2961:
815:
3532:
4117:
803:
3931:
5513:
5621:
2935:
3119:
3571:
4013:
8264:
4195:
4281:
3067:
2632:—can lead to picture grain on pictures with extreme phase errors even in PAL systems, if decoder circuits are misaligned or use the simplified decoders of early designs (typically to overcome royalty restrictions). This effect will usually be observed when the transmission path is poor, typically in built up areas or where the terrain is unfavourable. The effect is more noticeable on UHF than VHF signals as VHF signals tend to be more robust. In most cases such extreme phase shifts do not occur.
3026:
3492:
3000:
5651:
3505:
4925:
5081:
4687:
3423:
3159:
4951:
2785:
usually done by heterodyning for PAL (as well as NTSC). But the FM nature of colour in SECAM allows for a cheaper trick: division by 4 of the subcarrier frequency (and multiplication on replay). This became the standard for SECAM VHS recording in France. Most other countries kept using the same heterodyning process as for PAL or NTSC and this is known as MESECAM recording (as it was more convenient for some Middle East countries that used both PAL and SECAM broadcasts).
5319:
3597:
3558:
5107:
3611:
3437:
3013:
2842:
10015:
5029:
3987:
3664:
3545:
2987:
2909:
5293:
4873:
3358:
3146:
4847:
4445:
3624:
3478:
5375:
4609:
4497:
3798:
3319:
5427:
4091:
4065:
3812:
3757:
3345:
3106:
3040:
2948:
5565:
5539:
5401:
5185:
4471:
3465:
3306:
3200:
3093:
2974:
4307:
5591:
4661:
4553:
4523:
4143:
3905:
3397:
3332:
3267:
3080:
2895:
2882:
2770:), but this configuration, sometimes referred to as "poor man's PAL", could not match SECAM in terms of picture quality. To compete with it at the same level, it had to make use of the main ideas outlined above, and as a consequence PAL had to pay licence fees to SECAM. Over the years, this contributed significantly to the estimated 500 million francs gathered by the SECAM patents (for an initial 100 million francs invested in research).
5682:
5241:
5055:
4337:
4255:
4225:
3957:
3879:
3826:
3730:
3584:
3254:
3240:
2856:
1068:
558:
10025:
5349:
5003:
4821:
4769:
4713:
4169:
4039:
3704:
3691:
3213:
3186:
5708:
5267:
5133:
4419:
3717:
3293:
2922:
2869:
44:
3637:
3519:
5211:
4977:
4899:
4795:
4393:
3743:
3677:
3650:
3384:
3371:
3280:
3053:
787:
4363:
3451:
3133:
10004:
4635:
3410:
3226:
3172:
5483:
5159:
3777:
4743:
755:
5453:
4583:
10035:
2660:. In addition to this, the increased resolution of PAL was often not utilised at all during conversion, creating a pseudo-letterbox effect with borders on the top and bottom of the screen, looking similar to 14:9 letterbox. This leaves the graphics with a slightly squashed look due to an incorrect aspect ratio caused by the borders. This practice was prevalent in previous generations, especially during the
623:
795:
611:
779:
2462:
recorded in
Argentina, Paraguay or Uruguay off a PAL-N TV broadcast can be sent to anyone in European countries that use PAL (and Australia/New Zealand, etc.) and it will display in colour. This will also play back successfully in Russia and other SECAM countries, as the USSR mandated PAL compatibility in 1985—this has proved to be very convenient for video collectors.
763:
264:, intended to be backward compatible and easily displayed on legacy PAL devices, is usually mentioned as "PAL" (eg: "PAL DVD"). Likewise, video game consoles outputting a 50 Hz signal might be labeled as "PAL", as opposed to 60 Hz on NTSC machines. These designations should not be confused with the analog colour system itself.
734:
Lines where the colour phase is reversed compared to NTSC are often called PAL or phase-alternation lines, which justifies one of the expansions of the acronym, while the other lines are called NTSC lines. Early PAL receivers relied on the human eye to do that cancelling; however, this resulted in a comb-like effect known as
1589:
2552:
Most newer television sets can display a "PAL 60" signal correctly, but some will only do so (if at all) in black and white and/or with flickering/foldover at the bottom of the picture, or picture rolling (however, many old TV sets can display the picture properly by means of adjusting the V-Hold and
2784:
When it comes to home VCRs, all video standards use what is called "colour under" format. Colour is extracted from the high frequencies of the video spectrum, and moved to the lower part of the spectrum available from tape. Luma then uses what remains of it, above the colour frequency range. This is
2754:
SECAM is free of both hue and saturation errors. It is not sensitive to phase shifts between the colour burst and the chrominance signal, and for this reason was sometimes used in early attempts at colour video recording, where tape speed fluctuations could get the other systems into trouble. In the
2712:
The problems usually associated with PAL region video games aren't necessarily encountered in Brazil with the PAL-M standard used in that region, since its video system uses an identical number of visible lines and refresh rate as NTSC but with a slightly different colour encoding frequency based on
2646:
are quite dramatic. For comparison, the NTSC standard is 60 fields/30 frames per second while PAL is 50 fields/25 frames per second. To avoid timing problems or unfeasible code changes, games were slowed down by approximately 16.7%. This has led to games ported over to PAL regions being historically
2504:
Some special VHS video recorders are available which can allow viewers the flexibility of enjoying PAL-N recordings using a standard PAL (625/50 Hz) colour TV, or even through multi-system TV sets. Video recorders like
Panasonic NV-W1E (AG-W1 for the US), AG-W2, AG-W3, NV-J700AM, Aiwa HV-M110S,
2449:
NTSC-M, such as from a VCR or game console, and RF modulated NTSC with a PAL standard audio subcarrier (i.e., from a modulator), though not usually broadcast NTSC (as its 4.5 MHz audio subcarrier is not supported). Many sets also support NTSC with a 4.43 MHz color subcarrier (see PAL 60 on
2367:
broadcast system) standard uses the same video system as PAL-B/G/H (625 lines, 50 Hz field rate, 15.625 kHz line rate), but with a larger 6 MHz video bandwidth rather than 5.5 MHz and moving the audio subcarrier to 6.5 MHz. An 8 MHz channel spacing is used for PAL-L, to
750:
changes, which are less objectionable than the equivalent hue changes of NTSC. A minor drawback is that the vertical colour resolution is poorer than the NTSC system's, but since the human eye also has a colour resolution that is much lower than its brightness resolution, this effect is not visible.
733:
The name "Phase
Alternating Line" describes the way that the phase of part of the colour information on the video signal is reversed with each line, which automatically corrects phase errors in the transmission of the signal by cancelling them out, at the expense of vertical frame colour resolution.
2776:
There were initial specifications to use colour with the French 819 line format (system E). However, "SECAM E" only ever existed in development phases. Actual deployment used the 625 line format. This made for easy interchange and conversion between PAL and SECAM in Europe. Conversion was often not
2461:
tapes recorded from a PAL-N or a PAL-B/G, D/K, H, or I broadcast are indistinguishable because the downconverted subcarrier on the tape is the same. A VHS recorded off TV (or released) in Europe will play in colour on any PAL-N VCR and PAL-N TV in
Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. Likewise, any tape
2436:
PAL television receivers manufactured since the 1990s can typically decode all of the PAL variants except, in some cases PAL-M and PAL-N. Many such receivers can also receive
Eastern European and Middle Eastern SECAM, though rarely French-broadcast SECAM (because France used a quasi-unique positive
2392:
also used. It employs the 625 line/50 field per second waveform of PAL-B/G, D/K, H, and I, but on a 6 MHz channel with a chrominance subcarrier frequency of 3.582056 MHz (917/4*H) similar to NTSC (910/4*H). On the studio production level, standard PAL cameras and equipment were used, with
2354:
Systems B and G are similar. System B specifies 7 MHz channel bandwidth, while System G specifies 8 MHz channel bandwidth. Australia and China used
Systems B and D respectively for VHF and UHF channels. Similarly, Systems D and K are similar except for the bands they use: System D is only
2762:
One serious drawback for studio work is that the addition of two SECAM signals does not yield valid colour information, due to its use of frequency modulation. It was necessary to demodulate the FM and handle it as AM for proper mixing, before finally remodulating as FM, at the cost of some added
2473:
players sold in
Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay also play PAL discs—however, this is usually output in the European variant (colour subcarrier frequency 4.433618 MHz), so people who own a TV set which only works in PAL-N (plus NTSC-M in most cases) will have to watch those PAL DVD imports in
2788:
Another difference in colour management is related to the proximity of successive tracks on the tape, which is a cause for chroma crosstalk in PAL. A cyclic sequence of 90° chroma phase shifts from one line to the next is used to overcome this problem. This is not needed in SECAM, as FM provides
2608:
Both PAL and NTSC have a higher frame rate than film which uses 24 frames per second. PAL has a closer frame rate to that of film, so most films are sped up 4% to play on PAL systems, shortening the runtime of the film and, without adjustment, slightly raising the pitch of the audio track. Film
2517:
sold in Europe can play back NTSC tapes. When operating in this mode most of them do not output a true (625/50) PAL signal, but rather a hybrid consisting of the original NTSC line standard (525/60), with colour converted to PAL 4.43 MHz (instead of 3.58 as with NTSC and South
American PAL
2500:
from a 625/50 PAL DVD to the NTSC-M 525/60 output format. A few DVD players sold in
Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay also allow a signal output of NTSC-M, PAL, or PAL-N. In that case, a PAL disc (imported from Europe) can be played back on a PAL-N TV because there are no field/line conversions,
515:
to allow decoding of only the odd or even lines. For example, the chrominance on odd lines would be switched directly through to the decoder and also be stored in the delay line. Then, on even lines, the stored odd line would be decoded again. This method (known as 'gated NTSC') was adopted by
2792:
Regarding early (analogue) videodiscs, the established
Laserdisc standard supported only NTSC and PAL. However, a different optical disc format, the Thomson transmissive optical disc made a brief appearance on the market. At some point, it used a modified SECAM signal (single FM subcarrier at
276:
standard demonstrated several weaknesses, including colour tone shifting under poor transmission conditions, which became a major issue considering Europe's geographical and weather-related particularities. To overcome NTSC's shortcomings, alternative standards were devised, resulting in the
1952:
822:
The 4.43361875 MHz frequency of the colour carrier is a result of 283.75 colour clock cycles per line plus a 25 Hz offset to avoid interferences. Since the line frequency (number of lines per second) is 15625 Hz (625 lines × 50 Hz ÷ 2), the colour
2624:
errors by phase reversal, so a tint control is unnecessary yet Saturation control can be more useful. Chrominance phase errors in the PAL system are cancelled out using a 1H delay line resulting in lower saturation, which is much less noticeable to the eye than NTSC hue errors.
