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improving gait speed, the base of support, stride length, and trunk and arm-swing movement. Strategies include using assistive equipment (pole walking and treadmill walking), verbal cueing (manual, visual, and auditory), exercises (marching and PNF patterns), and altering environments (surfaces, inputs, open vs. closed). Strengthening exercises have shown improvements in strength and motor function for people with primary muscular weakness and weakness related to inactivity with mild to moderate PD, but reports show an interaction between strength and the time the medications were taken. Therefore, people with PD should perform exercises 45 minutes to one hour after medications when they are capable. Deep diaphragmatic breathing exercises are beneficial in improving chest-wall mobility and vital capacity decreased by a forward flexed posture and respiratory dysfunctions in advanced PD. Exercise may improve constipation. Whether exercise reduces physical fatigue in PD remains unclear.
1983:
3696:
3587:
1526:
3153:
3705:
1517:
2026:. The Queen Square Brain Bank criteria require slowness of movement (bradykinesia) plus either rigidity, resting tremor, or postural instability. Other possible causes of these symptoms need to be ruled out. Finally, three or more of the following supportive symptoms are required during onset or evolution: unilateral onset, tremor at rest, progression in time, asymmetry of motor symptoms, response to levodopa for at least five years, the clinical course of at least ten years and appearance of dyskinesias induced by the intake of excessive levodopa. Assessment of
1951:(BBB) and release more proinflammatory cytokines, like interferon-γ (IFNγ), TNFα, and IL-1β. Mast cell degranulation and subsequent proinflammatory cytokine release is implicated in BBB breakdown in PD. Another immune cell implicated in PD are peripheral monocytes and have been found in the substantia nigra of people with PD. These monocytes can lead to more dopaminergic connection breakdown. In addition, monocytes isolated from people with Parkinson's disease express higher levels of the PD-associated protein, LRRK2, compared with non-PD individuals via
2458:, due to its notable risk of complications. However, levodopa-related dyskinesias still correlate more strongly with the duration and severity of the disease than the duration of levodopa treatment. A careful consideration of the risks and benefits of starting treatment is crucial to optimize patient outcomes. In the middle stages of Parkinson's disease, the primary aim is to reduce patient symptoms. Episodes of medication overuse or any sudden withdrawals from medication must be promptly managed. If medications prove ineffective, surgery (such as
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3013:, prognistication can be difficult and prognoses can be highly variable. On average, life expectancy is reduced in those with Parkinson's, with younger age of onset resulting in greater life expectancy decreases. Although PD subtype categorization is controversial, the 2017 Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative study identified three broad scorable subtypes of increasing severity and more rapid progression: mild-motor predominant, intermediate, and diffuse malignant. Mean years of survival post diagnosis were 20.2, 13.1, and 8.1.
2186:
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2812:. DBS of the globus pallidus interna improves motor function, while DBS of the thalamic DBS improves tremor, but has little impact on bradykinesia or rigidity. DBS of the subthalamic nucleus is usually avoided if a history of depression or neurocognitive impairment is present. DBS of the subthalamic nucleus is associated with a reduction in medication. Pedunculopontine nucleus DBS remains experimental at present. Generally, DBS is associated with 30–60% improvement in motor score evaluations.
2715:, an enzyme that breaks down dopamine. They have been found to help alleviate motor symptoms when used as monotherapy (on their own); when used in conjunction with levodopa, time spent in the off phase is reduced. Selegiline has been shown to delay the need for beginning levodopa, suggesting that it might be neuroprotective and slow the progression of the disease. An initial study indicated that selegiline in combination with levodopa increased the risk of death, but this has been refuted.
712:
1212:
3144:
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81:
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107:
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state"), and phases with poor response to medication and increased PD symptoms ("off state"). Using lower doses of levodopa may reduce the risk and severity of these levodopa-induced complications. A former strategy, called "drug holidays", to reduce levodopa-related dyskinesia and fluctuations was to withdraw levodopa medication for some time, which can bring on dangerous side-effects such as
2608:
2797:, which sends electrical impulses to specific parts of the brain. DBS is recommended for people who have PD with motor fluctuations and tremor inadequately controlled by medication, or to those who are intolerant to medication lacking severe neuropsychiatric problems. Other less common surgical therapies involve intentional formation of lesions to suppress overactivity of specific
2550:
2170:(CBS). PSP predominantly involves rigidity, early falls, bulbar symptoms, and vertical gaze restriction; it can be associated with frontotemporal dementia symptoms. CBS involves asymmetric parkinsonism, dystonia, alien limb, and myoclonic jerking. Presentation timelines and associated symptoms can help differentiate similar movement disorders from idiopathic Parkinson disease.
2014:
and ruled out appropriately to begin a different treatment and disease progression (anti-Parkinson's medications are typically less effective at controlling symptoms in
Parkinson-plus syndromes). Faster progression rates, early cognitive dysfunction or postural instability, minimal tremor, or symmetry at onset may indicate a Parkinson-plus disease rather than PD itself.
3663:(COMT – the enzyme that converts L-DOPA to dopamine). No safety concerns have been reported but the approaches have largely failed in phase two clinical trials. The delivery of GAD showed promise in phase two trials in 2011, but while effective at improving motor function, was inferior to DBS. Follow-up studies in the same cohort have suggested persistent improvement.
2631:. Tolcapone has been available for but its usefulness is limited by possible liver damage complications requiring liver-function monitoring. Entacapone and opicapone cause little alteration to liver function. Licensed preparations of entacapone contain entacapone alone or in combination with carbidopa and levodopa. Opicapone is a once-daily COMT inhibitor.
1084:. It is associated with dopaminergic drugs used to treat the motor symptoms, higher morbidity, mortality, a decrease in health-promoting behaviors, and longer nursing home stays. Additionally, it correlates with depression and may herald onset of dementia in advanced stages. Unlike other psychotic forms, PDP typically presents with a clear
1019:. Some of them, such as depression and anxiety, are known to precede characteristic motor signs by up to several years and may herald the development of PD, while most of them worsen as the disease progresses. Research indicates that patients with more severe motor symptoms are at higher risk for any NPS. Conversely, NPS can worsen PD.
2935:. In advanced stages, additional intake of low-protein products such as bread or pasta is recommended for similar reasons. To minimize interaction with proteins, levodopa should be taken 30 minutes before meals. At the same time, regimens for PD restrict proteins during breakfast and lunch, allowing protein intake in the evening.
2691:) are useful for people in the initial stages and possibly to control off states in those in advanced states. Due to an increased risk of cardiac fibrosis with ergot-derived dopamine agonists (bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergocryptine, lisuride, and pergolide), they should only be considered for adjunct therapy to levodopa.
855:, and secondarily to bone fractures, thus, reduced mobility and quality of life. PI is absent in the initial stages and usually occurs 10–15 years after first diagnosis. Within the first three years after disease onset, PI may indicate atypical parkinsonism. Together with bradykinesia and rigidity, it is responsible for the
3210:—began expanding Parkinson's description, adding bradykinesia as one of the four cardinal symptoms. In 1877, Charcot renamed the disease after Parkinson, as not all patients displayed the tremor suggested by "shaking palsy". Subsequent neurologists who made early advances to the understanding of Parkinson's include
2919:(prolonged emptying of stomach contents). A balanced diet, based on periodical nutritional assessments, is recommended, and should be designed to avoid weight loss or gain and minimize the consequences of gastrointestinal dysfunction. As the disease advances, swallowing difficulties (dysphagia) may appear. Using
3419:
A study based on 2017 data estimated the US economic PD burden at $ 51.9 billion, including direct medical costs of $ 25.4 billion and $ 26.5 billion in indirect and non-medical costs. The projected total economic burden surpasses $ 79 billion by 2037. These findings highlight the
3107:
Relative to Europe and North
America, disease prevalence is lower in Africa—especially sub-Saharan Africa—but similar in Latin America. Although China is predicted to have nearly half of the global Parkinson's population by 2030, estimates of prevalence in Asia have varied. Potential explanations for
2844:
techniques. As for gait and addressing the challenges associated with the disease such as hypokinesia, shuffling, and decreased arm swing, physiotherapists have a variety of strategies to improve functional mobility and safety. Areas of interest concerning gait during rehabilitation programs focus on
2776:
Treating motor symptoms with surgery was once a common practice but the discovery of levodopa has decreased the amount of procedures. Studies have led to great improvements in surgical techniques, so surgery can be used in people with advanced PD for whom drug therapy is no longer sufficient. Surgery
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Though dopamine agonists are less effective than levodopa at controlling PD motor symptoms, they are effective enough to manage these symptoms in the first years of treatment. Dyskinesias due to dopamine agonists are rare in younger people who have PD, but along with other complications, become more
2930:
Levodopa and proteins use the same transportation system in the intestine and the blood–brain barrier, thereby competing for access. Taking them together results in reduced effectiveness of the drug. Therefore, when levodopa is introduced, excessive protein consumption is discouraged in favour of a
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During the course of PD, affected people can experience a wearing-off phenomenon, where a recurrence of symptoms occurs after a dose of levodopa, but right before their next dose. Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) is a protein that degrades levodopa before it can cross the blood–brain barrier and
2586:
are dopa decarboxylase inhibitors that fail to cross the blood–brain barrier and inhibit the conversion of levodopa to dopamine outside the brain, reducing side-effects and improving the availability of levodopa for passage into the brain. One of these drugs is usually taken along with levodopa and
2013:
Multiple causes can occur for parkinsonism or diseases that look similar. Stroke, certain medications, and toxins can cause "secondary parkinsonism" and need to be assessed during visit. Parkinson-plus syndromes, such as progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophy, must be considered
3366:
For some people with PD, masked facial expressions and difficulty moderating facial expressions of emotion or recognizing other people's facial expressions can impact social well-being. As the condition progresses, tremor, other motor symptoms, difficulty communicating, or issues with mobility may
2679:
Dopamine agonists produce side effects, including drowsiness, hallucinations, insomnia, nausea, and constipation. Side effects appear with minimal clinically effective doses giving the physician reason to search for a different drug. Agonists have been related to impulse-control disorders (such as
2831:
with or without physical therapy can be beneficial to maintain and improve mobility, flexibility, strength, gait speed, and quality of life. When an exercise program is performed under the supervision of a physiotherapist, more improvements occur in motor symptoms, mental and emotional functions,
2735:
may be useful as treatment of motor symptoms, but evidence for use is lacking. Anticholinergics should not be used for dyskinesia or motor fluctuations but may be considered topically for drooling. A diverse range of symptoms beyond those related to motor function can be treated pharmaceutically.
1934:
Activated microglia influence the activation of astrocytes, converting their neuroprotective phenotype to a neurotoxic one. Astrocytes in healthy brains serve to protect neuronal connections. In
Parkinson's disease, astrocytes cannot protect the dopaminergic connections in the striatum. Microglia
3742:
In contrast to other neurodegenerative disorders, many
Parkinson's symptoms can be attributed to the loss of a single cell type: mesencephalic dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Consequently, DA neuron regeneration is a promising therapeutic approach. Although most initial research sought to generate DA
2835:
In improving flexibility and range of motion for people experiencing rigidity, generalized relaxation techniques such as gentle rocking have been found to decrease excessive muscle tension. Other effective techniques to promote relaxation include slow rotational movements of the extremities and
2639:
Dopamine agonists that bind to dopamine receptors in the brain have similar effects to levodopa. These were initially used as a complementary therapy to levodopa for individuals experiencing levodopa complications (on-off fluctuations and dyskinesias); they are mainly used on their own as first
3675:
that primes the human immune system to destroy alpha-synuclein, PD01A, entered clinical trials and a phase one report in 2020 suggested safety and tolerability. In 2018, an antibody, PRX002/RG7935, showed preliminary safety evidence in stage I trials supporting continuation to stage II trials.
2037:
When PD diagnoses are checked by autopsy, movement disorders experts are found on average to be 79.6% accurate at initial assessment and 83.9% accurate after refining diagnoses at follow-up examinations. When clinical diagnoses performed mainly by nonexperts are checked by autopsy, the average
2590:
Prolonged use of levodopa is associated with the development of complications, such as involuntary movements (dyskinesias) and fluctuations in the impact of the medication. When fluctuations occur, a person can cycle through phases with good response to medication and reduced PD symptoms ("on
2595:
and is discouraged. Most people with PD eventually need levodopa and later develop levodopa-induced fluctuations and dyskinesias. Adverse effects of levodopa, including dyskinesias, may mistakenly influence people affected by the disease and sometimes their healthcare professionals to delay
2116:
scans. It has shown high agreement with clinical diagnoses of PD. Reduced dopamine-related activity in the basal ganglia can help exclude drug-induced
Parkinsonism. This finding is nonspecific and can be seen with both PD and Parkinson-plus disorders. In the United States, DaTSCANs are only
2291:
Exercise—one of the most common recommendations to prevent or delay
Parkinson's—may exert a neuroprotective effect. In animal studies investigating the cellular basis, exercise has been found to increase neurotrophic growth factor expression and to reduce alpha-synuclein expression,
2077:
has shown potential in distinguishing between PD and
Parkinson-plus syndromes, as well as between PD motor subtypes, though its diagnostic value is still under investigation. CT and MRI are used to rule out other diseases that can be secondary causes of parkinsonism, most commonly
2883:
The goal of palliative care is to improve quality of life for both the patient and family by providing relief from the symptoms and stress of illnesses. As
Parkinson's is uncurable, treatments focus on slowing decline and improving quality of life and are therefore palliative.
8124:
Cho SJ, Bae YJ, Kim JM, Kim D, Baik SH, Sunwoo L, et al. (March 2021). "Diagnostic performance of neuromelanin-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging for patients with
Parkinson's disease and factor analysis for its heterogeneity: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
3707:
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daily living activities, and quality of life compared with a self-supervised exercise program at home. Clinical exercises may be an effective intervention targeting overall well-being of individuals with
Parkinson's. Improvement in motor function and depression may happen.
3415:
and nursing homes, while the share coming from medication was substantially lower. Indirect costs are high, due to reduced productivity and the burden on caregivers. In addition to economic costs, PD reduces quality of life of those with the disease and their caregivers.
2562:
Levodopa is usually the first drug of choice when treating Parkinson's disease and has been the most widely used PD treatment since the 1980s. The motor symptoms of PD are the result of reduced dopamine production in the brain's basal ganglia. Dopamine fails to cross the
1650:, pars reticulata and internal globus pallidus. This reduction in inhibition allows the subthalamic nucleus to excite internal globus pallidus and pars reticulata, which in turn inhibit thalamic activity, thereby suppressing excitatory signals to the motor cortex.
3016:
Around 30% of Parkinson's patients develop dementia, and is 12 times more likely to occur in elderly patients of those with severe PD. Dementia is less likely to arise in patients with tremor-dominant PD. Parkinson's disease dementia is associated with a reduced
809:", the tendency of the index finger and thumb to touch and perform a circular movement that reminds of the early pharmaceutical technique of manually making pills. Despite it being the most noticeable sign, tremor is present in only about 70–90 percent of cases.
12857:
Volc D, Poewe W, Kutzelnigg A, Lührs P, Thun-Hohenstein C, Schneeberger A, et al. (July 2020). "Safety and immunogenicity of the α-synuclein active immunotherapeutic PD01A in patients with Parkinson's disease: a randomised, single-blinded, phase 1 trial".
1014:
symptoms (NPS) are common and range from mild disturbances to severe impairment, comprising abnormalities in cognition, mood, behavior, or thought which can interfere with daily activities, reduce quality of life, and increase the risk for admission to a
2826:
Exercise programs are recommended in people with PD and recent reviews (2024) have demonstrated their efficacy. Some evidence shows that speech or mobility problems can improve with rehabilitation, although studies are scarce and of low quality. Regular
2855:
in people with PD after exercising with manual putty. Improvements in both manual dexterity and strength can have a favorable impact on people with Parkinson's disease, fostering increased independence in daily activities that require grasping objects.
833:, also referred to as rigor or "stiffness", is the increased resistance during passive mobilization of a limb affecting up to 89 percent of cases. It usually occurs after onset of tremor and bradykinesia on one or both sides of the body and can lead to
3367:
interfere with social engagement, causing individuals with PD to feel isolated. Public perception and awareness of PD symptoms such as shaking, hallucinating, slurring speech, and being off balance is lacking in some countries and can lead to stigma.
9364:
Yan Z, Wang W, Tao X, Cheng W, Zuo G, Chen Z, et al. (November 2022). "High-dose versus low-dose inhaled levodopa (CVT-301) in patients with Parkinson disease for the treatment of OFF episodes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".
2616:
COMT inhibitors allow for more levodopa to cross. They are normally used in the management of later symptoms, but can be used in conjunction with levodopa/carbidopa when a person is experiencing the wearing off-phenomenon with their motor symptoms.
2887:
Palliative care should be involved earlier, rather than later, in the disease course. Palliative care specialists can help with physical symptoms, emotional factors such as loss of function and jobs, depression, fear, and existential concerns.
558:
has been used to reduce severe motor symptoms when drugs are ineffective. There is little evidence for treatment of the non-movement-related symptoms, such as sleep disturbances and mood instability. The average life expectancy is near-normal.
14334:
Kamal H, Tan GC, Ibrahim SF, Shaikh MF, Mohamed IN, Mohamed RM, et al. (2020). "Alcohol Use Disorder, Neurodegeneration, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease: Interplay Between Oxidative Stress, Neuroimmune Response and Excitotoxicity".
3124:, as well as agricultural regions of California, Florida, Pennsylvania, and Texas: collectively termed the "PD belt". It is hypothesized that this is due to localized environmental factors like herbicides, pesticides, and industrial waste.
10744:
Fox CM, Ramig LO, Ciucci MR, Sapir S, McFarland DH, Farley BG (November 2006). "The science and practice of LSVT/LOUD: neural plasticity-principled approach to treating individuals with Parkinson disease and other neurological disorders".
1841:; individuals at this stage may be asymptomatic or have early nonmotor symptoms (such as loss of sense of smell or some sleep or automatic dysfunction). As the disease progresses, Lewy bodies develop in the substantia nigra, areas of the
7051:
Zamanian MY, Parra RM, Soltani A, Kujawska M, Mustafa YF, Raheem G, et al. (June 2023). "Targeting Nrf2 signaling pathway and oxidative stress by resveratrol for Parkinson's disease: an overview and update on new developments".
2493:
A 2020 Cochrane review found no certain evidence that cognitive training is beneficial for people with Parkinson's disease, dementia or mild cognitive impairment. The findings are based on low certainty evidence of seven studies.
3781:
has emerged as the most successful medication and was approved for medical use in the United States in 2019. It is approved as an add-on treatment to the levodopa/carbidopa regime. LRRK2 kinase inhibitors are also of interest.
2209:. Differential diagnosis can be narrowed down with careful history and physical exam (especially focused on the sequential onset of specific symptoms), progression of the disease, and response to treatment. Some key symptoms:
14211:
Calabresi P, Mechelli A, Natale G, Volpicelli-Daley L, Di Lazzaro G, Ghiglieri V (2023). "Alpha-synuclein in Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies: from overt neurodegeneration back to early synaptic dysfunction".
2381:—have been proposed to be neuroprotective; animal and cell studies have shown that urate can prevent dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Although longitudinal studies observe a slight decrease in PD risk among those who consume
3436:
The birthday of James Parkinson, 11 April, has been designated as World Parkinson's Day. A red tulip was chosen by international organizations as the symbol of the disease in 2005; it represents the 'James Parkinson' tulip
4248:
Leite Silva AB, Gonçalves de Oliveira RW, Diógenes GP, de Castro Aguiar MF, Sallem CC, Lima MP, et al. (February 2023). "Premotor, nonmotor and motor symptoms of Parkinson's Disease: A new clinical state of the art".
3248:
Although Parkinson is typically credited with the first detailed description of PD, many previous texts reference some of the disease's clinical signs. In his essay, Parkinson himself acknowledged partial descriptions by
2009:
is usually considered final proof that the person had PD. The clinical course of the illness over time may diverge from PD, requiring that presentation is periodically reviewed to confirm the accuracy of the diagnosis.
819:, beginning, and executing, resulting in overall slowed movement with reduced amplitude which affects sequential and simultaneous tasks. Hence, it interferes with daily activities such as dressing, feeding and bathing.
966:. All gastrointestinal features can be severe enough to cause discomfort, endanger health, and complicate disease management. Despite being related to each other, the exact mechanism of these symptoms remains unknown.
3496:
was diagnosed with PD at 29 years old, and has used his diagnosis to increase awareness of the disease. To illustrate the effects of the disease, Fox has appeared without medication in television roles and before the
3076:
has increased, Parkinson's disease prevalence has also risen, with an estimated increase in cases by 74% from 1990 to 2016. The total number is predicted to rise to over 12 million patients by 2040. Some label this a
2891:
Along with offering emotional support to both the affected person and family, palliative care addresses goals of care. People with PD may have difficult decisions to make as the disease progresses, such as wishes for
2718:
Common side effects are nausea, dizziness, insomnia, sleepiness, and (in selegiline and rasagiline) orthostatic hypotension. MAO-Bs are known to increase serotonin and cause a potentially dangerous condition known as
2243:– This can at first look like parkinsonism, but has key differentiators. In essential tremor, the tremor gets worse with action (improves in PD), a lack of other symptoms is common in PD, and normal DatSCAN is seen.
1853:. These brain sites are the main places of neuronal degeneration in PD, but Lewy bodies may be protective from cell death (with the abnormal protein sequestered or walled off). Other forms of alpha-synuclein (e.g.
12548:
10480:
Dereli EE, Yaliman A (April 2010). "Comparison of the effects of a physiotherapist-supervised exercise programme and a self-supervised exercise programme on quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease".
2687:. Secondary effects such as confusion and hallucinations are common, individuals receiving apomorphine treatment should be closely monitored. Two dopamine agonists administered through skin patches (lisuride and
15099:
15080:
15065:
2441:
classifies the degree of pathology in patients with Parkinson's disease into six stages that correlate with early, middle, and late presentations of the disease. Treatment in the first stage aims for an optimal
2021:
to ease and standardize the diagnostic process, especially in the early stages of the disease. The most widely known criteria come from the UK Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders and the U.S.
14981:
12270:
About 1.5 million Americans have received a diagnosis of Parkinson's disease, but only 5 to 10 percent learn of it before age 40, according to the National Parkinson Foundation. Davis Phinney was among the
1902:
share genetic variations and molecular pathways. Some autoimmune diseases may even increase one's risk of developing PD, up to 33% in one study. Autoimmune diseases linked to protein expression profiles of
1161:(SDB), many of which can be worsened by medication. RBD may begin years prior to the initial motor symptoms. Individual presentation of symptoms vary, although most of people affected by PD show an altered
2875:. Few studies have been conducted on the effectiveness of OT, and their quality is poor, although with some indication that it may improve motor skills and quality of life for the duration of the therapy.
12140:
2181:
is similar in cause for both vascular parkinsonism and idiopathic PD, and so present with similar symptoms. Differentiation can be made with careful bedside examination, history evaluation, and imaging.
3195:. Parkinson described three cardinal symptoms: tremor, postural instability and "paralysis" (undistinguished from rigidity or bradykinesia), and speculated that the disease was caused by trauma to the
3044:, which worsens with disease progession and can hinder communication. Additionally, over 80% of PD patients develop dysphagia: consequent inhalation of gastric and oropharyngeal secretions can lead to
14169:
Prajjwal P, Kolanu ND, Reddy YB, Ahmed A, Marsool MD, Santoshi K, et al. (2024). "Association of Parkinson's disease to Parkinson's plus syndromes, Lewy body dementia, and Alzheimer's dementia".
10286:
Ernst M, Folkerts AK, Gollan R, Lieker E, Caro-Valenzuela J, Adams A, et al. (April 2024). "Physical exercise for people with Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis".
3306:
written by Ferenc Pápai Páriz in 1690, some 120 years before Parkinson. Although Páriz correctly described all four cardinal signs, it was only published in Hungarian and was not widely distributed.
8991:
Moosa S, Martínez-Fernández R, Elias WJ, Del Alamo M, Eisenberg HM, Fishman PS (September 2019). "The role of high-intensity focused ultrasound as a symptomatic treatment for Parkinson's disease".
1274:
PD, in a narrow sense, can be seen as a genetic disease; heritability is estimated to lie between 22 and 40 percent, across different ethnicities. Around 15 percent of diagnosed individuals have a
3643:
Gene therapy typically involves the use of a noninfectious virus to shuttle genetic material into a part of the brain. Approaches have involved the expression of growth factors to prevent damage (
12814:
Hitti FL, Yang AI, Gonzalez-Alegre P, Baltuch GH (September 2019). "Human gene therapy approaches for the treatment of Parkinson's disease: An overview of current and completed clinical trials".
3754:
Both fetal and iPSC-derived DA neurons have been transplanted into patients in clinical trials. Although some patients see improvements, the results are highly variable. Adverse effects, such as
14828:
Dommershuijsen LJ, Darweesh SK, Ben-Shlomo Y, Kluger BM, Bloem BR (October 2023). "The elephant in the room: critical reflections on mortality rates among individuals with Parkinson's disease".
2403:. Certain medications may also be used to provide symptomatic relief and improve the patient's quality of life. The medications used in Parkinson's disease work by either increasing endogenous
8219:"The diagnostic accuracy of dopamine transporter SPECT imaging to detect nigrostriatal cell loss in patients with Parkinson's disease or clinically uncertain parkinsonism: a systematic review"
3032:
The incidence rate of falls in Parkinson's patients is approximately 45 to 68%, thrice that of healthy individuals, and half of such falls result in serious secondary injuries. Falls increase
14317:
Fabbri M, Rascol O, Foltynie T, Carroll C, Postuma RB, Porcher R, et al. (2024). "Advantages and Challenges of Platform Trials for Disease Modifying Therapies in Parkinson's Disease".
2288:. However, several factors have been found to be associated with a decreased risk. The identification and mechanistic analysis of these factors may guide the development of new therapies.
1230:
factors. Nonetheless, the most significant risk factor is age with a prevalence of 1 percent in those aged over 65 and approximately 4.3 percent in age over 85. Genetic components comprise
841:
pain as the disease progresses. As of 2024, it remains unclear whether rigidity is caused by a distinct biomechanical process or if it is the manifestation of another cardinal sign of PD.
2302:
is strongly associated with a decreased risk, reducing the chance of developing PD by 40–60%. Various tobacco and smoke components have been hypothesized to be neuroprotective, including
5353:
Chendo I, Silva C, Duarte GS, Prada L, Voon V, Ferreira JJ (21 January 2022). "Frequency and Characteristics of Psychosis in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".
2611:
COMT metabolizes levodopa to 3-O-methyldopa. COMT inhibitors help stop this reaction, allowing for more levodopa to cross the blood–brain barrier and become dopamine where it is needed.
2599:
Levodopa is available in oral, inhalation, and infusion form; inhaled levodopa can be used when oral levodopa therapy has reached a point where "off" periods have increased in length.
9818:
Ceravolo R, Frosini D, Rossi C, Bonuccelli U (December 2009). "Impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease: definition, epidemiology, risk factors, neurobiology and management".
1915:
infections can trigger autoimmune reactions to alpha-synuclein, perhaps through molecular mimicry of viral proteins. Alpha-synuclein, and its aggregate form, Lewy bodies, can bind to
16131:
14513:
Zhu J, Cui Y, Zhang J, Yan R, Su D, Zhao D, et al. (2024). "Temporal trends in the prevalence of Parkinson's disease from 1980 to 2023: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
14043:
Wallace ER, Segerstrom SC, van Horne CG, Schmitt FA, Koehl LM (April 2021). "Meta-Analysis of Cognition in Parkinson's Disease Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Progression".
3452:, which has distributed more than $ 115 million for research and nearly $ 50 million for education and advocacy programs since its founding in 1957 by William Black; the
2155:
or MSA usually has early onset of autonomic dysfunction (such as orthostasis), and may have autonomic predominance, cerebellar symptom predominance, or Parkinsonian predominance.
2049:(CT) scans of people with PD usually appear normal. Magnetic resonance imaging has become more accurate in diagnosis of the disease over time, specifically through iron-sensitive
12909:
8081:
Mahlknecht P, Krismer F, Poewe W, Seppi K (April 2017). "Meta-analysis of dorsolateral nigral hyperintensity on magnetic resonance imaging as a marker for Parkinson's disease".
2640:
therapy for the motor symptoms of PD with the aim of delaying the initiation of levodopa therapy, thus delaying the onset of levodopa's complications. Dopamine agonists include
12925:"Safety and Tolerability of Multiple Ascending Doses of PRX002/RG7935, an Anti-α-Synuclein Monoclonal Antibody, in Patients With Parkinson Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial"
7931:
Rizzo G, Copetti M, Arcuti S, Martino D, Fontana A, Logroscino G (February 2016). "Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of Parkinson disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis".
3606:(drugs that target the causes or damage) are approved for Parkinson's, so this is a major focus of Parkinson's research. Active research directions include the search for new
14891:
Chua WY, Wang JD, Chan CK, Chan L, Tan E (September 2024). "Risk of aspiration pneumonia and hospital mortality in Parkinson disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis".
2574:
Only 5–10% of levodopa crosses the blood–brain barrier. Much of the remainder is metabolized to dopamine elsewhere in the body, causing a variety of side-effects, including
12048:
2571:
of dopamine, levodopa, can pass through to the brain where it is readily converted to dopamine. Administration of levodopa temporarily diminishes the motor symptoms of PD.
805:(cycles per second). PD tremor tends to occur in the hands, but can affect other parts of the body, such as legs, arms, tongue, or lips, as well. It is often described as "
16517:
16512:
870:. This latter may occur prior to other typical symptoms, but the exact neurobiological mechanism, and therefore possible connections with other symptoms, remains unknown.
535:
can support the diagnosis. Usual onset is in people over 60 years of age, of whom about one percent are affected. In those younger than 50, it is termed "early-onset PD".
12540:
10065:
Hasnain M, Vieweg WV, Baron MS, Beatty-Brooks M, Fernandez A, Pandurangi AK (July 2009). "Pharmacological management of psychosis in elderly patients with parkinsonism".
2399:
Despite ongoing research efforts, Parkinson's disease has no known cure. Patients are typically managed by a holistic approach that combines lifestyle modifications with
16529:
16507:
2912:
care. Palliative-care team members can help answer questions and guide people with PD on these complex and emotional topics to help them make decisions based on values.
14723:
Schulz-Schaeffer WJ (2010). "The synaptic pathology of alpha-synuclein aggregation in dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease and Parkinson's disease dementia".
11002:"Are there differences in the prevalence of palliative care-related problems in people living with advanced cancer and eight non-cancer conditions? A systematic review"
8024:"The 'swallow tail' appearance of the healthy nigrosome - a new accurate test of Parkinson's disease: a case-control and retrospective cross-sectional MRI study at 3T"
6379:
Bloem BR, Boonstra TA (December 2023). "The inadequacy of current pesticide regulations for protecting brain health: the case of glyphosate and Parkinson's disease".
3112:, and life expectancy. Although PD incidence and prevalence may vary by race and ethnicity, significant disparities in care, diagnosis, and study participation limit
2474:
dopa pumps may be useful. Late-stage Parkinson's disease presents challenges requiring a variety of treatments, including those for psychiatric symptoms particularly
1387:
is difficult due to the disease's often decade-long prodromal period. Most noteworthy environmental factors include pesticide exposure and contact with heavy metals.
6665:"Double Trouble: Association of Malignant Melanoma with Sporadic and Genetic Forms of Parkinson's Disease and Asymptomatic Carriers of Related Genes: A Brief Report"
1047:
is characterized by emotional indifference and arises in about 46 percent of cases. Diagnosis is difficult, as it may become indistinct from symptoms of depression.
421:
and non-motor systems of the body. The symptoms usually emerge slowly, and, as the disease progresses, non-motor symptoms become more common. Usual symptoms include
17079:
15680:
14807:
Fereshtehnejad SM, Zeighami Y, Dagher A, Postuma RB (July 2017). "Clinical criteria for subtyping Parkinson's disease: biomarkers and longitudinal progression".
