289:
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383:
373:
1168:) has been recorded in some places in Falcón. The species is found only in dry areas in Colombia and Venezuela around the mouth of Lake Maracaibo, mostly tropical thorn or very dry forest with mean temperatures above 24 °C (75 °F) and rainfall from 250–500 millimetres (9.8–19.7 in). Much of its habitat has been converted to agriculture, and the remnants are very fragmented. The main breeding period in the Paraguaná Peninsula is the dry season in June and July. It may occur in the
611:
1260:
been drained for housing development. Most of the trees have been cut down, often surreptitiously by poor residents, leaving only a few remnants of forest. The wood is used for small buildings, furniture, fencing and fuel. Extensive grazing of livestock such as goats threaten the habitat. Large areas of scrub have been cleared and replaced by vegetable farms. Small mammals are poached. Other threats come from dam construction, oil exploitation, mining and road building.
1145:
1216:) is found in the ecoregion in the Lara–Falcón valleys. Although protected by law, as of 2016 the population of the species was declining quickly due to trapping for sale as a cage bird, and the population was severely fragmented. It is observed at elevations from 100–1,500 metres (330–4,920 ft), moving seasonally and daily from moist evergreen forest to dry deciduous woodlands, and the surrounding shrubby grasslands and pastures. The
168:. The region holds flora and fauna adapted to the very dry conditions of the coastal dunes and inland areas of bush, scrub, briars and cacti. There are several endangered species of animals and birds. Efforts at protecting the environment have been ineffective. Most of the original trees have been cut down, dunes are being destabilized by loss of vegetation, scrub is replaced by farmland and vegetation is destroyed by grazing goats.
48:
1672:
29:
1205:, was discovered in a small area of SocopĂł Ridge in FalcĂłn at 520 metres (1,710 ft). The frog, considered critically endangered, was found in 2004 in a small marsh beside a dirt road and in calm sections of a small stream. The surrounding area was cloud forest that had been cleared to create cattle pasture.
930:-like vegetation with dwarf woody plants at 800–830 metres (2,620–2,720 ft) on the Cerro Santa Ana. The flora at the higher levels of the peninsula is very different from the rest of the ecoregion. The forests are dense, with two stories of low to medium trees and a thick understory. Common species include
317:
50 °C (122 °F) in the sun, but may fall to as low as 15 °C (59 °F) in the shade. The cause of the arid or semi-arid climate is unclear, but may be caused in part by the strong northeast trade winds blowing along the coast and by the contrast in thermal properties between the sea and the land.
405:. Herbaceous or bushy vegetation grows on the dunes and saline depressions by the coast. Further inland there is brush, scrub and areas of briars or cacti. These forms of vegetation may contain differing quantities of deciduous and evergreen trees depending on conditions, forming a complex mosaic of habitats.
1259:
Unplanned housing and tourist facilities have invaded many areas and large areas of scrubland have been destroyed, causing the dunes to move and become barren of all vegetation. Attempts have been made to open a tourist complex in the area, destroying large areas of typical vegetation. Marshes have
316:
Annual rainfall on the
Paraguaná Peninsula is usually less than 300 millimetres (12 in), while in the Lara–Falcón valleys it ranges from 350 millimetres (14 in) in dry areas to as much as 1,000 millimetres (39 in) in the foothills of the Andes. Ground-level temperatures may rise to
1256:. The MĂ©danos de Coro National Park theoretically protects a sizeable part of the ecoregion, but in practice has often been invaded by individuals and government agencies. There is a municipal dump in the park, privately owned facilities for extracting salt and outlets for untreated waste water.
925:
The vegetation of the peninsula includes thorny plants at elevations of 0–300 metres (0–984 ft), deciduous forests at 300–550 metres (980–1,800 ft), cloud forests at 550–700 metres (1,800–2,300 ft), scrubland with small bush-like trees at 700–800 metres (2,300–2,600 ft) and
355:
is "BSh": arid, steppe, hot arid. Mean monthly temperatures at this location range from 24.4 °C (75.9 °F) in
January to 26.8 °C (80.2 °F) in August–September. Yearly total rainfall is about 680 millimetres (27 in). Monthly rainfall is 9.7 millimetres (0.38 in) in
308:, which crosses the Lara–Falcón dry forest ecoregion, is formed by the confluence of the Morere, Barigua and Bucares rivers. It empties into the Caribbean near the Triste Gulf. The Turbio River is the largest in the Lara Falcón depression.