446:/60 Hz system generally used with NTSC. For example, DVDs were labelled as PAL or NTSC (referring to the line count and frame rate) even though technically the discs carry neither PAL nor NTSC encoded signal. These devices would still have analog outputs (ex;
2758:
SECAM transmissions are more robust over longer distances than NTSC or PAL. However, owing to their FM nature, the colour signal remains present, although at reduced amplitude, even in monochrome portions of the image, thus being subject to stronger cross colour.
1833:
1749:
1458:
458:) to the analog standards to assure compatibility. CCIR 625/50 and EIA 525/60 are the proper names for these (line count and field rate) standards; PAL and NTSC on the other hand are methods of encoding colour information in the signal.
2415:, using (very nearly) the NTSC colour subcarrier frequency. Exact colour subcarrier frequency of PAL-M is 3.575611 MHz, or 227.25 times System M's horizontal scan frequency. Almost all other countries using system M use NTSC.
492:
This excluded very basic PAL decoders that relied on the human eye to average out the odd/even line phase errors, and in the early 1970s some Japanese set manufacturers developed basic decoding systems to avoid paying royalties to
2572:
standard (852x480). Most TV output for PAL and NTSC use interlaced frames meaning that even lines update on one field and odd lines update on the next field. Interlacing frames gives a smoother motion with half the frame rate.
2701:, where games ported over to PAL regions are oftentimes (but not always) running in 50 Hz modes. PAL region games supporting 60 Hz modes for the PlayStation 2 also required a display with NTSC capability unless
2422:
picture to form what is often known as "PAL 60" (sometimes "PAL 60/525", "Quasi-PAL" or "Pseudo PAL"). PAL-M (a broadcast standard) however should not be confused with "PAL 60" (a video playback system—see below).
2651:
rendered and encoded at 30 frames per second by the Japanese/US (NTSC) developers were often down-sampled to 25 frames per second or considered to be 50 frames per second video for PAL release—usually by means of
1491:
319:(EBU) on 3 January 1963. When asked why the system was named "PAL" and not "Bruch" the inventor answered that a "Bruch system" would probably not have sold very well ("Bruch" is the German word for "breakage").
2084:) use different sound carriers (5.5 MHz, 6.0 MHz and 6.5 MHz respectively), it may result in a video image without audio when viewing a signal broadcast over the air or cable. Some countries in
2553:
V-Height knobs—assuming they have them). Some TV tuner cards or video capture cards will support this mode (although software/driver modification can be required and the manufacturers' specs may be unclear).
2319:
The majority of countries using or having used PAL have television standards with 625 lines and 50 fields per second. Differences concern the audio carrier frequency and channel bandwidths. The variants are:
2107:
The PAL-M system has a different sound carrier and a different colour subcarrier, and does not use 625 lines or 50 frames/second. This would result in no video or audio at all when viewing a European signal.
2100:
have switched to PAL while leaving other aspects of their video system the same, resulting in the different sound carrier. Instead, other European countries have changed completely from SECAM-D/K to PAL-B/G.
729:
for PAL 4.43, compared to 3.579545 MHz for NTSC 3.58. The SECAM system, on the other hand, uses a frequency modulation scheme on its two line alternate colour subcarriers 4.25000 and 4.40625 MHz.
2793:
3.6 MHz). The media's flexible and transmissive material allowed for direct access to both sides without flipping the disc, a concept that reappeared in multi-layered DVDs about fifteen years later.
830:
The frequency 50 Hz is the optional refresh frequency of the monitor to be able to create an illusion of motion, while 625 lines means the vertical lines or resolution that the PAL system supports.
2689:
was the first to offer a true "PAL 60" mode, and games made for the system in PAL regions offered no significant differences compared to their NTSC counterparts in terms of speed and frame rates. The
1841:
2613:
to spread the 24 frames of film across 60 interlaced fields. This maintains the runtime of the film and preserves the original audio, but may cause worse interlacing artefacts during fast motion.
2549:
did not actually offer a true PAL 60 mode; while many PlayStation 2 games did offer a "PAL 60" mode as an option, the console would in fact generate an NTSC signal during 60 Hz operation.
1659:
1625:
1384:
2037:
The PAL colour system is usually used with a video format that has 625 lines per frame (576 visible lines, the rest being used for other information such as sync data and captioning) and a
854:. This colour burst is not actually in phase with the original colour subcarrier, but leads it by 45 degrees on the odd lines and lags it by 45 degrees on the even lines. This
2751:
of the subcarrier is used instead for additional robustness (sequential transmission of U and V was to be reused much later in Europe's last "analog" video systems: the MAC standards).
2709:
connections were utilized, as these allowed colour outputs without the need for NTSC or PAL colour encoding. Otherwise, the games would display in monochrome on PAL-only displays.
2747:
SECAM applies those principles by transmitting alternately only one of the U and V components on each TV line, and getting the other from the delay line. QAM is not required, and
2104:
The PAL-N system has a different sound carrier, and also a different colour subcarrier, and decoding on incompatible PAL systems results in a black-and-white image without sound.
742:, which stores the received colour information on each line of display; an average of the colour information from the previous line and the current line is then used to drive the
1994:
1755:
1671:
540:" (averaging over multiple lines). It effectively treated PAL as NTSC, suffering from hue errors and other problems inherent in NTSC and required the addition of a manual
1389:
887:
1483:
661:
2027:
2755:
receiver, it did not require a quartz crystal (which was an expensive component at the time) and generally could do with lower accuracy delay lines and components.
8300:
2380:, through Resolution No. 100 ME/76, which determined the creation of a study commission for a national color standard. The commission recommended using PAL under
705:
685:
2496:
Some DVD players (usually lesser known brands) include an internal transcoder and the signal can be output in NTSC-M, with some video quality loss due to the
6685:
2777:
even needed, as more and more receivers and VCRs became compliant with both standards, helped in this by the common decoding steps and components. When the
9279:
2393:
video signals then transcoded to PAL-N for broadcast. This allows 625 line, 50 frames per second video to be broadcast in a 6 MHz channel, at some cost in
2312:
Many countries have turned off analogue transmissions, so the following does not apply anymore, except for using devices which output RF signals, such as
2418:
The PAL colour system (either baseband or with any RF system, with the normal 4.43 MHz subcarrier unlike PAL-M) can also be applied to an NTSC-like
2737:
colour information on two successive TV lines is very similar and vertical resolution can be halved without serious impact on perceived visual quality
6023:
3785:(Simulcast in ISDB-Tb started on December 2, 2007. PAL broadcasting in its final stages of abandonment, the complete shutdown is scheduled to 2025.)
6320:
6190:
6139:
3806:(Simulcast in ISDB-Tb started on August 28, 2008. PAL broadcasting in its final stages of abandonment, the complete shutdown is scheduled to 2025.)
301:
5886:
In 1950s, when Telefunken commissioned Bruch to invent an automated differential phase correction for color television. That's why he was awarded.
6080:
5861:
In 1963, when he gave a public presentation of the Phase Alternation Line to a group of experts from the European Broadcasting Union in Hannover
2763:
complexity and signal degradation. In its later years, this was no longer a problem, due to the wider use of component and digital equipment.
2647:
known for their inferior speed and frame rates compared to their NTSC counterparts, especially when they are not optimized for PAL standards.
2355:
used on VHF, while System K is only used on UHF. Although System I is used on both bands, it has only been used on UHF in the United Kingdom.
1584:{\displaystyle E'{\scriptstyle {\text{Y}}}=0.299E'{\scriptstyle {\text{R}}}+0.587E'{\scriptstyle {\text{G}}}+0.114E'{\scriptstyle {\text{B}}}}
256:), the name "PAL" might be used to refer to digital formats, even though they use completely different colour encoding systems. For instance,
2620:
to perform colour correction manually. If this is not adjusted correctly, the colours may be faulty. The PAL standard automatically cancels
2481:
In the case that a VHS or DVD player works in PAL (and not in PAL-N) and the TV set works in PAL-N (and not in PAL), there are two options:
9987:
9959:
9954:
8979:
8293:
6109:
3510:
842:
signals. Since the carrier is not transmitted with the video information it has to be generated locally in the receiver. In order that the
427:, in cooperation with German terrestrial broadcasters and European and Japanese manufacturers. Adoption was limited to European countries.
2807:
Below are lists of countries and territories that used or once used the PAL system. Many of these have converted or are converting PAL to
8243:
2773:
Hence, PAL could be considered as a hybrid system, with its signal structure closer to NTSC, but its decoding borrowing much from SECAM.
751:
In any case, NTSC, PAL, and SECAM all have chrominance bandwidth (horizontal colour detail) reduced greatly compared to the luma signal.