12420:
3302:) of a disease with symptoms of tremor, stiffness, staring, and stooped posture. In 2009, a systematic description of PD was found in the Hungarian medical text
2143:
Secondary parkinsonism – The multiple causes of parkinsonism can be differentiated through careful history, physical examination, and appropriate imaging. Other
2023:
13234:
Bhattacharyya KB (2017). "Chapter One - Hallmarks of Clinical Aspects of Parkinson's Disease Through Centuries". In Bhatia KP, Chaudhuri KR, Stamelou M (eds.).
12509:
3509:
showed signs of PD when he was 38, but was undiagnosed until he was 42, and has been called the "world's most famous Parkinson's patient". Whether he had PD or
2676:
common with older age at onset. Thus, dopamine agonists are the preferred initial treatment for younger-onset PD, and levodopa is preferred for older-onset PD.
620:
The loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra initially presents as movement abnormalities, leading to Parkinson's further categorization as a
2683:
Apomorphine, a dopamine agonist, may be used to reduce off periods and dyskinesia in late PD. It is administered only by intermittent injections or continuous
10526:"The Impact of Mind-body Exercises on Motor Function, Depressive Symptoms, and Quality of Life in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
14127:
Limphaibool N, Iwanowski P, Holstad MJ, Kobylarek D, Kozubski W (2019). "Infectious Etiologies of Parkinsonism: Pathomechanisms and Clinical Implications".
11195:
Won JH, Byun SJ, Oh BM, Park SJ, Seo HG (23 March 2021). "Risk and mortality of aspiration pneumonia in Parkinson's disease: a nationwide database study".
3465:
2237:– levodopa resistance, cognitive predominance before motor symptoms, and fluctuating cognitive symptoms, (visual hallucinations are common in this disease)
12091:
7417:
Tan EK, Chao YX, West A, Chan LL, Poewe W, Jankovic J (June 2020). "Parkinson disease and the immune system - associations, mechanisms and therapeutics".
4814:
França M, Parada Lima J, Oliveira A, Rosas MJ, Vicente SG, Sousa C (September 2023). "Visuospatial memory profile of patients with Parkinson's disease".
3420:
need for interventions to reduce PD incidence, delay disease progression, and alleviate symptom burden that may reduce the future economic burden of PD.
2435:. The patient's age at disease onset as well as the stage of the disease often help determine which of the aforementioned drug groups is most effective.
2057:
sequences at a magnetic field strength of at least 3T, both of which can demonstrate absence of the characteristic 'swallow tail' imaging pattern in the
1672:
neurons that modulate the previously described pathways. Consequently, dopaminergic dysfunction in these systems can disrupt their respective components—
1114:
Cognitive disturbances can occur in early stages or before diagnosis, and increase in prevalence and severity with duration of the disease. Ranging from
13154:
12160:
6108:
Khani M, Cerquera-Cleves C, Kekenadze M, Wild Crea P, Singleton AB, Bandres-Ciga S (May 2024). "Towards a Global View of Parkinson's Disease Genetics".
1193:. Seborrheic dermatitis is recognized as a premotor feature that indicates dysautonomia and demonstrates that PD can be detected not only by changes of
14352:
Lin J, Pang D, Li C, Ou R, Yu Y, Cui Y, et al. (2024). "Calcium channel blockers and Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
14085:
Leta V, Urso D, Batzu L, Lau YH, Mathew D, Boura I, et al. (2022). "Viruses, parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease: the past, present and future".
7231:
Obeso JA, Rodriguez-Oroz MC, Goetz CG, Marin C, Kordower JH, Rodriguez M, et al. (June 2010). "Missing pieces in the Parkinson's disease puzzle".
6251:
Lashuel HA (July 2020). "Do Lewy bodies contain alpha-synuclein fibrils? and Does it matter? A brief history and critical analysis of recent reports".
4286:"Age at Onset Influences Progression of Motor and Non-Motor Symptoms during the Early Stage of Parkinson's Disease: A Monocentric Retrospective Study"
3072:
was estimated to be 1.51 per 1000. Although it is around 40% more common in men, age is the dominant predeterminant of Parkinson's. Consequently, as
15876:
14022:
Hansen D, Ling H, Lashley T, Holton JL, Warner TT (April 2019). "Review: Clinical, neuropathological and genetic features of Lewy body dementias".
12386:
3973:"Global Trends in the Incidence, Prevalence, and Years Lived With Disability of Parkinson's Disease in 204 Countries/Territories From 1990 to 2019"
2808:
Four areas of the brain have been treated with neural stimulators in PD. These are the globus pallidus interna, thalamus, subthalamic nucleus, and
2005:. They assess motor symptoms (bradykinesia, rest tremors, etc.) using clinical diagnostic criteria. The finding of Lewy bodies in the midbrain on
12257:
5781:
3685:
3068:
As of 2024, Parkinson's is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and the fastest-growing in total number of cases. As of 2023, global
815:
is often considered the most important feature of Parkinson's disease and is also present in atypical parkinsonism. It describes difficulties in
15871:
15233:
14233:
Ramesh SD, Arachchige AS (2023). "Depletion of dopamine in Parkinson's disease and relevant therapeutic options: A review of the literature".
15439:
12226:
11895:
2412:
2173:
Vascular parkinsonism is the phenomenon of the presence of Parkinson's disease symptoms combined with findings of vascular events (such as a
1861:, may in fact be the toxic forms of the protein. In people with dementia, a generalized presence of Lewy bodies is common in cortical areas.
352:
791:
Four motor symptoms are considered as cardinal signs in PD: tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability, collectively known as
15673:
1880:
activity. Iron accumulation in the substantia nigra is typically observed in conjunction with the protein inclusions. It may be related to
692:
7323:"Subsequent risks of Parkinson disease in patients with autoimmune and related disorders: a nationwide epidemiological study from Sweden"
2944:
1589:
291:
14496:
Varden R, Walker R, O'Callaghan A (2024). "No trend to rising rates: A review of Parkinson's prevalence studies in the United Kingdom".
14475:
Li G, Ma J, Cui S, He Y, Xiao Q, Liu J, et al. (2019). "Parkinson's disease in China: a forty-year growing track of bedside work".
5209:
Macías-García P, Rashid-López R, Cruz-Gómez ÁJ, Lozano-Soto E, Sanmartino F, Espinosa-Rosso R, et al. (9 May 2022). Aasly J (ed.).
17551:
17507:
16610:
14064:
Dolgacheva LP, Zinchenko VP, Goncharov NV (2022). "Molecular and Cellular Interactions in Pathogenesis of Sporadic Parkinson Disease".
12901:
6009:"Association of Coffee Consumption and Prediagnostic Caffeine Metabolites With Incident Parkinson Disease in a Population-Based Cohort"
2113:
1692:
circuits (each named for its primary projection area)—leading to symptoms related to movement, attention, and learning in the disease.
777:
among others. In general, motor symptoms such as postural instability and gait abnormalities tend to appear as the disease progresses.
15242:
14849:
Murueta-Goyena A, Muiño O, Gómez-Esteban JC (April 2024). "Prognostic factors for falls in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review".
14618:
Bereczki D (2010). "The description of all four cardinal signs of Parkinson's disease in a Hungarian medical text published in 1690".
17888:
16499:
1893:
1506:
13191:
Torres-Pasillas G, Chi-Castañeda D, Carrillo-Castilla P, Marín G, Hernández-Aguilar ME, Aranda-Abreu GE, et al. (5 June 2023).
3341:, and others. Anticholinergics and surgery were the only treatments until the use of levodopa, which, although first synthesized by
17366:
16983:
16796:
14296:
Singh A, Tripathi P, Singh S (2021). "Neuroinflammatory responses in Parkinson's disease: relevance of Ibuprofen in therapeutics".
10384:
10188:
10051:
9107:
8902:
7724:
2038:
accuracy is 73.8%. Overall, 80.6% of PD diagnoses are accurate, and 82.7% of diagnoses using the Brain Bank criteria are accurate.
801:
is the most common presenting sign and may appear at rest as well as during intentional movement with a frequency between 4–6
6565:"Spatial lipidomics reveals brain region-specific changes of sulfatides in an experimental MPTP Parkinson's disease primate model"
3489:
In the 21st century, the diagnosis of Parkinson's among notable figures has increased the public's understanding of the disorder.
2151:
involves motor symptoms with early onset of cognitive dysfunction and hallucinations which precede motor symptoms. Alternatively,
16776:
16489:
15666:
12060:
9933:"Monoamine oxidase type B inhibitors in early Parkinson's disease: meta-analysis of 17 randomised trials involving 3525 patients"
2871:(OT) aims to promote health and quality of life by helping people with the disease to participate in a large percentage of their
2326:
is also strongly associated with neuroprotection. In laboratory models, caffeine has been shown to be neuroprotective due to its
14929:
Corcoran J, Kluger BM (2021). "Risk and mortality of aspiration pneumonia in Parkinson's disease: a nationwide database study".
7370:"Herpes zoster correlates with increased risk of Parkinson's disease in older people: A population-based cohort study in Taiwan"
1588:
Three major pathways connect the basal ganglia to other brain areas: direct, indirect, and hyperdirect pathway, all part of the
17102:
16469:
16142:
3638:
3453:
1809:
is suggested as another significant mechanism in disease progression. It is characterized by cell death through high levels of
12287:
3084:
This increase may be due to a number of global factors, including prolonged life expectancy, increased industrialisation, and
16494:
16126:
15624:
14428:
Ben-Shlomo Y, Darweesh S, Llibre-Guerra J, Marras C, Luciano MS, Tanner C (2024). "The epidemiology of Parkinson's disease".
14275:
Crotty GF, Schwarzschild MA (2020). "Chasing Protection in Parkinson's Disease: Does Exercise Reduce Risk and Progression?".
13626:
13601:
13582:
13563:
13544:
13507:
13460:
13413:
13382:
13361:
13342:
13306:
13279:
13252:
13126:
10898:
10396:
10200:
10045:
9234:
9101:
8914:
8846:
7718:
5580:
667:. Neurodegenerative diseases that feature parkinsonism but have distinct features are grouped under the separate umbrella of
14681:
Sousa-Santos PE, Pozzobon PM, Teixeira IL (2024). "Frederic Lewy: how the two World Wars changed his life, work, and name".
12484:
4691:
17898:
16332:
16320:
15782:
11951:
9546:
6149:"Identification of 27 allele-specific regulatory variants in Parkinson's disease using a massively parallel reporter assay"
2821:
2394:
2358:
1982:
14555:
Lees AJ (2007). "Unresolved issues relating to the shaking palsy on the celebration of James Parkinson's 250th birthday".
13299:
Ferri's differential diagnosis: a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders
12114:
1410:
causes one in five cases, implying an association with the onset of PD. Risk is increased by co-exposure to, for example,
17563:
16711:
15436:
15114:
13592:
Tolosa E, Katzenschlager R (2007). "Pharmacological management of Parkinson's disease". In Tolosa E, Jankovic JJ (eds.).
6291:"DNA repair and neurological disease: From molecular understanding to the development of diagnostics and model organisms"
1959:
by the liver, another protein commonly found in people with PD, that can lead to an increase in peripheral inflammation.
1788:
10421:"The effectiveness of exercise interventions for people with Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
8317:
3845:
2147:
can have similar movement symptoms but have a variety of associated symptoms. Some of these are also synucleinopathies.
2050:
17878:
17873:
16813:
16788:
16623:
16551:
16484:
16039:
15226:
11851:
10640:
Barichella M, Cereda E, Pezzoli G (October 2009). "Major nutritional issues in the management of Parkinson's disease".
7688:
3864:
3545:
2280:
As of 2024, no disease-modifying therapies exist that reverse or slow neurodegeneration, processes respectively termed
17:
14390:
Rose KN, Schwarzschild MS, Gomperts SN (2024). "Clearing the Smoke: What Protects Smokers from Parkinson's Disease?".
13394:"Chapter 8: Considerations for Patient and Target Selection in Deep Brain Stimulation surgery for Parkinson's disease"
12412:
4488:
2259:– levodopa resistance, restrictive vertical gaze, specific MRI findings, and early and different postural difficulties
17599:
17419:
17317:
16254:
16057:
14597:
Lewis PA, Plun-Favreau H, Rowley M, Spillane J (2020). "Pierre D. and the first photographs of Parkinson's disease".
12517:
3449:
3133:
2463:
2066:
2062:
14908:
Won JH, Byun SJ, Oh B, Park SJ, Seo HG (September 2007). "Cognitive dysfunction and dementia in Parkinson disease".
1285:
As of 2024, around 90 genetic risk variants across 78 genomic loci have been identified. Notable risk genes include
17691:
16928:
16899:
16840:
15641:
14786:
Corcoran J, Kluger BM (September 2023). "Prognosis in chronic progressive neurologic disease: a narrative review".
11869:
8268:
2031:
1970:
and colon problems years before motor issues arise. Alpha-synuclein is produced in the gut and may migrate via the
1920:
1351:
1206:
1041:
which is more prevalent in PD. Nonetheless, suicidal attempts themselves are lower than in the general population.
476:, but a few contributing factors have been identified. Pathophysiology is characterized by progressively expanding
57:
Parkinson disease, idiopathic or primary parkinsonism, hypokinetic rigid syndrome, paralysis agitans, shaking palsy
31:
17868:
13934:"Behavioural interventions for swallowing in subjects with Parkinson's disease: A mixed methods systematic review"
7576:"Review for "Parkinson's disease and intensive exercise therapy — An updated systematic review and meta-analysis""
4909:"Behavioural interventions for swallowing in subjects with Parkinson's disease: A mixed methods systematic review"
1821:
One mechanism causing brain cell death results from abnormal accumulation of the protein alpha-synuclein bound to
1222:
As of 2024, the underlying cause of PD is unknown, yet is assumed to be influenced primarily by an interaction of
16933:
16728:
16653:
16373:
10925:
Ghoche R (December 2012). "The conceptual framework of palliative care applied to advanced Parkinson's disease".
3219:
3183:
published the first comprehensive medical description of the disease as a neurological syndrome in his monograph
3104:
to be just 30%. The influence of multiple genetic and environmental factors complicates epidemiological efforts.
2054:
1119:
1099:
1037:, memory problems, or altered appetite, share similarities with psychiatric signs caused by PD. It may result in
625:
442:
205:
35:
14148:
Bologna M, Truong D, Jankovic J (2022). "The etiopathogenetic and pathophysiological spectrum of parkinsonism".
12673:
Poewe W, Seppi K, Tanner CM, Halliday GM, Brundin P, Volkmann J, et al. (March 2017). "Parkinson disease".
12083:
12003:
10839:"The national agenda for quality palliative care: the National Consensus Project and the National Quality Forum"
4569:
3088:. Although genetics is the sole factor in a minority of cases, most cases of Parkinson's are likely a result of
1094:(ICD) can be seen in approximately 19 percent of all patients and, in the context of PD, are grouped along with
984:
within the first three minutes after raising to an upright position that can be seen in 30–50 percent of cases.
17586:
17371:
17342:
16603:
15888:
15864:
15694:
14534:
Goetz CG (2011). "The history of Parkinson's disease: early clinical descriptions and neurological therapies".
12513:
3819:
Defined as the onset of development of recurrent falls, wheelchair dependence, dementia, or facility placement.
3748:
3725:
2741:
2680:
increased sexual activity, eating, gambling, and shopping) more strongly than other antiparkinson medications.
2592:
2256:
2202:
2163:
279:
13647:"A multiple treatment comparison meta-analysis of monoamine oxidase type B inhibitors for Parkinson's disease"
4389:
2923:
for liquid intake and an upright posture when eating may be useful; both measures reduce the risk of choking.
17883:
17112:
16830:
16806:
16567:
16452:
16368:
16310:
16080:
15859:
15219:
14254:
Ascherio A, Schwarzschild MA (2016). "The epidemiology of Parkinson's disease: risk factors and prevention".
13262:
Dissanayaka NN (8 March 2021). "Chapter 9: Anxiety in Parkinson's Disease". In Byrne GJ, Panchana NA (eds.).
11981:
11925:
5441:"Screening, Diagnosis, and Management of Parkinson's Disease Psychosis: Recommendations From an Expert Panel"
3502:
3445:
3089:
2905:
2860:
14576:
Louis ED (1997). "The shaking palsy, the first forty-five years: a journey through the British literature".
13688:
Caballol N, Martí MJ, Tolosa E (September 2007). "Cognitive dysfunction and dementia in Parkinson disease".
12541:"Robin Williams had dementia with Lewy bodies – so, what is it and why has it been eclipsed by Alzheimer's?"
9884:"Different Generations of Type-B Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors in Parkinson's Disease: From Bench to Bedside"
6716:"Association between gout and the development of Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
5490:"Impulse control disorders associated with dopaminergic drugs: A disproportionality analysis using vigibase"
2193:
Parkinson-plus syndrome – Multiple diseases can be considered part of the Parkinson's plus group, including
17775:
17312:
16845:
16690:
16536:
15910:
15405:
10100:
3660:
3288:
3215:
3170:
2915:
Muscles and nerves that control the digestive process may be affected by PD, resulting in constipation and
2749:
2118:
2109:
1701:
1654:
1146:
1106:
and difficulty to control impulsive urges and are positively correlated with the use of dopamine agonists.
1058:
1033:
and is more prevalent in women. The diagnosis can be challenging since some symptoms of depression such as
933:
466:
299:
14765:
Tolosa E, Garrido A, Scholz SW, Poewe W (May 2021). "Challenges in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease".
13499:
13452:
13405:
7605:"Transneuronal Propagation of Pathologic α-Synuclein from the Gut to the Brain Models Parkinson's Disease"
5734:"A review of the gastrointestinal, olfactory, and skin abnormalities in patients with Parkinson's disease"
5531:"Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson's Disease: Epidemiology, Clinical Profile, Protective and Risk Factors"
3169:, credited as the first to comprehensively describe it. Patient Pierre D. (right) served as the model for
2756:
was approved for the management of PD psychosis. Doxepin and rasagline may reduce physical fatigue in PD.
765:
Non-motor symptoms may precede the onset of motor symptoms by up to 20 years. These include constipation,
17020:
16818:
16046:
15377:
13488:"Chapter 3: Pathological mechanisms and clinical aspects of GBA1 mutation-associated Parkinson's disease"
10881:
Lorenzl S, Nübling G, Perrar KM, Voltz R (2013). "Palliative treatment of chronic neurologic disorders".
6147:
Farrow SL, Gokuladhas S, Schierding W, Pudjihartono M, Perry JK, Cooper AA, et al. (February 2024).
3721:
3603:
3595:
3586:
3262:
2451:
2432:
2311:
2018:
1347:
1154:
1102:(DDS) within the broader spectrum of impulsive and compulsive behaviors (ICB). They are characterized by
774:
659:. These four symptoms are not exclusive to Parkinson's and can occur in many other conditions, including
550:. As the disease progresses, these medications become less effective and produce a side effect marked by
17833:
12378:
7089:"Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease: The Role of Dopamine Oxidation Products"
3116:
and lead to conflicting results. Within the United States, high rates of PD have been identified in the
823:
involved in bradykinesia lead to the characteristic reduced facial expression known as "masked face" or
17770:
16685:
16524:
16074:
15746:
14950:
Atalar MS, Oguz O, Genc G (2023). "Hypokinetic Dysarthria in Parkinson's Disease: A Narrative Review".
12249:
9676:"Stalevo 150 mg/37.5 mg/200 mg Film-coated Tablets – Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) – (emc)"
6714:
Fazlollahi A, Zahmatyar M, Alizadeh H, Noori M, Jafari N, Nejadghaderi SA, et al. (October 2022).
3345:
in 1911, did not enter clinical use until 1967. By the late 1980s deep brain stimulation introduced by
1359:
1158:
867:
586:
10220:
Bronstein JM, Tagliati M, Alterman RL, Lozano AM, Volkmann J, Stefani A, et al. (February 2011).
5211:"Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Clinically Defined Parkinson's Disease: An Updated Review of Literature"
4640:
Becker D, Maric A, Schreiner SJ, Büchele F, Baumann CR, Waldvogel D (2 December 2022). Ahmed S (ed.).
3448:, which has provided more than $ 180 million in care, research, and support services since 1982,
1955:. In addition, high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, can lead to the production of
1479:
is also strongly implicated as a risk factor. Additionally, although the underlying cause is unknown,
17780:
17749:
17127:
17010:
16596:
16474:
16442:
16416:
16394:
16243:
15822:
14411:
Ren X, Chen J (2020). "Caffeine and Parkinson's Disease: Multiple Benefits and Emerging Mechanisms".
8170:"Neuroimaging Detectable Differences between Parkinson's Disease Motor Subtypes: A Systematic Review"
6872:"Basal ganglia for beginners: the basic concepts you need to know and their role in movement control"
3533:
2234:
2206:
1928:
1275:
1115:
1022:
629:
578:
410:
275:
12353:
9123:"Cognitive training interventions for dementia and mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease"
5390:"Emerging role of psychosis in Parkinson's disease: From clinical relevance to molecular mechanisms"
4767:"Peripheral neuropathy in Parkinson's disease: prevalence and functional impact on gait and balance"
17828:
17744:
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17399:
17391:
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16919:
16904:
16541:
16315:
15729:
15128:
13487:
13440:
12218:
10101:"FDA approves first drug to treat hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson's disease"
7016:
Chen R, Gu X, Wang X (April 2022). "α-Synuclein in Parkinson's disease and advances in detection".
3518:
3330:
3117:
2897:
2809:
2366:
2002:
1709:
1643:
1628:
1620:
1091:
925:
751:
668:
524:
14454:
Dorsey ER, Sherer T, Okun MS, Bloem BR (2018). "The Emerging Evidence of the Parkinson Pandemic".
14190:
Olfatia N, Shoeibia A, Litvanb I (2019). "Progress in the treatment of Parkinson-Plus syndromes".
11903:
8794:
Connolly BS, Lang AE (30 April 2014). "Pharmacological treatment of Parkinson disease: a review".
5648:
Dodet P, Houot M, Leu-Semenescu S, Corvol JC, Lehéricy S, Mangone G, et al. (February 2024).
4642:"Onset of Postural Instability in Parkinson's Disease Depends on Age rather than Disease Duration"
1250:. Timing of exposure factor may influence the progression or severity of certain stages. However,
988:
can impair the perfusion of organs situated above the heart, particularly the brain, resulting in
133:
17765:
17272:
17122:
17117:
17074:
16891:
16546:
16479:
16235:
16053:
15905:
15895:
15739:
15629:
14441:
Deliz JR, Tanner CM, Gonzalez-Latapi P (2024). "Epidemiology of Parkinson's Disease: An Update".
12923:
Jankovic J, Goodman I, Safirstein B, Marmon TK, Schenk DB, Koller M, et al. (October 2018).
7755:
Armstrong MJ, Okun MS (February 2020). "Diagnosis and Treatment of Parkinson Disease: A Review".
7144:
4950:"Gastrointestinal involvement in Parkinson's disease: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management"
3656:
3652:
3006:
2837:
2564:
2479:
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2198:
2152:
2144:
1948:
1768:
1705:
1624:
1062:
1034:
969:
943:
937:
572:
295:
196:
15658:
12621:
McFarthing K, Rafaloff G, Baptista M, Mursaleen L, Fuest R, Wyse RK, et al. (24 May 2022).
9199:
7522:"Altered Gut Microbiota Related to Inflammatory Responses in Patients With Huntington's Disease"
2070:
554:. Diet and certain forms of rehabilitation have shown some effectiveness at improving symptoms.
17643:
17282:
17173:
17107:
17015:
16411:
16403:
16358:
16034:
16006:
14702:
Fahn S (2008). "The history of dopamine and levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease".
9227:
Levodopa pharmacokinetics – from stomach to brain: A study on patients with Parkinson's disease
6663:
Koros C, Simitsi AM, Bougea A, Papagiannakis N, Antonelou R, Pachi I, et al. (July 2023).
5153:"Apathy and Anxiety in De Novo Parkinson's Disease Predict the Severity of Motor Complications"
4715:"Diagnostic value of micrographia in Parkinson's disease: a study with [I]FP-CIT SPECT"
4591:
Asci F, Falletti M, Zampogna A, Patera M, Hallett M, Rothwell J, et al. (September 2023).
3771:
3648:
3498:
3321:
in 1938. The underlying changes in dopamine signaling were identified in the 1950s, largely by
3202:
There was little discussion or investigation of the "shaking palsy" until 1861, when Frenchman
3121:
3093:
3041:
2778:
2471:
2459:
2347:
2331:
1862:
1476:
1150:
912:
is known to be present in up to 55 percent of PD patients. While it is responsible for most of
903:
879:
755:
664:
582:
555:
414:
332:
270:
15168:
13614:
7882:
Mustafa HI, Fessel JP, Barwise J, Shannon JR, Raj SR, Diedrich A, et al. (January 2012).
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Rocha GS, Freire MA, Britto AM, Paiva KM, Oliveira RF, Fonseca IA, et al. (August 2023).
6332:"Towards a methodological uniformization of environmental risk studies in Parkinson's disease"
4593:"Rigidity in Parkinson's disease: evidence from biomechanical and neurophysiological measures"
4460:
4039:
3874:
3695:
3152:
1525:
992:. This can eventually lead to fainting and is associated with higher morbidity and mortality.
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17571:
17451:
17358:
17337:
16426:
16300:
16118:
16096:
16011:
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Murueta-Goyena A, Muiño O, Gómez-Esteban JC (March 2017). "Dementia in Parkinson's disease".
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Grotewolda N, Albina RL (2024). "Update: Protective and risk factors for Parkinson disease".
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Jenner P (2014). "An overview of adenosine A2A receptor antagonists in Parkinson's disease".
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4713:
Eklund M, Nuuttila S, Joutsa J, Jaakkola E, Mäkinen E, Honkanen EA, et al. (July 2022).
3314:
2568:
2213:
2194:
2178:
2167:
1787:, and especially mitochondria. Mitochondrial damage triggers neuroinflammatory responses via
1569:
1182:
1123:
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895:
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446:
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13554:
Dickson DV (2007). "Neuropathology of movement disorders". In Tolosa E, Jankovic JJ (eds.).
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Ives NJ, Stowe RL, Marro J, Counsell C, Macleod A, Clarke CE, et al. (September 2004).
8944:"Revisiting the Medical Management of Parkinson's Disease: Levodopa versus Dopamine Agonist"
8461:"Therapeutic Interventions for Vascular Parkinsonism: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
7462:"Polarization of the effects of autoimmune and neurodegenerative risk alleles in leukocytes"
6289:
Abugable AA, Morris JL, Palminha NM, Zaksauskaite R, Ray S, El-Khamisy SF (September 2019).
4284:
De Carolis L, Galli S, Bianchini E, Rinaldi D, Raju M, Caliò B, et al. (January 2023).
4226:
2619:
Three COMT inhibitors are used to treat adults with PD and end-of-dose motor fluctuations –
916:
and pain in PD, its role in postural instability and motor impairment is poorly understood.
538:
No cure is known; treatment aims to mitigate symptoms. Initial treatment typically includes
17663:
17576:
17332:
17152:
16753:
16733:
16363:
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16069:
15451:
15279:
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Olanow CW, Stocchi F, Lang AE (2011). "The non-motor and non-dopaminergic features of PD".
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Kaya I, Nilsson A, Luptáková D, He Y, Vallianatou T, Bjärterot P, et al. (July 2023).
4765:
Corrà MF, Vila-Chã N, Sardoeira A, Hansen C, Sousa AP, Reis I, et al. (January 2023).
4523:
3758:
arising from excess dopamine release by the transplanted tissues, have also been observed.
3626:
3510:
3223:
3045:
2868:
2769:
2483:
2105:
1689:
1665:
1374:
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747:
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163:
14660:
Coffey RJ (2009). "Deep brain stimulation devices: a brief technical history and review".
13971:
13966:
3317:
reported that the substantia nigra was the main brain structure affected, corroborated by
2135:
can help locate denervation of the muscles of the heart which can support a PD diagnosis.
8:
17893:
17713:
17695:
17658:
17648:
17502:
17404:
17381:
17229:
17221:
17000:
16978:
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Aquino CC, Fox SH (January 2015). "Clinical spectrum of levodopa-induced complications".
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6013:
4999:"Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease: Current and Potential Therapeutics"
3733:
3411:
The costs of PD to society are high; in 2007, the largest share of direct cost came from
3334:
3203:
3162:
2872:
2790:
2712:
2339:
2327:
2148:
1810:
1717:
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1516:
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1314:
1095:
454:
303:
14639:
Blonder LX (2018). "Historical and cross-cultural perspectives on Parkinson's disease".
13979:
Islam MS, Azim F, Saju H, Zargaran A, Shirzad M, Kamal M, et al. (September 2021).
13970: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
13573:
Fung VS, Thompson PD (2007). "Rigidity and spasticity". In Tolosa E, Jankovic E (eds.).
13392:
Dallapiazza RF, De Vloo PD, Fomenko A, Lee DJ, Hamani C, Munhoz RP, et al. (2018).
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11703:
11687:
11331:
11329:
11327:
11325:
11285:
11283:
11281:
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11254:
10788:
Dixon L, Duncan D, Johnson P, Kirkby L, O'Connell H, Taylor H, et al. (July 2007).
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10382:
10206:
10186:
10033:
10031:
9651:"Comtess 200 mg film-coated Tablets – Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) – (emc)"
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9087:
8920:
8900:
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6564:
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6515:
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Dorsey ER, Zafar M, Lettenberger SE, Pawlik ME, Kinel D, Frissen M, et al. (2023).
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6466:
6442:
6415:
6356:
6331:
6173:
6148:
6037:
6008:
5758:
5733:
5674:
5649:
4617:
4592:
4527:
4247:
3569:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
3532:, the American actor and comedian, had been diagnosed with PD, but his autopsy revealed
3505:, which he founded in 2000, has raised over $ 2 billion for Parkinson's research. Boxer
3394:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
2567:
so it cannot be taken as a medicine to boost the brain's depleted levels of dopamine. A
2532:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
2446:
between symptom control and medication side effects. For example, the administration of
671:
or, alternatively, atypical parkinsonian disorders. Parkinson's disease can result from
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13794:
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13474:
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13285:
13155:"FDA approves new add-on drug to treat off episodes in adults with Parkinson's disease"
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Ferrell B, Connor SR, Cordes A, Dahlin CM, Fine PG, Hutton N, et al. (June 2007).
10814:
10789:
10770:
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4285:
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3109:
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disorders associated with PD. Speech therapy and specifically LSVT may improve speech.
2720:
2382:
2229:
1963:
1956:
1899:
1677:
1661:
to subthalamic nucleus, modulating basal ganglia activity with rapid excitatory input.
1298:
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1000:
985:
676:
633:
520:
242:
142:
13906:
13863:
12871:
11104:
11018:
11001:
10855:
10838:
9957:
9932:
9899:
9831:
9788:
9468:
8959:
8333:
7835:"The relevance of the Lewy body to the pathogenesis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease"
7299:
7140:"Editor's evaluation: Lipid hydroperoxides promote sarcopenia through carbonyl stress"
6392:
5851:
4027:
3456:, founded in 1961; and the European Parkinson's Disease Association, founded in 1992.
3313:
described microscopic particles in affected brains, later named Lewy bodies. In 1919,
1869:, characteristic of Alzheimer's disease, are uncommon unless the person has dementia.
1088:. It might overlap with other psychiatric symptoms, making the diagnosis challenging.
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11688:"Exploring public perceptions and awareness of Parkinson's disease: A scoping review"
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10695:"Systematic review on strength training in Parkinson's disease: an unsolved question"
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6467:"Metal Exposure and Risk of Parkinson Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
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4979:
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4889:
4860:"Treatment of autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson disease and other synucleinopathies"
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4796:
4744:
4673:
4622:
4551:
4442:
4371:
4317:
4266:
4004:
3953:
3912:
3901:"Differential diagnosis of Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders"
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3326:
3284:
3026:
2848:
2828:
2711:) increase the amount of dopamine in the basal ganglia by inhibiting the activity of
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2343:
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1834:
1796:
1748:
1461:
1438:
1038:
887:
856:
759:
721:
621:
257:
178:
122:
16588:
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15108:
15044:
Neurology-related videos, including several showing people with Parkinson's disease.
13525:
13478:
13431:
13289:
13243:
Cooper G, Eichhorn G, Rodnitzky RL (2008). "Parkinson's disease". In Conn PM (ed.).
13032:
Schweitzer JS, Song B, Herrington TM, Park TY, Lee N, Ko S, et al. (May 2020).
