152:. Acid phosphatase is only found in larger secretory granules, 400 to 900 nm in diameter, and is less prevalent in smaller granules. This acid phosphatase is also present in the Golgi apparatus of the chief cell. However, the Golgi apparatus areas associated with parathyroid hormone packaging contained little or no acid phosphatase. The chief cells become active in response to low calcium in the blood. The low level is sensed by the calcium- sensing receptor. These active cells have a greater electron density than the inactive chief cells. The electron density is caused by the secretory granules. The chief cell is thought to have a clear cytoplasm.
26:
324:
Serum magnesium is necessary for full secretion of PTH. Without the parathyroid glands, there is no trigger to release calcium into the blood. Another consequence of hypoparathyroidism is the lack of calcium in the blood to trigger muscle contraction. Without calcium present, muscles innervation is unable to take place. This is especially crucial in the function of the most important muscle of the body – the heart.
235:
167:
308:
In extremely rare cases, a malignant tumor may develop within the parathyroid gland. They can be detected intraoperatively, imaging, or through blood testing. A thick fibrous capsule is usually present around the gland, as opposed to the thin capsule present in benign adenomas. Parathyroid hormone
299:
In many way, chief cell hyperplasia is similar to parathyroid adenoma. The hyperplasia is seen as an enlargement of all four of the parathyroid glands, as opposed to a parathyroid adenoma is viewed as an enlargement of one gland. Chief cell hyperplasia is a common disorder in individuals with other
290:
is the most common cause of hyperparathyroidism. They are more commonly found in women than in men. In this form, the chief cells mutate to exhibit multiple nuclei. Chief cells in parathyroid adenomas also display acid phosphatase activity. It is a benign tumor of the gland that requires surgical
242:
Because the formation of PTH regulates the calcium level in the blood, it can affect all areas of the body. The overactivity of a parathyroid gland is known as hyperparathyroidism. It is unknown what directly causes hyperparathyroidism. However there are many factors that can cause over-secretion
262:
in the kidney assists in the absorption of calcium in the blood. Some individuals may be vitamin D deficient, which prevents them from retaining calcium. While their parathyroid gland is functional, it senses a very low level of calcium in the blood and constantly secretes hormone, increasing PTH
271:
There are many drugs that can affect calcium level in the blood, and therefore PTH secretion. For example, many individuals may take a calcium carbonate supplement, which increases the calcium level in the blood. PTH is decreased. Many medications may also increase urination, furthering loss of
323:
There are very few cases of hypoparathyroidism. Most often, it is related with surgical removal of the parathyroid glands. It can also be due to a head or neck injury and further loss of function of the glands. Hypoparathyroidism can also be linked to a low serum magnesium level in the blood.
182:
as part of the endocrine system. PTH raises calcium levels by releasing calcium from bone storage, as well as retaining calcium from the urine, and alerts the intestines to absorb more calcium from ingested nutrients. Too much of either hormone can be an indicator of disease.
215:. The CaR includes phosphorylation sites for protein kinase C (PKC) and protein kinase A (PKA). The phosphorylation of the PLC is seen to inhibit the secretion of PTH due to high calcium levels in the blood. The function of the PKA sites is currently unknown.
291:
removal. These benign adenomas are typically affect only one or two of the parathyroid glands, known respectively as a single adenoma or double adenoma. Typically, no disease is linked to the cause. A primary adenoma can only develop as a primary cause.
147:
Chief cells spend most time inactive due to normal calcium level conditions. These inactive cells are classified as cuboidal. They have low levels of secretory granules, as opposed to active chief cells. These granules can contain
123:. The chief cells are much more prevalent in the parathyroid gland than the oxyphil cells. It is perceived that oxyphil cells may be derived from chief cells at puberty, as they are not present at birth like chief cells.
195:(PTH) is regulated by the interaction of the calcium-sensing receptor with calcium in the blood. The calcium-sensing receptor is present on the plasma membrane of the chief cells. The CaR is a
247:, which is the loss of bone density. This leaves bones more porous, fragile, and likely to experience fracture. This can be detected by usage of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (
84:
338:
343:
955:
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endocrine abnormalities, though it may still occur sporadically. A chief cell hyperplasia can develop from either a primary or secondary cause.
511:"An Ultrastructural Study of Acid Phosphatase Activity in Normal, Adenomatous and Hyperplastic (Chief Cell Type) Human Parathyroid Glands"
1352:
756:
Charest-Morin, Xavier; Fortin, Jean-Philippe; Lodge, Robert; Allaeys, Isabelle; Poubelle, Patrice E.; Marceau, François (2014-10-01).
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174:
The chief cells of the parathyroid glands sense the amount of calcium in the blood, and release the calcium-increasing hormone
900:
758:"A tagged parathyroid hormone derivative as a carrier of antibody cargoes transported by the G protein coupled PTH1 receptor"
403:
479:
Ritchie, Judith E.; Balasubramanian, Saba P. (2014). "Anatomy of the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal glands".
251:). Interesting enough, a derivative of synthetic PTH is often given to patients with osteoporosis to combat the disease.
207:
extracellular end, a COOH-terminal intracellular end, and seven transmembrane domains. The CaR interacts positively with
1347:
586:
Okpokam, Atuora; Johnson, Sarah J. (2014-10-01). "Pathology of the pituitary, parathyroid, thyroid and adrenal glands".
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Chief cells appear as a dark purple in an H&E stain, with the oxyphil cells staining as a lighter pink.
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Osteoporotic bone is largely decreased in strength and increased in porosity due to the loss in calcium.