477:
The Telefunken licence covered any decoding method that relied on the alternating subcarrier phase to reduce phase errors, described as "
10074:
7862:
7809:
6588:
6536:
2668:
era of games where 2D graphics were the norm at that time. The gameplay of many games with an emphasis on speed, such as the original
2066:
5915:
8727:
7819:
7456:
7380:
7324:
7283:
5969:
4909:
4507:
4127:
3843:
The following countries and territories no longer use PAL for terrestrial broadcasts, and are in process of converting from PAL to
2816:
2729:
patents predate those of PAL by several years (1956 vs. 1962). Its creator, Henri de France, in search of a response to known NTSC
2665:
173:
2437:
video modulation, system L) unless they are manufactured for the French market. They will correctly display plain (non-broadcast)
277:
development of the PAL and SECAM standards. The goal was to provide a colour TV standard for the European picture frequency of 50
272:
In the 1950s, the Western European countries began plans to introduce colour television, and were faced with the problem that the
8286:
7713:
6712:
2682:
2661:
1947:{\displaystyle =E'{\scriptstyle {\text{Y}}}+E'{\scriptstyle {\text{U}}}\sin(\omega t)+E'{\scriptstyle {\text{V}}}\cos(\omega t)+}
8647:
9981:
6911:
383:
1197:
9976:
9966:
9946:
9748:
8757:
7751:
7524:
6680:
6520:
5951:
416:
148:(chroma, colour applied to the monochrome image) are transmitted together as one signal. A latter evolution of the standard,
7370:
7306:
6336:
5780:
2670:
401:
developed two further systems, mixing concepts from PAL and SECAM, known as TRIPAL and NIIR, that never went beyond tests.
306:
9113:
6171:
10038:
9971:
9817:
7771:
6638:
6249:
5807:
2781:
plug became standard, it could take RGB as an input, effectively bypassing all the colour coding formats' peculiarities.
850:
is added to the video signal shortly after the line sync pulse, but before the picture information, during the so-called
469:
5830:
2300:) with all three colour standards including PAL, before the decision was made to abandon 405 and transmit colour on 625/
9743:
8312:
2518:
variants and with the PAL-specific phase alternation of colour difference signal between the lines) — this is known as
468:"PAL-D", "PAL-N", "PAL-H" and "PAL-K" designations on this section describe PAL decoding methods and are unrelated to
9837:
8121:
6652:
597:
9622:
9170:
8972:
7231:
2706:
420:
6005:
2636:
10069:
9733:
8642:
8495:
8491:
8038:
7682:
7446:
7375:
6873:
6391:
6229:
2497:
1630:
1596:
1355:
711:
10064:
10059:
9728:
8806:
7832:
7197:
7133:
7057:
2966:
2569:
579:
431:
160:, while retaining compatibility with existing sets. Almost all of the countries using PAL are currently in the
2601:
to give the illusion of fluid motion. This is due to the fact that NTSC is generally used in countries with a
2537:
pioneered PAL 60 with most of its games being able to play games at full speed like NTSC and without borders.
2465:
People in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay usually own TV sets that also display NTSC-M, in addition to PAL-N.
9753:
8777:
8606:
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7494:
7410:
7097:
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6945:
2202:
1305:
1211:
161:
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7298:
3537:
2740:
more robust colour transmission can be achieved by spreading information on two TV lines instead of just one
2702:
10028:
9789:
9686:
9229:
9024:
8996:
8849:
8550:
8320:
7677:
7514:
7428:
122:
95:
7102:
5987:
1828:{\displaystyle E'{\scriptstyle {\text{V}}}=0.877(E'{\scriptstyle {\text{R}}}-E'{\scriptstyle {\text{Y}}})}
1744:{\displaystyle E'{\scriptstyle {\text{U}}}=0.492(E'{\scriptstyle {\text{B}}}-E'{\scriptstyle {\text{Y}}})}
10089:
10018:
9525:
8965:
8747:
6705:
6653:"Zmiana standardu nadawania kanałów TVP na DVB-T2/HEVC - Nowa telewizja cyfrowa (DVB-T2) - Portal Gov.pl"
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2685:
of video games, game consoles started to offer true 60 Hz modes in games ported to PAL regions. The
1957:
1253:
316:
17:
6197:
814:
10084:
9877:
9799:
9738:
9445:
8585:
8373:
8363:
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7016:
7006:
6753:
5743:
2642:
Outside of film and TV broadcasts, the differences between the two formats when used in the context of
2293:
6084:
9649:
9610:
9455:
9355:
9284:
9217:
9044:
8560:
7744:
7656:
7545:
7190:
7185:
7175:
7001:
5933:
394:, the originator of that brand, created the NTSC colour TV standard before Thomson became involved.
10008:
9250:
9185:
9138:
9098:
7905:
7565:
6996:
2802:
1453:{\displaystyle E'{\scriptstyle {\text{R}}},E'{\scriptstyle {\text{G}}},E'{\scriptstyle {\text{B}}}}
846:
of this locally generated signal can match the transmitted information, a 10 cycle burst of colour
6059:
9847:
9832:
9676:
9627:
9550:
9450:
9128:
9014:
9009:
8879:
8752:
8268:
6512:
568:
411:
broadcasts, while remaining compatible with existing television receivers, was introduced. Named
7365:
6116:
176:. The PAL designation continues to be used in some non-broadcast contexts, especially regarding
10079:
9769:
9555:
9370:
9315:
9310:
9123:
9088:
8801:
8767:
8762:
8722:
8575:
8515:
7786:
7687:
7041:
6698:
2940:
2733:
problems, came up with ideas that were to become fundamental to both European systems, namely:
2514:
2313:
6506:
2697:
also featured "PAL 60" modes in games made for the region as well. The lone exception was the
2478:) as the colour subcarrier frequency in the TV set is the PAL-N variation, 3.582056 MHz.
30:
For the standard-definition digital video mode sometimes referred to as PAL or PAL/SECAM, see
9671:
9475:
9440:
9360:
9340:
9262:
9150:
9071:
8936:
8673:
7895:
7672:
7519:
7509:
7499:
7357:
7062:
2568:, meaning that PAL has a 20% higher resolution, in fact it even has a higher resolution than
2331:
are used in most of Western Europe, former Yugoslavia, South Asia, Australia, and New Zealand
802:
9004:
6294:
2002:
9585:
9545:
9515:
9272:
9207:
9029:
8915:
8900:
8811:
8663:
8637:
8545:
8221:
8216:
8211:
8191:
7842:
7837:
7827:
7737:
7707:
7667:
7390:
7036:
6960:
6540:
5873:
5738:
5626:
2820:
2748:
2149:
1177:
575:
35:
861:
8:
9595:
9535:
9294:
9256:
9054:
9039:
8854:
8816:
8717:
8677:
8231:
8206:
8196:
8169:
7662:
7253:
4666:
2653:
2610:
2144:
358:
8278:
6563:"Prijelaz na DVB-T2 TV signal s HEVC (H.265) sažimanjem | OIV digitalni signali i mreže"
6381:"Les Videodisques", Georges Broussaud (head/member of development team), editions Masson
2605:
of 60 Hz and PAL in countries with 50 Hz, although there are many exceptions.
2505:
HV-M1U, Samsung SV-4000W and SV-7000W feature a digital TV system conversion circuitry.
1463:
641:
503:" (for "simple" or "Volks-PAL"), operating without a delay line and suffering from the “
9822:
9779:
9710:
9580:
9510:
9485:
9420:
9267:
8988:
8742:
8692:
8236:
8066:
7847:
7489:
7116:
3483:
1342:
system uses color primary and gamma values similar to NTSC. Color is encoded using the
690:
670:
177:
8423:
6895:
6267:"Changes to the terrestrial television systems in Central and East European countries"
2828:
Recommendation ITU-R BT.470-6 - Conventional Television Systems, Appendix 1 to Annex 1
2530:) with "60" standing for 60 Hz (for 525/30), instead of 50 Hz (for 625/25).
9862:
9784:
9698:
9681:
9644:
9490:
9320:
9289:
9155:
9049:
8869:
8826:
8687:
8682:
8309:
8111:
7555:
7504:
6986:
6744:
6516:
6060:"What Is a NTSC Format DVD? How Can I Play a NTSC DVD in the UK Without Restriction?"
4342:
3072:
2648:
2602:
2347:(along with SECAM usually) in most of Central and Eastern Europe and mainland China.
977:
942:
851:
807:
739:
512:
405:
79:
9530:
1168:
As PAL is interlaced, every two fields are summed to make a complete picture frame.
9867:
9827:
9807:
9774:
9703:
9661:
9575:
9430:
9415:
9390:
9365:
9325:
9175:
9034:
9019:
8796:
8737:
8580:
8530:
8106:
8071:
7880:
7702:
7167:
7125:
6322:
Estudio de las tecnicas de transcodificacion de señales de television PAL-B / PAL-N
3497:
3124:
3005:
2657:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2469:
also conveniently broadcasts in NTSC-M for North, Central, and South America. Most
2394:
2273:
2042:
1335:
1208:
839:
743:
338:, which had been the first UK TV service to introduce "625-lines" during 1964. The
205:
157:
130:
82:. It was one of three major analogue colour television standards, the others being
2045:
fields per second (compatible with 25 full frames per second), such systems being
827:
calculates as follows: 4.43361875 MHz = 283.75 × 15625 Hz + 25 Hz.
9495:
9350:
9118:
9093:
9081:
8895:
8787:
8712:
8668:
8535:
8186:
8146:
8136:
8131:
8126:
8101:
8086:
7890:
7872:
7697:
7529:
6562:
4930:
3576:
2438:
2218:
2139:
1084:
1076:
1050:
722:
447:
387:
379:
137:
6370:
6325:(in Spanish). Vol. 10. Centro de Informacion Tecnologica. pp. 341–349.