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10679:
10510:
9804:
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8459:
Miguel-Puga A, Villafuerte G, Salas-Pacheco J, Arias-Carrión O (22 September 2017).
8445:
7354:
5697:
Niemann N, Billnitzer A, Jankovic J (January 2021). "Parkinson's disease and skin".
5506:
5489:
5439:
Pahwa R, Isaacson SH, Small GW, Torres-Yaghi Y, Pagan F, Sabbagh M (December 2022).
2385:—possibly due to alcohol's urate-increasing effect—alcohol abuse may increase risk.
68:
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9895:
9827:
9784:
9738:
9605:
9585:
9518:
9472:
9464:
9417:
9408:
Paik J (June 2020). "Levodopa Inhalation Powder: A Review in Parkinson's Disease".
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Raj T, Rothamel K, Mostafavi S, Ye C, Lee MN, Replogle JM, et al. (May 2014).
7426:
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7381:
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6125:
6117:
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4190:
Connie T, Aderinola TB, Ong TS, Goh MKO, Erfianto B, Purnama B (12 December 2022).
4111:
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602:
547:
532:
481:
477:
473:
356:
328:
283:
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13190:
10978:
9701:"Ongentys 50 mg hard capsules – Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) – (emc)"
4823:
4512:"Quantitative Measurement of Rigidity in Parkinson´s Disease: A Systematic Review"
2798:
2369:(CCB) may also have a protective effect, with a 22% risk decrease found in a 2024
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Orgeta V, McDonald KR, Poliakoff E, Hindle JV, Clare L, Leroi I (February 2020).
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360:
263:
17718:
15182:
12623:"Parkinson's Disease Drug Therapies in the Clinical Trial Pipeline: 2022 Update"
12309:
Jones JM (December 2004). "Great shakes: famous people with Parkinson disease".
11955:
11787:"Current and projected future economic burden of Parkinson's disease in the U.S"
11785:
Yang W, Hamilton JL, Kopil C, Beck JC, Tanner CM, Albin RL, et al. (2020).
11152:
10238:
9948:
9700:
9650:
9554:
8458:
7385:
4051:
3329:. In 1997, alpha-synuclein was found to be the main component of Lewy bodies by
2768:
Placement of an electrode into the brain: the head is stabilised in a frame for
2249:– levodopa resistance, rapidly progressive, autonomic failure, stridor, present
1919:. Microglia can proliferate and be over-activated by alpha-synuclein binding to
17653:
17594:
17518:
17327:
17294:
17277:
17267:
16327:
16276:
16104:
15813:
15690:
15635:
15595:
15408:
12782:
12572:"The Disease Modification Conundrum in Parkinson's Disease: Failures and Hopes"
11826:
11686:
Crooks S, Carter G, Wilson CB, Wynne L, Stark P, Doumas M, et al. (2023).
11365:
11208:
11128:
11116:
9421:
9378:
8217:
Suwijn SR, van Boheemen CJ, de Haan RJ, Tissingh G, Booij J, de Bie RM (2015).
8138:
7065:
6972:
6922:
6888:
6832:
6732:
6630:
6580:
6347:
6164:
5796:
5665:
5456:
5321:
5116:
4965:
4730:
3795:
3778:
3529:
3493:
3474:
3412:
3338:
3322:
3292:
3258:
3254:
3241:
3108:
these geographic differences include genetic variation, environmental factors,
3037:
2864:
2424:
2411:(L-dopa) is the most effective for motor symptoms and is often combined with a
2250:
2083:
1967:
1912:
1866:
1830:
1596:
1194:
1138:
1054:
973:
820:
816:
624:. In 30% of cases, disease progression leads to the cognitive decline known as
516:
and environmental mechanisms, medications, lifestyle, and previous conditions.
348:
186:
15199:
15144:
15093:
13829:
13812:
13393:
13271:
13074:
13013:
12588:
11802:
11353:
9997:
9589:
8527:
8383:
8235:
7999:
7982:
7538:
7430:
7029:
6264:
5875:"Unraveling Parkinson's Disease Neurodegeneration: Does Aging Hold the Clues?"
5208:
4262:
3989:
1025:
is the most common NPS and occurs in nearly half of all patients. It features
958:(prevalence up to 82 percent). Complications resulting from dysphagia include
702:
17862:
17687:
17638:
16956:
16353:
16305:
16175:
15944:
15900:
15751:
15309:
15211:
15187:
13034:"Personalized iPSC-Derived Dopamine Progenitor Cells for Parkinson's Disease"
12977:
12025:
11312:
11310:
10885:. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 118. Elsevier. pp. 133–139.
10494:
9244:
8856:
8673:
8477:
8168:
Boonstra JT, Michielse S, Temel Y, Hoogland G, Jahanshahi A (February 2021).
7675:
6681:
4509:
4302:
3522:
3514:
3310:
3188:
3187:. He presented six clinical cases, including three he had observed afar near
2916:
2641:
2438:
2370:
2094:
2087:
2074:
1986:
1908:
1877:
1721:
1685:
1577:
1557:
1553:
1174:
1073:
947:
770:
660:
497:
493:
287:
250:
15089:
13950:
13933:
13209:
13192:
12115:"Michael J. Fox talks funding breakthrough research for Parkinson's disease"
11873:
11855:
11517:
11041:
Casey G (August 2013). "Parkinson's disease: a long and difficult journey".
10327:"Does vigorous exercise have a neuroprotective effect in Parkinson disease?"
10269:
10267:
7768:
7658:
7485:
7154:
7139:
5406:
4925:
4908:
4782:
4608:
2805:
involves surgical destruction of the globus pallidus to control dyskinesia.
1825:
in damaged cells. This insoluble protein accumulates inside neurons forming
1141:
are common in PD and affect about two thirds of all patients. They comprise
711:
80:
17541:
17322:
16874:
15849:
15719:
15702:
15549:
15534:
15479:
15255:
15246:
14963:
14942:
14921:
14900:
14883:
14862:
14841:
14820:
14799:
14778:
14736:
14715:
14694:
14673:
14652:
14631:
14610:
14568:
14547:
14526:
14505:
14488:
14467:
14420:
14403:
14382:
14365:
14344:
14326:
14309:
14288:
14267:
14246:
14225:
14203:
14182:
14161:
14140:
14119:
14098:
14077:
14056:
14035:
14014:
13959:
13924:
13881:
13838:
13803:
13760:
13709:
13680:
13517:
13470:
13423:
13325:
13136:
13067:
12958:
12879:
12835:
12800:
12743:
12694:
12656:
12607:
12469:
12330:
11820:
11771:
11750:
Findley LJ (September 2007). "The economic impact of Parkinson's disease".
11731:
11669:
11650:
11054:
11027:
10986:
10946:
10908:
10864:
10823:
10766:
10730:
10671:
10561:
10542:
10502:
10456:
10360:
10311:
10257:
10166:
10129:
Elbers RG, Verhoef J, van Wegen EE, Berendse HW, Kwakkel G (October 2015).
10086:
10015:
9966:
9917:
9839:
9796:
9752:
9636:
9620:
9597:
9547:"Tasmar 100 mg Tablets – Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) – (emc)"
9532:
9486:
9429:
9386:
9342:
9302:
9295:
9156:
9074:
9012:
8977:
8815:
8807:
8724:
8545:
8496:
8437:
8402:
8351:
8254:
8203:
8146:
8102:
8067:
8008:
7952:
7917:
7819:
7776:
7684:
7638:
7557:
7503:
7438:
7403:
7346:
7307:
7252:
7199:
7124:
7105:
7073:
7037:
6990:
6934:
6907:
6851:
6800:
6751:
6700:
6649:
6598:
6549:
6500:
6451:
6432:
6400:
6365:
6316:
6272:
6237:
6182:
6133:
6046:
5985:
5908:
5859:
5808:
5767:
5718:
5683:
5634:
5566:
5515:
5474:
5425:
5374:
5339:
5290:
5246:
5227:
5186:
5134:
5085:
5034:
4983:
4934:
4893:
4841:
4800:
4748:
4677:
4658:
4626:
4555:
4446:
4428:
4375:
4340:"Tremor in Parkinson's Disease: From Pathophysiology to Advanced Therapies"
4321:
4270:
4087:
4008:
3957:
3916:
3900:
3744:
3611:
3607:
3506:
3478:
3342:
3318:
3101:
2893:
2753:
2527:
2189:
Hot Cross Bun sign that is commonly found in MRI of multiple system atrophy
2132:
2079:
2058:
1966:, an area of the body highly implicated in PD. People with PD have altered
1952:
1947:
to T cells. CD4+ T cells, activated by this process, are able to cross the
1944:
1924:
1884:, protein aggregation, and neuronal death, but the mechanisms are obscure.
1858:
1792:
1760:
1729:
1725:
1673:
1658:
1636:
1484:
1422:
1247:
1127:
1016:
929:
860:
812:
806:
792:
786:
739:
731:
679:, in which there is no clearly identifiable cause. The latter, also called
656:
640:
568:
438:
426:
418:
174:
167:
155:
14757:
14589:
13785:
13727:"Repairing the Brain: Cell Replacement Using Stem Cell-Based Technologies"
13049:
11307:
11266:
10758:
10568:
8909:(Technical report). London: Royal College of Physicians. pp. 59–100.
8596:
7868:
7850:
6482:
6416:"Mercury and Parkinson's Disease: Promising Leads, but Research Is Needed"
6218:
5488:
De Wit LE, Wilting I, Souverein PC, van der Pol P, Egberts TC (May 2022).
5151:
Hinkle JT, Perepezko K, Gonzalez LL, Mills KA, Pontone GM (January 2021).
4510:
Ferreira-Sánchez MD, Moreno-Verdú M, Cano-de-la-Cuerda R (February 2020).
3971:
Ou Z, Pan J, Tang S, Duan D, Yu D, Nong H, et al. (7 December 2021).
3048:. Aspiration pneumonia is responsible for 70% of deaths in those with PD.
2407:
levels or by directly mimicking dopamine's effect on the patient's brain.
1898:
The neuroimmune interaction is heavily implicated in PD pathology. PD and
17526:
17257:
16988:
16738:
15808:
15769:
15711:
15610:
15569:
15554:
15544:
15447:
15349:
15339:
15314:
15194:
15163:
15028:
12989:
12965:
12686:
11227:
10419:
Goodwin VA, Richards SH, Taylor RS, Taylor AH, Campbell JL (April 2008).
10264:
9576:
Scott LJ (September 2016). "Opicapone: A Review in Parkinson's Disease".
9507:"Neurological and psychiatric management using COMT inhibitors: A review"
9453:"Levodopa in Parkinson's Disease: Current Status and Future Developments"
8753:
8751:
8584:
7190:
7173:
6614:"Biological links between traumatic brain injury and Parkinson's disease"
4171:
3651:-family growth factor), and enzymes such as glutamic acid decarboxylase (
3196:
2924:
2901:
2802:
2665:
2661:
2649:
2583:
2467:
2420:
2378:
2159:
2061:
substantia nigra. In a meta-analysis, absence of this pattern was highly
1971:
1940:
1806:
1756:
1733:
1669:
1282:, although harboring one of these mutations may not lead to the disease.
1262:
features, hence lowering the risk of PD. About 85 percent of cases occur
1211:
1103:
959:
913:
891:
614:
505:
232:
13172:
11092:
10711:
9858:
9846:
8342:
7574:
Gamborg M, Hvid LG, Dalgas U, Langeskov-Christensen M (3 October 2021).
5066:
5015:
4832:
4411:
Bologna M, Paparella G, Fasano A, Hallett M, Berardelli A (March 2020).
17843:
17536:
17441:
17142:
16867:
16862:
16658:
15919:
15789:
15585:
15559:
15514:
15504:
15489:
15416:
15395:
15390:
15385:
15364:
15359:
15354:
15285:
14210:
13742:
12718:"Update of the MDS research criteria for prodromal Parkinson's disease"
12716:
Heinzel S, Berg D, Gasser T, Chen H, Yao C, Postuma RB (October 2019).
12638:
10447:
9055:
8185:
7322:
6782:
6531:
5967:
5950:
De Miranda BR, Goldman SM, Miller GW, Greenamyre JT, Dorsey ER (2022).
5890:
5650:"Sleep disorders in Parkinson's disease, an early and multiple problem"
5547:
5366:
5168:
4147:
4033:
4015:
3622:
agents. To aid in earlier diagnosis, research criteria for identifying
3428:
3069:
3061:
2841:
2737:
2732:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2688:
2653:
2624:
2129:
2101:
1873:
1764:
1541:
1411:
1362:
838:
830:
743:
648:
590:
551:
462:
430:
339:
159:
106:
14827:
13701:
13662:
12734:
12717:
11110:
10662:
10653:
10437:
10420:
10383:
The National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions, ed. (2006).
10187:
The National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions, ed. (2006).
10032:
The National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions, ed. (2006).
9334:
9088:
The National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions, ed. (2006).
9004:
8901:
The National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions, ed. (2006).
8763:
8748:
8632:
8367:"Tauopathy and Movement Disorders-Unveiling the Chameleons and Mimics"
8094:
7705:
The National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions, ed. (2006).
7573:
7338:
6146:
6121:
6107:
4948:
Warnecke T, Schäfer KH, Claus I, Del Tredici K, Jost WH (March 2022).
4875:
4536:
4208:
4191:
4063:
3948:
3931:
3525:, former paramount leader of China, had advanced Parkinson's disease.
3143:
17796:
17728:
17546:
17005:
16743:
16668:
16029:
15980:
15968:
15951:
15883:
15524:
15499:
15484:
15457:
15426:
15421:
15344:
15329:
15174:
14427:
11541:
11335:
11289:
11260:
11221:
10604:
10592:
10580:
8990:
8510:
Levin J, Kurz A, Arzberger T, Giese A, Höglinger GU (February 2016).
8022:
Schwarz ST, Afzal M, Morgan PS, Bajaj N, Gowland PA, Auer DP (2014).
6053:
5924:"Environmental Risk Factors of Parkinson's Disease: A Scoping Review"
5265:"Anxiety: An ignored aspect of Parkinson's disease lacking attention"
4356:
4159:
3791:
3644:
3615:
3482:
3270:
3261:, and others. Possible earlier but incomplete descriptions include a
3207:
3033:
3022:
2745:
2657:
2645:
2628:
2620:
2579:
2443:
2416:
2362:
2351:
2217:
2185:
2073:
can discriminate individuals with Parkinson's from healthy subjects.
2027:
1916:
1850:
1846:
1822:
1800:
1772:
1713:
1612:
1600:
1450:
1442:
1426:
1391:
1384:
1343:
1278:, from which 5–10 percent can be attributed to a causative risk gene
1243:
1085:
1069:
1030:
981:
955:
824:
458:
367:
246:
238:
127:
15057:
14126:
13981:"Pesticides and Parkinson's disease: Current and future perspective"
11295:
11140:
9772:
8574:
8572:
7286:
Hirsch EC (December 2009). "Iron transport in Parkinson's disease".
7244:
5834:
Morris HR, Spillantini MG, Sue CM, Williams-Gray CH (January 2024).
4117:
4099:
3563:
Parts of this article (those related to this subsection) need to be
3388:
Parts of this article (those related to this subsection) need to be
3244:(pictured), details a disease with strikingly parkinsonian symptoms.
2764:
17531:
17201:
17168:
17094:
16504:
Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED)
16209:
16201:
16167:
16021:
15924:
15604:
15600:
15590:
15529:
15324:
15264:
14806:
13645:
Binde CD, Tvete IF, Gåsemyr J, Natvig B, Klemp M (September 2018).
13316:
Lanska DJ (2010). "Chapter 33: The history of movement disorders".
12620:
11632:
Prenger MT, Madray R, Van Hedger K, Anello M, MacDonald PA (2020).
11086:
8775:
8608:
8512:"The Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Atypical Parkinsonism"
3623:
3438:
3350:
3078:
2782:
2669:
2404:
2323:
2303:
2221:
2090:
1904:
1854:
1842:
1737:
1632:
1565:
1545:
1480:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1378:
1279:
1255:
1251:
1223:
1178:
1142:
1081:
1077:
1026:
594:
489:
485:
318:
314:
11977:
11929:
11577:
6288:
3291:
texts may include references to PD, including a discussion in the
94:
15688:
14042:
13086:
13001:
12413:"Robin Williams' widow speaks: Depression didn't kill my husband"
11825:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
11070:
11068:
11066:
11064:
10530:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
10524:
Jin X, Wang L, Liu S, Zhu L, Loprinzi PD, Fan X (December 2019).
8712:
8690:
8688:
8663:
8661:
8659:
8620:
8569:
8216:
7368:
Lai SW, Lin CH, Lin HF, Lin CL, Lin CC, Liao KF (February 2017).
7018:
Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry
5833:
5528:
5487:
5047:
4057:
3672:
3266:
2909:
2295:
2225:
2046:
2006:
1936:
1780:
1604:
1446:
1403:
1332:
1190:
1065:. Anxiety is known to cause deterioration in the symptoms of PD.
977:
883:
834:
766:
598:
500:. The cause of this cell death is poorly understood but involves
182:
15122:
15119:
14869:
14848:
11553:
11158:
11134:
11122:
9229:. Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press. p. 10.
8644:
8316:
McCann H, Stevens CH, Cartwright H, Halliday GM (January 2014).
6816:"Role of dopamine in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease"
6713:
5048:
Skjærbæk C, Knudsen K, Horsager J, Borghammer P (January 2021).
4997:
Han MN, Finkelstein DI, McQuade RM, Diwakarla S (January 2022).
4123:
3229:
866:
Other common motor signs include a slurred and quiet voice, and
17249:
17064:
16248:
15989:
15956:
15275:
15084:
15069:
14997:
14596:
13938:
International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders
12922:
12813:
11371:
11239:
10219:
10064:
9163:
8315:
8299:
8297:
8295:
8293:
6662:
6516:"Trichloroethylene: An Invisible Cause of Parkinson's Disease?"
6465:
Zhao Y, Ray A, Portengen L, Vermeulen R, Peters S (July 2023).
4947:
4913:
International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders
4283:
4192:"Pose-Based Gait Analysis for Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease"
4093:
3192:
2575:
2450:
in this stage may be delayed in favor of other agents, such as
2447:
2408:
2315:
2174:
1549:
1494:
1355:
1197:, but tissue abnormalities outside the nervous system as well.
1044:
847:(PI) is typical in the later stages of the disease, leading to
798:
735:
652:
539:
509:
422:
385:
344:
151:
14744:
Guridi J, Lozano AM (1997). "A brief history of pallidotomy".
13441:"Chapter 6: The Differential Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease"
11176:
11164:
11061:
10128:
9817:
8685:
8656:
8167:
5438:
4996:
4813:
3659:), tyrosine hydroxylase (the enzyme that produces L-DOPA) and
3470:
3064:, possibly due to exposure to pesticides and industrial waste.
2373:
of almost 3 million CCB users. Higher blood concentrations of
1493:
infection can prevent the absorption of some drugs, including
17686:
17027:
11631:
10692:
9200:"Recommendations Parkinson's disease in adults Guidance NICE"
9120:
7230:
6955:
Bingham CS, Petersen MV, Parent M, McIntyre CC (March 2023).
6954:
6767:"Effects of Helicobacter pylori on Levodopa Pharmacokinetics"
6513:
5647:
4410:
3250:
3097:
2793:. DBS involves the implantation of a medical device called a
2374:
2273:
1776:
1239:
1235:
1072:(PDP) is present in around 20 percent of cases and comprises
995:
Other autonomic-related symptoms include excessive sweating,
802:
14680:
14063:
13617:. In Lisak RP, Truong DD, Carroll WM, Bhidayasiri R (eds.).
13391:
13031:
11523:
11493:
10790:"Occupational therapy for patients with Parkinson's disease"
10273:
8903:"Symptomatic pharmacological therapy in Parkinson's disease"
8839:
Parkinson's Disease: Non-Motor and Non-Dopaminergic Features
8290:
7520:
Du G, Dong W, Yang Q, Yu X, Ma J, Gu W, et al. (2020).
7050:
6997:
6957:"Evolving characterization of the human hyperdirect pathway"
5529:
Gonzalez-Latapi P, Bayram E, Litvan I, Marras C (May 2021).
5150:
4764:
4712:
4177:
2607:
1242:
among others, while environmental risks include exposure to
17200:
14495:
14316:
13320:. 3. Vol. 95. History of Neurology. pp. 501–546.
13264:
Anxiety in Older People: Clinical and Research Perspectives
12510:"LBDA Clarifies Autopsy Report on Comedian, Robin Williams"
11233:
10418:
8590:
8080:
7881:
6074:
5306:"The Neuropsychiatry of Parkinson Disease: A Perfect Storm"
4639:
3751:(iPSCs)—have become an increasingly popular tissue source.
3025:, increased mortality, and a higher probability of needing
1465:
1434:
1430:
1415:
1339:
1053:
develop in around 43 percent of cases. The most common are
30:"Parkinson's" redirects here. For the medical journal, see
14440:
13888:
13178:
13152:
11613:
11483:
11481:
11359:
11316:
11272:
7267:
6814:
Zhou ZD, Yi LX, Wang DQ, Lim TM, Tan EK (September 2023).
6202:
Variants and Parkinson Disease: Mechanisms and Treatments"
5794:
5263:
Khatri DK, Choudhary M, Sood A, Singh SB (November 2020).
4590:
4075:
3610:
of the disease and studies of the potential usefulness of
3485:
to urge increased funding for Parkinson's research in 2002
3060:
Agricultural areas are associated with higher Parkinson's
2549:
2121:
approved to distinguish PD or Parkinsonian syndromes from
1642:
The indirect pathway projects inhibition from striatum to
14984:. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
14389:
13813:"The future of stem cell therapies for Parkinson disease"
13810:
13333:
O'Sullivan SB, Schmitz TJ (2007). "Parkinson's Disease".
13080:
13019:
12995:
12983:
12971:
11423:
11421:
10880:
10836:
10693:
Ramazzina I, Bernazzoli B, Costantino C (31 March 2017).
10391:. London: Royal College of Physicians. pp. 135–146.
10285:
10195:. London: Royal College of Physicians. pp. 101–111.
10040:. London: Royal College of Physicians. pp. 113–133.
9096:. London: Royal College of Physicians. pp. 147–151.
8736:
8679:
8602:
7930:
6464:
6077:"Genetics of Parkinson's disease: Dominant forms and GBA"
6075:
Salles PA, Tirapegui JM, Chaná-Cuevas P (22 March 2024).
6059:
5952:"Preventing Parkinson's Disease: An Environmental Agenda"
5795:
Vertes AC, Beato MR, Sonne J, Khan Suheb MZ (June 2023).
5696:
4338:
Abusrair AH, Elsekaily W, Bohlega S (13 September 2022).
4189:
3880:
3173:' widely distributed illustration of Parkinson's disease.
2553:
LCE pills, containing Levodopa, carbidopa, and entacapone
2319:
1829:, known as Lewy bodies. These bodies first appear in the
1784:
1767:
of dopamine tends to fail, leading to elevated levels of
1534:
Neurochemical circuits with (left) and without (right) PD
1487:
in the blood are associated with an increased risk while
14764:
14168:
13889:
Blauwendraat C, Nalls MA, Singleton AB (February 2020).
12856:
12672:
12028:. The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research
11954:. American Parkinson Disease Association. Archived from
11466:
11444:
11442:
11440:
11438:
11436:
11098:
10787:
5262:
4337:
4153:
2777:
for PD can be divided in two main groups – lesional and
2596:
treatment, which reduces potential for optimal results.
2497:
No standard treatment for PD-associated anxiety exists.
1664:
The striatum and other basal ganglia structures contain
17473:
14021:
13644:
11685:
11478:
11341:
10639:
9864:
9450:
9308:
8509:
8021:
7713:. London: Royal College of Physicians. pp. 29–47.
4135:
4069:
4046:
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
3728:(iPSCs) for use in Parkinson's and other diseases: the
2927:
can be used to deliver food directly into the stomach.
2268:
2024:
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
795:. However, other motor-associated symptoms are common.
14189:
13492:
Parkinson's Disease: Pathogenesis and clinical aspects
13445:
Parkinson's disease: Pathogenesis and Clinical Aspects
13398:
Parkinson's disease: Pathogenesis and Clinical Aspects
13374:
Parkinson's Disease: Pathogenesis and Clinical Aspects
13238:. International Review of Neurobiology. pp. 1–23.
11827:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
11565:
11418:
11408:
11406:
11404:
9930:
7659:"Parkinson's disease: clinical features and diagnosis"
7459:
7211:
7209:
6869:
6562:
5352:
4165:
2587:
is available combined with levodopa in the same pill.
1724:
and other structures inside a neuron, for example the
1623:(GPi). This inhibition reduces GABAergic signaling to
16618:
14453:
14333:
14253:
14147:
13811:
Parmar M, Grealish S, Henchcliffe C (February 2020).
13768:
Panicker N, Ge P, Dawson VL, Dawson TM (April 2021).
13500:
10.15586/codonpublications.parkinsonsdisease.2018.ch3
13453:
10.15586/codonpublications.parkinsonsdisease.2018.ch6
13406:
10.15586/codonpublications.parkinsonsdisease.2018.ch8
13351:
13332:
12715:
11784:
11601:
11589:
11529:
11505:
11454:
11433:
11389:
11377:
11301:
10999:
10610:
10598:
10586:
10574:
8781:
8769:
8757:
8730:
8700:
8638:
8563:
5922:
Jaaffar FS, Aizuddin AN, Ahmad N (21 February 2024).
5204:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5196:
5050:"Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease"
4105:
1997:
Physician's initial assessment is typically based on
15047:
13848:"Challenges in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease"
13846:
Tolosa E, Garrido A, Scholz SW, Poewe W (May 2021).
13591:
9881:
9852:
9505:
Akhtar MJ, Yar MS, Grover G, Nath R (January 2020).
7320:
5921:
1974:
to the brainstem, and then to the substantia nigra.
932:, are associated with a variety of symptoms such as
14274:
13687:
11401:
11146:
10743:
9877:
9875:
9873:
9504:
8626:
8614:
8578:
7321:Li X, Sundquist J, Sundquist K (23 December 2011).
7206:
7086:
6612:Delic V, Beck KD, Pang KC, Citron BA (April 2020).
5303:
3905:
Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine
3536:, highlighting difficulties in accurate diagnosis.
2781:(DBS). Target areas for DBS or lesions include the
2490:is provided to improve a person's quality of life.
2108:in the basal ganglia can be directly measured with
1130:, and disrupted perception and estimation of time.
16636:
14295:
12764:
12182:Matthews W (April 2006). "Ali's Fighting Spirit".
11980:. European Parkinson's Disease Association. 2010.
10131:"Interventions for fatigue in Parkinson's disease"
8718:
7839:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
7700:
7698:
7663:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
7602:
5945:
5943:
5941:
5193:
3790:Neurodegeneration is proposed to originate in the
3441:, registered in 1981 by a Dutch horticulturalist.
2292:neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction.
14641:Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine
13891:"The genetic architecture of Parkinson's disease"
13724:
13612:
13092:
13007:
12250:"For the Phinney Family, a Dream and a Challenge"
11000:Moens K, Higginson IJ, Harding R (October 2014).
10027:
10025:
9979:
9260:"Recent advances in treating Parkinson's disease"
9036:
8836:
7750:
7748:
7746:
7744:
7742:
7740:
7738:
7736:
7734:
4382:
3929:
3870:
3466:List of people diagnosed with Parkinson's disease
882:can lead to changes in sensation that include an
562:
74:A. 1880s illustration of Parkinson's disease (PD)
17860:
17045:
14890:
14722:
14372:
14232:
14084:
13266:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 139–156.
13025:
11928:. Parkinson's Disease Foundation. Archived from
11559:
11182:
10960:
10958:
10956:
10876:
10874:
10635:
10633:
10631:
10629:
10627:
10625:
10623:
10621:
10619:
10414:
10412:
10182:
10180:
10178:
10176:
9870:
8896:
8894:
8892:
8890:
8888:
8886:
8694:
8667:
8650:
7976:
7974:
7972:
7970:
7652:
7650:
7648:
7215:
7003:
4906:
4129:
4021:
3777:) have been explored for Parkinson's. Of these,
3743:neuron precursor cells from fetal brain tissue,
3517:, diagnosed with Parkinson's at 40, started the
1700:Alpha-synuclein (aSyn) is a protein involved in
1646:(GPe), reducing its GABAergic inhibition of the
639:The four cardinal motor symptoms of Parkinson's—
609:due to the abnormal accumulation of the protein
13438:
13371:Stoker TB, Greenland JC, eds. (December 2018).
13153:Office of the Commissioner (20 February 2020).
12902:"World's first Parkinson's vaccine is trialled"
12485:"How Lewy body dementia gripped Robin Williams"
12406:
12404:
11854:. GlaxoSmithKline. 1 April 2009. Archived from
11745:
11743:
11741:
9770:
9363:
9032:
9030:
8884:
8882:
8880:
8878:
8876:
8874:
8872:
8870:
8868:
8866:
8303:
7695:
7569:
7567:
7416:
7226:
7224:
7167:
7165:
6929:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
6920:
6764:
6284:
6282:
6006:
5938:
5928:International Journal of Public Health Research
5803:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
1857:) that are not aggregated into Lewy bodies and
940:, excessive sweating, or urinary incontinence.
17818:
15241:
14949:
14928:
14785:
14512:
14354:Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders
11952:"American Parkinson Disease Association: Home"
11681:
11679:
11245:
11170:
11159:Murueta-Goyena, Muiño & Gómez-Esteban 2024
11135:Murueta-Goyena, Muiño & Gómez-Esteban 2017
11123:Murueta-Goyena, Muiño & Gómez-Esteban 2017
11074:
10920:
10918:
10378:
10376:
10374:
10372:
10370:
10124:
10122:
10022:
9500:
9498:
9496:
8415:
7731:
5258:
5256:
5101:"Orthostatic Hypotension in Parkinson Disease"
3932:"The clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease"
3353:, France, emerged as an additional treatment.
2253:, cerebellar ataxia, and specific MRI findings
1876:and lysosomal systems dysfunction and reduced
868:handwriting that progressively becomes smaller
16604:
15674:
15227:
14907:
13233:
12767:"Gene Therapy for Neurodegenerative Diseases"
12668:
12666:
12141:"Muhammad Ali's Message: Keep Moving Forward"
11832:
11194:
10953:
10871:
10616:
10523:
10479:
10409:
10173:
9766:
9764:
9762:
8787:
7967:
7754:
7645:
6813:
6413:
6378:
6329:
6195:
5872:
5297:
5098:
4857:
4081:
3970:
3666:
2162:, rather than alpha-synuclein. These include
1635:, thereby promoting their projections to the
14952:The Medical bulletin of Sisle Etfal Hospital
14743:
12401:
11738:
11625:
11583:
9027:
8863:
8793:
8123:
7797:
7564:
7519:
7367:
7221:
7162:
6507:
6279:
5310:The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
5304:Weintraub D, Mamikonyan E (September 2019).
4692:"Postural Instability (Balance & Falls)"
3686:Cell-based therapies for Parkinson's disease
3513:is unresolved. Cyclist and Olympic medalist
2276:may decrease risk of developing Parkinson's.
2086:, as well as less-frequent entities such as
2069:for the disease. A meta-analysis found that
1317:inheritance. Additionally, mutations in the
683:Parkinson's, makes up some 85–90% of cases.
16393:
14536:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
14351:
14066:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
13261:
13148:
13146:
11676:
10915:
10794:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
10367:
10288:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
10135:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
10119:
10034:"Non-motor features of Parkinson's disease"
9986:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9727:"Medical management of Parkinson's disease"
9493:
9194:
9192:
9190:
9188:
9186:
9184:
9182:
9180:
9178:
9169:
9127:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9039:"Review: management of Parkinson's disease"
8830:
8742:
6007:Zhao Y, Yunjia L, Hilde K (23 April 2024).
5780:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 (
5606:
5253:
3594:conducting Parkinson's research aboard the
2963:Severe cognitive or movement abnormalities
2863:(LSVT) is one of the most widely practiced
2034:can be helpful in diagnosing dysautonomia.
1590:cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop
1383:Identifying environmental risk factors and
1266:, meaning that there is no family history.
859:characterized by short shuffling steps and
762:, behavior, sleep patterns, and cognition.
