52:
48:
47:
44:
41:
40:
36:
35:
25:
20:
16:
4374:
4370:
4360:
4327:
4323:
4317:
4280:
4276:
4228:
4224:
4218:
4175:
4171:
4161:
4136:
4132:
4126:
4107:
4103:
4093:
4066:
4062:
4052:
4025:
4021:
4011:
3984:
3980:
3945:(1): 41–82.
3942:
3938:
3932:
3913:
3909:
3899:
3880:
3876:
3866:
3850:
3846:
3841:
3825:
3821:
3816:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3787:
3771:
3767:
3761:
3745:
3741:
3735:
3719:
3715:
3710:
3694:
3690:
3664:
3660:
3636:
3632:
3627:
3611:
3607:
3602:
3586:
3582:
3576:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3535:
3531:
3525:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3496:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3369:(1): 87–97.
3366:
3362:
3357:
3341:
3336:
3320:
3315:
3290:
3286:
3255:
3251:
3217:
3213:
3208:
3189:11336/128446
3169:
3165:
3154:
3103:
3099:
3089:
3036:
3032:
3022:
2995:
2991:
2981:
2954:
2950:
2937:
2910:
2906:
2896:
2871:
2867:
2857:
2814:
2810:
2800:
2773:
2769:
2759:
2732:
2728:
2718:
2693:
2689:
2652:
2648:
2612:
2608:
2594:
2551:
2547:
2537:
2517:
2510:
2494:
2490:
2444:
2440:
2430:
2397:
2393:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2327:
2323:
2310:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2197:
2171:
2167:
2130:
2126:
2100:
2074:
2035:
2031:
2021:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1906:
1900:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1830:
1826:
1816:
1781:
1777:
1767:
1738:
1734:
1723:
1697:
1693:
1669:
1649:. CRC Press.
1646:
1640:
1615:
1611:
1585:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1504:
1500:
1491:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1420:
1416:
1383:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1323:
1301:(microbes),
1288:
1245:
1227:
1218:
1214:
1205:
1201:
1198:Martin curve
1181:
1169:
1164:
1147:
1127:
1125:
1094:
1052:
1043:soil quality
1032:
1013:
1009:
1000:
990:
987:
981:
955:
937:
907:
895:(< 2 mm)
890:
862:
842:
833:
829:carbon cycle
819:
795:produced by
789:carbon cycle
750:
702:
684:
678:
677:
672:
671:
355:Martin curve
342:Carbon pumps
269:Calvin cycle
223:Black carbon
190:
161:Total carbon
102:Geochemistry
43:Carbon cycle
23:
15:
4110:: 119–137.
3883:: 175–211.
3293:: 205–248.
3258:: 249–271.
2497:: 116–125.
2447:: 115–125.
2174:(1): 1–16.
2133:(1): 7–31.
1507:: 175–211.
1367:Stokes' Law
1355:marine snow
1311:mesopelagic
1307:marine snow
1303:zooplankton
1269:marine snow
1228:Along with
1020:mineralized
769:zooplankton
419:Carbon sink
382:Viral shunt
372:Marine snow
228:Blue carbon
82:Deep carbon
77:Atmospheric
67:Terrestrial
4415:Categories
3987:: 97–108.
3916:: 57–102.
3803:: 97–111.
3220:(3): 869.
2472:10651/7011
1833:(3): n/a.
1784:(1): n/a.
1448:References
1397:See also:
1196:See also:
1039:substrates
767:of living
691:decomposed
392:Whale pump
387:Jelly pump
367:Lipid pump
92:Permafrost
60:By regions
3853:: 55–71.
3512:: 61–70.
3406:: 79–89.
3128:2045-2322
3106:: 30897.
3063:0027-8424
2913:: 65–86.
2874:: 39–46.
2817:: 22633.
2655:: 18–27.
2601:Ploug, H.
1497:Ploug, H.
1024:C:N ratio
940:particles
801:sediments
753:carbonate
713:nutrients
4401:86713938
4352:25218654
4344:20682007
4245:11734832
4210:34642281
4202:17510327
3828:: 1–24.
3431:: 1–13.
3146:27510848
3081:21245299
2849:26940454
2603:(2013).