1110:, has been observed on a protected strip of shore grasses and bush between Coro and La Vela. However, the description of the specimens is somewhat different from that of the Galapagos species, so it may be a different species. The rare
248:
epoch the peninsula was an island
Paraguana has four marine terraces at 6 metres (20 ft), 15–20 metres (49–66 ft), 40–50 metres (130–160 ft) and 80 metres (260 ft) surrounding the Cerro Santa Ana
261:
that joins
Paraguana to the mainland was formed about 3,000 years ago by tectonic uplift. A 32 kilometres (20 mi) long ledge of exposed beach rock protects the eastern shore from strong wave action.
425:, and along the mainland coast on either side of Coro. Other areas of mobile dunes have little or no vegetation. Halophyte grasslands are typically low and open, without trees or bushes. Species include
1537:
Mennessier, F. Audemard (1996), "Late quaternary marine deposits of the
Paraguana Peninsula, state of falcon, northwestern Venezuela: Preliminary geological observations and neotectonic implications",
621:
The bush lands are a transitional habitat between dry forests and briars. They contain trees under 5 metres (16 ft) high and bushy plants. The low and even storey is mainly composed of
1253:
356:
February, rising to 74.3 millimetres (2.93 in) in May, falling to 33.3 millimetres (1.31 in) in July and rising again to 141.9 millimetres (5.59 in) in
October.
787:
The driest parts of the arid and semi-arid areas hold dense or sparse vegetation of stunted thorny bushes and cacti. The areas where cacti columns are most common are called
738:
The scrub contains low bushy plants from 3–8 metres (9.8–26.2 ft) high, mostly very dense, and may be seen as degraded deciduous forests. Many of the species have
1040:
There are a few freshwater marshes, which hold endemic plant species and provide resting areas for resident and migratory birds. Plants species in the marshes include
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biome. The flora and fauna are adapted to extreme conditions of drought, salty soils, high winds and heat. Vegetation includes stunted scrub, low trees and
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The shoreline mainly consists of sandy or sand and silt beaches, with murky waters. Dunes have formed recently from sand that continues to arrive from the
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gives the ecoregion the status of "Critical/Endangered". Protected areas in or near to the ecoregion include the 9,128 hectares (22,560 acres)
281:. Soils are sandy along the coast and sandy with clay content further inland. The soils are all low in organic matter and phosphorus, and have
205:
181:
The
Paraguana xeric scrub is in the northwest of Venezuela. It has an area of 1,605,792 hectares (3,968,000 acres). It extends along the
1702:
1503:
1132:(maidenberry), a rare bush 1–3 metres (3 ft 3 in – 9 ft 10 in) high, has only been recorded in the
417:
plants in salty depressions and dune vegetation that grows along narrow strips of stabilized dunes on the peninsula between
323:
1224:) is almost extinct in Paraguaná due to destruction of its arid habitat in Falcón. Other endangered birds include the
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is the highest point in the hills of the center of the former island. The long, narrow and low
1493:
458:
Grasslands on the sand dunes include dense but uneven herbaceous-bushy flora. Species include
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Mijares, Abraham; La Marca, Enrique; Manzanill, JesĂşs a (2004), "Mannophryne lamarcai",
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639:. Many annual plants spring up in the rainy season. The most common species include
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rocks and recent sediments, and include plains and hills between the Andes and the
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34:
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PĂ©rez-Hernandez, R.; LĂłpez Fuster, M.; Ventura, J. (2016), "Marmosa xerophila",
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was first reported in 1917, growing in sand dune valleys near La Vela de Coro.