605:region of the brain. It is classified as a
292:fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome
17508:Other specified feeding or eating disorder
16775:
16611:
16597:
15681:
15667:
15234:
15220:
14443:Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports
13594:Parkinson's disease and movement disorders
13575:Parkinson's disease and movement disorders
13556:Parkinson's disease and movement disorders
13537:Parkinson's disease and movement disorders
13352:Simon RP, Greenberg D, Aminoff MJ (2017).
12765:Sudhakar V, Richardson RM (January 2019).
12663:
12569:
11524:Sousa-Santos, Pozzobon & Teixeira 2024
10318:
9759:
9724:
9451:Tambasco N, Romoli M, Calabresi P (2018).
8364:
7884:"Dysautonomia: perioperative implications"
7015:
6765:Nyholm D, Hellström PM (2 February 2021).
6414:Torrey EF, Simmons W (16 September 2023).
5731:
4229:. National Health Service. 3 November 2022
4178:Dolgacheva, Zinchenko & Goncharov 2022
2338:, which modulates dopaminergic signaling,
2114:single-photon emission computed tomography
1887:
1200:
132:
14474:
14004:
13949:
13914:
13871:
13828:
13793:
13770:"The cell biology of Parkinson's disease"
13750:
13670:
13486:Stoker TB, Torsney KM, Barker RA (2018).
13208:
13057:
12948:
12790:
12733:
12646:
12597:
12587:
12459:
12444:"The terrorist inside my husband's brain"
11870:"National Parkinson Foundation – Mission"
11810:
11721:
11711:
11659:
11649:
11347:
11017:
10854:
10813:
10720:
10710:
10661:
10551:
10541:
10464:
10446:
10436:
10350:
10247:
10237:
10156:
10146:
10005:
9956:
9907:
9742:
9631:(11 Suppl 4): S51–52, discussion S53–56.
9522:
9476:
9320:
9285:
9275:
9146:
9064:
9054:
8967:
8535:
8486:
8476:
8392:
8382:
8341:
8244:
8234:
8193:
8057:
8047:
7998:
7983:"Imaging approaches to Parkinson disease"
7907:
7858:
7674:
7628:
7587:
7547:
7537:
7515:
7513:
7493:
7393:
7189:
7153:
7114:
7104:
6980:
6897:
6887:
6841:
6831:
6790:
6741:
6731:
6690:
6680:
6639:
6629:
6588:
6539:
6490:
6441:
6431:
6355:
6306:
6227:
6217:
6172:
6092:
6036:
6026:
5975:
5898:
5836:"The pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease"
5757:
5673:
5624:
5556:
5546:
5505:
5464:
5415:
5405:
5329:
5280:
5236:
5226:
5176:
5124:
5075:
5065:
5024:
5014:
4973:
4924:
4883:
4831:
4790:
4738:
4667:
4657:
4616:
4545:
4535:
4436:
4365:
4355:
4311:
4301:
4207:
3998:
3988:
3947:
3840:
3838:
3836:
2578:, vomiting, and orthostatic hypotension.
2138:
1653:The hyperdirect pathway is an additional
1342:, is thought to be primarily responsible
1325:, are found in 5–10 percent of PD cases.
693:Signs and symptoms of Parkinson's disease
17771:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
17367:Depersonalization-derealization disorder
14617:
14105:
13651:British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
13447:. Codon Publications. pp. 109–128.
13179:Blauwendraat, Nalls & Singleton 2020
13143:
12441:
12181:
11634:"Social Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease"
11499:
11472:
11360:Deliz, Tanner & Gonzalez-Latapi 2024
11317:Deliz, Tanner & Gonzalez-Latapi 2024
11273:Deliz, Tanner & Gonzalez-Latapi 2024
9771:Samii A, Nutt JG, Ransom BR (May 2004).
9175:
9090:"Palliative care in Parkinson's disease"
8941:
7832:
7656:
7087:Chakrabarti S, Bisaglia M (April 2023).
6921:Young CB, Reddy V, Sonne J (July 2023).
5873:Coleman C, Martin I (16 December 2022).
4141:
3585:
3469:
3427:
3228:
3055:
2945:Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale
2763:
2606:
2548:
2357:Although findings have varied, usage of
2267:
2184:
1981:
1611:of the striatum, which sends inhibitory
1483:is documented to be associated with PD.
1210:
15004:Stanford Parkinson's Community Outreach
14638:
14410:
14024:Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology
13553:
13081:Parmar, Grealish & Henchcliffe 2020
13020:Parmar, Grealish & Henchcliffe 2020
12996:Parmar, Grealish & Henchcliffe 2020
12984:Parmar, Grealish & Henchcliffe 2020
12972:Parmar, Grealish & Henchcliffe 2020
12538:
12482:
12410:
12379:"Parkinson's experts sent to help Deng"
12113:Burleson N, Breen K (9 November 2023).
12081:
11749:
11511:
11487:
10324:
10054:from the original on 24 September 2010.
9618:
9110:from the original on 24 September 2010.
8706:
8680:Rose, Schwarzschild & Gomperts 2024
8603:Rose, Schwarzschild & Gomperts 2024
7727:from the original on 24 September 2010.
7273:
7137:
6250:
6060:Rose, Schwarzschild & Gomperts 2024
5387:
4344:Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements
3801:
3732:of one such iSPC differentiated into a
3679:
2158:Other Parkinson-plus syndromes involve
1962:Peripheral inflammation can affect the
14:
17861:
16470:Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies
16143:Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS
14659:
14106:Langston JW (2017). "The MPTP Story".
13315:
13104:
12351:
12216:
12084:"'It's the gift that keeps on taking'"
11619:
11571:
11006:Journal of Pain and Symptom Management
10964:
10924:
10843:Journal of Pain and Symptom Management
9980:Crosby N, Deane KH, Clarke CE (2003).
9257:
9043:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
7980:
7510:
7285:
6865:
6863:
6861:
5099:Palma JA, Kaufmann H (February 2020).
3898:
3846:"Parkinson's Disease Information Page"
3833:
3629:of the disease have been established.
3454:American Parkinson Disease Association
3356:
3040:. Around 90% of those with PD develop
2486:. In the final stages of the disease,
1989:neuron with Lewy body (arrowhead) and
1894:Parkinson's disease and gut-brain axis
1507:Pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease
1165:at some point of disease progression.
898:may arise and lead to difficulties in
472:Most cases of Parkinson's disease are
17817:
17685:
17620:
17472:
17199:
17044:
16954:
16774:
16635:
16592:
15662:
15215:
15006:. Stanford University School Medicine
14575:
14533:
13596:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
13577:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
13558:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
13539:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
13490:. In Stoker TB, Greenland JC (eds.).
13443:. In Stoker TB, Greenland JC (eds.).
13396:. In Stoker TB, Greenland JC (eds.).
13296:
12916:
12389:from the original on 30 November 2023
12354:"China's Deng Xiaoping Is Dead at 92"
12308:
12247:
12229:from the original on 17 November 2016
12046:
11427:
11412:
11383:
11234:Varden, Walker & O'Callaghan 2024
11040:
10883:Ethical and Legal Issues in Neurology
9575:
9224:
7171:
6605:
6070:
6068:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5146:
5144:
4907:Winiker K, Kertscher B (March 2023).
4853:
4851:
4760:
4758:
4333:
4331:
4221:
4219:
3886:
1791:(DAMPs), resulting in aggregation of
686:
16955:
16321:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
15710:
14872:Journal of the Neurological Sciences
14701:
14620:Parkinsonism & Related Disorders
14554:
14498:Parkinsonism & Related Disorders
14192:Parkinsonism & Related Disorders
14150:Journal of the Neurological Sciences
13107:International Review of Neurobiology
12816:Parkinsonism & Related Disorders
12551:from the original on 4 November 2016
12423:from the original on 4 November 2015
12290:from the original on 11 January 2012
12260:from the original on 6 November 2014
12138:
11838:
11752:Parkinsonism & Related Disorders
11607:
11595:
11547:
11535:
11460:
11448:
11395:
10967:British Journal of Hospital Medicine
10927:Parkinsonism & Related Disorders
9820:Parkinsonism & Related Disorders
9621:"COMT inhibitors and liver toxicity"
9407:
8365:Ganguly J, Jog M (5 November 2020).
8322:Parkinsonism & Related Disorders
8174:Movement Disorders Clinical Practice
7691:from the original on 19 August 2015.
7288:Parkinsonism & Related Disorders
6618:Acta Neuropathologica Communications
5699:Parkinsonism & Related Disorders
5581:"Parkinson's Disease Sleep Problems"
5157:Movement Disorders Clinical Practice
4166:Olfatia, Shoeibia & Litvanb 2019
3930:Sveinbjornsdottir S (October 2016).
3785:
3549:
3539:
3528:At the time of his suicide in 2014,
3374:
2851:exercise has been shown to increase
2634:
2504:
2359:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
2128:Iodine-123-meta-iodobenzylguanidine
1789:damage-associated molecular patterns
632:, PDD is one of the two subtypes of
17474:Physiological and physical behavior
13637:
13535:Tolosa E, Jankovic E, eds. (2007).
13038:The New England Journal of Medicine
12912:from the original on 23 April 2015.
12094:from the original on 8 October 2013
11984:from the original on 15 August 2010
11852:"Parkinson's – 'the shaking palsy'"
9982:"Amantadine in Parkinson's disease"
9882:Alborghetti M, Nicoletti F (2019).
8564:Simon, Greenberg & Aminoff 2017
6858:
6196:Smith L, Schapira AH (April 2022).
4858:Palma JA, Kaufmann H (March 2018).
4413:"Evolving concepts on bradykinesia"
4106:Bologna, Truong & Jankovic 2022
4094:Stanford University School Medicine
3639:Gene therapy in Parkinson's disease
3444:Advocacy organizations include the
2694:
2017:Medical organizations have created
1816:
1173:PD is associated with a variety of
1006:
523:, usually motor-related, found via
469:may also arise in advanced stages.
27:Long-term neurodegenerative disease
24:
17420:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
16814:Emotional and behavioral disorders
16552:Infantile progressive bulbar palsy
14375:Parkinsonism and Related Disorders
14337:Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
13119:10.1016/B978-0-12-801022-8.00003-9
12516:. 10 November 2014. Archived from
12323:10.1097/01.SMJ.0000145284.79746.B3
12112:
12004:"Notable Figures with Parkinson's"
10891:10.1016/B978-0-444-53501-6.00010-X
8516:Deutsches Arzteblatt International
6065:
5822:
5788:
5141:
4848:
4755:
4328:
4216:
3240:), a Chinese text credited to the
2878:
2602:
1712:. In PD, it can be overexpressed,
1500:
25:
17910:
17600:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
16255:Template:Cerebrovascular diseases
16058:Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
15021:
13613:Truong DD, Bhidayasiri R (2016).
11902:. 18 January 1960. Archived from
11147:Caballol, Martí & Tolosa 2007
11019:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2013.11.009
10856:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2007.02.024
10189:"Surgery for Parkinson's disease"
9900:10.2174/1570159X16666180830100754
9469:10.2174/1570159X15666170510143821
9037:Pedrosa DJ, Timmermann L (2013).
8960:10.2174/1570159X14666151208114634
8770:Ascherio & Schwarzschild 2016
8758:Ascherio & Schwarzschild 2016
8731:Ascherio & Schwarzschild 2016
8639:Ascherio & Schwarzschild 2016
7174:"A review of Parkinson's disease"
6876:Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience
5269:Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy
3761:
3283:, and a discussion of tremors by
2958:Mean years post-diagnosis until:
2822:Management of Parkinson's disease
2815:
2464:high-intensity focused ultrasound
2395:Management of Parkinson's disease
1795:, and therefore, fueling further
1552:within, among other regions, the
1460:Other chemical compounds include
1128:slowed cognitive processing speed
962:, malnutrition, weight loss, and
730:The defining symptoms affect the
512:. Other possible factors involve
496:, a system involved in voluntary
17889:Diseases named after discoverers
16900:X-linked intellectual disability
16275:For more detailed coverage, see
16253:For more detailed coverage, see
16224:For more detailed coverage, see
16190:For more detailed coverage, see
16141:For more detailed coverage, see
13985:Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy
13965:
13725:Henchcliffe C, Parmar M (2018).
13439:Greenland JC, Barker RA (2018).
13301:(2nd ed.). Elsevier/Mosby.
13184:
13098:
12894:
12850:
12828:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.07.018
12807:
12758:
12709:
12614:
12563:
12532:
12502:
12476:
12435:
12371:
12345:
12302:
12276:
12241:
12210:
12196:10.1097/01222928-200602020-00004
12175:
12157:10.1097/01222928-200602020-00003
12132:
12106:
12075:
12040:
12018:
11996:
11970:
11944:
11918:
11888:
11862:
11844:
11778:
11764:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2007.06.003
11188:
11034:
10993:
10939:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.06.012
10830:
10781:
10737:
10686:
10517:
10473:
10279:
10213:
10093:
10067:The American Journal of Medicine
10058:
9973:
9924:
9853:Tolosa & Katzenschlager 2007
9811:
9718:
9693:
9668:
9643:
9612:
9569:
9539:
9444:
9401:
9357:
9314:
9251:
9218:
9114:
9081:
8984:
8935:
8719:Singh, Tripathi & Singh 2021
8503:
8452:
8430:10.1136/postgradmedj-2011-130051
8409:
8358:
8309:
8261:
8210:
8161:
8117:
8074:
8015:
7924:
7875:
7826:
7791:
7707:"Diagnosing Parkinson's Disease"
7596:
6471:American Journal of Epidemiology
5711:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.11.017
5494:European Neuropsychopharmacology
5388:Zhang S, Ma Y (September 2022).
5003:Journal of Personalized Medicine
4227:"Parkinson's disease - Symptoms"
3813:
3703:
3694:
3554:
3521:in 2004 to support PD research.
3459:
3379:
3361:
3151:
3142:
2509:
2032:electrochemical skin conductance
1524:
1515:
1368:
750:. Other symptoms may affect the
710:
701:
105:
93:
79:
67:
16729:Intermittent explosive disorder
16654:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
14515:The Lancet: Healthy Longetivity
14477:Translational Neurodegeneration
14277:Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience
13932:Winiker K, Kertscher B (2023).
12675:Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
12576:Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience
12483:Robbins R (30 September 2016).
11550:, p. S500—S501, S504–S505.
10747:Seminars in Speech and Language
10699:Clinical Interventions in Aging
8627:Crotty & Schwarzschild 2020
8615:Crotty & Schwarzschild 2020
8579:Crotty & Schwarzschild 2020
7453:
7410:
7361:
7314:
7279:
7131:
7080:
7044:
7009:
6948:
6914:
6820:Translational Neurodegeneration
6807:
6758:
6707:
6656:
6556:
6458:
6407:
6372:
6330:Santos-Lobato BL (April 2024).
6323:
6244:
6189:
6140:
6101:
6000:
5949:
5915:
5866:
5725:
5690:
5641:
5600:
5573:
5522:
5507:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2022.01.113
5481:
5432:
5381:
5346:
5092:
5041:
4990:
4941:
4900:
4807:
4706:
4684:
4633:
4584:
4562:
4503:
4481:
4453:
4404:
4277:
4241:
4183:
3632:
3546:Research in Parkinson's disease
3051:
2744:or memantine for dementia, and
2346:, and inflammation. Prescribed
2055:susceptibility weighted imaging
1736:which are involved in neuronal
1657:pathway that projects from the
1583:
1100:dopamine dysregulation syndrome
952:immoderate production of saliva
724:(more obvious in the side view)
17372:Dissociative identity disorder
16637:Adult personality and behavior
14972:
14456:Journal of Parkinson's Disease
14108:Journal of Parkinson's Disease
14087:Journal of Neural Transmission
13997:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.101966
13731:Journal of Parkinson's Disease
13356:(10th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
13318:Handbook of Clinical Neurology
13297:Ferri FF (2010). "Chapter P".
13221:
12627:Journal of Parkinson's Disease
12539:McKeith IG (6 November 2015).
12514:Lewy Body Dementia Association
12442:Williams SS (September 2016).
12385:. Hong Kong. 26 January 1995.
10806:10.1002/14651858.CD002813.pub2
10300:10.1002/14651858.CD013856.pub3
10148:10.1002/14651858.CD010925.pub2
10107:(Press release). 29 April 2016
9725:Goldenberg MM (October 2008).
9277:10.12688/f1000research.10100.1
9139:10.1002/14651858.cd011961.pub2
8318:"α-Synucleinopathy phenotypes"
8278:. Food and Drug Administration
7833:Gibb WR, Lees AJ (June 1988).
6961:Brain Structure & Function
6771:Journal of Parkinson's Disease
6520:Journal of Parkinson's Disease
5956:Journal of Parkinson's Disease
5879:Journal of Parkinson's Disease
5732:Almikhlafi MA (January 2024).
5355:Journal of Parkinson's Disease
4816:Applied Neuropsychology. Adult
4719:Journal of Neural Transmission
3964:
3923:
3892:
3749:induced pluripotent stem cells
3726:induced pluripotent stem cells
3511:parkinsonism related to boxing
3450:Parkinson's Disease Foundation
3134:History of Parkinson's disease
2726:
2593:neuroleptic malignant syndrome
2500:
2312:monoamine oxidase B inhibitors
2257:Progressive supranuclear palsy
2203:progressive supranuclear palsy
2164:progressive supranuclear palsy
1993:-positive Lewy neurite (right)
1927:, bringing about a release of
1775:and causes cellular damage to
1576:which plays a central role in
577:Parkinson's disease (PD) is a
563:Classification and terminology
280:progressive supranuclear palsy
13:
1:
16568:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
16453:Hereditary spastic paraplegia
16311:Normal pressure hydrocephalus
14893:European Journal of Neurology
14788:Annals of Palliative Medicine
13907:10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30287-X
13864:10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00030-2
13093:Henchcliffe & Parmar 2018
13008:Henchcliffe & Parmar 2018
12872:10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30136-8
12411:Gallman S (4 November 2015).
12352:Mufson S (20 February 1997).
10979:10.12968/hmed.2010.71.1.45969
10611:O'Sullivan & Schmitz 2007
10599:O'Sullivan & Schmitz 2007
10587:O'Sullivan & Schmitz 2007
10575:O'Sullivan & Schmitz 2007
9832:10.1016/S1353-8020(09)70847-8
9789:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16305-8
8566:, p. page number needed.
8334:10.1016/S1353-8020(13)70017-8
7800:European Journal of Neurology
7580:Acta Neurologica Scandinavica
7300:10.1016/S1353-8020(09)70816-8
6923:"Neuroanatomy, Basal Ganglia"
6393:10.1016/s2542-5196(23)00255-3
5852:10.1016/s0140-6736(23)01478-2
5609:"Sleep and Parkinson Disease"
5105:Clinics in Geriatric Medicine
4824:10.1080/23279095.2023.2256918
3899:Koh J, Ito H (January 2017).
3871:Truong & Bhidayasiri 2016
3661:catechol-O-methyl transferase
3503:The Michael J. Fox Foundation
3481:(center) speaking before the
3446:National Parkinson Foundation
3296:
3234:
3185:An Essay on the Shaking Palsy
3165:(left) named the disease for
3090:gene-environment interactions
2906:cardiopulmonary resuscitation
2861:Lee Silverman voice treatment
2388:
2263:
1695:
1540:Main pathological feature is
1207:Causes of Parkinson's disease
519:Diagnosis is mainly based on
32:Parkinson's Disease (journal)
17776:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
17313:Generalized anxiety disorder
17046:Neurological and symptomatic
16691:Sexual relationship disorder
16537:Progressive muscular atrophy
15029:"The Lancet Neurology Video"
14683:Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatri
13817:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
13337:(5th ed.). F.A. Davis.
12941:10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.1487
12461:10.1212/WNL.0000000000003162
12286:. Davis Phinney Foundation.
11713:10.1371/journal.pone.0291357
11171:Atalar, Oguz & Genc 2023
10343:10.1212/wnl.0b013e318225ab66
10079:10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.01.025
9524:10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103418
8695:Grotewolda & Albina 2024
8668:Grotewolda & Albina 2024
8651:Grotewolda & Albina 2024
8418:Postgraduate Medical Journal
8049:10.1371/journal.pone.0093814
7945:10.1212/WNL.0000000000002350
7900:10.1097/ALN.0b013e31823db712
7812:10.1046/j.1468-1331.9.s3.3.x
7621:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.05.035
7589:10.1111/ane.13579/v1/review2
7138:Cardozo C (September 2023).
7004:Ramesh & Arachchige 2023
6381:The Lancet. Planetary Health
6308:10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.102669
6094:10.1016/j.neurop.2024.100153
6028:10.1212/WNL.0000000000209201
5750:10.17712/nsj.2024.1.20230062
5282:10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110776
5054:Journal of Clinical Medicine
4022:Ramesh & Arachchige 2023
3826:
3289:traditional Chinese medicine
3021:in people with PD and their
2938:
2836:trunk, rhythmic initiation,
2750:excessive daytime sleepiness
2740:or clozapine for psychosis,
2413:dopa decarboxylase inhibitor
2110:positron emission tomography
1977:
1931:like IL-1β, IFNγ, and TNFα.
1702:synaptic vesicle trafficking
1615:signals to substantia nigra
1346:aggregation. ASyn activates
1147:excessive daytime sleepiness
1120:Parkinson's disease dementia
1109:
1059:generalized anxiety disorder
934:gastrointestinal dysfunction
919:
626:Parkinson's disease dementia
552:involuntary muscle movements
443:Parkinson's disease dementia
300:dopamine-responsive dystonia
86:B. Mild motor-predominant PD
36:Parkinson's (disambiguation)
7:
17899:Neurodegenerative disorders
17552:REM sleep behavior disorder
17021:Seasonal affective disorder
16819:Separation anxiety disorder
16047:Primary progressive aphasia
13774:The Journal of Cell Biology
12082:Brockes E (11 April 2009).
10239:10.1001/archneurol.2010.260
9949:10.1136/bmj.38184.606169.AE
9258:Oertel WH (13 March 2017).
8304:Greenland & Barker 2018
7987:Journal of Nuclear Medicine
7386:10.1097/MD.0000000000006075
7327:Neuro-Degenerative Diseases
5607:Bollu PC, Sahota P (2017).
5394:World Journal of Psychiatry
3722:Argonne National Laboratory
3655:– the enzyme that produces
3596:International Space Station
3423:
3206:—regarded as the father of
3179:In 1817, English physician
2557:
2482:, bladder dysfunction, and
2466:), subcutaneous waking-day
2272:Antioxidant compounds like
1390:In particular, exposure to
1348:ATM serine/threonine kinase
1155:REM sleep behavior disorder
775:REM sleep behavior disorder
372:Near-normal life expectancy
10:
17915:
17819:Symptoms and uncategorized
16920:developmental disabilities
16686:Sexual maturation disorder
16369:Hashimoto's encephalopathy
16075:Posterior cortical atrophy
15896:Striatonigral degeneration
15747:Cavernous sinus thrombosis
15200:Parkinson Disease Overview
12783:10.1007/s13311-018-00694-0
12570:Mari Z, Mestre TA (2022).
11896:"Education: Joy in Giving"
11209:10.1038/s41598-021-86011-w
11111:Dommershuijsen et al. 2023
11087:Fereshtehnejad et al. 2017
11075:Corcoran & Kluger 2021
9422:10.1007/s40265-020-01307-x
9379:10.1007/s10072-022-06298-z
8139:10.1007/s00330-020-07240-7
7066:10.1007/s11033-023-08409-1
6973:10.1007/s00429-023-02610-5
6889:10.3389/fnsys.2023.1242929
6833:10.1186/s40035-023-00378-6
6733:10.1186/s12883-022-02874-0
6631:10.1186/s40478-020-00924-7
6611:
6581:10.1038/s41531-023-00558-1
6348:10.1038/s41531-024-00709-y
6165:10.1038/s41531-024-00659-5
5666:10.1038/s41531-024-00642-0
5457:10.1007/s40120-022-00388-y
5322:10.1016/j.jagp.2019.03.002
5117:10.1016/j.cger.2019.09.002
4966:10.1038/s41531-022-00295-x
4731:10.1007/s00702-022-02517-1
3977:Frontiers in Public Health
3683:
3667:Neuroprotective treatments
3636:
3543:
3463:
3432:Parkinson's awareness logo
3131:
3127:
2942:
2819:
2759:
2392:
2041:
1891:
1747:A vicious cycle linked to
1504:
1471:
1372:
1360:non-homologous end joining
1269:
1204:
1159:sleep-disordered breathing
873:
784:
690:
587:peripheral nervous systems
566:
29:
17879:Ailments of unknown cause
17874:Aging-associated diseases
17824:
17813:
17789:
17781:Simple-type schizophrenia
17758:
17750:Schizophreniform disorder
17727:
17706:
17702:
17681:
17634:
17616:
17585:
17562:
17516:
17483:
17479:
17468:
17390:
17357:
17305:
17248:
17239:
17220:
17216:
17195:
17161:
17128:Mild cognitive impairment
17113:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
17093:
17055:
17051:
17040:
17011:Major depressive disorder
16964:
16950:
16916:Psychological development
16915:
16890:
16787:
16783:
16770:
16699:
16646:
16642:
16631:
16475:Spinal muscular atrophies
16443:Primary lateral sclerosis
16425:
16402:
16386:
16341:
16301:Intracranial hypertension
16291:
16263:
16234:
16200:
16162:
16151:
16117:
16095:
16081:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
16020:
15830:
15821:
15807:
15767:
15701:
15619:
15578:
15470:
15435:
15404:
15373:
15294:
15263:
15254:
15154:
15051:
14413:Frontiers in Neuroscience
13830:10.1038/s41583-019-0257-7
13621:. John Wiley & Sons.
13615:"50: Parkinson's disease"
13272:10.1017/9781139087469.009
12589:10.3389/fnagi.2022.810860
12248:Macur J (26 March 2008).
12217:Tauber P (17 July 1988).
11803:10.1038/s41531-020-0117-1
10385:"Other key interventions"
9998:10.1002/14651858.CD003468
9888:Current Neuropharmacology
9590:10.1007/s40265-016-0623-y
9457:Current Neuropharmacology
8948:Current Neuropharmacology
8528:10.3238/arztebl.2016.0061
8384:10.3389/fneur.2020.599384
8269:"DaTSCAN Approval Letter"
8236:10.1186/s13550-015-0087-1
8000:10.2967/jnumed.108.059998
7657:Jankovic J (April 2008).
7539:10.3389/fimmu.2020.603594
7431:10.1038/s41582-020-0344-4
7419:Nature Reviews. Neurology
7054:Molecular Biology Reports
7030:10.1016/j.cca.2022.02.006
6265:10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104876
5797:"Parkinson-Plus Syndrome"
4263:10.1016/j.arr.2022.101834
3990:10.3389/fpubh.2021.776847
3936:Journal of Neurochemistry
3534:dementia with Lewy bodies
2957:
2954:
2950:Prognosis of PD subtypes
2742:cholinesterase inhibitors
2518:This article needs to be
2235:Dementia with Lewy bodies
2207:dementia with Lewy bodies
1929:proinflammatory cytokines
1872:Other mechanisms include
1732:. This aggregation forms
1116:mild cognitive impairment
1092:Impulse-control disorders
972:is the sustained drop of
948:impaired stomach emptying
630:dementia with Lewy bodies
617:within affected neurons.
579:neurodegenerative disease
451:neuropsychiatric problems
411:neurodegenerative disease
384:
376:
366:
338:
324:
309:
276:Dementia with Lewy bodies
269:
256:
231:
223:
215:
195:
141:
121:
61:
53:
48:
17829:Impulse-control disorder
17745:Schizoaffective disorder
17740:Brief reactive psychosis
17437:Mass psychogenic illness
17400:Body dysmorphic disorder
17179:Post-concussion syndrome
16789:Emotional and behavioral
16542:Progressive bulbar palsy
16333:Intracranial hypotension
16316:Choroid plexus papilloma
15730:Herpesviral encephalitis
14851:Acta Neurologica Belgica
14214:Cell Death & Disease
13354:Lange Clinical Neurology
13245:Neuroscience in medicine
13226:
12383:South China Morning Post
12311:Southern Medical Journal
12006:. Parkinson's Foundation
11584:Guridi & Lozano 1997
10495:10.1177/0269215509358933
10325:Ahlskog JE (July 2011).
8942:Zhang J, Tan LC (2016).
8478:10.3389/fneur.2017.00481
7981:Brooks DJ (April 2010).
7676:10.1136/jnnp.2007.131045
7178:British Medical Bulletin
6682:10.3390/medicina59081360
4694:. Parkinson's Foundation
4572:. Parkinson's Foundation
4491:. Parkinson's Foundation
4392:. Parkinson's Foundation
4303:10.3390/brainsci13020157
4024:, pp. 200–201, 203.
3806:
3519:Davis Phinney Foundation
2904:, wishes for or against
2810:pedunculopontine nucleus
2736:Examples are the use of
2423:). Other agents include
2367:Calcium channel blockers
2365:may be neuroprotective.
2328:antagonistic interaction
2153:multiple systems atrophy
2145:Parkinson-plus syndromes
2084:chronic ischemic insults
2003:neurological examination
1710:neurotransmitter release
1644:external globus pallidus
1621:internal globus pallidus
1168:
1133:
926:autonomic nervous system
780:
669:Parkinson-plus syndromes
613:, which aggregates into
525:neurological examination
437:, collectively known as
17766:Childhood schizophrenia
17118:Frontotemporal dementia
17075:High-functioning autism
16892:Intellectual disability
16054:Frontotemporal dementia
15740:Encephalitis lethargica
14830:npj Parkinson's Disease
13951:10.1111/1460-6984.12865
13619:International Neurology
13335:Physical Rehabilitation
13210:10.3390/neurosci4020013
12908:. London. 7 June 2012.
11791:npj Parkinson's Disease
10483:Clinical Rehabilitation
10274:Dallapiazza et al. 2018
7769:10.1001/jama.2019.22360
7526:Frontiers in Immunology
7486:10.1126/science.1249547
7155:10.7554/elife.85289.sa0
7145:Ageing Research Reviews
6569:npj Parkinson's Disease
6336:npj Parkinson's Disease
6253:Neurobiology of Disease
6153:npj Parkinson's Disease
5752:(inactive 2 May 2024).
5654:npj Parkinson's Disease
5407:10.5498/wjp.v12.i9.1127
4954:npj Parkinson's Disease
4926:10.1111/1460-6984.12865
4461:"What Is Bradykinesia?"
4251:Ageing Research Reviews
4118:Limphaibool et al. 2019
3604:disease-modifying drugs
3370:
3100:have found Parkinson's
3007:heterogeneous condition
2971:Mild-motor predominant
2873:daily living activities
2838:diaphragmatic breathing
2522:. The reason given is:
2480:orthostatic hypotension
2247:Multiple system atrophy
2224:, corticosensory loss,
2216:– levodopa-resistance,
2199:multiple system atrophy
2177:). The damaging of the
1888:Neuroimmune interaction
1863:Neurofibrillary tangles
1769:reactive oxygen species
1759:function, particularly
1706:intracellular transport
1201:Causes and risk factors
1063:social anxiety disorder
1035:psychomotor retardation
970:Orthostatic hypotension
944:Gastrointestinal issues
938:orthostatic hypotension
884:impaired sense of smell
589:, characterized by the
573:Parkinson-plus syndrome
435:difficulty with balance
380:8.5 million (2019)
166:(collectively known as
112:D. Diffuse malignant PD
17283:Specific social phobia
17174:Organic brain syndrome
17016:Melancholic depression
16777:Childhood and learning
16359:Hepatic encephalopathy
14171:Health Science Reports
14129:Frontiers in Neurology
14045:Neuropsychology Review
13400:. Codon Publications.
13377:. Codon Publications.
12139:Brey RL (April 2006).
12047:Davis P (3 May 2007).
11336:Ben-Shlomo et al. 2024
11290:Ben-Shlomo et al. 2024
11261:Ben-Shlomo et al. 2024
11222:Ben-Shlomo et al. 2024
10543:10.3390/ijerph17010031
9826:(Suppl 4): S111–S115.
8808:10.1001/jama.2014.3654
8465:Frontiers in Neurology
8371:Frontiers in Neurology
7294:(Suppl 3): S209–S211.