5788:
9693:
9565:
9540:
9500:
9470:
9345:
9180:
9133:
9108:
9066:
8874:
8702:
8616:
8505:
7652:
7647:
7550:
7478:
7466:
7261:
6965:
6613:
5748:
5656:
4200:
3428:
2690:
2085:
1266:
1087:
767:
323:
5811:
10053:
9842:
9615:
9605:
9520:
9410:
9405:
9395:
9380:
9202:
9061:
8590:
8540:
8419:
8409:
8405:
8401:
8397:
8393:
8389:
8385:
8381:
8377:
8367:
8347:
7474:
7339:
7241:
7236:
6891:
6851:
6847:
6843:
6839:
6835:
6831:
6827:
6823:
6819:
6779:
6761:
6164:
5834:
4286:
3164:
2714:
2698:
2546:
2412:
2381:
2364:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2324:
2301:
2297:
2159:
1202:
1079:) signal used in systems M and N before combination with a sound carrier and
843:
404:
In 1993, an evolution of PAL aimed to improve and enhance format by allowing
278:
188:
PAL was adopted by most European countries, by several African countries, by
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
2796:
9720:
9560:
9505:
9435:
9400:
9335:
9234:
9224:
9076:
8941:
8732:
8621:
8555:
8525:
8450:
8179:
7776:
7760:
6970:
6937:
6791:
6681:
Review of the different refresh rates of PAL, NTSC and motion picture films
6371:"The CCIR, the standards and the TV sets' market in France" (section III.1)
5324:
3602:
3563:
3031:
2675:
2629:
2617:
2038:
1349:
835:
824:
747:
735:
504:
408:
398:
327:
315:
in December 1962, citing Bruch as inventor, and unveiled to members of the
297:
289:
213:
141:
6690:
5955:
2823:(Sri Lanka, Maldives, Botswana, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay).
2072:
This ensures video interoperability. However, as some of these standards (
1046:
range. Amplitude is 100% for white level, 30% for black, and 0% for sync.
626:
Decoded PAL image, with chroma fully recovered. Some minor artifacts (see
386:
for colour television. Thomson, now called Technicolour SA, also owns the
9920:
9570:
9480:
9465:
9425:
9385:
9244:
8910:
8905:
8844:
8570:
8510:
8500:
8201:
8096:
7026:
6350:
6110:"Horizontal Blanking Interval of 405-, 525-, 625- and 819-Line Standards"
5758:
5518:
5112:
5086:
4692:
3616:
3442:
2847:
2489:
2189:
1662:
1147:
934:
855:
615:
343:
339:
334:
on August 25. The BBC channel initially using the broadcast standard was
233:
221:
145:
9925:
9632:
9330:
9239:
9195:
9165:
9143:
8839:
8772:
8707:
8520:
8091:
7484:
7418:
7329:
7288:
6504:
6250:"Recommendation ITU-R BT.470-6 - Conventional Television Systems, p.16"
5753:
5298:
5034:
4878:
3992:
3838:
3669:
3550:
3363:
3151:
2992:
2914:
2743:
information from the two TV lines can be recombined using a delay line.
2643:
2598:
2578:
2255:
2172:
1080:
1042:
1024:
847:
818:
Analyzing a PAL signal and decoding the 20ms frame and 64 μs lines
714:
582: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
494:
331:
312:
293:
249:
153:
126:
2556:
Some DVD players offer a choice of PAL vs NTSC output for NTSC discs.
634:
Most PAL systems encode the colour information using a variant of the
94:, 50 fields (25 frames) per second, and associated with CCIR analogue
9910:
9375:
9190:
8957:
8946:
8931:
8864:
8859:
8834:
8026:
8014:
8009:
7940:
7935:
7692:
7271:
6811:
6771:
6266:
5380:
4852:
4614:
4502:
4450:
3936:
3803:
3629:
3324:
2686:
2534:
2419:
2377:
2182:
2177:
858:
enables the colour decoder circuitry to distinguish the phase of the
627:
521:
443:
439:
435:
253:
189:
91:
2411:
In Brazil, PAL is used in conjunction with the 525 line, 60 field/s
557:
442:/50 Hz television system in general, to differentiate from the
438:, game consoles), the term PAL was used imprecisely to refer to the
9905:
9895:
9812:
9637:
9460:
8697:
8565:
8415:
8081:
8076:
8004:
7999:
7958:
7950:
7930:
7925:
7920:
7857:
7794:
7570:
7560:
7451:
7436:
7011:
6950:
6883:
6183:
5950:
The standard that defines the PAL system was last published by the
5570:
5544:
5432:
5406:
5190:
4956:
4476:
4096:
4070:
3817:
3762:
3470:
3350:
3311:
3205:
3111:
3098:
3045:
2979:
2953:
2694:
2542:
2446:
2385:
1343:
1257:
1176:
PAL colorimetry, as defined by the ITU on REC-BT.470, and based on
738:
on larger phase errors. Thus, most receivers now use a chrominance
635:
370:
Telefunken was later bought by the French electronics manufacturer
197:
3856:
1067:
786:
614:
Un-decoded PAL image, showing chroma information as fine patterns
9900:
9885:
9103:
8470:
8226:
8116:
7400:
7347:
6863:
6230:"Recommendation ITU-R BT.470-6 - Conventional Television Systems"
5848:
5687:
5596:
5246:
5060:
4558:
4528:
4368:
4312:
4260:
4230:
4148:
4018:
3962:
3910:
3884:
3831:
3735:
3589:
3402:
3337:
3272:
3259:
3245:
3085:
3018:
2900:
2887:
2861:
2466:
2442:
2389:
810:
showing a 20ms long interlaced PAL frame with high FFT resolution
424:
412:
371:
347:
335:
229:
225:
201:
149:
43:
2533:
Some video game consoles also output a signal in this mode. The
725:
baseband signal. The frequency of this subcarrier is 4.43361875
667:
signal, with the three RGB colour channels mixed down onto two,
9930:
9890:
9212:
8445:
7915:
7852:
7729:
6991:
6927:
6787:
6393:
Recommendation ITU-R BT.470-6 - Conventional Television Systems
5718:
5713:
5692:
5665:
5635:
5605:
5575:
5497:
5488:
5467:
5385:
5359:
5354:
5333:
5272:
5251:
5225:
5169:
5164:
5138:
5008:
4961:
4826:
4774:
4727:
4718:
4619:
4567:
4537:
4424:
4403:
4377:
4321:
4239:
4209:
4174:
4153:
4101:
4044:
3971:
3889:
3848:
3782:
3722:
3709:
3696:
3298:
3218:
3191:
2927:
2874:
2812:
2564:
PAL usually has 576 visible lines compared with 480 lines with
622:
237:
209:
193:
6505:
Michael Hegarty; Anne Phelan; Lisa Kilbride (1 January 1998).
6191:"Vertical Blanking Interval of 625-Line Standard (PAL Colour)"
6104:
6102:
2492:(PAL -> PAL-N) can be purchased in order to see the colours
2292:
The BBC tested their pre-war (but still broadcast until 1985)
794:
778:
754:
610:
9915:
9852:
9160:
8611:
8475:
8465:
8460:
8050:
8045:
8033:
8021:
7994:
7975:
7970:
7910:
7804:
7224:
7155:
6955:
6867:
6801:
6795:
6721:
5916:"45 Years Anniversary of Walter Bruch's PAL Color Television"
5661:
5631:
5601:
5549:
5523:
5493:
5463:
5458:
5437:
5411:
5329:
5303:
5277:
5221:
5216:
5195:
5143:
5117:
5091:
5065:
5039:
5013:
4987:
4982:
4935:
4904:
4883:
4857:
4831:
4805:
4800:
4779:
4753:
4748:
4723:
4697:
4671:
4645:
4593:
4588:
4563:
4533:
4481:
4455:
4429:
4398:
4373:
4347:
4317:
4291:
4265:
4235:
4205:
4179:
4122:
4075:
4049:
4023:
3997:
3967:
3941:
3915:
3844:
3748:
3682:
3655:
3642:
3524:
3389:
3376:
3285:
3058:
2808:
2778:
2767:
2726:
2475:
2406:
2089:
1339:
771:
726:
499:
282:
261:
217:
87:
56:
5957:
Recommendation ITU-R BT.470, Conventional Television Systems
5775:
5773:
260:(576 interlaced lines) digital video with colour encoded as
9857:
8440:
7987:
7885:
7642:
7395:
7278:
7219:
7207:
7202:
7180:
7143:
7138:
6783:
6614:"TDM to switch off analogue television transmission system"
6099:
4640:
3852:
3456:
3415:
3231:
3177:
3138:
2574:
2565:
2538:
1056:
517:
455:
451:
273:
257:
169:
83:
48:
31:
6508:
Classrooms for Distance Teaching and Learning: A Blueprint
2371:
285:), and finding a way to eliminate the problems with NTSC.
8308:
8141:
7982:
7266:
6134:
6132:
6130:
5770:
2797:
Countries and territories that are using or once used PAL
2730:
2621:
2470:
2458:
2029:
is 4.43361875 MHz (±5 Hz) for PAL-B/D/G/H/I/N.
1061:
541:
391:
208:. Countries in those regions that did not adopt PAL were
165:
8261:
For the vision capacities of organisms or machines, see
6589:"Siaran TV Analog Disetop di Seluruh RI 12 Agustus 2023"
6399:. ITU Radiocommunication Assembly. 1998. pp. 29–34.
6318:
762:
356:
was the first PAL commercial TV set. It was followed by
2639:, but the colour decoder differences here are ignored.
2368:
maintain compatibility with System L channel spacings.
206:
Asia Pacific (including the Middle East and South Asia)
6127:
2337:
in the UK, Ireland, Hong Kong, South Africa, and Macau
1915:
1877:
1857:
1814:
1794:
1768:
1730:
1710:
1684:
1643:
1609:
1573:
1550:
1527:
1504:
1442:
1422:
1402:
1368:
164:, or have already converted transmission standards to
6500:
6498:
6496:
6494:
6492:
6490:
6488:
6486:
6484:
6482:
6480:
6478:
6476:
6474:
6472:
6470:
6468:
6466:
6464:
6462:
6460:
6458:
6456:
6454:
6452:
6450:
6448:
6446:
6444:
6442:
6440:
6438:
6436:
6434:
6432:
6430:
6428:
6426:
5988:"Loewe-Farbfernseher S 920 & F 900 PAL TV advert"
2005:
1960:
1844:
1758:
1674:
1633:
1599:
1494:
1466:
1392:
1358:
864:
721:
information added to the luma video signal to form a
693:
673:
644:
630:) are present across transition areas (click to zoom)
6424:
6422:
6420:
6418:
6416:
6414:
6412:
6410:
6408:
6406:
3839:
Countries and territories that have ceased using PAL
6529:
2826:A legacy list of PAL users in 1998 is available on
758:
Spectrum of a System I television channel with PAL.