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The
Paraguaná peninsula has only intermittent streams. On the mainland the
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193:. A belt of the xeric scrub extends inland to the foothills of the
47:
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1521:
The IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species 2016: e.T22720374A94666946
1440:
1422:
1004:
278:
216:
ecoregion. In the south it meets the northeastern section of the
1559:
The IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species 2004: e.T55245A11280015.
1671:
1631:
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T39070A61481431
1613:
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T12815A22174448
1192:
1184:
1176:
402:
240:
depression in the coastal plains north of the foothills of the
160:(NT1313) is an ecoregion in Venezuela to the north and east of
28:
584:. Isolated dunes may hold windblown trees and bushes such as
269:. The valleys of the Lara–Falcón depression contains ancient
75:
1175:
Other vulnerable species found in the more wooded areas are
304:
and ParaĂso rivers, which empty into the gulf of Coro. The
220:. The southeastern extreme of the ecoregion connects to the
189:
to the east of the mouth of Lake Maracaibo and includes the
1592:
1458:
1386:
1280:
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1434:
1136:
in Paraguaná and the Lara-Falcón dry forests ecoregion.
1286:
282:
1518:
1446:
1353:
1629:
Tye, A.; Kling, M. (2014), "Sesuvium edmondstonii",
1519:
BirdLife International (2016), "Spinus cucullatus",
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1530:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720374A94666946.en
1478:Northern South America: Northernwestern Venezuela
1319:
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1301:
204:Along the Caribbean coast there are stretches of
1684:
1423:PĂ©rez-Hernandez, LĂłpez Fuster & Ventura 2016
1640:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T39070A61481431.en
1622:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T12815A22174448.en
1298:
1495:Encyclopedia of the World's Coastal Landforms
1646:
1568:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T55245A11280015.en
1292:
1122:are mostly confined to the state of FalcĂłn.
1106:), formerly thought to be found only on the
208:. To the east the ecoregion merges into the
1580:Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries
1411:Oxycarpha suaedifolia S. F. Blake – Harvard
212:ecoregion, and to the west merges into the
206:Amazon-Orinoco-Southern Caribbean mangroves
1536:
1359:
232:The ecosystem includes the valleys of the
1638:
1620:
1566:
1528:
1498:, Springer Science & Business Media,
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1398:
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609:
381:
371:
363:
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1435:Mijares, La Marca & Manzanill 2004
1252:and the 7,275 hectares (17,980 acres)
244:, and the Paraguaná Peninsula. In the
95:16,058 km (6,200 sq mi)
408:
277:. The soils are high in salt, mainly
1491:
1371:
920:
320:At a sample location at coordinates
1576:"Oxycarpha suaedifolia S. F. Blake"
1474:
1347:
1248:, the 1,900 hectares (4,700 acres)
13:
14:
1714:
1664:
1172:but has not been recorded there.
605:
253:. The 830 metres (2,720 ft)
1670:
1250:Cerro Santa Ana Natural Monument
1199:). A poison-arrow frog species,
1170:Cerro Santa Ana Natural Monument
614:Shanty town on the outskirts of
218:Venezuelan Andes montane forests
46:
27:
1492:Bird, Eric (25 February 2010),
791:. Common bush species include
563:Chamaesyce mesembryanthemifolia
413:The coastal grasslands include
52:Ecoregion territory (in purple)