7106:10.3390/antiox12040955
6081:Neurology Perspectives
3745:pluripotent stem cells
3599:
3499:United States Congress
3486:
3433:
3245:
3233:The Internal Classic (
3074:global life expectancy
3065:
3042:hypokinetic dysarthria
2898:noninvasive ventilator
2779:deep brain stimulation
2773:
2685:subcutaneous infusions
2612:
2554:
2460:deep brain stimulation
2354:may also reduce risk.
2348:adrenergic antagonists
2277:
2190:
2139:Differential diagnosis
1994:
1477:Traumatic brain injury
1219:
1151:restless legs syndrome
946:include constipation,
902:and perception of the
880:sensory nervous system
878:Transformation of the
861:forward-flexed posture
556:Deep brain stimulation
417:that affects both the
415:central nervous system
333:deep brain stimulation
271:Differential diagnosis
34:. For other uses, see
17839:Psychomotor agitation
17629:and substance-related
17572:Postpartum depression
17452:Somatization disorder
17338:Acute stress reaction
17103:AIDS dementia complex
16417:Ataxia–telangiectasia
16374:Static encephalopathy
16097:Mitochondrial disease
15935:Spasmodic torticollis
15845:Basal ganglia disease
14982:"Parkinson's Disease"
14725:Acta Neuropathologica
13895:The Lancet. Neurology
13852:The Lancet. Neurology
13786:10.1083/jcb.202012095
13696:(Suppl 17): S358–66.
13050:10.1056/NEJMoa1915872
12860:The Lancet. Neurology
11586:, pp. 1180–1183.
11560:Schulz-Schaeffer 2010
10759:10.1055/s-2006-955118
10405:on 24 September 2010.
10226:Archives of Neurology
10209:on 24 September 2010.
9773:"Parkinson's disease"
9367:Neurological Sciences
8733:, pp. 1265–1266.
7851:10.1136/jnnp.51.6.745
7216:Schulz-Schaeffer 2010
6219:10.3390/cells11081261
5445:Neurology and Therapy
5215:Behavioural Neurology
4783:10.1093/brain/awac026
4609:10.1093/brain/awad114
4034:Calabresi et al. 2023
3736:are visible at right.
3589:
3473:
3431:
3315:Konstantin Tretiakoff
3295:'s Internal Classic (
3232:
3220:Samuel Kinnier Wilson
3059:
2865:treatments for speech
2820:Further information:
2767:
2610:
2552:
2271:
2214:Corticobasal syndrome
2195:corticobasal syndrome
2188:
2179:dopaminergic pathways
2168:corticobasal syndrome
2106:dopamine transporters
1985:
1570:nigrostriatal pathway
1449:. On the other hand,
1214:
1183:seborrheic dermatitis
1124:executive dysfunction
956:swallowing difficulty
910:Peripheral neuropathy
896:visuospatial function
665:recreational drug use
488:region that supplies
17884:Cytoskeletal defects
17834:Klüver–Bucy syndrome
17664:Substance dependence
17577:Postpartum psychosis
17123:Huntington's disease
16905:Lujan–Fryns syndrome
16754:Personality disorder
16364:Toxic encephalopathy
16070:Lewy bodies dementia
15243:Antiparkinson agents
14298:Inflammopharmacology
13083:, pp. 105, 109.
13022:, pp. 106, 108.
12687:10.1038/nrdp.2017.13
12163:on 27 September 2011
11841:, pp. S327–S334
11651:10.1155/2020/8846544
10577:, pp. 873, 876.
9705:www.medicines.org.uk
9680:www.medicines.org.uk
9655:www.medicines.org.uk
9551:www.medicines.org.uk
9511:Bioorganic Chemistry
8923:on 24 September 2010
8328:(Suppl 1): S62–S67.
6433:10.1155/2023/4709322
5228:10.1155/2022/1213393
4659:10.1155/2022/6233835
4429:10.1093/brain/awz344
4202:(12). MDPI AG: 474.
4154:Prajjwal et al. 2024
3942:(Suppl 1): 318–324.
3802:Notes and references
3680:Cell-based therapies
3046:aspiration pneumonia
3005:As Parkinson's is a
2955:Parkinson's subtype
2869:Occupational therapy
2801:areas. For example,
2770:stereotactic surgery
2731:Other drugs such as
2484:erectile dysfunction
1900:autoimmune disorders
1755:, mitochondria, and
1375:Environmental health
1068:Parkinson's disease
997:urinary incontinence
976:by at least 20 mmHg
964:aspiration pneumonia
845:Postural instability
748:postural instability
655:—are referred to as
645:postural instability
643:(slowed movements),
427:slowness of movement
296:Huntington's disease
210:aspiration pneumonia
164:postural instability
17869:Parkinson's disease
17714:Delusional disorder
17659:Stimulant psychosis
17649:Physical dependence
17503:Rumination syndrome
17405:Conversion disorder
17382:Psychogenic amnesia
17232:with depressed mood
17230:Adjustment disorder
17133:Parkinson's disease
17108:Alzheimer's disease
17001:Atypical depression
16837:Social functioning
16712:Munchausen syndrome
16707:Factitious disorder
16412:Friedreich's ataxia
15795:Meningoencephalitis
15735:Limbic encephalitis
15320:Dihydroergocryptine
13236:Parkinson's Disease
12986:, pp. 103–104.
12489:Scientific American
12358:The Washington Post
11906:on 20 February 2011
11876:on 21 December 2010
11704:2023PLoSO..1891357C
11638:Parkinson's Disease
11622:, pp. 209–210.
11502:, pp. 290–293.
11362:, pp. 164–165.
11043:Nursing New Zealand
10712:10.2147/CIA.S131903
10389:Parkinson's Disease
10193:Parkinson's Disease
10038:Parkinson's Disease
9855:, pp. 110–145.
9783:(9423): 1783–1793.
9172:, pp. 139–156.
9094:Parkinson's Disease
8907:Parkinson's Disease
8841:. Wiley-Blackwell.
8707:Ren & Chen 2020
8682:, pp. 268–269.
8040:2014PLoSO...993814S
7711:Parkinson's Disease
7478:2014Sci...344..519R
7276:, pp. 271–283.
6483:10.1093/aje/kwad082
6420:Parkinson's Disease
6110:Annals of Neurology
5535:Behavioral Sciences
5067:10.3390/jcm10030493
5016:10.3390/jpm12020144
4646:Parkinson's Disease
4528:2020Senso..20..880F
4058:Wallace et al. 2021
3768:adenosine receptors
3734:dopaminergic neuron
3357:Society and culture
3204:Jean-Martin Charcot
3163:Jean-Martin Charcot
3094:concordance studies
2951:
2791:subthalamic nucleus
2713:monoamine oxidase B
2565:blood–brain barrier
2340:synaptic plasticity
2047:Computed tomography
2019:diagnostic criteria
1949:blood brain barrier
1849:, and finally, the
1811:lipid hydroperoxide
1740:and dysfunction of
1648:subthalamic nucleus
1631:(VA) nuclei of the
1574:dopaminergic system
1490:Helicobacter pylori
1485:Low levels of urate
1315:autosomal recessive
1096:compulsive behavior
924:Alterations in the
581:affecting both the
455:sleep abnormalities
399:Parkinson's disease
313:Physical activity,
262:Based on symptoms,
187:sleep abnormalities
49:Parkinson's disease
17733:schizophrenia-like
17377:Dissociative fugue
16826:Movement disorders
16448:Pseudobulbar palsy
16186:Status epilepticus
16137:Multiple sclerosis
15974:Myoclonic epilepsy
15837:movement disorders
15783:Acute disseminated
15725:Viral encephalitis
15646:Never to phase III
15155:External resources
14931:Scientific Reports
14916:(S17): S358–S366.
14910:Scientific Reports
14704:Movement Disorders
14599:Movement Disorders
14578:Movement Disorders
14563:(S17): S327–S334.
14557:Movement Disorders
14392:Movement Disorders
14319:Movement Disorders
13743:10.3233/JPD-181488
13494:. pp. 45–64.
12722:Movement Disorders
12639:10.3233/JPD-229002
12254:The New York Times
12223:The New York Times
12219:"Ali: Still Magic"
11302:Dorsey et al. 2018
11197:Scientific Reports
11099:Tolosa et al. 2021
10933:(Suppl 3): S2–S5.
10642:Movement Disorders
10425:Movement Disorders
9619:Watkins P (2000).
9323:Movement Disorders
9311:, p. missing.
9056:10.2147/NDT.S32302
8993:Movement Disorders
8591:Fabbri et al. 2024
8186:10.1002/mdc3.13107
8127:European Radiology
8083:Movement Disorders
7806:(Suppl 3): 23–30.
7218:, pp. 131–143
7191:10.1093/bmb/ldn013
6783:10.3233/JPD-202298
6532:10.3233/JPD-225047
5968:10.3233/JPD-212922
5891:10.3233/JPD-223363
5846:(10423): 293–304.
5548:10.3390/bs11050074
5367:10.3233/JPD-212930
5169:10.1002/mdc3.13117
4864:Movement Disorders
4469:. 30 November 2023
4082:Bhattacharyya 2017
4070:Hansen et al. 2019
3600:
3487:
3434:
3349:and colleagues at
3347:Alim Louis Benabid
3263:Nineteenth Dynasty
3246:
3110:health care access
3066:
2993:Diffuse malignant
2949:
2933:Mediterranean diet
2908:, and when to use
2774:
2721:serotonin syndrome
2699:MAO-B inhibitors (
2613:
2555:
2278:
2230:non-fluent aphasia
2191:
2149:Lewy body dementia
2102:metabolic activity
1995:
1957:C-reactive protein
1911:are linked to PD.
1599:projects from the
1354:-repair signaling
1299:autosomal dominant
1220:
1187:bullous pemphigoid
1001:sexual dysfunction
986:Low blood pressure
900:facial recognition
687:Signs and symptoms
634:Lewy body dementia
521:signs and symptoms
467:behavioral changes
243:general anesthesia
100:C. Intermediate PD
18:Parkinsons Disease
17856:
17855:
17852:
17851:
17809:
17808:
17805:
17804:
17677:
17676:
17612:
17611:
17608:
17607:
17464:
17463:
17460:
17459:
17353:
17352:
17191:
17190:
17187:
17186:
17148:Vascular dementia
17070:Asperger syndrome
17036:
17035:
16946:
16945:
16942:
16941:
16880:Tourette syndrome
16766:
16765:
16762:
16761:
16586:
16585:
16582:
16581:
16578:
16577:
16382:
16381:
16287:
16286:
16226:Template:Headache
16192:Template:Epilepsy
16113:
16112:
16087:Vascular dementia
15930:Status dystonicus
15803:
15802:
15778:Encephalomyelitis
15656:
15655:
15466:
15465:
15209:
15208:
14710:(S3): S497–S508.
14662:Artificial Organs
14436:(10423): 283–292.
14262:(12): 1257–1272.
14235:AIMS Neuroscience
13737:(s1): S131–S137.
13702:10.1002/mds.21677
13663:10.1111/bcp.13651
13628:978-1-1187-7736-7
13603:978-0-7817-7881-7
13584:978-0-7817-7881-7
13565:978-0-7817-7881-7
13546:978-0-7817-7881-7
13509:978-0-9944-3816-4
13462:978-0-9944-3816-4
13415:978-0-9944-3816-4
13384:978-0-9944-3816-4
13363:978-1-2598-6172-7
13344:978-0-8036-1247-1
13308:978-0-3230-7699-9
13281:978-1-1088-2636-5
13254:978-1-6032-7454-8
13128:978-0-1280-1022-8
13044:(20): 1926–1932.
12935:(10): 1206–1214.
12771:Neurotherapeutics
12735:10.1002/mds.27802
12728:(10): 1464–1470.
12520:on 12 August 2020
12454:(13): 1308–1311.
12317:(12): 1186–1189.
12026:"Michael's Story"
11758:(Suppl): S8–S12.
11372:Lewis et al. 2020
10900:978-0-4445-3501-6
10654:10.1002/mds.22705
10648:(13): 1881–1892.
10438:10.1002/mds.21922
10398:978-1-8601-6283-1
10202:978-1-8601-6283-1
10047:978-1-8601-6283-1
9865:Binde et al. 2018
9584:(13): 1293–1300.
9373:(11): 6233–6241.
9335:10.1002/mds.26125
9309:Binde et al. 2018
9236:978-9-1768-5557-7
9103:978-1-8601-6283-1
9005:10.1002/mds.27779
8916:978-1-8601-6283-1
8848:978-1-4051-9185-2
8802:(16): 1670–1683.
8782:Kamal et al. 2020
8424:(1034): 829–836.
8095:10.1002/mds.26932
7720:978-1-8601-6283-1
7615:(4): 627–641.e7.
7472:(6183): 519–523.
7339:10.1159/000333222
7172:Davie CA (2008).
6387:(12): e948–e949.
6122:10.1002/ana.26905
5613:Missouri Medicine
4876:10.1002/mds.27344
4537:10.3390/s20030880
4209:10.3390/a15120474
3949:10.1111/jnc.13691
3730:action potentials
3712:
3618:transplants, and
3584:
3583:
3540:Clinical research
3409:
3408:
3327:Oleh Hornykiewicz
3300: 425–221 BC
3285:Leonardo da Vinci
3281:Ecclesiastes 12:3
3238: 425–221 BC
3086:decreased smoking
3027:nursing home care
3003:
3002:
2921:thickening agents
2849:Strength training
2829:physical exercise
2635:Dopamine agonists
2547:
2546:
2456:dopamine agonists
2429:dopamine agonists
2344:synapse formation
2314:. Consumption of
2030:function through
1839:pontine tegmentum
1835:medulla oblongata
1797:neuroinflammation
1749:neurodegeneration
1742:neurotransmitters
1716:and subsequently
1556:, more precisely
1462:trichloroethylene
1323:Gaucher's disease
1301:inheritance, and
1051:Anxiety disorders
1039:suicidal ideation
722:Parkinsonian gait
628:(PDD). Alongside
622:movement disorder
548:dopamine agonists
504:aggregation into
396:
395:
357:dopamine agonists
258:Diagnostic method
43:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
17906:
17815:
17814:
17704:
17703:
17683:
17682:
17618:
17617:
17493:Anorexia nervosa
17481:
17480:
17470:
17469:
17447:Psychogenic pain
17415:Globus pharyngis
17263:Childhood phobia
17246:
17245:
17218:
17217:
17197:
17196:
17053:
17052:
17042:
17041:
16952:
16951:
16851:Selective mutism
16802:Conduct disorder
16785:
16784:
16772:
16771:
16749:Trichotillomania
16724:Gender dysphoria
16719:Fear of intimacy
16676:Sexual anhedonia
16644:
16643:
16633:
16632:
16620:Mental disorders
16613:
16606:
16599:
16590:
16589:
16400:
16399:
16391:
16390:
16349:Brain herniation
16160:
16159:
16000:Intention tremor
15995:Essential tremor
15860:Postencephalitic
15828:
15827:
15819:
15818:
15708:
15707:
15689:Diseases of the
15683:
15676:
15669:
15660:
15659:
15495:Chlorphenoxamine
15472:Anticholinergics
15261:
15260:
15236:
15229:
15222:
15213:
15212:
15049:
15048:
15043:
15041:
15039:
15016:
15015:
15013:
15011:
15000:"Symptoms of PD"
14994:
14993:
14991:
14989:
14967:
14946:
14925:
14904:
14887:
14866:
14845:
14824:
14815:(7): 1959–1976.
14803:
14782:
14767:Lancet Neurology
14761:
14752:(5): 1169–1180.
14740:
14719:
14698:
14677:
14656:
14635:
14614:
14593:
14584:(6): 1068–1072.
14572:
14551:
14530:
14509:
14492:
14471:
14450:
14437:
14424:
14407:
14386:
14369:
14348:
14330:
14313:
14292:
14271:
14256:Lancet Neurology
14250:
14229:
14207:
14186:
14165:
14144:
14123:
14102:
14081:
14060:
14039:
14018:
14008:
13969:
13963:
13953:
13944:(4): 1375–1404.
13928:
13918:
13885:
13875:
13842:
13832:
13807:
13797:
13764:
13754:
13721:
13684:
13674:
13657:(9): 1917–1927.
13638:Journal articles
13632:
13607:
13588:
13569:
13550:
13529:
13482:
13435:
13388:
13367:
13348:
13329:
13312:
13293:
13258:
13247:. Humana Press.
13239:
13215:
13214:
13212:
13188:
13182:
13176:
13170:
13169:
13167:
13165:
13150:
13141:
13140:
13102:
13096:
13090:
13084:
13078:
13072:
13071:
13061:
13029:
13023:
13017:
13011:
13005:
12999:
12993:
12987:
12981:
12975:
12969:
12963:
12962:
12952:
12920:
12914:
12913:
12898:
12892:
12891:
12854:
12848:
12847:
12811:
12805:
12804:
12794:
12762:
12756:
12755:
12737:
12713:
12707:
12706:
12670:
12661:
12660:
12650:
12633:(4): 1073–1082.
12618:
12612:
12611:
12601:
12591:
12567:
12561:
12560:
12558:
12556:
12545:The Conversation
12536:
12530:
12529:
12527:
12525:
12506:
12500:
12499:
12497:
12495:
12480:
12474:
12473:
12463:
12439:
12433:
12432:
12430:
12428:
12408:
12399:
12398:
12396:
12394:
12375:
12369:
12368:
12366:
12364:
12349:
12343:
12342:
12306:
12300:
12299:
12297:
12295:
12280:
12274:
12273:
12267:
12265:
12245:
12239:
12238:
12236:
12234:
12214:
12208:
12207:
12179:
12173:
12172:
12170:
12168:
12159:. Archived from
12136:
12130:
12129:
12127:
12125:
12110:
12104:
12103:
12101:
12099:
12079:
12073:
12072:
12070:
12068:
12063:on 25 April 2011
12059:. Archived from
12049:"Michael J. Fox"
12044:
12038:
12037:
12035:
12033:
12022:
12016:
12015:
12013:
12011:
12000:
11994:
11993:
11991:
11989:
11974:
11968:
11967:
11965:
11963:
11948:
11942:
11941:
11939:
11937:
11922:
11916:
11915:
11913:
11911:
11892:
11886:
11885:
11883:
11881:
11872:. Archived from
11866:
11860:
11859:
11848:
11842:
11836:
11830:
11824:
11814:
11782:
11776:
11775:
11747:
11736:
11735:
11725:
11715:
11683:
11674:
11673:
11663:
11653:
11629:
11623:
11617:
11611:
11605:
11599:
11593:
11587:
11581:
11575:
11569:
11563:
11557:
11551:
11545:
11539:
11533:
11527:
11521:
11515:
11509:
11503:
11497:
11491:
11485:
11476:
11470:
11464:
11458:
11452:
11446:
11431:
11425:
11416:
11410:
11399:
11393:
11387:
11381:
11375:
11369:
11363:
11357:
11351:
11345:
11339:
11333:
11320:
11314:
11305:
11299:
11293:
11287:
11276:
11270:
11264:
11258:
11249:
11243:
11237:
11231:
11225:
11219:
11213:
11212:
11192:
11186:
11183:Chua et al. 2024
11180:
11174:
11168:
11162:
11156:
11150:
11144:
11138:
11132:
11126:
11120:
11114:
11108:
11102:
11096:
11090:
11084:
11078:
11072:
11059:
11058:
11038:
11032:
11031:
11021:
10997:
10991:
10990:
10962:
10951:
10950:
10922:
10913:
10912:
10878:
10869:
10868:
10858:
10834:
10828:
10827:
10817:
10785:
10779:
10778:
10741:
10735:
10734:
10724:
10714:
10690:
10684:
10683:
10665:
10637:
10614:
10608:
10602:
10596:
10590:
10584:
10578:
10572:
10566:
10565:
10555:
10545:
10521:
10515:
10514:
10477:
10471:
10470:
10468:
10450:
10440:
10416:
10407:
10406:
10401:. Archived from
10380:
10365:
10364:
10354:
10322:
10316:
10315:
10306: 11001292.
10283:
10277:
10271:
10262:
10261:
10251:
10241:
10217:
10211:
10210:
10205:. Archived from
10184:
10171:
10170:
10160:
10150:
10141:(10): CD010925.
10126:
10117:
10116:
10114:
10112:
10097:
10091:
10090:
10062:
10056:
10055:
10029:
10020:
10019:
10009:
9977:
9971:
9970:
9960:
9928:
9922:
9921:
9911:
9879:
9868:
9862:
9856:
9850:
9844:
9843:
9815:
9809:
9808:
9768:
9757:
9756:
9746:
9722:
9716:
9715:
9713:
9711:
9697:
9691:
9690:
9688:
9686:
9672:
9666:
9665:
9663:
9661:
9647:
9641:
9640:
9616:
9610:
9609:
9573:
9567:
9566:
9564:
9562:
9557:on 6 August 2020
9553:. Archived from
9543:
9537:
9536:
9526:
9502:
9491:
9490:
9480:
9463:(8): 1239–1252.
9448:
9442:
9441:
9405:
9399:
9398:
9361:
9355:
9354:
9318:
9312:
9306:
9300:
9299:
9289:
9279:
9255:
9249:
9248:
9225:Maria N (2017).
9222:
9216:
9215:
9213:
9211:
9196:
9173:
9170:Dissanayaka 2021
9167:
9161:
9160:
9150:
9118:
9112:
9111:
9085:
9079:
9078:
9068:
9058:
9034:
9025:
9024:
8999:(9): 1243–1251.
8988:
8982:
8981:
8971:
8939:
8933:
8932:
8930:
8928:
8919:. Archived from
8898:
8861:
8860:
8834:
8828:
8827:
8791:
8785:
8779:
8773:
8767:
8761:
8755:
8746:
8740:
8734:
8728:
8722:
8716:
8710:
8704:
8698:
8692:
8683:
8677:
8671:
8665:
8654:
8648:
8642:
8636:
8630:
8624:
8618:
8612:
8606:
8600:
8594:
8588:
8582:
8576:
8567:
8561:
8550:
8549:
8539:
8507:
8501:
8500:
8490:
8480:
8456:
8450:
8449:
8413:
8407:
8406:
8396:
8386:
8362:
8356:
8355:
8345:
8313:
8307:
8301:
8288:
8287:
8285:
8283:
8273:
8265:
8259:
8258:
8248:
8238:
8214:
8208:
8207:
8197:
8165:
8159:
8158:
8133:(3): 1268–1280.
8121:
8115:
8114:
8078:
8072:
8071:
8061:
8051:
8019:
8013:
8012:
8002:
7978:
7965:
7964:
7928:
7922:
7921:
7911:
7879:
7873:
7872:
7862:
7830:
7824:
7823:
7795:
7789:
7788:
7752:
7729:
7728:
7702:
7693:
7692:
7678:
7654:
7643:
7642:
7632:
7600:
7594:
7593:
7591:
7571:
7562:
7561:
7551:
7541:
7517:
7508:
7507:
7497:
7457:
7451:
7450:
7414:
7408:
7407:
7397:
7365:
7359:
7358:
7333:(1–4): 277–284.
7318:
7312:
7311:
7283:
7277:
7271:
7265:
7264:
7228:
7219:
7213:
7204:
7203:
7193:
7169:
7160:
7159:
7157:
7135:
7129:
7128:
7118:
7108:
7084:
7078:
7077:
7060:(6): 5455–5464.
7048:
7042:
7041:
7013:
7007:
7001:
6995:
6994:
6984:
6952:
6946:
6945:
6943:
6941:
6918:
6912:
6911:
6901:
6891:
6867:
6856:
6855:
6845:
6835:
6811:
6805:
6804:
6794:
6762:
6756:
6755:
6745:
6735:
6711:
6705:
6704:
6694:
6684:
6660:
6654:
6653:
6643:
6633:
6609:
6603:
6602:
6592:
6560:
6554:
6553:
6543:
6511:
6505:
6504:
6494:
6477:(7): 1207–1223.
6462:
6456:
6455:
6445:
6435:
6411:
6405:
6404:
6376:
6370:
6369:
6359:
6327:
6321:
6320:
6310:
6286:
6277:
6276:
6248:
6242:
6241:
6231:
6221:
6193:
6187:
6186:
6176:
6144:
6138:
6137:
6128: 11060911.
6105:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6072:
6063:
6057:
6051:
6050:
6040:
6030:
6004:
5998:
5997:
5979:
5947:
5936:
5935:
5919:
5913:
5912:
5902:
5885:(8): 2321–2338.
5870:
5864:
5863:
5831:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5815:
5792:
5786:
5785:
5779:
5771:
5761:
5729:
5723:
5722:
5694:
5688:
5687:
5677:
5645:
5639:
5638:
5628:
5604:
5598:
5597:
5595:
5593:
5586:Cleveland Clinic
5577:
5571:
5570:
5560:
5550:
5526:
5520:
5519:
5509:
5485:
5479:
5478:
5468:
5451:(4): 1571–1582.
5436:
5430:
5429:
5419:
5409:
5400:(9): 1127–1140.
5385:
5379:
5378:
5350:
5344:
5343:
5333:
5301:
5295:
5294:
5284:
5260:
5251:
5250:
5240:
5230:
5206:
5191:
5190:
5180:
5148:
5139:
5138:
5128:
5096:
5090:
5089:
5079:
5069:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5028:
5018:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4977:
4945:
4939:
4938:
4928:
4919:(4): 1375–1404.
4904:
4898:
4897:
4887:
4855:
4846:
4845:
4835:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4794:
4762:
4753:
4752:
4742:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4688:
4682:
4681:
4671:
4661:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4620:
4603:(9): 3705–3718.
4588:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4566:
4560:
4559:
4549:
4539:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4489:"Facial Masking"
4485:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4466:Cleveland Clinic
4457:
4451:
4450:
4440:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4369:
4359:
4357:10.5334/tohm.712
4335:
4326:
4325:
4315:
4305:
4281:
4275:
4274:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4223:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4187:
4181:
4175:
4169:
4163:
4157:
4151:
4145:
4139:
4133:
4130:Leta et al. 2022
4127:
4121:
4115:
4109:
4103:
4097:
4091:
4085:
4079:
4073:
4067:
4061:
4055:
4049:
4043:
4037:
4036:, pp. 1, 5.
4031:
4025:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4002:
3992:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3951:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3896:
3890:
3884:
3878:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3842:
3820:
3817:
3714:
3713:
3698:
3579:
3576:
3570:
3558:
3557:
3550:
3404:
3401:
3395:
3383:
3382:
3375:
3301:
3298:
3239:
3236:
3212:Armand Trousseau
3155:
3146:
3114:generalizability
2952:
2948:
2853:manual dexterity
2695:MAO-B inhibitors
2542:
2539:
2533:
2513:
2512:
2505:
2452:MAO-B inhibitors
2433:MAO-B inhibitors
2401:physical therapy
2282:neurorestoration
2241:Essential tremor
2123:essential tremor
2071:neuromelanin-MRI
1882:oxidative stress
1817:Brain cell death
1753:oxidative stress
1629:ventral anterior
1568:, thus impeding
1562:substantia nigra
1528:
1519:
1321:gene, linked to
1163:circadian rhythm
1031:lack of pleasure
1012:Neuropsychiatric
1007:Neuropsychiatric
906:of drawn lines.
894:. Problems with
888:disturbed vision
849:impaired balance
758:nervous system,
714:
705:
603:substantia nigra
544:MAO-B inhibitors
533:neuromelanin MRI
482:substantia nigra
478:nerve cell death
361:MAO-B inhibitors
329:Physical therapy
304:Wilson's disease
284:essential tremor
237:Family history,
137:
136:
109:
97:
83:
71:
46:
45:
21:
17914:
17913:
17909:
17908:
17907:
17905:
17904:
17903:
17859:
17858:
17857:
17848:
17820:
17801:
17785:
17754:
17732:
17723:
17698:
17673:
17630:
17627:substance abuse
17604:
17581:
17558:
17512:
17498:Bulimia nervosa
17475:
17456:
17432:Hypochondriasis
17427:False pregnancy
17410:Ganser syndrome
17392:Somatic symptom
17386:
17349:
17301:
17290:Specific phobia
17235:
17212:
17183:
17157:
17089:
17085:Savant syndrome
17057:Autism spectrum
17047:
17032:
16960:
16938:
16917:
16911:
16886:
16779:
16758:
16734:Dermatillomania
16695:
16681:Sexual anorexia
16638:
16627:
16617:
16587:
16574:
16500:Congenital DSMA
16421:
16378:
16337:
16283:
16271:Sleep disorders
16259:
16236:Cerebrovascular
16230:
16196:
16153:
16147:
16109:
16091:
16016:
15962:Choreoathetosis
15835:
15812:
15799:
15763:
15697:
15687:
15657:
15652:
15651:
15636:Clinical trials
15615:
15601:Methylxanthines
15574:
15565:Trihexyphenidyl
15540:Phenglutarimide
15520:Etybenzatropine
15510:Diphenhydramine
15462:
15431:
15400:
15369:
15290:
15250:
15240:
15210:
15205:
15204:
15186:
15150:
15149:
15060:
15037:
15035:
15027:
15024:
15019:
15009:
15007:
14998:
14987:
14985:
14980:
14975:
14970:
14114:(S1): S11–S19.
13978:
13931:
13845:
13767:
13640:
13635:
13629:
13604:
13585:
13572:
13566:
13547:
13534:
13510:
13485:
13463:
13416:
13385:
13370:
13364:
13345:
13309:
13282:
13255:
13242:
13229:
13224:
13219:
13218:
13189:
13185:
13177:
13173:
13163:
13161:
13151:
13144:
13129:
13103:
13099:
13095:, pp. 132.
13091:
13087:
13079:
13075:
13030:
13026:
13018:
13014:
13010:, pp. 134.
13006:
13002:
12998:, pp. 106.
12994:
12990:
12982:
12978:
12974:, pp. 103.
12970:
12966:
12921:
12917:
12900:
12899:
12895:
12855:
12851:
12812:
12808:
12763:
12759:
12714:
12710:
12671:
12664:
12619:
12615:
12568:
12564:
12554:
12552:
12537:
12533:
12523:
12521:
12508:
12507:
12503:
12493:
12491:
12481:
12477:
12440:
12436:
12426:
12424:
12409:
12402:
12392:
12390:
12377:
12376:
12372:
12362:
12360:
12350:
12346:
12307:
12303:
12293:
12291:
12282:
12281:
12277:
12263:
12261:
12246:
12242:
12232:
12230:
12215:
12211:
12180:
12176:
12166:
12164:
12137:
12133:
12123:
12121:
12111:
12107:
12097:
12095:
12080:
12076:
12066:
12064:
12045:
12041:
12031:
12029:
12024:
12023:
12019:
12009:
12007:
12002:
12001:
11997:
11987:
11985:
11976:
11975:
11971:
11961:
11959:
11950:
11949:
11945:
11935:
11933:
11924:
11923:
11919:
11909:
11907:
11894:
11893:
11889:
11879:
11877:
11868:
11867:
11863:
11858:on 14 May 2011.
11850:
11849:
11845:
11837:
11833:
11783:
11779:
11748:
11739:
11698:(9): e0291357.
11684:
11677:
11630:
11626:
11618:
11614:
11610:, p. S501.
11606:
11602:
11598:, p. S497.
11594:
11590:
11582:
11578:
11570:
11566:
11558:
11554:
11546:
11542:
11538:, p. S331.
11534:
11530:
11526:, pp. 1–2.
11522:
11518:
11510:
11506:
11498:
11494:
11490:, pp. 3–4.
11486:
11479:
11471:
11467:
11463:, p. S329.
11459:
11455:
11451:, p. S328.
11447:
11434:
11430:, p. 1069.
11426:
11419:
11411:
11402:
11398:, p. S327.
11394:
11390:
11386:, pp. 1–2.
11382:
11378:
11370:
11366:
11358:
11354:
11346:
11342:
11334:
11323:
11315:
11308:
11300:
11296:
11288:
11279:
11271:
11267:
11259:
11252:
11248:, p. e464.
11246:Zhu et al. 2024
11244:
11240:
11232:
11228:
11220:
11216:
11193:
11189:
11181:
11177:
11169:
11165:
11157:
11153:
11149:, p. S358.
11145:
11141:
11133:
11129:
11121:
11117:
11113:, pp. 2–3.
11109:
11105:
11097:
11093:
11089:, p. 1967.