5849:"Walter Bruch and the PAL Color Television System"
2803:DVB-T § Countries and territories using DVB-T
2021:
1988:
1946:
1827:
1743:
1653:
1619:
1583:
1477:
1452:
1378:
897:For PAL-B/G the signal has these characteristics.
881:
838:is required by the colour decoder to recreate the
790:Oscillogram of composite PAL signal—several lines.
699:
679:
655:
419:recommendation BT.1197-1. It was developed at the
6403:
5808:"PGC categories – Countries using SECAM standard"
3513:(Two PAL-I analogue TV services operated by BFBS)
10051:
5831:"PGC categories – Countries using NTSC standard"
1665:. Each has a typical bandwidth of 1.3 MHz.
450:output), and would convert the digital signals (
6179:. Thomson Multimedia Broadcast Solutions. 2002.
5781:"PGC categories – Countries using PAL standard"
2833:
2628:However, the alternation of colour information—
2545:also support PAL 60 unlike PlayStation 2. The
798:Oscillogram of composite PAL signal—two lines.
782:Oscillogram of composite PAL signal—one frame.
47:Analog television encoding systems by nation:
27:Colour encoding system for analogue television
8973:
8294:
7745:
6706:
507:” effect. An example of this solution is the
3511:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
2474:black and white (unless the TV supports RGB
1035:cycles is sent. Most rise/fall times are in
746:. The effect is that phase errors result in
9988:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
6720:
2069:for the technical details of each format).
1654:{\displaystyle E'{\scriptstyle {\text{V}}}}
1620:{\displaystyle E'{\scriptstyle {\text{U}}}}
1379:{\displaystyle E'{\scriptstyle {\text{Y}}}}
618:(click to zoom) overlapping the luma signal
10024:
8980:
8966:
8301:
8287:
7752:
7738:
6713:
6699:
6351:"Playback of NTSC Videos on PAL Equipment"
2349:Most analogue CCTV cameras are Standard D.
7601:
7599:
2485:images can be seen in black and white, or
598:Learn how and when to remove this message
461:
252:releases and later digital sources (e.g.
8728:Output power of an analog TV transmitter
6244:
6242:
2032:
1386:) is derived from red, green, and blue (
1066:
813:
801:
793:
785:
777:
761:
753:
621:
609:
90:. In most countries it was broadcast at
42:
6319:Iazbec; Soria; Tulli; Gonzalez (1999).
6224:
6222:
6220:
6218:
6173:LDK 5400 Triax Adapter Technical Manual
6024:"Fluke PM5420 Application Note PALplus"
5825:
5823:
5821:
5802:
5800:
5798:
2372:PAL-N (Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay)
2363:The PAL-L (Phase Alternating Line with
14:
10052:
8987:
7596:
7593:Also used in China's DVB-S/S2 network.
7589:
7587:
2678:, suffered in their PAL incarnations.
2453:
1013:(Total horizontal sync time 12.05 μs)
511:set. Another solution was to use a 1H
8961:
8758:Direct-broadcast satellite television
8282:
7733:
7631:
6732:
6694:
6329:
6239:
6075:
6073:
5952:International Telecommunication Union
2635:PAL and NTSC have slightly divergent
892:
770:of an actual PAL-I transmission with
346:started PAL broadcasts by 1968, with
10034:
7632:
6215:
5970:"Telefunken PALcolour 708 TV advert"
5938:Collins German to English Dictionary
5910:
5908:
5906:
5904:
5902:
5900:
5898:
5896:
5894:
5818:
5795:
2445:SECAM signals. Many can also accept
580:adding citations to reliable sources
551:
390:and licences it to other companies;
156:broadcasts with no loss of vertical
8648:Vestigial sideband modulation (VSB)
7584:
6537:"PAL / NTSC / SECAM countries list"
6337:"The Virtual Console's PAL Problem"
6259:
2766:PAL can work without a delay line (
1989:{\displaystyle \omega =2\pi F_{SC}}
183:
24:
6070:
5944:
5810:. 23 February 2009. Archived from
3751:(DVB-T introduction in assessment)
3486:(DVB-T introduction in assessment)
3459:(DVB-T introduction in assessment)
3194:(DVB-T introduction in assessment)
3180:(DVB-T introduction in assessment)
3061:(migrated from SECAM in 1990–1992)
2903:(DVB-T introduction in assessment)
2431:
2376:The PAL-N standard was created in
1165:(Total vertical sync time 1.6 ms)
889:vector which reverses every line.
547:
322:The first broadcasts began in the
78:) is a colour encoding system for
25:
10101:
10075:Television transmission standards
6674:
5891:
2609:conversions for NTSC instead use
2400:
2112:Differences between PAL variants
497:. These variations are known as "
212:, Francophone Africa, several ex-
10033:
10023:
10014:
10013:
10002:
9623:Free-space optical communication
8263:
8262:
7759:
6012:. 5 August 1993. pp. 48–54.
5934:"English translation of 'Bruch'"
5706:
5680:
5649:
5619:
5589:
5563:
5537:
5511:
5481:
5451:
5425:
5399:
5373:
5347:
5317:
5291:
5265:
5239:
5209:
5183:
5157:
5131:
5105:
5079:
5053:
5027:
5001:
4975:
4949:
4923:
4897:
4871:
4845:
4819:
4793:
4767:
4741:
4711:
4685:
4659:
4633:
4607:
4581:
4551:
4521:
4495:
4469:
4443:
4417:
4391:
4361:
4335:
4305:
4279:
4253:
4223:
4193:
4167:
4141:
4115:
4089:
4063:
4037:
4011:
3985:
3955:
3929:
3903:
3877:
3824:
3810:
3796:
3775:
3755:
3741:
3728:
3715:
3702:
3689:
3675:
3662:
3648:
3635:
3622:
3609:
3595:
3582:
3569:
3556:
3543:
3530:
3517:
3503:
3490:
3476:
3463:
3449:
3435:
3421:
3408:
3395:
3382:
3369:
3356:
3343:
3330:
3317:
3304:
3291:
3278:
3265:
3252:
3248:(uses PAL for Lebanese channels)
3238:
3224:
3211:
3198:
3184:
3170:
3157:
3144:
3131:
3117:
3104:
3091:
3078:
3065:
3051:
3038:
3024:
3011:
2998:
2985:
2972:
2959:
2946:
2933:
2920:
2907:
2893:
2880:
2867:
2854:
2840:
2819:(China, Hong Kong and Macau) or
2720:
2501:quality is generally excellent.
2307:
556:
376:Compagnie Générale de Télévision
8643:Quadrature amplitude modulation
6657:Nowa telewizja cyfrowa (DVB-T2)
6645:
6631:
6606:
6581:
6555:
6384:
6375:
6364:
6343:
6312:
6287:
6140:"NTSC, PAL, and SECAM Overview"
6052:
6016:
5998:
5980:
5833:. 22 April 2009. Archived from
2713:PAL, modified for use with the
2559:
2426:
567:needs additional citations for
8807:Television channel frequencies
6733:
6124:090426 pembers.freeserve.co.uk
6083:. 16 July 2007. Archived from
5962:
5926:
5874:"Walter Bruch; PAL Television"
5866:
5841:
2967:British Indian Ocean Territory
1938:
1929:
1900:
1891:
1822:
1782:
1738:
1698:
1171:
712:quadrature amplitude modulated
532:), and came in two versions: "
13:
1:
8778:Digital television transition
8607:Multichannel television sound
7098:Field-sequential color system
5764:
2717:broadcast television system.
2237:Vision/Sound carrier spacing
311:. The format was patented by
243:
144:(luma, monochrome image) and
10009:Telecommunication portal
9790:Telecommunications equipment
8850:Field strength in free space
8551:Horizontal blanking interval
7678:Reverse Standards Conversion
6145:. p. 52. Archived from
3234:(Once experimented in PAL-M)
2834:Using PAL B, D, G, H, K or I
2067:broadcast television systems
1053:electrical amplitude is Vpp
392:Radio Corporation of America
300:, with important input from
123:broadcast television systems
96:broadcast television systems
7:
9526:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
8748:Superheterodyne transmitter
6006:"EUR-Lex – 31993D0424 – EN"
5732:
2589:whereas PAL generally uses
2287:
382:developed SECAM, the first
317:European Broadcasting Union
10:
10106:
9230:Telecommunications history
8586:Vertical blanking interval
8175:Colour Index International
5954:in 1998 and has the title
5744:Prewar television stations
2800:
2404:
1094:The vertical timings are:
374:. Thomson also bought the
326:in July 1967, followed by
267:
29:
9997:
9939:
9876:
9838:Public Switched Telephone
9798:
9762:
9719:
9660:
9650:telecommunication circuit
9611:Fiber-optic communication
9594:
9356:Francis Blake (telephone)
9303:
9151:Optical telecommunication
8995:
8924:
8888:
8825:
8786:
8656:
8630:
8599:
8561:Nominal analogue blanking
8484:
8433:
8319:
8259:
8155:
8059:
7949:
7871:
7818:
7785:
7767:
7638:
7627:
7579:
7538:
7465:
7427:
7409:
7356:
7338:
7315:
7297:
7252:
7166:
7124:
7115:
7050:
6979:
6936:
6920:
6904:
6882:
6859:
6810:
6770:
6752:
6743:
6739:
6728:
6064:videoconverterfactory.com
2676:Sega Genesis (Mega Drive)
2597:; both use a high enough
2508:
2277:
2259:
2248:
2239:
2231:
2222:
2212:
2209:
2193:
2176:
2163:
2153:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1188:
929:Total time for each line
921:Horizontal sync polarity
663:comprises the monochrome
430:With the introduction of
354:Telefunken PALcolour 708T
350:following the next year.