2586:20827289
2422:32205017
2013:53508151
1892:42385900
1808:41836211
1426:See also
1387:food web
1375:protozoa
1363:frustule
1055:sediment
1028:mycelium
908:detritus
781:detrital
747:Overview
694:detritus
633:Category
4379:Bibcode
4285:Bibcode
4253:5091015
4180:Bibcode
4172:Science
4141:Bibcode
4071:Bibcode
4030:Bibcode
3989:Bibcode
3947:Bibcode
3295:Bibcode
3137:4980614
3108:Bibcode
3072:3033307
3041:Bibcode
3000:Bibcode
2959:Bibcode
2915:Bibcode
2876:Bibcode
2840:4778057
2819:Bibcode
2778:Bibcode
2737:Bibcode
2698:Bibcode
2657:Bibcode
2617:Bibcode
2577:3105730
2556:Bibcode
2449:Bibcode
2402:Bibcode
2332:Bibcode
2135:Bibcode
1991:Bibcode
1952:Bibcode
1872:Bibcode
1835:Bibcode
1786:Bibcode
1700:: 518.
1672:. NRCS.
1620:Bibcode
1373:, live
1335:biomass
1271:in the
1084:in 2011
765:biomass
737:compost
733:tillage
725:erosion
687:sieving
478:Wetland
450:Methane
233:Kerogen
134:Removal
4399:
4350:
4342:
4251:
4243:
4225:Nature
4208:
4200:
3477:Nature
3394:, and
3327:
3144:
3134:
3126:
3079:
3069:
3061:
2847:
2837:
2584:
2574:
2525:
2420:
2358:Nature
2107:
2011:
1921:
1890:
1864:Nature
1806:
1359:diatom
1180:, and
757:filter
741:manure
698:pollen
631:
612:CO2SYS
473:Arctic
212:marine
72:Marine
4397:S2CID
4348:S2CID
4249:S2CID
4206:S2CID
3614:(4).
2947:(PDF)
2418:S2CID
2390:(PDF)
2009:S2CID
1888:S2CID
1804:S2CID
1184:from
1172:from
992:Humus
933:humus
926:(POM)
874:(DOM)
607:C4MIP
555:Other
199:(PIC)
193:(POC)
187:(DIC)
181:(DOC)
175:(TIC)
169:(TOC)
4431:Soil
4340:PMID
4241:PMID
4198:PMID
3325:ISBN
3142:PMID
3124:ISSN
3077:PMID
3059:ISSN
2845:PMID
2582:PMID
2523:ISBN
2105:ISBN
1919:ISBN
1401:and
1324:The
1014:The
735:and
163:(TC)
87:Soil
4387:doi
4332:doi
4293:doi
4233:doi
4229:414
4188:doi
4176:316
4149:doi
4112:doi
4079:doi
4038:doi
3997:doi
3985:157
3955:doi
3918:doi
3885:doi
3855:doi
3851:283
3830:doi
3826:222
3805:doi
3801:179
3795:".
3776:doi
3750:doi
3724:doi
3699:doi
3669:doi
3641:doi
3616:doi
3591:doi
3565:doi
3561:112
3540:doi
3514:doi
3510:516
3504:".
3485:doi
3481:507
3459:doi
3433:doi
3429:367
3408:doi
3404:350
3398:".
3371:doi
3346:doi
3303:doi
3291:130
3260:doi
3256:470
3222:doi
3184:hdl
3174:doi
3132:PMC
3116:doi
3067:PMC
3049:doi
3037:108
3008:doi
2967:doi
2923:doi
2911:612
2884:doi
2872:175
2835:PMC
2827:doi
2786:doi
2745:doi
2706:doi
2665:doi
2653:175
2625:doi
2572:PMC
2564:doi
2499:doi
2495:138
2467:hdl
2457:doi
2445:400
2410:doi
2366:doi
2362:282
2340:doi
2289:doi
2254:doi
2229:doi
2225:361
2204:doi
2176:doi
2143:doi
2040:doi
1999:doi
1960:doi
1911:doi
1880:doi
1868:282
1843:doi
1794:doi
1753:hdl
1743:doi
1702:doi
1628:doi
1561:doi
1557:122
1535:doi
1509:doi
1470:doi
1120:dis
1080:as
4417::
4395:.
4385:.
4375:46
4373:.
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4328:86
4326:.
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