11085:
11081:
11073:
11062:
11039:
11035:
10998:
10994:
10963:
10954:
10923:
10916:
10901:
10879:
10872:
10835:
10831:
10800:(3): CD002813.
10786:
10782:
10742:
10738:
10691:
10687:
10638:
10617:
10609:
10605:
10597:
10593:
10585:
10581:
10573:
10569:
10522:
10518:
10478:
10474:
10417:
10410:
10399:
10381:
10368:
10323:
10319:
10294:(4): CD013856.
10284:
10280:
10272:
10265:
10218:
10214:
10203:
10185:
10174:
10127:
10120:
10110:
10108:
10099:
10098:
10094:
10063:
10059:
10048:
10030:
10023:
9992:(1): CD003468.
9978:
9974:
9929:
9925:
9880:
9871:
9867:, p. 1924.
9863:
9859:
9851:
9847:
9816:
9812:
9769:
9760:
9737:(10): 590–606.
9723:
9719:
9709:
9707:
9699:
9698:
9694:
9684:
9682:
9674:
9673:
9669:
9659:
9657:
9649:
9648:
9644:
9617:
9613:
9574:
9570:
9560:
9558:
9545:
9544:
9540:
9503:
9494:
9449:
9445:
9406:
9402:
9362:
9358:
9319:
9315:
9307:
9303:
9256:
9252:
9237:
9223:
9219:
9209:
9207:
9198:
9197:
9176:
9168:
9164:
9133:(2): CD011961.
9119:
9115:
9104:
9086:
9082:
9035:
9028:
8989:
8985:
8940:
8936:
8926:
8924:
8917:
8899:
8864:
8849:
8835:
8831:
8792:
8788:
8780:
8776:
8772:, p. 1261.
8768:
8764:
8760:, p. 1263.
8756:
8749:
8743:Lin et al. 2024
8741:
8737:
8729:
8725:
8717:
8713:
8705:
8701:
8693:
8686:
8678:
8674:
8666:
8657:
8653:, pp. 1–2.
8649:
8645:
8641:, p. 1262.
8637:
8633:
8625:
8621:
8617:, pp. 1–2.
8613:
8609:
8605:, p. 1267.
8601:
8597:
8589:
8585:
8577:
8570:
8562:
8553:
8508:
8504:
8457:
8453:
8414:
8410:
8363:
8359:
8314:
8310:
8302:
8291:
8281:
8279:
8271:
8267:
8266:
8262:
8223:EJNMMI Research
8215:
8211:
8166:
8162:
8122:
8118:
8079:
8075:
8020:
8016:
7979:
7968:
7929:
7925:
7880:
7876:
7831:
7827:
7796:
7792:
7753:
7732:
7721:
7703:
7696:
7655:
7646:
7601:
7597:
7572:
7565:
7518:
7511:
7458:
7454:
7415:
7411:
7366:
7362:
7319:
7315:
7284:
7280:
7272:
7268:
7245:10.1038/nm.2165
7233:Nature Medicine
7229:
7222:
7214:
7207:
7170:
7163:
7136:
7132:
7085:
7081:
7049:
7045:
7014:
7010:
7002:
6998:
6953:
6949:
6939:
6937:
6919:
6915:
6868:
6859:
6812:
6808:
6763:
6759:
6712:
6708:
6661:
6657:
6610:
6606:
6561:
6557:
6512:
6508:
6463:
6459:
6412:
6408:
6377:
6373:
6328:
6324:
6287:
6280:
6249:
6245:
6194:
6190:
6145:
6141:
6106:
6102:
6073:
6066:
6058:
6054:
6005:
6001:
5948:
5939:
5934:(1): 1823–1831.
5920:
5916:
5871:
5867:
5832:
5823:
5813:
5811:
5793:
5789:
5773:
5772:
5730:
5726:
5695:
5691:
5646:
5642:
5605:
5601:
5591:
5589:
5579:
5578:
5574:
5527:
5523:
5486:
5482:
5437:
5433:
5386:
5382:
5351:
5347:
5316:(9): 998–1018.
5302:
5298:
5261:
5254:
5207:
5194:
5149:
5142:
5097:
5093:
5046:
5042:
4995:
4991:
4946:
4942:
4905:
4901:
4856:
4849:
4812:
4808:
4763:
4756:
4711:
4707:
4697:
4695:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4638:
4634:
4589:
4585:
4575:
4573:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4508:
4504:
4494:
4492:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4472:
4470:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4409:
4405:
4395:
4393:
4388:
4387:
4383:
4336:
4329:
4282:
4278:
4246:
4242:
4232:
4230:
4225:
4224:
4217:
4188:
4184:
4176:
4172:
4164:
4160:
4156:, pp. 1–3.
4152:
4148:
4140:
4136:
4132:, p. 1122.
4128:
4124:
4120:, pp. 1–2.
4116:
4112:
4108:, pp. 1–6.
4104:
4100:
4092:
4088:
4080:
4076:
4068:
4064:
4056:
4052:
4044:
4040:
4032:
4028:
4020:
4016:
3969:
3965:
3928:
3924:
3897:
3893:
3885:
3881:
3869:
3865:
3855:
3853:
3844:
3843:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3788:
3786:Pathophysiology
3775:
3766:Antagonists of
3764:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3720:Researchers at
3717:
3716:
3715:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3688:
3682:
3669:
3641:
3635:
3620:neuroprotective
3602:As of 2022, no
3592:Alexander Gerst
3580:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3559:
3555:
3548:
3542:
3468:
3462:
3426:
3405:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3384:
3380:
3373:
3364:
3359:
3299:
3276:Charaka Samhita
3237:
3181:James Parkinson
3177:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3167:James Parkinson
3158:
3157:
3156:
3148:
3147:
3136:
3130:
3054:
3019:quality of life
2947:
2941:
2881:
2879:Palliative care
2824:
2818:
2795:neurostimulator
2787:globus pallidus
2762:
2729:
2697:
2637:
2605:
2603:COMT inhibitors
2560:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2488:palliative care
2425:COMT inhibitors
2397:
2391:
2335:
2308:carbon monoxide
2286:neuroprotection
2266:
2175:cerebral stroke
2141:
2044:
1999:medical history
1991:alpha-synuclein
1980:
1896:
1890:
1819:
1771:(ROS) which is
1698:
1625:ventral lateral
1617:pars reticulata
1609:caudate nucleus
1586:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1521:
1520:
1509:
1503:
1501:Pathophysiology
1474:
1455:neuroprotective
1425:include mainly
1381:
1371:
1329:Alpha-synuclein
1272:
1260:neuroprotective
1209:
1203:
1171:
1139:Sleep disorders
1136:
1122:, they feature
1112:
1009:
990:lightheadedness
922:
876:
789:
783:
728:
727:
726:
725:
717:
716:
715:
707:
706:
695:
689:
673:genetic factors
611:alpha-synuclein
607:synucleinopathy
575:
565:
529:medical imaging
502:alpha-synuclein
480:originating in
391:James Parkinson
353:AAAD inhibitors
349:COMT inhibitors
264:medical imaging
191:
131:
117:
116:
115:
114:
113:
110:
102:
101:
98:
89:
88:
87:
84:
76:
75:
72:
44:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
17912:
17902:
17901:
17896:
17891:
17886:
17881:
17876:
17871:
17854:
17853:
17850:
17849:
17847:
17846:
17841:
17836:
17831:
17825:
17822:
17821:
17811:
17810:
17807:
17806:
17803:
17802:
17800:
17799:
17793:
17791:
17787:
17786:
17784:
17783:
17778:
17773:
17768:
17762:
17760:
17756:
17755:
17753:
17752:
17747:
17742:
17736:
17734:
17725:
17724:
17722:
17721:
17716:
17710:
17708:
17700:
17699:
17679:
17678:
17675:
17674:
17672:
17671:
17666:
17661:
17656:
17654:Rebound effect
17651:
17646:
17641:
17635:
17632:
17631:
17614:
17613:
17610:
17609:
17606:
17605:
17603:
17602:
17597:
17595:Hypersexuality
17591:
17589:
17583:
17582:
17580:
17579:
17574:
17568:
17566:
17560:
17559:
17557:
17556:
17555:
17554:
17549:
17544:
17534:
17529:
17523:
17521:
17514:
17513:
17511:
17510:
17505:
17500:
17495:
17489:
17487:
17477:
17476:
17466:
17465:
17462:
17461:
17458:
17457:
17455:
17454:
17449:
17444:
17439:
17434:
17429:
17424:
17423:
17422:
17417:
17412:
17402:
17396:
17394:
17388:
17387:
17385:
17384:
17379:
17374:
17369:
17363:
17361:
17355:
17354:
17351:
17350:
17348:
17347:
17346:
17345:
17340:
17330:
17328:Panic disorder
17325:
17320:
17315:
17309:
17307:
17303:
17302:
17300:
17299:
17298:
17297:
17295:Claustrophobia
17287:
17286:
17285:
17280:
17278:Anthropophobia
17270:
17268:Social anxiety
17265:
17260:
17254:
17252:
17243:
17237:
17236:
17234:
17233:
17226:
17224:
17214:
17213:
17193:
17192:
17189:
17188:
17185:
17184:
17182:
17181:
17176:
17171:
17165:
17163:
17159:
17158:
17156:
17155:
17150:
17145:
17140:
17138:Pick's disease
17135:
17130:
17125:
17120:
17115:
17110:
17105:
17099:
17097:
17091:
17090:
17088:
17087:
17082:
17077:
17072:
17067:
17061:
17059:
17049:
17048:
17038:
17037:
17034:
17033:
17031:
17030:
17025:
17024:
17023:
17018:
17013:
17008:
17003:
16993:
16992:
16991:
16986:
16981:
16976:
16965:
16962:
16961:
16948:
16947:
16944:
16943:
16940:
16939:
16937:
16936:
16931:
16925:
16923:
16913:
16912:
16910:
16909:
16908:
16907:
16896:
16894:
16888:
16887:
16885:
16884:
16883:
16882:
16872:
16871:
16870:
16865:
16855:
16854:
16853:
16848:
16843:
16835:
16834:
16833:
16823:
16822:
16821:
16811:
16810:
16809:
16799:
16793:
16791:
16781:
16780:
16768:
16767:
16764:
16763:
16760:
16759:
16757:
16756:
16751:
16746:
16741:
16736:
16731:
16726:
16721:
16716:
16715:
16714:
16703:
16701:
16697:
16696:
16694:
16693:
16688:
16683:
16678:
16673:
16672:
16671:
16666:
16656:
16650:
16648:
16640:
16639:
16629:
16628:
16624:Classification
16616:
16615:
16608:
16601:
16593:
16584:
16583:
16580:
16579:
16576:
16575:
16573:
16572:
16571:
16570:
16559:
16558:
16557:
16556:
16555:
16554:
16549:
16539:
16534:
16533:
16532:
16527:
16522:
16521:
16520:
16515:
16510:
16502:
16497:
16492:
16487:
16482:
16472:
16458:
16457:
16456:
16455:
16450:
16445:
16431:
16429:
16423:
16422:
16420:
16419:
16414:
16408:
16406:
16397:
16388:
16384:
16383:
16380:
16379:
16377:
16376:
16371:
16366:
16361:
16356:
16351:
16345:
16343:
16339:
16338:
16336:
16335:
16330:
16328:Cerebral edema
16325:
16324:
16323:
16318:
16313:
16308:
16297:
16295:
16289:
16288:
16285:
16284:
16282:
16281:
16280:
16279:
16277:Template:Sleep
16267:
16265:
16261:
16260:
16258:
16257:
16251:
16246:
16240:
16238:
16232:
16231:
16229:
16228:
16222:
16217:
16212:
16206:
16204:
16198:
16197:
16195:
16194:
16188:
16183:
16178:
16172:
16170:
16157:
16149:
16148:
16146:
16145:
16139:
16134:
16129:
16123:
16121:
16115:
16114:
16111:
16110:
16108:
16107:
16105:Leigh syndrome
16101:
16099:
16093:
16092:
16090:
16089:
16078:
16077:
16072:
16067:
16066:
16065:
16051:
16050:
16049:
16044:
16043:
16042:
16026:
16024:
16018:
16017:
16015:
16014:
16009:
16004:
16003:
16002:
15997:
15986:
15985:
15984:
15983:
15978:
15977:
15976:
15966:
15965:
15964:
15954:
15949:
15948:
15947:
15942:
15937:
15932:
15916:
15915:
15914:
15913:
15908:
15903:
15898:
15893:
15892:
15891:
15881:
15880:
15879:
15869:
15868:
15867:
15862:
15857:
15841:
15839:
15832:Extrapyramidal
15825:
15816:
15814:encephalopathy
15805:
15804:
15801:
15800:
15798:
15797:
15792:
15787:
15786:
15785:
15774:
15772:
15765:
15764:
15762:
15761:
15760:
15759:
15749:
15744:
15743:
15742:
15737:
15732:
15727:
15716:
15714:
15705:
15699:
15698:
15691:nervous system
15686:
15685:
15678:
15671:
15663:
15654:
15653:
15650:
15649:
15648:
15647:
15644:
15633:
15627:
15621:
15620:
15617:
15616:
15614:
15613:
15608:
15598:
15596:Istradefylline
15593:
15588:
15582:
15580:
15576:
15575:
15573:
15572:
15567:
15562:
15557:
15552:
15547:
15542:
15537:
15532:
15527:
15522:
15517:
15512:
15507:
15502:
15497:
15492:
15487:
15482:
15476:
15474:
15468:
15467:
15464:
15463:
15461:
15460:
15455:
15444:
15442:
15433:
15432:
15430:
15429:
15424:
15419:
15413:
15411:
15402:
15401:
15399:
15398:
15393:
15388:
15382:
15380:
15371:
15370:
15368:
15367:
15362:
15357:
15352:
15347:
15342:
15333:
15332:
15327:
15322:
15317:
15312:
15303:
15301:
15292:
15291:
15289:
15288:
15283:
15272:
15270:
15258:
15252:
15251:
15239:
15238:
15231:
15224:
15216:
15207:
15206:
15203:
15202:
15191:
15171:
15159:
15158:
15156:
15152:
15151:
15148:
15147:
15136:
15125:
15111:
15096:
15077:
15061:
15056:
15055:
15053:
15052:Classification
15046:
15045:
15023:
15022:External links
15020:
15018:
15017:
14995:
14976:
14974:
14971:
14969:
14968:
14958:(2): 163–170.
14947:
14926:
14905:
14888:
14867:
14846:
14825:
14804:
14794:(5): 952–962.
14783:
14762:
14741:
14731:(2): 131–143.
14720:
14699:
14678:
14668:(3): 208–220.
14657:
14636:
14626:(4): 290–293.
14615:
14605:(3): 389–391.
14594:
14573:
14552:
14531:
14510:
14493:
14472:
14451:
14438:
14425:
14408:
14398:(2): 267–272.
14387:
14370:
14349:
14331:
14314:
14293:
14272:
14251:
14241:(3): 200–231.
14230:
14208:
14187:
14166:
14145:
14124:
14103:
14082:
14061:
14040:
14030:(7): 635–654.
14019:
13976:
13929:
13901:(2): 170–178.
13886:
13858:(5): 385–397.
13843:
13823:(2): 103–115.
13808:
13765:
13722:
13685:
13641:
13639:
13636:
13634:
13633:
13627:
13610:
13609:
13608:
13602:
13589:
13583:
13570:
13564:
13545:
13532:
13531:
13530:
13508:
13483:
13461:
13436:
13414:
13383:
13368:
13362:
13349:
13343:
13330:
13313:
13307:
13294:
13280:
13259:
13253:
13240:
13230:
13228:
13225:
13223:
13220:
13217:
13216:
13203:(2): 134–151.
13183:
13171:
13142:
13127:
13097:
13085:
13073:
13024:
13012:
13000:
12988:
12976:
12964:
12929:JAMA Neurology
12915:
12893:
12866:(7): 591–600.
12849:
12806:
12777:(1): 166–175.
12757:
12708:
12662:
12613:
12562:
12531:
12501:
12475:
12434:
12400:
12370:
12344:
12301:
12275:
12240:
12209:
12174:
12131:
12105:
12074:
12039:
12017:
11995:
11969:
11958:on 10 May 2012
11943:
11932:on 15 May 2011
11917:
11887:
11861:
11843:
11831:
11777:
11737:
11675:
11624:
11612:
11600:
11588:
11576:
11574:, p. 507.
11564:
11562:, p. 131.
11552:
11540:
11528:
11516:
11504:
11492:
11477:
11475:, p. 290.
11465:
11453:
11432:
11417:
11400:
11388:
11376:
11374:, p. 389.
11364:
11352:
11348:Li et al. 2019
11340:
11338:, p. 285.
11321:
11319:, p. 165.
11306:
11294:
11292:, p. 284.
11277:
11275:, p. 166.
11265:
11263:, p. 286.
11250:
11238:
11226:
11224:, p. 283.
11214:
11187:
11175:
11173:, p. 163.
11163:
11161:, p. 395.
11151:
11139:
11127:
11115:
11103:
11101:, p. 385.
11091:
11079:
11077:, p. 956.
11060:
11033:
11012:(4): 660–677.
10992:
10952:
10914:
10899:
10870:
10849:(6): 737–744.
10829:
10780:
10753:(4): 283–299.
10736:
10685:
10615:
10613:, p. 880.
10603:
10601:, p. 877.
10591:
10589:, p. 879.
10579:
10567:
10516:
10489:(4): 352–362.
10472:
10431:(5): 631–640.
10408:
10397:
10366:
10337:(3): 288–294.
10317:
10278:
10263:
10212:
10201:
10172:
10118:
10092:
10073:(7): 614–622.
10057:
10046:
10021:
9972:
9923:
9894:(9): 861–873.
9869:
9857:
9845:
9810:
9758:
9717:
9692:
9667:
9642:
9611:
9568:
9538:
9492:
9443:
9416:(8): 821–828.
9400:
9356:
9313:
9301:
9250:
9235:
9217:
9174:
9162:
9113:
9102:
9080:
9026:
8983:
8954:(4): 356–363.
8934:
8915:
8862:
8847:
8829:
8786:
8774:
8762:
8747:
8735:
8723:
8711:
8699:
8684:
8672:
8655:
8643:
8631:
8619:
8607:
8595:
8583:
8568:
8551:
8502:
8451:
8408:
8357:
8308:
8289:
8260:
8209:
8180:(2): 175–192.
8160:
8116:
8089:(4): 619–623.
8073:
8014:
7993:(4): 596–609.
7966:
7939:(6): 566–576.
7923:
7894:(1): 205–215.
7888:Anesthesiology
7874:
7845:(6): 745–752.
7825:
7790:
7763:(6): 548–560.
7730:
7719:
7694:
7669:(4): 368–376.
7644:
7595:
7563:
7509:
7452:
7425:(6): 303–318.
7409:
7360:
7313:
7278:
7266:
7239:(6): 653–661.
7220:
7205:
7184:(1): 109–127.
7161:
7130:
7079:
7043:
7008:
6996:
6967:(2): 353–365.
6947:
6913:
6857:
6806:
6757:
6706:
6655:
6604:
6555:
6526:(2): 203–218.
6506:
6457:
6406:
6371:
6322:
6278:
6243:
6188:
6139:
6116:(5): 831–842.
6100:
6064:
6052:
6021:(8): e209201.
5999:
5937:
5914:
5865:
5821:
5787:
5724:
5689:
5640:
5619:(5): 381–386.
5599:
5572:
5521:
5480:
5431:
5380:
5345:
5296:
5252:
5192:
5140:
5091:
5040:
4989:
4940:
4899:
4870:(3): 372–390.
4847:
4806:
4777:(1): 225–236.
4754:
4725:(7): 895–904.
4705:
4683:
4632:
4583:
4561:
4502:
4480:
4452:
4423:(3): 727–750.
4403:
4381:
4327:
4290:Brain Sciences
4276:
4240:
4215:
4182:
4170:
4168:, p. 101.
4158:
4146:
4144:, p. S11.
4134:
4122:
4110:
4098:
4086:
4074:
4072:, p. 635.
4062:
4060:, p. 149.
4050:
4038:
4026:
4014:
3963:
3922:
3891:
3879:
3863:
3852:. 30 June 2016
3831:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3796:olfactory bulb
3787:
3784:
3779:istradefylline
3773:
3770:(specifically
3763:
3762:Pharmaceutical
3760:
3747:—particularly
3719:
3718:
3702:
3701:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3684:Main article:
3681:
3678:
3668:
3665:
3637:Main article:
3634:
3631:
3582:
3581:
3562:
3560:
3553:
3544:Main article:
3541:
3538:
3530:Robin Williams
3494:Michael J. Fox
3475:Michael J. Fox
3464:Main article:
3461:
3458:
3425:
3422:
3413:inpatient care
3407:
3406:
3387:
3385:
3378:
3372:
3369:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3323:Arvid Carlsson
3293:Yellow Emperor
3259:Johann Juncker
3255:William Cullen
3242:Yellow Emperor
3216:William Gowers
3171:William Gowers
3160:
3159:
3150:
3149:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3132:Main article:
3129:
3126:
3053:
3050:
3009:with multiple
3001:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2940:
2937:
2931:well-balanced
2880:
2877:
2817:
2816:Rehabilitation
2814:
2761:
2758:
2728:
2725:
2696:
2693:
2636:
2633:
2604:
2601:
2559:
2556:
2545:
2544:
2517:
2515:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2470:infusion, and
2393:Main article:
2390:
2387:
2361:(NSAIDs) like
2333:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2254:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2140:
2137:
2043:
2040:
1979:
1976:
1968:gut microbiota
1964:gut-brain axis
1889:
1886:
1867:senile plaques
1831:olfactory bulb
1818:
1815:
1799:by activating
1722:axon terminals
1697:
1694:
1597:direct pathway
1585:
1582:
1564:and partially
1533:
1532:
1523:
1522:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1505:Main article:
1502:
1499:
1473:
1470:
1370:
1367:
1276:family history
1271:
1268:
1205:Main article:
1202:
1199:
1195:nervous tissue
1175:skin disorders
1170:
1167:
1135:
1132:
1111:
1108:
1074:hallucinations
1055:panic disorder
1008:
1005:
974:blood pressure
921:
918:
875:
872:
821:Facial muscles
817:motor planning
782:
779:
771:mood disorders
719:
718:
709:
708:
700:
699:
698:
697:
696:
691:Main article:
688:
685:
564:
561:
413:of mainly the
394:
393:
388:
382:
381:
378:
374:
373:
370:
364:
363:
342:
336:
335:
326:
322:
321:
311:
307:
306:
273:
267:
266:
260:
254:
253:
235:
229:
228:
225:
221:
220:
217:
213:
212:
199:
193:
192:
190:
189:
171:
147:
145:
139:
138:
125:
119:
118:
111:
104:
103:
99:
92:
91:
90:
85:
78:
77:
73:
66:
65:
64:
63:
62:
59:
58:
55:
51:
50:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
17911:
17900:
17897:
17895:
17892:
17890:
17887:
17885:
17882:
17880:
17877:
17875:
17872:
17870:
17867:
17866:
17864:
17845:
17842:
17840:
17837:
17835:
17832:
17830:
17827:
17826:
17823:
17816:
17812:
17798:
17795:
17794:
17792:
17788:
17782:
17779:
17777:
17774:
17772:
17769:
17767:
17764:
17763:
17761:
17759:Schizophrenia
17757:
17751:
17748:
17746:
17743:
17741:
17738:
17737:
17735:
17730:
17726:
17720:
17717:
17715:
17712:
17711:
17709:
17705:
17701:
17697:
17693:
17689:
17688:Schizophrenia
17684:
17680:
17670:
17667:
17665:
17662:
17660:
17657:
17655:
17652:
17650:
17647:
17645:
17642:
17640:
17639:Drug overdose
17637:
17636:
17633:
17628:
17624:
17619:
17615:
17601:
17598:
17596:
17593:
17592:
17590:
17588:
17587:Sexual desire
17584:
17578:
17575:
17573:
17570:
17569:
17567:
17565:
17561:
17553:
17550:
17548:
17545:
17543:
17540:
17539:
17538:
17535:
17533:
17530:
17528:
17525:
17524:
17522:
17520:
17515:
17509:
17506:
17504:
17501:
17499:
17496:
17494:
17491:
17490:
17488:
17486:
17482:
17478:
17471:
17467:
17453:
17450:
17448:
17445:
17443:
17440:
17438:
17435:
17433:
17430:
17428:
17425:
17421:
17418:
17416:
17413:
17411:
17408:
17407:
17406:
17403:
17401:
17398:
17397:
17395:
17393:
17389:
17383:
17380:
17378:
17375:
17373:
17370:
17368:
17365:
17364:
17362:
17360:
17356:
17344:
17341:
17339:
17336:
17335:
17334:
17331:
17329:
17326:
17324:
17321:
17319:
17316:
17314:
17311:
17310:
17308:
17304:
17296:
17293:
17292:
17291:
17288:
17284:
17281:
17279:
17276:
17275:
17274:
17273:Social phobia
17271:
17269:
17266:
17264:
17261:
17259:
17256:
17255:
17253:
17251:
17247:
17244:
17242:
17238:
17231:
17228:
17227:
17225:
17223:
17219:
17215:
17211:
17208:-related and
17207:
17203:
17198:
17194:
17180:
17177:
17175:
17172:
17170:
17167:
17166:
17164:
17160:
17154:
17151:
17149:
17146:
17144:
17141:
17139:
17136:
17134:
17131:
17129:
17126:
17124:
17121:
17119:
17116:
17114:
17111:
17109:
17106:
17104:
17101:
17100:
17098:
17096:
17092:
17086:
17083:
17081:
17078:
17076:
17073:
17071:
17068:
17066:
17063:
17062:
17060:
17058:
17054:
17050:
17043:
17039:
17029:
17026:
17022:
17019:
17017:
17014:
17012:
17009:
17007:
17004:
17002:
16999:
16998:
16997:
16994:
16990:
16987:
16985:
16982:
16980:
16977:
16975:
16972:
16971:
16970:
16967:
16966:
16963:
16958:
16953:
16949:
16935:
16932:
16930:
16927:
16926:
16924:
16921:
16914:
16906:
16903:
16902:
16901:
16898:
16897:
16895:
16893:
16889:
16881:
16878:
16877:
16876:
16873:
16869:
16866:
16864:
16861:
16860:
16859:
16856:
16852:
16849:
16847:
16844:
16842:
16839:
16838:
16836:
16832:
16829:
16828:
16827:
16824:
16820:
16817:
16816:
16815:
16812:
16808:
16805:
16804:
16803:
16800:
16798:
16795:
16794:
16792:
16790:
16786:
16782:
16778:
16773:
16769:
16755:
16752:
16750:
16747:
16745:
16742:
16740:
16737:
16735:
16732:
16730:
16727:
16725:
16722:
16720:
16717:
16713:
16710:
16709:
16708:
16705:
16704:
16702:
16698:
16692:
16689:
16687:
16684:
16682:
16679:
16677:
16674:
16670:
16667:
16665:
16662:
16661:
16660:
16657:
16655:
16652:
16651:
16649:
16645:
16641:
16634:
16630:
16625:
16621:
16614:
16609:
16607:
16602:
16600:
16595:
16594:
16591:
16569:
16566:
16565:
16564:
16561:
16560:
16553:
16550:
16548:
16545:
16544:
16543:
16540:
16538:
16535:
16531:
16528:
16526:
16523:
16519:
16516:
16514:
16511:
16509:
16506:
16505:
16503:
16501:
16498:
16496:
16493:
16491:
16488:
16486:
16483:
16481:
16478:
16477:
16476:
16473:
16471:
16468:
16467:
16466:
16464:
16460:
16459:
16454:
16451:
16449:
16446:
16444:
16441:
16440:
16439:
16437:
16433:
16432:
16430:
16428:
16424:
16418:
16415:
16413:
16410:
16409:
16407:
16405:
16401:
16398:
16396:
16392:
16389:
16385:
16375:
16372:
16370:
16367:
16365:
16362:
16360:
16357:
16355:
16354:Reye syndrome
16352:
16350:
16347:
16346:
16344:
16340:
16334:
16331:
16329:
16326:
16322:
16319:
16317:
16314:
16312:
16309:
16307:
16306:Hydrocephalus
16304:
16303:
16302:
16299:
16298:
16296:
16294:
16290:
16278:
16274:
16273:
16272:
16269:
16268:
16266:
16262:
16256:
16252:
16250:
16247:
16245:
16242:
16241:
16239:
16237:
16233:
16227:
16223:
16221:
16218:
16216:
16213:
16211:
16208:
16207:
16205:
16203:
16199:
16193:
16189:
16187:
16184:
16182:
16179:
16177:
16174:
16173:
16171:
16169:
16165:
16161:
16158:
16156:
16150:
16144:
16140:
16138:
16135:
16133:
16130:
16128:
16125:
16124:
16122:
16120:
16119:Demyelinating
16116:
16106:
16103:
16102:
16100:
16098:
16094:
16088:
16085:
16084:
16083:
16082:
16076:
16073:
16071:
16068:
16064:
16061:
16060:
16059:
16055:
16052:
16048:
16045:
16041:
16038:
16037:
16036:
16033:
16032:
16031:
16028:
16027:
16025:
16023:
16019:
16013:
16010:
16008:
16007:Restless legs
16005:
16001:
15998:
15996:
15993:
15992:
15991:
15988:
15987:
15982:
15979:
15975:
15972:
15971:
15970:
15967:
15963:
15960:
15959:
15958:
15955:
15953:
15950:
15946:
15945:Blepharospasm
15943:
15941:
15938:
15936:
15933:
15931:
15928:
15927:
15926:
15923:
15922:
15921:
15918:
15917:
15912:
15909:
15907:
15904:
15902:
15901:Hemiballismus
15899:
15897:
15894:
15890:
15887:
15886:
15885:
15882:
15878:
15875:
15874:
15873:
15870:
15866:
15863:
15861:
15858:
15856:
15853:
15852:
15851:
15848:
15847:
15846:
15843:
15842:
15840:
15838:
15833:
15829:
15826:
15824:
15820:
15817:
15815:
15810:
15806:
15796:
15793:
15791:
15788:
15784:
15781:
15780:
15779:
15776:
15775:
15773:
15771:
15766:
15758:
15755:
15754:
15753:
15752:Brain abscess
15750:
15748:
15745:
15741:
15738:
15736:
15733:
15731:
15728:
15726:
15723:
15722:
15721:
15718:
15717:
15715:
15713:
15709:
15706:
15704:
15700:
15696:
15692:
15684:
15679:
15677:
15672:
15670:
15665:
15664:
15661:
15645:
15643:
15640:
15639:
15637:
15634:
15631:
15628:
15626:
15623:
15622:
15618:
15612:
15609:
15606:
15602:
15599:
15597:
15594:
15592:
15589:
15587:
15584:
15583:
15581:
15577:
15571:
15568:
15566:
15563:
15561:
15558:
15556:
15553:
15551:
15548:
15546:
15543:
15541:
15538:
15536:
15533:
15531:
15528:
15526:
15523:
15521:
15518:
15516:
15513:
15511:
15508:
15506:
15503:
15501:
15498:
15496:
15493:
15491:
15488:
15486:
15483:
15481:
15478:
15477:
15475:
15473:
15469:
15459:
15456:
15453:
15449:
15446:
15445:
15443:
15441:
15438:
15434:
15428:
15425:
15423:
15420:
15418:
15415:
15414:
15412:
15410:
15407:
15403:
15397:
15394:
15392:
15389:
15387:
15384:
15383:
15381:
15379:
15376:
15372:
15366:
15363:
15361:
15358:
15356:
15353:
15351:
15348:
15346:
15343:
15341:
15338:
15337:Non-ergoline:
15335:
15334:
15331:
15328:
15326:
15323:
15321:
15318:
15316:
15313:
15311:
15310:Bromocriptine
15308:
15305:
15304:
15302:
15300:
15297:
15293:
15287:
15284:
15281:
15277:
15274:
15273:
15271:
15269:
15266:
15262:
15259:
15257:
15256:Dopaminergics
15253:
15248:
15244:
15237:
15232:
15230:
15225:
15223:
15218:
15217:
15214:
15201:
15197:
15196:
15192:
15189:
15184:
15181:
15177:
15176:
15172:
15170:
15166:
15165:
15161:
15160:
15157:
15153:
15146:
15142:
15141:
15137:
15135:
15131:
15130:
15126:
15124:
15121:
15117:
15116:
15112:
15110:
15106:
15105:
15101:
15097:
15095:
15091:
15087:
15086:
15082:
15078:
15076:
15072:
15071:
15067:
15063:
15062:
15059:
15054:
15050:
15034:
15030:
15026:
15025:
15005:
15001:
14996:
14983:
14978:
14977:
14965:
14961:
14957:
14953:
14948:
14944:
14940:
14936:
14932:
14927:
14923:
14919:
14915:
14911:
14906:
14902:
14898:
14894:
14889:
14885:
14881:
14877:
14873:
14868:
14864:
14860:
14856:
14852:
14847:
14843:
14839:
14835:
14831:
14826:
14822:
14818:
14814:
14810:
14805:
14801:
14797:
14793:
14789:
14784:
14780:
14776:
14772:
14768:
14763:
14759:
14755:
14751:
14747:
14742:
14738:
14734:
14730:
14726:
14721:
14717:
14713:
14709:
14705:
14700:
14696:
14692:
14688:
14684:
14679:
14675:
14671:
14667:
14663:
14658:
14654:
14650:
14646:
14642:
14637:
14633:
14629:
14625:
14621:
14616:
14612:
14608:
14604:
14600:
14595:
14591:
14587:
14583:
14579:
14574:
14570:
14566:
14562:
14558:
14553:
14549:
14545:
14541:
14537:
14532:
14528:
14524:
14521:: e464–e479.