248:With the introduction of
121:. The articles on analog
9749:Orbital angular-momentum
9186:Satellite communications
9025:Communications satellite
3789:
3768:
3445:(used SECAM until 1990s)
2358:
434:and signal sources (ex:
133:, and audio modulation.
9628:Molecular communication
9451:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
9280:Undersea telegraph line
9015:Cable protection system
8880:Television interference
8753:Television receive-only
6722:Broadcast video formats
6513:Leuven University Press
6081:"Tech Notes: Colour TV"
2789:sufficient protection.
2515:videocassette recorders
1460:) gamma pre-corrected (
1338:is defined as 2.8. The
1124:Vertical sync polarity
1116:Vertical lines visible
509:Kuba Porta Color CK211P
10070:Television terminology
9770:Communication protocol
9556:Charles Sumner Tainter
9371:Walter Houser Brattain
9316:Edwin Howard Armstrong
9124:Information revolution
8802:Microwave transmission
8768:Terrestrial television
8763:Television transmitter
8723:Intermediate frequency
8516:Chrominance subcarrier
7688:Television transmitter
6010:Official Journal L 196
3834:(Simulcast in ISDB-Tb)
3820:(Simulcast in ISDB-Tb)
2941:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2656:, resulting in motion
2616:NTSC receivers have a
2023:
2022:{\displaystyle F_{SC}}
1990:
1948:
1829:
1745:
1655:
1621:
1585:
1479:
1454:
1380:
1258:ITU-R BT.470/601 (B/G)
1142:Sync pulse length (F)
1091:
963:Sync pulse length (B)
883:
819:
811:
799:
791:
783:
775:
759:
710:Like NTSC, PAL uses a
701:
681:
657:
631:
619:
462:Color decoding methods
421:University of Dortmund
72:Phase Alternating Line
68:
34:. For other uses, see
10065:Television technology
10060:ITU-R recommendations
9744:Polarization-division
9476:Narinder Singh Kapany
9441:Erna Schneider Hoover
9361:Jagadish Chandra Bose
9341:Alexander Graham Bell
9072:online video platform
8674:Broadcast transmitter
7772:List of colour spaces
7673:MPEG transport stream
7500:MPEG-1 Audio Layer II
7063:Mechanical television
6971:Zweikanalton (A2/IGR)
6567:gledajbezbrige.oiv.hr
3871:Switchover completed
3538:São Tomé and Príncipe
2395:horizontal resolution
2033:PAL broadcast systems
2024:
1999:Subcarrier frequency
1991:
1949:
1838:Composite PAL signal
1830:
1746:
1661:are used to transmit
1656:
1622:
1586:
1480:
1455:
1381:
1070:
884:
817:
805:
797:
789:
781:
765:
757:
702:
682:
658:
625:
613:
288:PAL was developed by
162:process of conversion
46:
9586:Vladimir K. Zworykin
9546:Almon Brown Strowger
9516:Charles Grafton Page
9171:Prepaid mobile phone
9099:Electrical telegraph
8916:Zero reference pulse
8901:Field strength meter
8638:Frequency modulation
8546:Horizontal scan rate
8192:Federal Standard 595
7708:Widescreen signaling
7683:Standards conversion
7668:Moving image formats
5814:on 23 February 2009.
5739:Moving image formats
5627:United Arab Emirates
3685:(Simulcast in DVB-T)
3605:(Simulcast in DVB-T)
2749:frequency modulation
2263:3.58205625 MHz
2260:4.43361875 MHz
2088:which formerly used
2003:
1958:
1842:
1756:
1672:
1631:
1597:
1492:
1464:
1390:
1356:
1060:and impedance of 75
882:{\displaystyle R-Y'}
862:
834:The original colour
691:
671:
642:
576:improve this article
481:" for "delay", and "
415:, it was defined by
361:-Farbfernseher S 920
152:, added support for
36:PAL (disambiguation)
9536:Johann Philipp Reis
9295:Wireless revolution
9257:The Telephone Cases
9114:Hydraulic telegraph
8855:Noise (electronics)
8718:Intercarrier method
8678:Transmitter station
8313:broadcasting topics
7663:Display motion blur
6543:on 21 February 2016
5974:www.radiomuseum.org
2570:Enhanced Definition
2513:Many 1990s-onwards
2498:standard conversion
2454:VHS and DVD players
2450:the next section).
2296:monochrome system (
2113:
1485:) primary signals:
1185:
1132:Vertical frequency
766:RF spectrogram and
740:analogue delay line
513:analogue delay line
472:with similar names.
178:console video games
10090:1963 introductions
9734:Frequency-division
9711:Telephone exchange
9581:Charles Wheatstone
9511:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
9486:Innocenzo Manzetti
9421:Reginald Fessenden
9156:Optical telegraphy
8989:Telecommunications
8743:Split sound system
8693:Differential phase
7714:Analogue TV Topics
6686:World TV standards
5992:buizenradioclub.nl
5073:13 September 2014
4083:30 September 2013
3923:25 September 2007
3658:(along with SECAM)
3387:
2815:(most countries),
2811:(most countries),
2681:Starting with the
2671:Sonic the Hedgehog
2266:3.575611 MHz
2111:
2019:
1986:
1944:
1921:
1883:
1863:
1825:
1820:
1800:
1774:
1741:
1736:
1716:
1690:
1651:
1649:
1617:
1615:
1581:
1579:
1556:
1533:
1510:
1478:{\displaystyle E'}
1475:
1450:
1448:
1428:
1408:
1376:
1374:
1183:
1111:312.5 (625 total)
1092:
893:PAL signal details
879:
820:
812:
800:
792:
784:
776:
760:
697:
677:
656:{\displaystyle Y'}
653:
632:
620:
432:digital broadcasts
69:
10085:German inventions
10047:
10046:
9785:Store and forward
9780:Data transmission
9694:Network switching
9645:Transmission line
9491:Guglielmo Marconi
9456:Internet pioneers
9321:Mohamed M. Atalla
9290:Whistled language
8955:
8954:
8870:Radiation pattern
8688:Differential gain
8310:Analog television
8276:
8275:
7727:
7726:
7723:
7722:
7623:
7622:
7619:
7618:
7615:
7614:
7505:MPEG Multichannel
7111:
7110:
6522:978-90-6186-867-5
6515:. pp. 260–.
5876:. 7 December 2019
5837:on 22 April 2009.
5791:on 22 April 2009.
5730:
5729:
5726:31 December 2014
5700:28 December 2020
5643:13 February 2012
5613:31 December 2016
5531:26 November 2007
5419:31 December 2012
5341:13 February 2012
5259:31 December 2016
5233:13 February 2012
5099:14 December 2006
4891:1 September 2006
4787:17 November 2010
4653:19 December 2014
4489:17 November 2010
4463:31 December 2012
4329:1 September 2007
4161:12 November 2020
3949:10 December 2013
3073:Equatorial Guinea
3034:(see New Zealand)
2649:Full motion video
2603:utility frequency
2285:
2284:
2203:Channel bandwidth
2140:Transmission band
1919:
1881:
1861:
1818:
1798:
1772:
1734:
1714:
1688:
1647:
1613:
1577:
1554:
1531:
1508:
1446:
1426:
1406:
1372:
1332:
1331:
1299:
1260:
1180:x,y coordinates:
1163:
1162:
1156:Active video (H)
1127:Negative (burst)
1011:
1010:
994:Active video (D)
840:colour difference
825:carrier frequency
808:waterfall display
700:{\displaystyle V}
680:{\displaystyle U}
608:
607:
600:
473:
470:broadcast systems
384:European Standard
204:, and by most of
125:further describe
80:analog television
16:(Redirected from
10097:
10037:
10036:
10027:
10026:
10017:
10016:
10007:
10006:
10005:
9878:Notable networks
9868:Wireless network
9808:Cellular network
9800:Types of network
9775:Computer network
9662:Network topology
9576:Thomas A. Watson
9431:Oliver Heaviside
9416:Philo Farnsworth
9391:Daniel Davis Jr.
9366:Charles Bourseul
9326:John Logie Baird
9035:Data compression
9030:Computer network
8982:
8975:
8968:
8959:
8958:
8797:Frequency offset
8738:Residual carrier
8683:Cavity amplifier
8581:Television lines
8303:
8296:
8289:
8280:
8279:
8266:
8265:
8252:
8107:Imaginary colour
7881:RGB color spaces
7754:
7747:
7740:
7731:
7730:
7703:Video processing
7633:Technical issues
7629:
7628:
7606:
7603:
7594:
7591:
7122:
7121:
6854:(Color systems:
6782:(Color systems:
6750:
6749:
6741:
6740:
6730:
6729:
6715:
6708:
6701:
6692:
6691:
6669:
6668:
6666:
6664:
6649:
6643:
6642:
6641:. 17 March 2020.
6635:
6629:
6628:
6626:
6624:
6610:
6604:
6603:
6601:
6599:
6585:
6579:
6578:
6576:
6574:
6559:
6553:
6552:
6550:
6548:
6539:. Archived from
6533:
6527:
6526:
6502:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6388:
6382:
6379:
6373:
6368:
6362:
6361:
6359:
6357:
6347:
6341:
6340:
6339:. 15 April 2010.