187:ABC islands (Leeward Antilles)
22:Paraguana xeric scrub (NT1313)
1:
1459:Paraguana xeric scrub – Myers
1387:Paraguana xeric scrub – Myers
1281:Paraguana xeric scrub – Myers
1246:MĂ©danos de Coro National Park
1100:. The Galapagos carpet weed (
353:Köppen climate classification
1703:Deserts and xeric shrublands
1551:10.1016/1040-6182(95)00016-C
740:thorns, spines, and prickles
399:deserts and xeric shrublands
292:Cerro Santa Ana on Paraguana
171:
81:Deserts and xeric shrublands
7:
1447:BirdLife International 2016
1014:. Endemic species include
377:Cerro Saroche National Park
176:
166:Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao
150:BSh: arid, steppe, hot arid
10:
1719:
1652:, WWF: World Wildlife Fund
1481:, WWF: World Wildlife Fund
1467:
1254:LeĂłn Hill Natural Monument
742:. Common species include
359:
311:
227:
1235:
222:La Costa xeric shrublands
146:
109:
99:
91:
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74:
62:
57:
45:
26:
21:
1539:Quaternary International
1263:
1218:yellow-shouldered amazon
1139:
1023:Philodendrum holtonianum
939:Tetrochidium rubrivenium
914:Pilosocereus lanuginosus
896:Acanthocereus tetragonus
854:Croton heliotropiifolius
551:Heterostachys ritteriana
434:Heterostachya ritteriana
393:The ecoregion is in the
275:Venezuelan Coastal Range
1698:Ecoregions of Venezuela
1594:"Paraguana xeric scrub"
993:Vasconcellea microcarpa
893:. Common cacti include
866:Indigofera suffruticosa
452:Sesuvium portulacastrum
210:Lara-FalcĂłn dry forests
164:and along the coast of
1693:Neotropical ecoregions
1600:, Myers Enterprises II
1157:
1134:Morrocoy National Park
1029:Rodospatha falconensis
987:Ladenbergia moritziana
969:Graffenrieda latifolia
618:
539:Tournefortia volubilis
491:Sporobolus piramydatus
390:
379:
369:
293:
16:Ecoregion in Venezuela
1677:Paraguana xeric scrub
1162:Guajira mouse opossum
1147:
1129:Crossopetalum rhacoma
1124:Oxycarpha suaedifolia
1113:Oxycarpha suaedifolia
1061:Pitygramma trifoliata
1055:Nephrolepis hirsutula
1036:Rare or endemic flora
1017:Geonoma paraguanensis
981:Didymopanax glabratum
951:Aichomea triplinervia
684:Capparis odoratissima
613:
485:Sporobolus virginicus
386:Plain to the west of
385:
375:
367:
291:
214:Maracaibo dry forests
158:Paraguana xeric scrub
1679:at Wikimedia Commons
1582:, Harvard University
1399:Tye & Kling 2014
1202:Mannophryne lamarcai
1103:Sesuvium edmonstonei
1067:Eichhornia crassipes
945:Hieronyma moritziana
818:Pithecellobium dulce
812:Bourreria cumanensis
696:Caesalpinia coriaria
678:Pithecellobium dulce
672:Caesalpinia coriaria
440:Salicornia fruticosa
1242:World Wildlife Fund
1222:Amazona barbadensis
1119:Atriplex oestophora
1049:Marsilea ancylopoda
878:Aristida venezuelae
836:Stenocereus griseus
806:Parkinsonia praecox
781:Parkinsonia praecox
769:Croton crassifolius
757:Stenocereus griseus
732:Morisonia americana
714:Stenocereus griseus
648:Borreria cumanensis
533:Argusia gnaphalodes
503:Euphorbia buxifolia
479:Cyperus planifolius
335: /
191:Paraguaná Peninsula
127: /
39:Paraguaná Peninsula
1226:plain-flanked rail
1181:Leopardus pardalis
1158:
1091:Pluchea sagittalia
1073:Amoreuxia wrightii
1043:Acrostichium aurem
1011:Wettinia praemorsa
963:Laplacea fruticosa
884:Calotropis procera
824:Vachellia tortuosa
800:Prosopis juliflora
763:Opuntia caracasana
745:Prosopis juliflora
708:Prosopis juliflora
666:Jacquinia aristata
654:Caesalpinia mollis
630:Lippia origanoides
624:Opuntia caracasana
619:
599:Vachellia tortuosa
593:Prosopis juliflora
587:Conocarpus erectus
575:Cenchrus echinatus
545:Opuntia caracasana
521:Calotropis procera
497:Ipomoea pes-caprae
428:Atriplex pentandra
409:Coastal grasslands
391:
380:
370:
294:
285:close to neutral.
1675:Media related to
1505:978-1-4020-8638-0
1461:, All Endangered.