14520:
14516:
14511:
14507:
14503:
14499:
14494:
14490:
14486:
14482:
14478:
14473:
14469:
14465:
14462:(s1): S3–S8.
14461:
14457:
14452:
14448:
14444:
14439:
14435:
14431:
14426:
14422:
14418:
14414:
14409:
14405:
14401:
14397:
14393:
14388:
14384:
14380:
14376:
14371:
14367:
14363:
14359:
14355:
14350:
14346:
14342:
14338:
14332:
14328:
14324:
14320:
14315:
14311:
14307:
14303:
14299:
14294:
14290:
14286:
14282:
14278:
14273:
14269:
14265:
14261:
14257:
14252:
14248:
14244:
14240:
14236:
14231:
14227:
14223:
14219:
14215:
14209:
14205:
14201:
14197:
14193:
14188:
14184:
14180:
14176:
14172:
14167:
14163:
14159:
14155:
14151:
14146:
14142:
14138:
14134:
14130:
14125:
14121:
14117:
14113:
14109:
14104:
14100:
14096:
14093:: 1119–1132.
14092:
14088:
14083:
14079:
14075:
14072:(21): 13043.
14071:
14067:
14062:
14058:
14054:
14050:
14046:
14041:
14037:
14033:
14029:
14025:
14020:
14016:
14012:
14007:
14002:
13998:
13994:
13990:
13986:
13982:
13977:
13975:
13973:
13968:
13961:
13957:
13952:
13947:
13943:
13939:
13935:
13930:
13926:
13922:
13917:
13912:
13908:
13904:
13900:
13896:
13892:
13887:
13883:
13879:
13874:
13869:
13865:
13861:
13857:
13853:
13849:
13844:
13840:
13836:
13831:
13826:
13822:
13818:
13814:
13809:
13805:
13801:
13796:
13791:
13787:
13783:
13779:
13775:
13771:
13766:
13762:
13758:
13753:
13748:
13744:
13740:
13736:
13732:
13728:
13723:
13719:
13715:
13711:
13707:
13703:
13699:
13695:
13691:
13686:
13682:
13678:
13673:
13668:
13664:
13660:
13656:
13652:
13648:
13643:
13642:
13630:
13624:
13620:
13616:
13611:
13605:
13599:
13595:
13590:
13586:
13580:
13576:
13571:
13567:
13561:
13557:
13552:
13551:
13548:
13542:
13538:
13533:
13527:
13523:
13519:
13515:
13511:
13505:
13501:
13497:
13493:
13489:
13484:
13480:
13476:
13472:
13468:
13464:
13458:
13454:
13450:
13446:
13442:
13437:
13433:
13429:
13425:
13421:
13417:
13411:
13407:
13403:
13399:
13395:
13390:
13389:
13386:
13380:
13376:
13375:
13369:
13365:
13359:
13355:
13350:
13346:
13340:
13336:
13331:
13327:
13323:
13319:
13314:
13310:
13304:
13300:
13295:
13291:
13287:
13283:
13277:
13273:
13269:
13265:
13260:
13256:
13250:
13246:
13241:
13237:
13232:
13231:
13211:
13206:
13202:
13198:
13194:
13187:
13181:, pp. 2.
13180:
13175:
13160:
13156:
13149:
13147:
13138:
13134:
13130:
13124:
13120:
13116:
13112:
13108:
13101:
13094:
13089:
13082:
13077:
13069:
13065:
13060:
13055:
13051:
13047:
13043:
13039:
13035:
13028:
13021:
13016:
13009:
13004:
12997:
12992:
12985:
12980:
12973:
12968:
12960:
12956:
12951:
12946:
12942:
12938:
12934:
12930:
12926:
12919:
12911:
12907:
12906:New Scientist
12903:
12897:
12889:
12885:
12881:
12877:
12873:
12869:
12865:
12861:
12853:
12845:
12841:
12837:
12833:
12829:
12825:
12821:
12817:
12810:
12802:
12798:
12793:
12788:
12784:
12780:
12776:
12772:
12768:
12761:
12753:
12749:
12745:
12741:
12736:
12731:
12727:
12723:
12719:
12712:
12704:
12700:
12696:
12692:
12688:
12684:
12680:
12676:
12669:
12667:
12658:
12654:
12649:
12644:
12640:
12636:
12632:
12628:
12624:
12617:
12609:
12605:
12600:
12595:
12590:
12585:
12581:
12577:
12573:
12566:
12550:
12546:
12542:
12535:
12519:
12515:
12511:
12505:
12490:
12486:
12479:
12471:
12467:
12462:
12457:
12453:
12449:
12445:
12438:
12422:
12418:
12414:
12407:
12405:
12388:
12384:
12380:
12374:
12359:
12355:
12348:
12340:
12336:
12332:
12328:
12324:
12320:
12316:
12312:
12305:
12289:
12285:
12279:
12272:
12259:
12255:
12251:
12244:
12228:
12224:
12220:
12213:
12205:
12201:
12197:
12193:
12189:
12185:
12184:Neurology Now
12178:
12162:
12158:
12154:
12150:
12146:
12145:Neurology Now
12142:
12135:
12120:
12116:
12109:
12093:
12089:
12085:
12078:
12062:
12058:
12054:
12050:
12043:
12027:
12021:
12005:
11999:
11983:
11979:
11973:
11957:
11953:
11947:
11931:
11927:
11921:
11905:
11901:
11897:
11891:
11875:
11871:
11865:
11857:
11853:
11847:
11840:
11835:
11828:
11822:
11818:
11813:
11808:
11804:
11800:
11796:
11792:
11788:
11781:
11773:
11769:
11765:
11761:
11757:
11753:
11746:
11744:
11742:
11733:
11729:
11724:
11719:
11714:
11709:
11705:
11701:
11697:
11693:
11689:
11682:
11680:
11671:
11667:
11662:
11657:
11652:
11647:
11643:
11639:
11635:
11628:
11621:
11616:
11609:
11604:
11597:
11592:
11585:
11580:
11573:
11568:
11561:
11556:
11549:
11544:
11537:
11532:
11525:
11520:
11513:
11508:
11501:
11500:Bereczki 2010
11496:
11489:
11484:
11482:
11474:
11473:Bereczki 2010
11469:
11462:
11457:
11450:
11445:
11443:
11441:
11439:
11437:
11429:
11424:
11422:
11414:
11409:
11407:
11405:
11397:
11392:
11385:
11380:
11373:
11368:
11361:
11356:
11349:
11344:
11337:
11332:
11330:
11328:
11326:
11318:
11313:
11311:
11304:, p. S4.
11303:
11298:
11291:
11286:
11284:
11282:
11274:
11269:
11262:
11257:
11255:
11247:
11242:
11235:
11230:
11223:
11218:
11210:
11206:
11202:
11198:
11191:
11184:
11179:
11172:
11167:
11160:
11155:
11148:
11143:
11137:, p. 27.
11136:
11131:
11125:, p. 26.
11124:
11119:
11112:
11107:
11100:
11095:
11088:
11083:
11076:
11071:
11069:
11067:
11065:
11056:
11052:
11048:
11044:
11037:
11029:
11025:
11020:
11015:
11011:
11007:
11003:
10996:
10988:
10984:
10980:
10976:
10972:
10968:
10961:
10959:
10957:
10948:
10944:
10940:
10936:
10932:
10928:
10921:
10919:
10910:
10906:
10902:
10896:
10892:
10888:
10884:
10877:
10875:
10866:
10862:
10857:
10852:
10848:
10844:
10840:
10833:
10825:
10821:
10816:
10811:
10807:
10803:
10799:
10795:
10791:
10784:
10776:
10772:
10768:
10764:
10760:
10756:
10752:
10748:
10740:
10732:
10728:
10723:
10718:
10713:
10708:
10704:
10700:
10696:
10689:
10681:
10677:
10673:
10669:
10664:
10659:
10655:
10651:
10647:
10643:
10636:
10634:
10632:
10630:
10628:
10626:
10624:
10622:
10620:
10612:
10607:
10600:
10595:
10588:
10583:
10576:
10571:
10563:
10559:
10554:
10549:
10544:
10539:
10535:
10531:
10527:
10520:
10512:
10508:
10504:
10500:
10496:
10492:
10488:
10484:
10476:
10467:
10462:
10458:
10454:
10449:
10444:
10439:
10434:
10430:
10426:
10422:
10415:
10413:
10404:
10400:
10394:
10390:
10386:
10379:
10377:
10375:
10373:
10371:
10362:
10358:
10353:
10348:
10344:
10340:
10336:
10332:
10328:
10321:
10313:
10309:
10305:
10301:
10297:
10293:
10289:
10282:
10275:
10270:
10268:
10259:
10255:
10250:
10245:
10240:
10235:
10231:
10227:
10223:
10216:
10208:
10204:
10198:
10194:
10190:
10183:
10181:
10179:
10177:
10168:
10164:
10159:
10154:
10149:
10144:
10140:
10136:
10132:
10125:
10123:
10106:
10102:
10096:
10088:
10084:
10080:
10076:
10072:
10068:
10061:
10053:
10049:
10043:
10039:
10035:
10028:
10026:
10017:
10013:
10008:
10003:
9999:
9995:
9991:
9987:
9983:
9976:
9968:
9964:
9959:
9954:
9950:
9946:
9943:(7466): 593.
9942:
9938:
9934:
9927:
9919:
9915:
9910:
9905:
9901:
9897:
9893:
9889:
9885:
9878:
9876:
9874:
9866:
9861:
9854:
9849:
9841:
9837:
9833:
9829:
9825:
9821:
9814:
9806:
9802:
9798:
9794:
9790:
9786:
9782:
9778:
9774:
9767:
9765:
9763:
9754:
9750:
9745:
9740:
9736:
9732:
9728:
9721:
9706:
9702:
9696:
9681:
9677:
9671:
9656:
9652:
9646:
9638:
9634:
9630:
9626:
9622:
9615:
9607:
9603:
9599:
9595:
9591:
9587:
9583:
9579:
9572:
9556:
9552:
9548:
9542:
9534:
9530:
9525:
9520:
9516:
9512:
9508:
9501:
9499:
9497:
9488:
9484:
9479:
9474:
9470:
9466:
9462:
9458:
9454:
9447:
9439:
9435:
9431:
9427:
9423:
9419:
9415:
9411:
9404:
9396:
9392:
9388:
9384:
9380:
9376:
9372:
9368:
9360:
9352:
9348:
9344:
9340:
9336:
9332:
9328:
9324:
9317:
9310:
9305:
9297:
9293:
9288:
9283:
9278:
9273:
9269:
9265:
9264:F1000Research
9261:
9254:
9246:
9242:
9238:
9232:
9228:
9221:
9205:
9201:
9195:
9193:
9191:
9189:
9187:
9185:
9183:
9181:
9179:
9171:
9166:
9158:
9154:
9149:
9144:
9140:
9136:
9132:
9128:
9124:
9117:
9109:
9105:
9099:
9095:
9091:
9084:
9076:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9048:
9044:
9040:
9033:
9031:
9022:
9018:
9014:
9010:
9006:
9002:
8998:
8994:
8987:
8979:
8975:
8970:
8965:
8961:
8957:
8953:
8949:
8945:
8938:
8922:
8918:
8912:
8908:
8904:
8897:
8895:
8893:
8891:
8889:
8887:
8885:
8883:
8881:
8879:
8877:
8875:
8873:
8871:
8869:
8867:
8858:
8854:
8850:
8844:
8840:
8833:
8825:
8821:
8817:
8813:
8809:
8805:
8801:
8797:
8790:
8783:
8778:
8771:
8766:
8759:
8754:
8752:
8744:
8739:
8732:
8727:
8721:, p. 10.
8720:
8715:
8708:
8703:
8696:
8691:
8689:
8681:
8676:
8669:
8664:
8662:
8660:
8652:
8647:
8640:
8635:
8629:, pp. 4.
8628:
8623:
8616:
8611:
8604:
8599:
8592:
8587:
8580:
8575:
8573:
8565:
8560:
8558:
8556:
8547:
8543:
8538:
8533:
8529:
8525:
8521:
8517:
8513:
8506:
8498:
8494:
8489:
8484:
8479:
8474:
8470:
8466:
8462:
8455:
8447:
8443:
8439:
8435:
8431:
8427:
8423:
8419:
8412:
8404:
8400:
8395:
8390:
8385:
8380:
8376:
8372:
8368:
8361:
8353:
8349:
8344:
8339:
8335:
8331:
8327:
8323:
8319:
8312:
8305:
8300:
8298:
8296:
8294:
8277:
8270:
8264:
8256:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8237:
8232:
8228:
8224:
8220:
8213:
8205:
8201:
8196:
8191:
8187:
8183:
8179:
8175:
8171:
8164:
8156:
8152:
8148:
8144:
8140:
8136:
8132:
8128:
8120:
8112:
8108:
8104:
8100:
8096:
8092:
8088:
8084:
8077:
8069:
8065:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8045:
8041:
8037:
8034:(4): e93814.
8033:
8029:
8025:
8018:
8010:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7992:
7988:
7984:
7977:
7975:
7973:
7971:
7962:
7958:
7954:
7950:
7946:
7942:
7938:
7934:
7927:
7919:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7901:
7897:
7893:
7889:
7885:
7878:
7870:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7852:
7848:
7844:
7840:
7836:
7829:
7821:
7817:
7813:
7809:
7805:
7801:
7794:
7786:
7782:
7778:
7774:
7770:
7766:
7762:
7758:
7751:
7749:
7747:
7745:
7743:
7741:
7739:
7737:
7735:
7726:
7722:
7716:
7712:
7708:
7701:
7699:
7690:
7686:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7668:
7664:
7660:
7653:
7651:
7649:
7640:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7622:
7618:
7614:
7610:
7606:
7599:
7590:
7585:
7581:
7577:
7570:
7568:
7559:
7555:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7531:
7527:
7523:
7516:
7514:
7505:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7487:
7483:
7479:
7475:
7471:
7467:
7463:
7456:
7448:
7444:
7440:
7436:
7432:
7428:
7424:
7420:
7413:
7405:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7387:
7383:
7379:
7375:
7371:
7364:
7356:
7352:
7348:
7344:
7340:
7336:
7332:
7328:
7324:
7317:
7309:
7305:
7301:
7297:
7293:
7289:
7282:
7275:
7270:
7262:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7246:
7242:
7238:
7234:
7227:
7225:
7217:
7212:
7210:
7201:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7183:
7179:
7175:
7168:
7166:
7156:
7151:
7147:
7146:
7141:
7134:
7126:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7098:
7094:
7090:
7083:
7075:
7071:
7067:
7063:
7059:
7055:
7047:
7039:
7035:
7031:
7027:
7023:
7019:
7012:
7005:
7000:
6992:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6974:
6970:
6966:
6962:
6958:
6951:
6936:
6932:
6928:
6924:
6917:
6909:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6881:
6877:
6873:
6866:
6864:
6862:
6853:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6825:
6821:
6817:
6810:
6802:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6784:
6780:
6776:
6772:
6768:
6761:
6753:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6725:
6721:
6720:BMC Neurology
6717:
6710:
6702:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6674:
6670:
6666:
6659:
6651:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6608:
6600:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6574:
6570:
6566:
6559:
6551:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6510:
6502:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6461:
6453:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6425:
6421:
6417:
6410:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6375:
6367:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6326:
6318:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6285:
6283:
6274:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6247:
6239:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6201:
6192:
6184:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6143:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6104:
6095:
6090:
6087:(3): 100153.
6086:
6082:
6078:
6071:
6069:
6061:
6056:
6048:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6015:
6010:
6003:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5946:
5944:
5942:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5918:
5910:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5869:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5830:
5828:
5826:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5791:
5783:
5777:
5769:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5738:Neurosciences
5735:
5728:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5693:
5685:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5644:
5636:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5603:
5588:
5587:
5582:
5576:
5568:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5525:
5517:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5484:
5476:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5435:
5427:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5384:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5349:
5341:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5300:
5292:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5259:
5257:
5248:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5199:
5197:
5188:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5147:
5145:
5136:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5095:
5087:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5044:
5036:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4993:
4985:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4944:
4936:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4903:
4895:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4854:
4852:
4843:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4810:
4802:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4761:
4759:
4750:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4709:
4693:
4687:
4679:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4636:
4628:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4587:
4571:
4565:
4557:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4506:
4490:
4484:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4456:
4448:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4407:
4391:
4385:
4377:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4334:
4332:
4323:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4280:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4244:
4228:
4222:
4220:
4210:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4186:
4179:
4174:
4167:
4162:
4155:
4150:
4143:
4142:Langston 2017
4138:
4131:
4126:
4119:
4114:
4107:
4102:
4095:
4090:
4083:
4078:
4071:
4066:
4059:
4054:
4047:
4042:
4035:
4030:
4023:
4018:
4010:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3967:
3959:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3926:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3883:
3876:
3872:
3867:
3851:
3847:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3832:
3816:
3812:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3769:
3759:
3757:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3697:
3687:
3677:
3674:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3608:animal models
3605:
3597:
3593:
3588:
3578:
3566:
3561:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3526:
3524:
3523:Deng Xiaoping
3520:
3516:
3515:Davis Phinney
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3460:Notable cases
3457:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3440:
3430:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3403:
3391:
3386:
3377:
3376:
3368:
3362:Social impact
3354:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3311:Frederic Lewy
3307:
3305:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3243:
3231:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3189:Hoxton Square
3186:
3182:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3154:
3145:
3135:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3063:
3058:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3012:
3008:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2982:Intermediate
2981:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2953:
2946:
2936:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2917:gastroparesis
2913:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2885:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2823:
2813:
2811:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2771:
2766:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2724:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2642:bromocriptine
2632:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2609:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2551:
2541:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2507:
2506:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2439:Braak staging
2436:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2371:meta-analysis
2368:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2275:
2270:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2251:Babinski sign
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2096:
2095:hydrocephalus
2092:
2089:
2088:basal ganglia
2085:
2081:
2076:
2075:Diffusion MRI
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2039:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1987:Pars compacta
1984:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1925:inflammasomes
1922:
1921:MHC receptors
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1878:mitochondrial
1875:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1859:Lewy neurites
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1690:orbitofrontal
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1655:glutamatergic
1651:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1581:
1579:
1578:motor control
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1558:pars compacta
1555:
1554:basal ganglia
1551:
1547:
1543:
1527:
1518:
1508:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1380:
1376:
1369:Environmental
1366:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1228:environmental
1225:
1218:
1215:Rendering of
1213:
1208:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1177:that include
1176:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1013:
1004:
1002:
998:
993:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
917:
915:
911:
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
871:
869:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
794:
788:
778:
776:
772:
768:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
723:
713:
704:
694:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
661:HIV infection
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
574:
570:
560:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:motor control
495:
494:basal ganglia
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
405:), or simply
404:
400:
392:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
369:
365:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
343:
341:
337:
334:
330:
327:
323:
320:
316:
312:
308:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
288:antipsychotic
285:
281:
277:
274:
272:
268:
265:
261:
259:
255:
252:
251:head injuries
248:
244:
240:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
211:
207:
203:
200:
198:
197:Complications
194:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
148:
146:
144:
140:
135:
129:
126:
124:
120:
108:
96:
82:
70:
60:
56:
52:
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
17719:Folie à deux
17644:Intoxication
17625:substances,
17623:Psychoactive
17542:Night terror
17359:Dissociative
17323:Panic attack
17132:
16875:Tic disorder
16562:
16461:
16434:
16395:Degenerative
16132:Inflammatory
16079:
16012:Stiff-person
15854:
15850:Parkinsonism
15823:Degenerative
15720:Encephalitis
15703:Inflammation
15693:, primarily
15550:Procyclidine
15535:Orphenadrine
15480:Benzatropine
15336:
15306:
15280:+benserazide
15193:
15173:
15162:
15138:
15127:
15113:
15098:
15079:
15064:
15036:. Retrieved
15032:
15008:. Retrieved
15003:
14986:. Retrieved
14955:
14951:
14934:
14930:
14913:
14909:
14892:
14875:
14871:
14854:
14850:
14833:
14829:
14812:
14808:
14791:
14787:
14770:
14766:
14749:
14746:Neurosurgery
14745:
14728:
14724:
14707:
14703:
14686:
14682:
14665:
14661:
14644:
14640:
14623:
14619:
14602:
14598:
14581:
14577:
14560:
14556:
14539:
14535:
14518:
14514:
14497:
14480:
14476:
14459:
14455:
14446:
14442:
14433:
14429:
14412:
14395:
14391:
14374:
14357:
14353:
14336:
14318:
14301:
14297:
14280:
14276:
14259:
14255:
14238:
14234:
14217:
14213:
14195:
14191:
14174:
14170:
14153:
14149:
14132:
14128:
14111:
14107:
14090:
14086:
14069:
14065:
14048:
14044:
14027:
14023:
13988:
13984:
13964:
13941:
13937:
13898:
13894:
13855:
13851:
13820:
13816:
13777:
13773:
13734:
13730:
13693:
13689:
13654:
13650:
13618:
13593:
13574:
13555:
13536:
13491:
13444:
13397:
13373:
13353:
13334:
13317:
13298:
13263:
13244:
13235:
13200:
13196:
13186:
13174:
13162:. Retrieved
13158:
13110:
13106:
13100:
13088:
13076:
13041:
13037:
13027:
13015:
13003:
12991:
12979:
12967:
12932:
12928:
12918:
12905:
12896:
12863:
12859:
12852:
12819:
12815:
12809:
12774:
12770:
12760:
12725:
12721:
12711:
12681:(1): 17013.
12678:
12674:
12630:
12626:
12616:
12579:
12575:
12565:
12553:. Retrieved
12544:
12534:
12522:. Retrieved
12518:the original
12504:
12492:. Retrieved
12488:
12478:
12451:
12447:
12437:
12425:. Retrieved
12416:
12391:. Retrieved
12382:
12373:
12361:. Retrieved
12357:
12347:
12314:
12310:
12304:
12292:. Retrieved
12284:"Who We Are"
12278:
12269:
12262:. Retrieved
12253:
12243:
12231:. Retrieved
12222:
12212:
12190:(2): 10–23.
12187:
12183:
12177:
12165:. Retrieved
12161:the original
12148:
12144:
12134:
12122:. Retrieved
12118:
12108:
12096:. Retrieved
12088:The Guardian
12087:
12077:
12065:. Retrieved
12061:the original
12055:. New York:
12053:The Time 100
12052:
12042:
12030:. Retrieved
12020:
12008:. Retrieved
11998:
11986:. Retrieved
11978:"About EPDA"
11972:
11960:. Retrieved
11956:the original
11946:
11934:. Retrieved
11930:the original
11920:
11908:. Retrieved
11904:the original
11899:
11890:
11878:. Retrieved
11874:the original
11864:
11856:the original
11846:
11834:
11794:
11790:
11780:
11755:
11751:
11695:
11691:
11641:
11637:
11627:
11615:
11603:
11591:
11579:
11567:
11555:
11543:
11531:
11519:
11514:, p. 3.
11512:Blonder 2018
11507:
11495:
11488:Blonder 2018
11468:
11456:
11415:, p. 2.
11391:
11379:
11367:
11355:
11350:, p. 1.
11343:
11297:
11268:
11241:
11236:, p. 1.
11229:
11217:
11200:
11196:
11190:
11185:, p. 1.
11178:
11166:
11154:
11142:
11130:
11118:
11106:
11094:
11082:
11049:(7): 20–24.
11046:
11042:
11036:
11009:
11005:
10995:
10973:(1): 26–30.
10970:
10966:
10930:
10926:
10882:
10846:
10842:
10832:
10797:
10793:
10783:
10750:
10746:
10739:
10702:
10698:
10688:
10645:
10641:
10606:
10594:
10582:
10570:
10533:
10529:
10519:
10486:
10482:
10475:
10428:
10424:
10403:the original
10388:
10334:
10330:
10320:
10291:
10287:
10281:
10229:
10225:
10215:
10207:the original
10192:
10138:
10134:
10109:. Retrieved
10104:
10095:
10070:
10066:
10060:
10037:
9989:
9985:
9975:
9940:
9936:
9926:
9891:
9887:
9860:
9848:
9823:
9819:
9813:
9780:
9776:
9734:
9730:
9720:
9708:. Retrieved
9704:
9695:
9683:. Retrieved
9679:
9670:
9658:. Retrieved
9654:
9645:
9628:
9624:
9614:
9581:
9577:
9571:
9559:. Retrieved
9555:the original
9550:
9541:
9514:
9510:
9460:
9456:
9446:
9413:
9409:
9403:
9370:
9366:
9359:
9329:(1): 80–89.
9326:
9322:
9316:
9304:
9267:
9263:
9253:
9226:
9220:
9208:. Retrieved
9203:
9165:
9130:
9126:
9116:
9093:
9083:
9046:
9042:
8996:
8992:
8986:
8951:
8947:
8937:
8925:. Retrieved
8921:the original
8906:
8838:
8832:
8799:
8795:
8789:
8784:, p. 8.
8777:
8765:
8745:, p. 1.
8738:
8726:
8714:
8709:, p. 1.
8702:
8697:, p. 3.
8675:
8670:, p. 2.
8646:
8634:
8622:
8610:
8598:
8593:, p. 2.
8586:
8581:, p. 1.
8522:(5): 61–69.
8519:
8515:
8505:
8468:
8464:
8454:
8421:
8417:
8411:
8374:
8370:
8360:
8343:1959.4/53593
8325:
8321:
8311:
8280:. Retrieved
8275:
8263:
8226:
8222:
8212:
8177:
8173:
8163:
8130:
8126:
8119:
8086:
8082:
8076:
8031:
8027:
8017:
7990:
7986:
7936:
7932:
7926:
7891:
7887:
7877:
7842:
7838:
7828:
7803:
7799:
7793:
7760:
7756:
7710:
7666:
7662:
7612:
7608:
7598:
7579:
7529:
7525:
7469:
7465:
7455:
7422:
7418:
7412:
7380:(7): e6075.
7377:
7373:
7363:
7330:
7326:
7316:
7291:
7287:
7281:
7274:Dickson 2007
7269:
7236:
7232:
7181:
7177:
7143:
7133:
7096:
7093:Antioxidants
7092:
7082:
7057:
7053:
7046:
7021:
7017:
7011:
6999:
6964:
6960:
6950:
6938:. Retrieved
6926:
6916:
6879:
6875:
6823:
6819:
6809:
6777:(1): 61–69.
6774:
6770:
6760:
6723:
6719:
6709:
6672:
6668:
6658:
6621:
6617:
6607:
6572:
6568:
6558:
6523:
6519:
6509:
6474:
6470:
6460:
6423:
6419:
6409:
6384:
6380:
6374:
6339:
6335:
6325:
6298:
6294:
6256:
6252:
6246:
6209:
6205:
6199:
6191:
6156:
6152:
6142:
6113:
6109:
6103:
6084:
6080:
6055:
6018:
6012:
6002:
5962:(1): 45–68.
5959:
5955:
5931:
5927:
5917:
5882:
5878:
5868:
5843:
5839:
5812:. Retrieved
5800:
5790:
5776:cite journal
5741:
5737:
5727:
5702:
5698:
5692:
5657:
5653:
5643:
5616:
5612:
5602:
5590:. Retrieved
5584:
5575:
5538:
5534:
5524:
5497:
5493:
5483:
5448:
5444:
5434:
5397:
5393:
5383:
5361:(1): 85–94.
5358:
5354:
5348:
5313:
5309:
5299:
5272:
5268:
5218:
5214:
5163:(1): 76–84.
5160:
5156:
5111:(1): 53–67.
5108:
5104:
5094:
5057:
5053:
5043:
5006:
5002:
4992:
4957:
4953:
4943:
4916:
4912:
4902:
4867:
4863:
4833:10216/141606
4815:
4809:
4774:
4770:
4722:
4718:
4708:
4696:. Retrieved
4686:
4649:
4645:
4635:
4600:
4596:
4586:
4574:. Retrieved
4564:
4519:
4515:
4505:
4493:. Retrieved
4483:
4471:. Retrieved
4464:
4455:
4420:
4416:
4406:
4394:. Retrieved
4384:
4347:
4343:
4293:
4289:
4279:
4254:
4250:
4243:
4231:. Retrieved
4199:
4195:
4185:
4180:, p. 2.
4173:
4161:
4149:
4137:
4125:
4113:
4101:
4089:
4084:, p. 7.
4077:
4065:
4053:
4041:
4029:
4017:
3980:
3976:
3966:
3939:
3935:
3925:
3911:(1): 56–62.
3908:
3904:
3894:
3889:, Chapter P.
3882:
3866:
3854:. Retrieved
3849:
3815:
3789:
3765:
3753:
3741:
3670:
3642:
3633:Gene therapy
3612:gene therapy
3601:
3572:
3564:
3527:
3507:Muhammad Ali
3491:
3488:
3479:Muhammad Ali
3443:
3435:
3418:
3410:
3397:
3389:
3365:
3343:Casimir Funk
3319:Rolf Hassler
3308:
3304:Pax corporis
3303:
3274:
3247:
3201:
3184:
3178:
3106:
3102:heritability
3083:
3067:
3052:Epidemiology
3031:
3015:
3004:
2929:
2914:
2902:tracheostomy
2894:feeding tube
2890:
2886:
2882:
2858:
2847:
2834:
2825:
2807:
2775:
2754:pimavanserin
2730:
2717:
2698:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2638:
2618:
2614:
2598:
2589:
2573:
2561:
2538:October 2020
2535:
2519:
2496:
2492:
2437:
2398:
2356:
2294:
2290:
2279:
2192:
2172:
2157:
2142:
2133:scintigraphy
2127:
2099:
2080:encephalitis
2059:dorsolateral
2045:
2036:
2016:
2012:
1996:
1961:
1953:vasodilation
1933:
1913:Herpes virus
1909:CD4+ T cells
1897:
1871:
1820:
1805:
1793:neuromelanin
1761:inflammation
1746:
1726:mitochondria
1699:
1663:
1659:frontal lobe
1652:
1641:
1637:motor cortex
1594:
1587:
1584:Neuroanatomy
1539:
1488:
1475:
1459:
1423:heavy metals
1420:
1389:
1382:
1336:
1327:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1273:
1248:heavy metals
1221:
1172:
1137:
1113:
1090:
1067:
1049:
1043:
1021:
1017:nursing home
1010:
994:
968:
942:
930:dysautonomia
923:
908:
890:, pain, and
877:
865:
857:typical gait
843:
829:
813:Bradykinesia
811:
807:pill-rolling
797:
793:parkinsonism
790:
787:Parkinsonism
764:
740:bradykinesia
734:and include
732:motor system
729:
720:Features of
657:parkinsonism
641:bradykinesia
638:
619:
576:
569:Parkinsonism
537:
518:
471:
439:parkinsonism
406:
402:
398:
397:
233:Risk factors
175:Dysautonomia
168:parkinsonism
156:bradykinesia
40:
17692:schizotypal
17527:Hypersomnia
17517:Nonorganic
17258:Agoraphobia
16989:Cyclothymia
16984:Bipolar NOS
16959:(affective)
16831:Stereotypic
16739:Kleptomania
16547:Fazio–Londe
16387:Both/either
16181:Generalised
16040:Early-onset
16035:Alzheimer's
15770:spinal cord
15632:from market
15611:Rimantadine
15570:Tropatepine
15555:Profenamine
15545:Piroheptine
15448:Benserazide
15350:Pramipexole
15340:Apomorphine
15315:Cabergoline
15296:DA receptor
15195:GeneReviews
15164:MedlinePlus
15038:27 December
15010:2 September
14988:2 September
14973:Web sources
14857:: 395–406.