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199:, as part of the C family. The CaR is divided into three general domains. These include an
178:(PTH) accordingly to correct or maintain normal blood calcium levels. It therefore regulates
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The chief cells are organized as dense cords surrounding the capillaries in the parathyroid.
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615:"Differential Gene Expression by Oxyphil and Chief Cells of Human Parathyroid Glands"
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424:"Differential Gene Expression by Oxyphil and Chief Cells of Human Parathyroid Glands"
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Cope, Oliver; Keynes, W. Milo; Roth, Sanford I.; Castleman, Benjamin (1958-09-01).
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Ritter, Cynthia S.; Haughey, Bruce H.; Miller, Brent; Brown, Alex J. (2012-08-01).
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733:"Osteoporosis Caused by Parathyroid and Hyperparathyroidism with High Calcium"
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Ritter, Cynthia S.; Haughey, Bruce H.; Miller, Brent; Brown, Alex J. (2012).
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of PTH. The further consequence of this disorder can be osteopenia, or even
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119:) are one of the two cell types of the parathyroid glands, along with
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364:"Dictionary - Normal: Parathyroid gland - The Human Protein Atlas"
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127:
126:
Most individuals display four parathyroid glands adjacent to the
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309:
level is often greater in carcinomas than in benign disorders.
170:
The four parathyroid glands are embedded in the thyroid gland.
166:
1231:
1206:
845:"Primary Chief-Cell Hyperplasia of the ParaThyroid Glands"
612:
421:
842:
817:"Parathyroid adenoma: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
930: – Histology Learning System at Boston University
619:
The
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
478:
339:
List of human cell types derived from the germ layers
428:
The
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
963:
344:
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
509:Shannon, W. Allen; Roth, Sanford I. (1974-12-01).
144:They are polygonal in shape with a round nucleus.
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186:
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398:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 23–39.
396:The Parathyroids: Basic and Clinical Concepts
562:. Washington DC: CRC Press. pp. 1–31.
508:
1353:List of human endocrine organs and actions
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901:"Hypoparathyroidism Causes - Mayo Clinic"
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700:Molecular Biology of the Parathyroid
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515:The American Journal of Pathology
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861:10.1097/00000658-195809000-00007
92:Anatomical terms of microanatomy
1374:Peptide hormone secreting cells
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777:10.1016/j.peptides.2014.08.001
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187:Calcium-sensing receptor (CaR)
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704:. New York: Plenum. pp.
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600:10.1016/j.mpsur.2014.07.007
493:10.1016/j.mpsur.2014.07.005
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113:parathyroid principal cells
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696:Naveh-Many, Tally (2005).
334:Oxyphil cell (parathyroid)
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197:G protein-coupled receptor
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928:Histology image: 15002loa
394:Bilezikian, John (2015).
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677:arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu
1021:Somatomammotrophic cell
109:Parathyroid chief cells
295:Chief cell hyperplasia
239:
171:
130:anterior in the neck.
19:Parathyroid chief cell
673:"Parathyroid Hormone"
590:. Endocrine Surgery.
558:Thomas, John (1997).
304:Parathyroid carcinoma
237:
219:Clinical significance
169:
1336:Organ of Zuckerkandl
1326:Enteroendocrine cell
632:10.1210/jc.2011-3366
560:Endocrine Toxicology
440:10.1210/jc.2011-3366
368:www.proteinatlas.org
255:Vitamin D deficiency
1115:Parafollicular cell
288:parathyroid adenoma
282:Parathyroid adenoma
276:Parathyroid adenoma
230:Hyperparathyroidism
224:Hyperparathyroidism
193:parathyroid hormone
176:parathyroid hormone
1259:Islets of pancreas
1033:Corticotropic cell
905:www.mayoclinic.org
786:20.500.11794/15924
625:(8): E1499–E1505.
434:(8): E1499–E1505.
319:Hypoparathyroidism
313:Hypoparathyroidism
240:
180:calcium metabolism
172:
73:H3.08.02.5.00002
1361:
1360:
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1125:Parathyroid gland
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1038:Gonadotropic cell
1011:Somatotropic cell
849:Annals of Surgery
405:978-0-12-397166-1
191:The secretion of
162:Parathyroid gland
117:parathyroid cells
106:
105:
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56:Parathyroid gland
35:parathyroid gland
1391:
1310:Corpora arenacea
1175:Zona reticularis
1170:Zona fasciculata
1165:Zona glomerulosa
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1050:Chromophobe cell
1043:Thyrotropic cell
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1297:Pineal gland
1287:Epsilon cell
1225:Sertoli cell
1138:Oxyphil cell
1132:
1068:Pars nervosa
908:. Retrieved
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1384:Parathyroid
1379:Human cells
1348:Development
1331:Paraganglia
1305:Pinealocyte
1220:Leydig cell
267:Medications
62:Identifiers
1368:Categories
1282:Delta cell
1267:Alpha cell
1133:Chief cell
910:2015-11-20
826:2015-11-18
742:2015-11-18
682:2015-11-18
373:2015-11-18
350:References
211:(PLC) and
160:See also:
115:or simply
31:Micrograph
1272:Beta cell
1083:Pituicyte
1060:Posterior
869:0003-4932
771:: 71–79.
641:0021-972X
527:0002-9440
448:0021-972X
272:calcium.
260:Vitamin D
205:-terminal
134:Histology
1343:Placenta
1215:Testicle
983:Anterior
887:13571915
803:35111560
795:25128082
765:Peptides
659:22585091
466:22585091
328:See also
263:levels.
156:Function
52:Location
1277:PP cell
1185:Medulla
1102:Thyroid
878:1450806
650:3591682
545:4432915
536:1910932
457:3591682
47:Details
1207:Gonads
1157:Cortex
885:
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