1214:Spinus cucullatus
1166:Marmosa xerophila
1154:Spinus cucullatus
1108:Galápagos Islands
1097:Eleocharis mutata
1079:Ipomoea wrightiii
975:Clusia multiflora
957:Qualea calophylla
933:Protium tovarense
921:Peninsula uplands
726:Bursera tomentosa
702:Pereskia guamacho
690:Capparis linearis
557:Chamaesyce dioica
527:Egletes prostrata
473:Cakile lanceolata
461:Scaevola plumieri
300:divides into the
267:Gulf of Venezuela
154:
153:
131:11.059°N 70.079°W
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1674:
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1475:AlarcĂłn, Clara,
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1293:WildFinder – WWF
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902:Cereus hexagonus
890:Capraria biflora
642:Croton heliaster
581:Tribulus zeyheri
569:Croton punctatus
515:Lycium bridgesii
467:Portulaca pilosa
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195:Venezuelan Andes
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1389:, Climate Data.
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1360:Mennessier 1996
1358:
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1346:
1299:
1291:
1287:
1283:, WWF Abstract.
1279:
1270:
1266:
1238:
1230:Rallus wetmorei
1208:The endangered
1160:The endangered
1148:The endangered
1142:
1085:Pluchea odorata
1038:
923:
908:Opuntia elatior
872:Tephrosia senna
842:Opuntia caribea
830:Acacia flexuosa
608:
509:Spartina patens
411:
368:MĂ©danos de Coro
362:
343:
341:
339:10.75°N 70.25°W
337:
334:
329:
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321:
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259:MĂ©danos Isthmus
255:Cerro Santa Ana
230:
197:to the west of
179:
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136:11.059; -70.079
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35:wattle and daub
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1665:External links
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1598:Global Species
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1374:, p. 252.
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922:
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860:Ipomoea carnea
848:Ipomoea carnea
794:Castela erecta
775:Ipomoea carnea
751:Castela erecta
660:Randia gaumeri
636:Croton flavens
607:
606:Inland regions
604:
446:Batis maritima
410:
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397:realm, in the
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1198:
1197:Panthera onca
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1189:Puma concolor
1186:
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37:house on the
36:
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1648:
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1612:
1602:, retrieved
1597:
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1579:
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1520:
1509:, retrieved
1494:
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1477:
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1355:
1288:
1258:
1239:
1229:
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1101:
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1009:
1008:species and
1003:
997:
991:
985:
979:
973:
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961:
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943:
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931:
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388:Barquisimeto
319:
315:
306:Tocuyo River
298:Mitare River
295:
264:
231:
203:
199:Barquisimeto
180:
157:
155:
147:Climate type
999:Chamaedorea
395:neotropical
342: /
134: /
110:Coordinates
69:Neotropical
1687:Categories
1656:2017-04-26
1649:WildFinder
1604:2017-04-26
1586:2017-04-28
1485:2017-04-26
1210:red siskin
1150:red siskin
789:cardonales
271:Quaternary
122:70°04′44″W
119:11°03′32″N
33:Abandoned
1372:Bird 2010
1002:species,
723:species,
720:Malpighia
415:halophyte
251:inselberg
183:Caribbean
172:Geography
104:Venezuela
100:Countries
87:Geography
1545:: 5–11,
1511:27 April
403:cactuses
302:Pedregal
246:Pliocene
177:Location
1468:Sources
1348:AlarcĂłn
1005:Geonoma
423:AdĂcora
360:Ecology
330:70°15′W
327:10°45′N
312:Climate
279:calcite
228:Terrain
58:Ecology
1502:
1236:Status
1193:jaguar
1191:) and
1185:cougar
1177:ocelot
928:páramo
778:, and
238:FalcĂłn
1264:Notes
1140:Fauna
76:Biome
64:Realm
1513:2017
1500:ISBN
1240:The
1116:and
1094:and
1026:and
911:and
887:and
729:and
633:and
596:and
578:and
449:and
421:and
419:Coro
351:the
234:Lara
156:The
92:Area
1635:doi
1617:doi
1563:doi
1547:doi
1525:doi
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1689::
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236:–
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