14773:: 385–397.
14647:(3): 1–15.
14542:(1): 1–15.
14220:(3): 1–16.
14198:: 101–110.
14051:: 149–160.
13690:Mov. Disord
13222:Works cited
13164:23 February
12393:30 November
12363:30 November
12124:23 November
12010:22 November
11926:"About PDF"
11644:: 8846544.
11620:Coffey 2009
11572:Lanska 2010
10705:: 619–628.
10448:10871/17451
9049:: 321–340.
6882:: 1242929.
6675:(8): 1360.
6426:: 4709322.
6212:(8): 1261.
5221:: 1213393.
4652:: 6233835.
3400:August 2020
3335:Trojanowski
3331:Spillantini
3287:. Multiple
3224:Wilhelm Erb
3197:spinal cord
2925:Gastrostomy
2803:pallidotomy
2799:subcortical
2752:. In 2016,
2727:Other drugs
2666:apomorphine
2662:cabergoline
2650:pramipexole
2584:benserazide
2501:Medications
2468:apomorphine
2421:benserazide
2379:antioxidant
2332:adenosine A
2296:Tobacco use
1972:vagus nerve
1874:proteasomal
1807:Ferroptosis
1757:neuroimmune
1734:Lewy bodies
1718:form clumps
1682:associative
1670:D2 receptor
1619:(SNpr) and
1548:-releasing
1335:encoded by
1157:(RBD), and
1104:impulsivity
980:or 10 mmHg
960:dehydration
928:, known as
914:paresthesia
904:orientation
892:paresthesia
615:Lewy bodies
597:-producing
508:within the
506:Lewy bodies
463:mood swings
407:Parkinson's
386:Named after
219:Age over 60
216:Usual onset
54:Other names
17894:Geriatrics
17863:Categories
17844:Stereotypy
17707:Delusional
17696:delusional
17669:Withdrawal
17537:Parasomnia
17442:Nosophobia
17222:Adjustment
17210:somatoform
17143:Sundowning
16996:Depression
16979:Bipolar II
16868:Stuttering
16863:Cluttering
16659:Paraphilia
16155:paroxysmal
16127:Autoimmune
15920:Dyskinesia
15790:Meningitis
15768:Brain and
15586:Amantadine
15560:Tigloidine
15515:Etanautine
15505:Dexetimide
15490:Bornaprine
15440:inhibitors
15417:Entacapone
15409:inhibitors
15396:Selegiline
15391:Safinamide
15386:Rasagiline
15378:inhibitors
15365:Talipexole
15360:Rotigotine
15355:Ropinirole
15286:Melevodopa
15268:precursors
15140:DiseasesDB
15033:The Lancet
14689:(3): 1–2.
14483:(1): 1–9.
14449:: 163–179.
14430:The Lancet
14177:(4): 1–7.
13991:: 101966.
12582:: 810860.
12294:18 January
12098:25 October
12090:. London.
11428:Louis 1997
11413:Goetz 2011
11384:Goetz 2011
10663:2434/67795
10232:(2): 165.
10137:(Review).
10111:12 October
9517:: 103418.
9266:(Review).
9045:(Review).
8377:: 599384.
7532:: 603594.
7099:(4): 955.
6927:StatPearls
6726:(1): 383.
6575:(1): 118.
6301:: 102669.
6295:DNA Repair
6259:: 104876.
5801:StatPearls
5744:(1): 4–9.
5275:: 110776.
5060:(3): 493.
5009:(2): 144.
4570:"Rigidity"
4522:(3): 880.
4296:(2): 157.
4257:: 101834.
4196:Algorithms
3983:: 776847.
3887:Ferri 2010
3873:, p.
3756:dyskinesia
3627:biomarkers
3590:Astronaut
3070:prevalence
3062:prevalence
3023:caregivers
3011:etiologies
2943:See also:
2842:meditation
2738:quetiapine
2733:amantadine
2709:rasagiline
2705:selegiline
2701:safinamide
2689:rotigotine
2654:ropinirole
2625:entacapone
2476:depression
2389:Management
2377:—a potent
2264:Prevention
2166:(PSP) and
2130:myocardial
1892:See also:
1845:and basal
1827:inclusions
1765:metabolism
1696:Mechanisms
1678:oculomotor
1542:cell death
1457:features.
1412:glyphosate
1392:pesticides
1373:See also:
1363:DNA repair
1352:DNA damage
1350:, a major
1331:(aSyn), a
1244:pesticides
1118:to severe
1023:Depression
785:See also:
677:idiopathic
567:See also:
340:Medication
310:Prevention
249:exposure,
179:depression
17797:Catatonia
17729:Psychosis
17564:Postnatal
17547:Nightmare
17153:Wandering
17006:Dysthymia
16974:Bipolar I
16929:Pervasive
16744:Pyromania
16669:Voyeurism
16664:Fetishism
16152:Episodic/
16030:Tauopathy
15981:Akathisia
15969:Myoclonus
15952:Athetosis
15884:Tauopathy
15642:Phase III
15630:Withdrawn
15525:Mazaticol
15500:Cycrimine
15485:Biperiden
15458:Carbidopa
15452:+levodopa
15427:Tolcapone
15422:Opicapone
15345:Piribedil
15330:Pergolide
15307:Ergoline:
15183:neuro/635
15180:neuro/304
15175:eMedicine
14878:: 26–31.
13972:CC BY 4.0
13113:: 71–86.
12888:219947651
12844:198132349
12822:: 16–24.
12752:199663713
12448:Neurology
12204:181104230
12167:22 August
11839:Lees 2007
11608:Fahn 2008
11596:Fahn 2008
11548:Fahn 2008
11536:Lees 2007
11461:Lees 2007
11449:Lees 2007
11396:Lees 2007
10775:260320960
10536:(1): 31.
10331:Neurology
9731:P & T
9710:7 January
9685:7 January
9660:7 January
9625:Neurology
9561:7 January
9438:216033034
9395:251162631
9245:993068595
9021:195879250
8857:743205140
8824:205058847
8155:221478854
7961:207110404
7933:Neurology
7785:211079287
7447:216111568
7024:: 76–86.
6826:(1): 44.
6624:(1): 45.
6342:(1): 86.
6159:(1): 44.
6014:Neurology
5994:240235393
5705:: 61–76.
5660:(1): 46.
5541:(5): 74.
5500:: 30–38.
4960:(1): 31.
4350:(1): 29.
3827:Citations
3792:brainstem
3645:Neurturin
3624:prodromal
3616:stem cell
3575:July 2020
3483:US Senate
3309:In 1912,
3271:ayurvedic
3265:Egyptian
3208:neurology
3161:In 1877,
3038:mortality
3034:morbidity
2939:Prognosis
2746:modafinil
2658:piribedil
2646:pergolide
2629:tolcapone
2621:opicapone
2580:Carbidopa
2569:precursor
2444:trade-off
2417:carbidopa
2415:(such as
2363:ibuprofen
2352:terazosin
2330:with the
2218:myoclonus
2063:sensitive
2028:sudomotor
1978:Diagnosis
1917:microglia
1905:monocytes
1855:oligomers
1851:neocortex
1847:forebrain
1823:ubiquitin
1801:microglia
1773:cytotoxic
1763:. Normal
1751:involves
1714:misfolded
1627:(VL) and
1613:GABAergic
1601:neocortex
1451:magnesium
1443:aluminium
1427:manganese
1385:causality
1365:pathway.
1344:Lewy body
1110:Cognitive
1086:sensorium
1082:delusions
1078:illusions
1070:psychosis
982:diastolic
920:Autonomic
825:hypomimia
752:autonomic
527:, though
459:psychosis
377:Frequency
368:Prognosis
325:Treatment
247:pesticide
239:dyspepsia
227:Long-term
128:Neurology
123:Specialty
17532:Insomnia
17202:Neurotic
17169:Delirium
17095:Dementia
16934:Specific
16518:SMALED2B
16513:SMALED2A
16210:Migraine
16202:Headache
16168:epilepsy
16164:Seizures
16022:Dementia
15925:Dystonia
15605:caffeine
15591:Budipine
15530:Metixene
15325:Lisuride
15299:agonists
15276:Levodopa
15185:in young
14964:37899809
14943:33758213
14922:18175397
14901:39236309
14884:28088312
14863:38015306
14842:37857675
14821:28549077
14800:37691335
14779:33894193
14737:20563819
14716:18781671
14695:38467394
14674:18684199
14653:29738310
14632:19948422
14611:31975439
14569:18175393
14548:22229124
14527:38876845
14506:38876845
14489:31384434
14468:30584159
14421:33390888
14415:: 1–12.
14404:38226487
14383:38879999
14377:: 1–12.
14366:38770432
14345:33061892
14339:: 1–15.
14327:38925541
14321:: 1–10.
14310:33052479
14304:: 5–14.
14289:32636740
14283:: 1–11.
14268:27751556
14247:37841347
14226:36859484
14204:30314846
14183:38562616
14162:34642022
14141:31275235
14135:: 1–11.
14120:28282815
14099:36036863
14078:36361826
14057:33860906
14036:30977926
14015:33991619
13974:license.
13960:36951546
13925:31521533
13882:33894193
13839:31907406
13804:33749710
13761:30584166
13710:18175397
13681:29847694
13526:92170834
13518:30702840
13479:80908095
13471:30702839
13432:81155324
13424:30702838
13326:19892136
13290:87250745
13197:NeuroSci
13137:25175961
13068:32402162
12959:29913017
12910:Archived
12880:32562684
12836:31324556
12801:30542906
12744:31412427
12703:11605091
12695:28332488
12657:35527571
12608:35296034
12549:Archived
12524:19 April
12470:27672165
12421:Archived
12387:Archived
12339:44340931
12331:15646755
12288:Archived
12258:Archived
12227:Archived
12151:(2): 8.
12119:CBS News
12092:Archived
11988:9 August
11982:Archived
11962:9 August
11880:28 March
11821:32665974
11772:17702630
11732:37713383
11723:10503766
11692:PLOS ONE
11670:33489081
11055:24195263
11028:24801658
10987:20081638
10947:22771241
10909:24182372
10865:17531914
10824:17636709
10767:17117354
10731:28408811
10680:23528416
10672:19691125
10562:31861456
10511:10947269
10503:20360152
10457:18181210
10361:21768599
10312:38588457
10258:20937936
10167:26447539
10087:19559160
10052:Archived
10016:12535476
9967:15310558
9918:30160213
9840:20123548
9805:35364322
9797:15172778
9753:19750042
9637:11147510
9598:27498199
9533:31708229
9487:28494719
9430:32319076
9387:35907110
9351:22301199
9343:25488260
9296:28357055
9210:16 March
9157:32101639
9108:Archived
9075:23487540
9013:31291491
8978:26644151
8927:14 March
8816:24756517
8546:26900156
8497:29018399
8446:29227069
8438:22121251
8403:33250855
8352:24262191
8282:22 March
8255:25853018
8204:33553487
8147:32886201
8103:28151553
8068:24710392
8028:PLOS ONE
8009:20351351
7953:26764028
7918:22143168
7820:12464118
7777:32044947
7725:Archived
7689:Archived
7685:18344392
7639:31255487
7558:33679692
7504:24786080
7439:32332985
7404:28207515
7374:Medicine
7355:39874367
7347:22205172
7308:20082992
7253:20495568
7200:18398010
7125:37107329
7116:10135711
7074:37155008
7038:35176268
6991:36708394
6982:10716731
6935:30725826
6908:37600831
6899:10435282
6852:37718439
6843:10506345
6801:33164946
6752:36221048
6701:37629650
6692:10456316
6669:Medicina
6650:32264976
6599:37495571
6590:10372136
6550:36938742
6541:10041423
6501:37022311
6492:10326611
6452:37744289
6443:10517869
6401:37949088
6366:38632283
6357:11024193
6317:31331820
6273:32339655
6238:35455941
6183:38413607
6174:10899198
6134:38557965
6047:38513162
6038:11175631
5986:34719434
5909:36278358
5860:38245249
5809:36256760
5768:38195133
5759:10827020
5719:33248395
5684:38424131
5675:10904863
5635:30228640
5567:34068064
5516:35189453
5475:35906500
5426:36186499
5375:34806620
5340:31006550
5291:33152935
5247:35586201
5187:33426161
5135:31733702
5086:33572547
5035:35207632
4984:35332158
4935:36951546
4894:29508455
4842:37695259
4801:35088837
4749:35624405
4698:29 April
4678:36506486
4627:37018058
4618:10681667
4576:28 April
4556:32041374
4495:28 April
4447:31834375
4396:28 April
4390:"Tremor"
4376:36211804
4322:36831700
4271:36581178
4233:28 April
4009:34950630
3958:27401947
3917:30566295
3724:examine
3439:cultivar
3424:Advocacy
3351:Grenoble
3079:pandemic
2783:thalamus
2670:lisuride
2558:Levodopa
2528:32171387
2448:levodopa
2409:Levodopa
2405:dopamine
2336:receptor
2324:caffeine
2304:nicotine
2222:dystonia
2067:specific
1937:antigens
1935:present
1843:midbrain
1781:proteins
1738:necrosis
1633:thalamus
1566:striatum
1546:dopamine
1481:melanoma
1421:Harmful
1408:mancozeb
1400:rotenone
1396:paraquat
1394:such as
1379:Exposome
1280:mutation
1264:sporadic
1258:exhibit
1256:nicotine
1252:caffeine
1179:melanoma
1143:insomnia
1027:low mood
978:systolic
831:Rigidity
744:rigidity
681:sporadic
649:rigidity
595:dopamine
490:dopamine
486:midbrain
474:sporadic
453:such as
431:rigidity
319:caffeine
315:nicotine
224:Duration
206:dementia
160:rigidity
143:Symptoms
17241:Anxiety
17080:PDD-NOS
16969:Bipolar
16622: (
16530:SMA-PME
16525:SMA-PCH
16508:SMALED1
16220:Tension
16215:Cluster
15940:Meige's
15757:Amoebic
15603:(e.g.,
15134:D010300
14937:: 1–8.
14895:: 1–9.
14836:: 1–5.
14758:9361073
14590:9399240
14500:: 1–6.
14360:: 1–8.
14156:: 1–8.
14006:8842749
13916:8972299
13873:8185633
13795:8103423
13752:6311366
13718:3229727
13672:6089809
13059:7288982
12950:6233845
12792:6361055
12648:9198738
12599:8920063
12555:6 April
12494:9 April
12427:6 April
12233:2 April
12067:2 April
11936:24 July
11910:2 April
11812:7347582
11700:Bibcode
11661:7790585
10815:6991932
10722:5384725
10553:6981975
10466:3808899
10352:3136051
10249:4523130
10158:9240814
10007:8715353
9909:7052841
9744:2730785
9606:5787752
9478:6187751
9287:5357034
9270:: 260.
9148:7043362
9066:3592512
8969:4876591
8537:4782269
8488:5614922
8471:: 481.
8394:7674803
8276:FDA.gov
8246:4385258
8195:7853198
8111:7730034
8059:3977922
8036:Bibcode
7909:3296831
7869:2841426
7860:1033142
7630:6706297
7549:7933529
7495:4910825
7474:Bibcode
7466:Science
7395:5319504
7261:3146438
6792:7990449
6743:9552480
6641:7137235
6229:9029385
5977:8842749
5900:9837701
5626:6140184
5558:8152515
5466:9362468
5417:9521528
5331:7015280
5238:9110237
5178:7780944
5126:7029426
5077:7866791
5026:8875119
4975:8948218
4885:5844369
4818:: 1–9.
4792:9825570
4740:9217822
4669:9734006
4547:7038663
4524:Bibcode
4516:Sensors
4438:8205506
4367:9504742
4313:9954489
4000:8688697
3856:18 July
3673:vaccine
3598:in 2018
3565:updated
3390:updated
3339:Goedert
3267:papyrus
3128:History
3118:Midwest
2910:hospice
2760:Surgery
2520:updated
2472:enteral
2383:alcohol
2300:smoking
2226:apraxia
2042:Imaging
2007:autopsy
1730:nucleus
1605:putamen
1572:of the
1550:neurons
1447:cadmium
1439:mercury
1404:benomyl
1333:protein
1270:Genetic
1224:genetic
1191:rosacea
1153:(RLS),
1149:(EDS),
874:Sensory
767:anosmia
756:sensory
601:in the
599:neurons
583:central
514:genetic
510:neurons
492:to the
423:tremors
409:, is a
183:anxiety
173:Other:
17485:Eating
17333:Stress
17250:Phobia
17206:stress
17065:Autism
16858:Speech
16647:Sexual
16249:Stroke
16063:Pick's
15990:Tremor
15957:Chorea
15625:WHO-EM
15579:Others
15188:pmr/99
15169:000755
15123:556500
15120:168600
15075:8A00.0
14962:
14941:
14920:
14899:
14882:
14861:
14840:
14819:
14798:
14777:
14756:
14735:
14714:
14693:
14672:
14651:
14630:
14609:
14588:
14567:
14546:
14525:
14504:
14487:
14466:
14419:
14402:
14381:
14364:
14343:
14325:
14308:
14287:
14266:
14245:
14224:
14202:
14181:
14160:
14139:
14118:
14097:
14076:
14055:
14034:
14013:
14003:
13958:
13923:
13913:
13880:
13870:
13837:
13802:
13792:
13759:
13749:
13716:
13708:
13679:
13669:
13625:
13600:
13581:
13562:
13543:
13524:
13516:
13506:
13477:
13469:
13459:
13430:
13422:
13412:
13381:
13360:
13341:
13324:
13305:
13288:
13278:
13251:
13135:
13125:
13066:
13056:
12957:
12947:
12886:
12878:
12842:
12834:
12799:
12789:
12750:
12742:
12701:
12693:
12655:
12645:
12606:
12596:
12468:
12337:
12329:
12264:25 May
12202:
11819:
11809:
11797:: 15.
11770:
11730:
11720:
11668:
11658:
11053:
11026:
10985:
10945:
10907:
10897:
10863:
10822:
10812:
10773:
10765:
10729:
10719:
10678:
10670:
10560:
10550:
10509:
10501:
10463:
10455:
10395:
10359:
10349:
10310:
10256:
10246:
10199:
10165:
10155:
10085:
10044:
10014:
10004:
9965:
9958:516655
9955:
9916:
9906:
9838:
9803:
9795:
9777:Lancet
9751:
9741:
9635:
9604:
9596:
9531:
9485:
9475:
9436:
9428:
9393:
9385:
9349:
9341:
9294:
9284:
9243:
9233:
9206:. 2006
9155:
9145:
9100:
9073:
9063:
9019:
9011:
8976:
8966:
8913:
8855:
8845:
8822:
8814:
8544:
8534:
8495:
8485:
8444:
8436:
8401:
8391:
8350:
8253:
8243:
8229:: 12.
8202:
8192:
8153:
8145:
8109:
8101:
8066:
8056:
8007:
7959:
7951:
7916:
7906:
7867:
7857:
7818:
7783:
7775:
7717:
7683:
7637:
7627:
7609:Neuron
7556:
7546:
7502:
7492:
7445:
7437:
7402:
7392:
7353:
7345:
7306:
7259:
7251:
7198:
7123:
7113:
7072:
7036:
6989:
6979:
6940:21 May
6933:
6906:
6896:
6850:
6840:
6799:
6789:
6750:
6740:
6699:
6689:
6648:
6638:
6597:
6587:
6548:
6538:
6499:
6489:
6450:
6440:
6399:
6364:
6354:
6315:
6271:
6236:
6226:
6181:
6171:
6132:
6045:
6035:
5992:
5984:
5974:
5907:
5897:
5858:
5840:Lancet
5807:
5766:
5756:
5717:
5682:
5672:
5633:
5623:
5565:
5555:
5514:
5473:
5463:
5424:
5414:
5373:
5338:
5328:
5289:
5245:
5235:
5185:
5175:
5133:
5123:
5084:
5074:
5033:
5023:
4982:
4972:
4933:
4892:
4882:
4840:
4799:
4789:
4747:
4737:
4676:
4666:
4625:
4615:
4554:
4544:
4445:
4435:
4374:
4364:
4320:
4310:
4269:
4007:
3997:
3956:
3915:
3492:Actor
3269:, the
3222:, and
3193:London
2966:Death
2840:, and
2668:, and
2627:, and
2576:nausea
2526:
2431:, and
2316:coffee
2310:, and
2228:, and
2205:, and
2091:tumors
1945:MHC-II
1777:lipids
1708:, and
1688:, and
1686:limbic
1495:L-DOPA
1453:shows
1445:, and
1406:, and
1358:, and
1356:kinase
1309:, and
1293:, and
1238:, and
1217:parkin
1189:, and
1061:, and
1045:Apathy
999:, and
954:, and
835:muscle
799:Tremor
773:, and
746:, and
736:tremor
675:or be
653:tremor
651:, and
540:L-DOPA
433:, and
345:L-DOPA
152:Tremor
150:Main:
130:
17790:Other
17519:sleep
17306:Other
17162:Other
17028:Mania
16700:Other
16563:both:
16495:DSMA1
16490:SMAX2
16485:SMAX1
16465:only:
16438:only:
16342:Other
16264:Other
16176:Focal
15809:Brain
15712:Brain
15375:MAO-B
15190:rehab
15094:F02.3
14809:Brain
13780:(4).
13714:S2CID
13522:S2CID
13475:S2CID
13428:S2CID
13286:S2CID
13227:Books
12884:S2CID
12840:S2CID
12748:S2CID
12699:S2CID
12335:S2CID
12200:S2CID
12032:7 May
11203:(1).
10771:S2CID
10676:S2CID
10507:S2CID
10461:S2CID
9801:S2CID
9602:S2CID
9578:Drugs
9434:S2CID
9410:Drugs
9391:S2CID
9347:S2CID
9017:S2CID
8820:S2CID
8442:S2CID
8272:(PDF)
8151:S2CID
8107:S2CID
7957:S2CID
7781:S2CID
7443:S2CID
7351:S2CID
7257:S2CID
6206:Cells
5990:S2CID
5814:2 May
5592:1 May
4771:Brain
4597:Brain
4473:2 May
4417:Brain
3850:NINDS
3807:Notes
3273:text
3251:Galen
3122:South
3098:twins
3096:with
2988:13.1
2977:20.2
2974:14.3
2789:, or
2375:urate
2350:like
2322:, or
2274:urate
1941:MHC-I
1674:motor
1472:Other
1307:PINK1
1295:VPS35
1291:LRRK2
1240:PARK2
1236:LRRK2
1169:Other
1134:Sleep
853:falls
839:joint
803:hertz
781:Motor
546:, or
531:like
465:, or
447:falls
419:motor
290:use,
202:Falls
17694:and
17343:PTSD
16957:Mood
16797:ADHD
16166:and
15877:PKAN
15872:NBIA
15437:AAAD
15406:COMT
15145:9651
15129:MeSH
15115:OMIM
15104:9-CM
15040:2023
15012:2024
14990:2024
14960:PMID
14939:PMID
14918:PMID
14897:PMID
14880:PMID
14859:PMID
14838:PMID
14817:PMID
14796:PMID
14775:PMID
14754:PMID
14733:PMID
14712:PMID
14691:PMID
14670:PMID
14649:PMID
14628:PMID
14607:PMID
14586:PMID
14565:PMID
14544:PMID
14523:PMID
14502:PMID
14485:PMID
14464:PMID
14417:PMID
14400:PMID
14379:PMID
14362:PMID
14341:PMID
14323:PMID
14306:PMID
14285:PMID
14264:PMID
14243:PMID
14222:PMID
14200:PMID
14179:PMID
14158:PMID
14137:PMID
14116:PMID
14095:PMID
14074:PMID
14053:PMID
14032:PMID
14011:PMID
13956:PMID
13921:PMID
13878:PMID
13835:PMID
13800:PMID
13757:PMID
13706:PMID
13677:PMID
13623:ISBN
13598:ISBN
13579:ISBN
13560:ISBN
13541:ISBN
13514:PMID
13504:ISBN
13467:PMID
13457:ISBN
13420:PMID
13410:ISBN
13379:ISBN
13358:ISBN
13339:ISBN
13322:PMID
13303:ISBN
13276:ISBN
13249:ISBN
13166:2020
13133:PMID
13123:ISBN
13064:PMID
12955:PMID
12876:PMID
12832:PMID
12797:PMID
12740:PMID
12691:PMID
12653:PMID
12604:PMID
12557:2018
12526:2018
12496:2018
12466:PMID
12429:2018
12395:2023
12365:2023
12327:PMID
12296:2012
12271:few.
12266:2013
12235:2011
12169:2020
12126:2023
12100:2010
12069:2011
12057:Time
12034:2023
12012:2023
11990:2010
11964:2010
11938:2016
11912:2011
11900:Time
11882:2011
11817:PMID
11768:PMID
11728:PMID
11666:PMID
11642:2020
11051:PMID
11024:PMID
10983:PMID
10943:PMID
10905:PMID
10895:ISBN
10861:PMID
10820:PMID
10798:2007
10763:PMID
10727:PMID
10668:PMID
10558:PMID
10499:PMID
10453:PMID
10393:ISBN
10357:PMID
10308:PMID
10254:PMID
10197:ISBN
10163:PMID
10139:2015
10113:2018
10083:PMID
10042:ISBN
10012:PMID
9990:2003
9963:PMID
9914:PMID
9836:PMID
9793:PMID
9749:PMID
9712:2021
9687:2021
9662:2021
9633:PMID
9594:PMID
9563:2021
9529:PMID
9483:PMID
9426:PMID
9383:PMID
9339:PMID
9292:PMID
9241:OCLC
9231:ISBN
9212:2023
9204:NICE
9153:PMID
9131:2020
9098:ISBN
9071:PMID
9009:PMID
8974:PMID
8929:2023
8911:ISBN
8853:OCLC
8843:ISBN
8812:PMID
8796:JAMA
8542:PMID
8493:PMID
8434:PMID
8399:PMID
8348:PMID
8284:2019
8251:PMID
8200:PMID
8143:PMID
8099:PMID
8064:PMID
8005:PMID
7949:PMID
7914:PMID
7865:PMID
7816:PMID
7773:PMID
7757:JAMA
7715:ISBN
7681:PMID
7635:PMID
7554:PMID
7500:PMID
7435:PMID
7400:PMID
7343:PMID
7304:PMID
7249:PMID
7196:PMID
7121:PMID
7070:PMID
7034:PMID
6987:PMID
6942:2024
6931:PMID
6904:PMID
6848:PMID
6797:PMID
6748:PMID
6697:PMID
6646:PMID
6595:PMID
6546:PMID
6497:PMID
6448:PMID
6424:2023
6397:PMID
6362:PMID
6313:PMID
6269:PMID
6234:PMID
6179:PMID
6130:PMID
6043:PMID
5982:PMID
5905:PMID
5856:PMID
5816:2024
5805:PMID
5782:link
5764:PMID
5715:PMID
5680:PMID
5631:PMID
5594:2024
5563:PMID
5512:PMID
5471:PMID
5422:PMID
5371:PMID
5336:PMID
5287:PMID
5243:PMID
5219:2022
5183:PMID
5131:PMID
5082:PMID
5031:PMID
4980:PMID
4931:PMID
4890:PMID
4838:PMID
4797:PMID
4745:PMID
4700:2024
4674:PMID
4650:2022
4623:PMID
4578:2024
4552:PMID
4497:2024
4475:2024
4443:PMID
4398:2024
4372:PMID
4318:PMID
4267:PMID
4235:2024
4005:PMID
3954:PMID
3913:PMID
3858:2016
3794:and
3657:GABA
3649:GDNF
3647:– a
3477:and
3371:Cost
3325:and
3120:and
3036:and
2999:8.1
2996:3.5
2985:8.2
2859:The
2748:for
2707:and
2582:and
2524:PMID
2454:and
2298:and
2284:and
2112:and
2100:The
2093:and
2082:and
2065:and
2053:and
2001:and
1943:and
1939:via
1907:and
1865:and
1837:and
1728:and
1668:and
1595:The
1466:MPTP
1464:and
1435:lead
1431:iron
1416:MPTP
1414:and
1377:and
1340:gene
1337:SNCA
1319:GBA1
1313:for
1303:PRKN
1297:for
1287:SNCA
1254:and
1232:SNCA
1226:and
1098:and
1080:and
1029:and
851:and
760:mood
663:and
591:loss
585:and
571:and
484:, a
449:and
17731:and
17318:OCD
16846:RAD
16841:DAD
16807:ODD
16480:SMA
16463:LMN
16436:UMN
16427:MND
16293:CSF
16244:TIA
15889:PSP
15865:NMS
15834:and
15695:CNS
15247:N04
15109:332
15100:ICD
15090:G20
15081:ICD
15066:ICD
14876:374
14855:124
14813:140
14729:120
14434:403
14154:433
14091:129
14001:PMC
13993:doi
13989:115
13946:doi
13911:PMC
13903:doi
13868:PMC
13860:doi
13825:doi
13790:PMC
13782:doi
13778:220
13747:PMC
13739:doi
13698:doi
13667:PMC
13659:doi
13496:doi
13449:doi
13402:doi
13268:doi
13205:doi
13159:FDA
13115:doi
13111:119
13054:PMC
13046:doi
13042:382
12945:PMC
12937:doi
12868:doi
12824:doi
12787:PMC
12779:doi
12730:doi
12683:doi
12643:PMC
12635:doi
12594:PMC
12584:doi
12456:doi
12417:CNN
12319:doi
12192:doi
12153:doi
11807:PMC
11799:doi
11760:doi
11718:PMC
11708:doi
11656:PMC
11646:doi
11205:doi
11014:doi
10975:doi
10935:doi
10887:doi
10851:doi
10810:PMC
10802:doi
10755:doi
10717:PMC
10707:doi
10658:hdl
10650:doi
10548:PMC
10538:doi
10491:doi
10443:hdl
10433:doi
10347:PMC
10339:doi
10304:PMC
10296:doi
10244:PMC
10234:doi
10153:PMC
10143:doi
10105:FDA
10075:doi
10071:122
10002:PMC
9994:doi
9953:PMC
9945:doi
9941:329
9937:BMJ
9904:PMC
9896:doi
9828:doi
9785:doi
9781:363
9739:PMC
9586:doi
9519:doi
9473:PMC
9465:doi
9418:doi
9375:doi
9331:doi
9282:PMC
9272:doi
9143:PMC
9135:doi
9061:PMC
9051:doi
9001:doi
8964:PMC
8956:doi
8804:doi
8800:311
8532:PMC
8524:doi
8520:113
8483:PMC
8473:doi
8426:doi
8389:PMC
8379:doi
8338:hdl
8330:doi
8241:PMC
8231:doi
8190:PMC
8182:doi
8135:doi
8091:doi
8054:PMC
8044:doi
7995:doi
7941:doi
7904:PMC
7896:doi
7892:116
7855:PMC
7847:doi
7808:doi
7765:doi
7761:323
7671:doi
7625:PMC
7617:doi
7613:103
7584:doi
7544:PMC
7534:doi
7490:PMC
7482:doi
7470:344
7427:doi
7390:PMC
7382:doi
7335:doi
7296:doi
7241:doi
7186:doi
7150:doi
7111:PMC
7101:doi
7062:doi
7026:doi
7022:529
6977:PMC
6969:doi
6965:228
6894:PMC
6884:doi
6838:PMC
6828:doi
6787:PMC
6779:doi
6738:PMC
6728:doi
6687:PMC
6677:doi
6636:PMC
6626:doi
6585:PMC
6577:doi
6536:PMC
6528:doi
6487:PMC
6479:doi
6475:192
6438:PMC
6428:doi
6389:doi
6352:PMC
6344:doi
6303:doi
6261:doi
6257:141
6224:PMC
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