6333:
6327:
6326:
6316:
6310:
6309:
6307:
6305:
6299:
6291:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6280:
6271:
6263:
6257:
6256:
6254:
6246:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6226:
6213:
6212:
6210:
6208:
6203:on 28 April 2016
6202:
6196:. Archived from
6195:
6187:
6181:
6180:
6178:
6168:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6157:
6151:
6144:
6136:
6125:
6123:
6121:
6115:. Archived from
6114:
6106:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6092:
6077:
6068:
6067:
6056:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6045:
6039:
6033:. Archived from
6031:assets.fluke.com
6028:
6020:
6014:
6013:
6002:
5996:
5995:
5984:
5978:
5977:
5966:
5960:
5948:
5942:
5941:
5930:
5924:
5923:
5912:
5889:
5888:
5883:
5881:
5870:
5864:
5863:
5858:
5856:
5845:
5839:
5838:
5827:
5816:
5815:
5804:
5793:
5792:
5787:. Archived from
5777:
5725:
5712:
5710:
5709:
5699:
5686:
5684:
5683:
5674:24 October 2012
5673:
5655:
5653:
5652:
5642:
5625:
5623:
5622:
5612:
5595:
5593:
5592:
5582:
5569:
5567:
5566:
5556:
5543:
5541:
5540:
5530:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5505:29 October 2007
5504:
5487:
5485:
5484:
5474:
5457:
5455:
5454:
5445:1 December 2010
5444:
5431:
5429:
5428:
5418:
5405:
5403:
5402:
5392:
5379:
5377:
5376:
5366:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5340:
5323:
5321:
5320:
5311:2 December 2010
5310:
5297:
5295:
5294:
5284:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5258:
5245:
5243:
5242:
5232:
5215:
5213:
5212:
5202:
5189:
5187:
5186:
5176:
5163:
5161:
5160:
5150:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5125:1 December 2013
5124:
5111:
5109:
5108:
5098:
5085:
5083:
5082:
5072:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5046:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5020:
5007:
5005:
5004:
4995:31 October 2011
4994:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4969:31 October 2019
4968:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4942:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4916:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4890:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4865:29 October 2012
4864:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4838:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4812:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4786:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4760:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4734:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4705:24 October 2012
4704:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4679:24 October 2012
4678:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4652:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4626:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4600:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4575:2 February 2015
4574:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4545:31 October 2013
4544:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4515:1 December 2020
4514:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4488:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4462:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4437:6 February 2015
4436:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4410:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4384:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4354:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4328:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4298:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4272:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4247:1 November 2009
4246:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4216:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4186:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4160:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4134:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4108:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4082:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4056:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4030:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4004:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3978:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3948:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3922:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3896:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3862:
3861:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3498:Papua New Guinea
3496:
3494:
3493:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3125:Falkland Islands
3123:
3121:
3120:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3006:Christmas Island
3004:
3002:
3001:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2683:sixth generation
2350:
2274:Gamma correction
2271:Assumed Receiver
2114:
2110:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2017:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1297:
1252:
1186:
1184:PAL colorimetry
1182:
1150:
1137:
1119:288 (576 total)
1097:
1096:
1059:
1045:
1040:
1034:
1032:
1023:
1021:
1007:
1005:
1004:
989:
987:
972:
970:
958:
956:
955:
937:
916:
900:
899:
888:
886:
885:
880:
878:
706:
704:
703:
698:
686:
684:
683:
678:
662:
660:
659:
654:
652:
603:
596:
592:
589:
583:
560:
552:
487:Chrominance Lock
485:" for "new" or "
467:
310:
184:Geographic reach
158:image resolution
131:image resolution
66:
62:
54:
21:
10105:
10104:
10100:
10099:
10098:
10096:
10095:
10094:
10050:
10049:
10048:
10043:
10003:
10001:
9993:
9935:
9872:
9794:
9758:
9715:
9664:
9656:
9597:
9590:
9496:Robert Metcalfe
9351:Tim Berners-Lee
9299:
9119:Information Age
8991:
8986:
8956:
8951:
8920:
8896:Distortionmeter
8884:
8821:
8782:
8713:Frequency mixer
8669:Antenna (radio)
8652:
8626:
8595:
8536:Composite video
8480:
8429:
8315:
8307:
8277:
8272:
8255:
8246:
8180:CI list of dyes
8157:
8151:
8055:
7945:
7891:rg chromaticity
7867:
7814:
7781:
7763:
7758:
7728:
7719:
7698:Video on demand
7643:14:9 compromise
7634:
7611:
7610:
7609:
7604:
7597:
7592:
7585:
7575:
7534:
7530:MPEG-H 3D Audio
7461:
7423:
7405:
7352:
7334:
7311:
7293:
7248:
7162:
7107:
7046:
6975:
6932:
6916:
6900:
6878:
6806:
6766:
6735:
6724:
6719:
6677:
6672:
6662:
6660:
6651:
6650:
6646:
6637:
6636:
6632:
6622:
6620:
6612:
6611:
6607:
6597:
6595:
6587:
6586:
6582:
6572:
6570:
6561:
6560:
6556:
6546:
6544:
6535:
6534:
6530:
6523:
6503:
6404:
6396:
6390:
6389:
6385:
6380:
6376:
6369:
6365:
6355:
6353:
6349:
6348:
6344:
6335:
6334:
6330:
6317:
6313:
6303:
6301:
6297:
6295:"La TV se muda"
6293:
6292:
6288:
6278:
6276:
6269:
6265:
6264:
6260:
6252:
6248:
6247:
6240:
6232:
6228:
6227:
6216:
6206:
6204:
6200:
6193:
6189:
6188:
6184:
6176:
6170:
6169:
6165:
6155:
6153:
6149:
6142:
6138:
6137:
6128:
6122:on 29 May 2009.
6119:
6112:
6108:
6107:
6100:
6090:
6088:
6087:on 16 July 2007
6079:
6078:
6071:
6058:
6057:
6053:
6043:
6041:
6040:on 3 March 2016
6037:
6026:
6022:
6021:
6017:
6004:
6003:
5999:
5986:
5985:
5981:
5968:
5967:
5963:
5949:
5945:
5932:
5931:
5927:
5920:radiomuseum.org
5914:
5913:
5892:
5879:
5877:
5872:
5871:
5867:
5854:
5852:
5847:
5846:
5842:
5829:
5828:
5819:
5806:
5805:
5796:
5785:dvd-replica.com
5779:
5778:
5771:
5767:
5735:
5723:
5707:
5705:
5697:
5681:
5679:
5671:
5650:
5648:
5640:
5620:
5618:
5610:
5590:
5588:
5580:
5564:
5562:
5554:
5538:
5536:
5528:
5512:
5510:
5502:
5482:
5480:
5472:
5452:
5450:
5442:
5426:
5424:
5416:
5400:
5398:
5393:2 January 2019
5390:
5374:
5372:
5364:
5348:
5346:
5338:
5318:
5316:
5308:
5292:
5290:
5282:
5266:
5264:
5256:
5240:
5238:
5230:
5210:
5208:
5200:
5184:
5182:
5174:
5158:
5156:
5148:
5132:
5130:
5122:
5106:
5104:
5096:
5080:
5078:
5070:
5054:
5052:
5044:
5028:
5026:
5018:
5002:
5000:
4992:
4976:
4974:
4966:
4950:
4948:
4940:
4931:North Macedonia
4924:
4922:
4914:
4898:
4896:
4888:
4872:
4870:
4862:
4846:
4844:
4836:
4820:
4818:
4810:
4794:
4792:
4784:
4768:
4766:
4758:
4742:
4740:
4732:
4712:
4710:
4702:
4686:
4684:
4676:
4660:
4658:
4650:
4634:
4632:
4627:12 August 2023
4624:
4608:
4606:
4598:
4582:
4580:
4572:
4552:
4550:
4542:
4522:
4520:
4512:
4496:
4494:
4486:
4470:
4468:
4460:
4444:
4442:
4434:
4418:
4416:
4408:
4392:
4390:
4382:
4362:
4360:
4352:
4336:
4334:
4326:
4306:
4304:
4296:
4280:
4278:
4270:
4254:
4252:
4244:
4224:
4222:
4214:
4194:
4192:
4184:
4168:
4166:
4158:
4142:
4140:
4132:
4116:
4114:
4109:1 January 2015
4106:
4090:
4088:
4080:
4064:
4062:
4057:1 January 2015
4054:
4038:
4036:
4028:
4012:
4010:
4002:
3986:
3984:
3976:
3956:
3954:
3946:
3930:
3928:
3920:
3904:
3902:
3897:1 October 2019
3894:
3878:
3876:
3841:
3825:
3823:
3811:
3809:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3756:
3754:
3742:
3740:
3729:
3727:
3716:
3714:
3703:
3701:
3690:
3688:
3676:
3674:
3663:
3661:
3649:
3647:
3636:
3634:
3623:
3621:
3610:
3608:
3596:
3594:
3583:
3581:
3577:Solomon Islands
3570:
3568:
3557:
3555:
3544:
3542:
3531:
3529:
3518:
3516:
3504:
3502:
3491:
3489:
3477:
3475:
3464:
3462:
3450:
3448:
3436:
3434:
3431:(see Australia)
3422:
3420:
3409:
3407:
3396:
3394:
3383:
3381:
3370:
3368:
3357:
3355:
3344:
3342:
3331:
3329:
3318:
3316:
3305:
3303:
3292:
3290:
3279:
3277:
3266:
3264:
3253:
3251:
3239:
3237:
3225:
3223:
3212:
3210:
3199:
3197:
3185:
3183:
3171:
3169:
3158:
3156:
3145:
3143:
3132:
3130:
3118:
3116:
3105:
3103:
3092:
3090:
3079:
3077:
3066:
3064:
3052:
3050:
3039:
3037:
3025:
3023:
3012:
3010:
2999:
2997:
2986:
2984:
2973:
2971:
2960:
2958:
2947:
2945:
2934:
2932:
2921:
2919:
2908:
2906:
2894:
2892:
2881:
2879:
2868:
2866:
2855:
2853:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2805:
2799:
2723:
2577:is used with a
2562:
2511:
2488:an inexpensive
2456:
2434:
2432:Multisystem TVs
2429:
2409:
2403:
2374:
2361:
2348:
2314:video recorders
2310:
2290:
2272:
2219:Video bandwidth
2035:
2010:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1977:
1973:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1916:
1914:
1906:
1878:
1876:
1868:
1858:
1856:
1848:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1815:
1813:
1805:
1795:
1793:
1785:
1769:
1767:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1731:
1729:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1701:
1685:
1683:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1644:
1642:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1610:
1608:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1574:
1572:
1564:
1551:
1549:
1541:
1528:
1526:
1518:
1505:
1503:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1443:
1441:
1433:
1423:
1421:
1413:
1403:
1401:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1369:
1367:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1174:
1145:
1135:
1108:Vertical lines
1073:composite video
1054:
1038:
1036:
1030:
1028:
1019:
1017:
1016:After 0.9 μs a
1002:
1000:
999:
997:
985:
983:
968:
966:
953:
951:
950:
948:
932:
914:
895:
871:
863:
860:
859:
723:composite video
692:
689:
688:
672:
669:
668:
645:
643:
640:
639:
604:
593:
587:
584:
573:
561:
550:
548:Colour encoding
520:on their 1970s
464:
448:composite video
380:Henri de France
304:
281:per second (50
270:
246:
186:
138:composite video
64:
60:
52:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10103:
10093:
10092:
10087:
10082:
10077:
10072:
10067:
10062:
10045:
10044:
10042:
10041:
10031:
10021:
10011:
9998:
9995:
9994:
9992:
9991:
9984:
9979:
9974:
9969:
9964:
9963:
9962:
9957:
9949:
9943:
9941:
9937:
9936:
9934:
9933:
9928:
9923:
9918:
9913:
9908:
9903:
9898:
9893:
9888:
9882:
9880:
9874:
9873:
9871:
9870:
9865:
9860:
9855:
9850:
9845:
9840:
9835:
9830:
9825:
9820:
9815:
9810:
9804:
9802:
9796:
9795:
9793:
9792:
9787:
9782:
9777:
9772:
9766:
9764:
9760:
9759:
9757:
9756:
9751:
9746:
9741:
9736:
9731:
9729:Space-division
9725:
9723:
9717:
9716:
9714:
9713:
9708:
9707:
9706:
9701:
9691:
9690:
9689:
9679:
9674:
9668:
9666:
9658:
9657:
9655:
9654:
9653:
9652:
9642:
9641:
9640:
9630:
9625:
9620:
9619:
9618:
9608:
9602:
9600:
9592:
9591:
9589:
9588:
9583:
9578:
9573:
9568:
9566:Camille Tissot
9563:
9558:
9553:
9548:
9543:
9541:Claude Shannon
9538:
9533:
9531:Tivadar Puskás
9528:
9523:
9518:
9513:
9508:
9503:
9501:Antonio Meucci
9498:
9493:
9488:
9483:
9478:
9473:
9471:Charles K. Kao
9468:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9446:Harold Hopkins
9443:
9438:
9433:
9428:
9423:
9418:
9413:
9408:
9403:
9398:
9393:
9388:
9383:
9378:
9373:
9368:
9363:
9358:
9353:
9348:
9346:Emile Berliner
9343:
9338:
9333:
9328:
9323:
9318:
9313:
9307:
9305:
9301:
9300:
9298:
9297:
9292:
9287:
9285:Videotelephony
9282:
9277:
9276:
9275:
9270:
9260:
9253:
9248:
9242:
9237:
9232:
9227:
9222:
9221:
9220:
9215:
9210:
9200:
9199:
9198:
9188:
9183:
9181:Radiotelephone
9178:
9173:
9168:
9163:
9158:
9153:
9148:
9147:
9146:
9136:
9131:
9126:
9121:
9116:
9111:
9106:
9101:
9096:
9091:
9086:
9085:
9084:
9079:
9074:
9069:
9067:Internet video
9059:
9058:
9057:
9052:
9047:
9042:
9032:
9027:
9022:
9017:
9012:
9007:
9001:
8999:
8993:
8992:
8985:
8984:
8977:
8970:
8962:
8953:
8952:
8950:
8949:
8944:
8939:
8934:
8928:
8926:
8922:
8921:
8919:
8918:
8913:
8908:
8903:
8898:
8892:
8890:
8886:
8885:
8883:
8882:
8877:
8872:
8867:
8862:
8857:
8852:
8847:
8842:
8837:
8831:
8829:
8823:
8822:
8820:
8819:
8814:
8809:
8804:
8799:
8793:
8791:
8784:
8783:
8781:
8780:
8775:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8703:Dipole antenna
8700:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8680:
8671:
8666:
8660:
8658:
8654:
8653:
8651:
8650:
8645:
8640:
8634:
8632:
8628:
8627:
8625:
8624:
8619:
8617:Sound-in-Syncs
8614:
8609:
8603:
8601:
8597:
8596:
8594:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8558:
8553:
8548:
8543:
8538:
8533:
8528:
8523:
8518:
8513:
8508:
8506:Blanking level
8503:
8498:
8488:
8486:
8482:
8481:
8479:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8437:
8435:
8431:
8430:
8428:
8427:
8413:
8371:
8361:
8356:
8351:
8341:
8336:
8331:
8325:
8323:
8317:
8316:
8306:
8305:
8298:
8291:
8283:
8274:
8273:
8260:
8257:
8256:
8254:
8253:
8241:
8240:
8239:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8183:
8182:
8172:
8167:
8161:
8159:
8156:Colour systems
8153:
8152:
8150:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8063:
8061:
8057:
8056:
8054:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8042:
8041:
8031:
8030:
8029:
8019:
8018:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7992:
7991:
7990:
7980:
7979:
7978:
7968:
7967:
7966:
7955:
7953:
7947:
7946:
7944:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7926:SMPTE 240M/"C"
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7877:
7875:
7869:
7868:
7866:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7824:
7822:
7816:
7815:
7813:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7791:
7789:
7783:
7782:
7780:
7779:
7774:
7768:
7765:
7764:
7757:
7756:
7749:
7742:
7734:
7725:
7724:
7721:
7720:
7718:
7717:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7653:Digital cinema
7650:
7648:Broadcast-safe
7645:
7639:
7636:
7635:
7625:
7624:
7621:
7620:
7617:
7616:
7613:
7612:
7608:
7607:
7595:
7582:
7581:
7580:
7577:
7576:
7574:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7551:Broadcast flag
7548:
7542:
7540:
7539:Hidden signals
7536:
7535:
7533:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7471:
7469:
7463:
7462:
7460:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7433:
7431:
7425:
7424:
7422:
7421:
7415:
7413:
7407:
7406:
7404:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7362:
7360:
7354:
7353:
7351:
7350:
7344:
7342:
7336:
7335:
7333:
7332:
7327:
7321:
7319:
7313:
7312:
7310:
7309:
7303:
7301:
7295:
7294:
7292:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7275:
7274:
7264:
7258:
7256:
7250:
7249:
7247:
7246:
7245:
7244:
7239:
7229:
7228:
7227:
7222:
7212:
7211:
7210:
7205:
7195:
7194:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7172:
7170:
7164:
7163:
7161:
7160:
7159:
7158:
7148:
7147:
7146:
7141:
7130:
7128:
7119:
7113:
7112:
7109:
7108:
7106:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7054:
7052:
7048:
7047:
7045:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6983:
6981:
6980:Hidden signals
6977:
6976:
6974:
6973:
6968:
6966:Sound-in-Syncs
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6942:
6940:
6934:
6933:
6931:
6930:
6924:
6922:
6918:
6917:
6915:
6914:
6908:
6906:
6902:
6901:
6899:
6898:
6888:
6886:
6880:
6879:
6877:
6876:
6871:
6816:
6814:
6808:
6807:
6805:
6804:
6799:
6776:
6774:
6768:
6767:
6765:
6764:
6758:
6756:
6747:
6737:
6736:
6726:
6725:
6718:
6717:
6710:
6703:
6695:
6689:
6688:
6683:
6676:
6675:External links
6673:
6671:
6670:
6644:
6630:
6605:
6580:
6554:
6528:
6521:
6402:
6383:
6374:
6363:
6342:
6328:
6311:
6286:
6258:
6238:
6214:
6182:
6163:
6152:on 7 July 2012
6126:
6098:
6069:
6051:
6015:
5997:
5979:
5961:
5943:
5925:
5890:
5865:
5851:. 2 March 2020
5840:
5817:
5794:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5762:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5749:Broadcast-safe
5746:
5741:
5734:
5731:
5728:
5727:
5721:
5716:
5702:
5701:
5695:
5690:
5676:
5675:
5669:
5659:
5657:United Kingdom
5645:
5644:
5638:
5629:
5615:
5614:
5608:
5599:
5585:
5584:
5583:26 March 2020
5578:
5573:
5559:
5558:
5552:
5547:
5533:
5532:
5526:
5521:
5507:
5506:
5500:
5491:
5477:
5476:
5470:
5461:
5447:
5446:
5440:
5435:
5421:
5420:
5414:
5409:
5395:
5394:
5388:
5383:
5369:
5368:
5362:
5357:
5343:
5342:
5336:
5327:
5313:
5312:
5306:
5301:
5287:
5286:
5280:
5275:
5261:
5260:
5254:
5249:
5235:
5234:
5228:
5219:
5205:
5204:
5203:26 April 2012
5198:
5193:
5179:
5178:
5172:
5167:
5153:
5152:
5151:December 2009
5146:
5141:
5127:
5126:
5120:
5115:
5101:
5100:
5094:
5089:
5075:
5074:
5068:
5063:
5049:
5048:
5042:
5037:
5023:
5022:
5016:
5011:
4997:
4996:
4990:
4985:
4971:
4970:
4964:
4959:
4945:
4944:
4938:
4933:
4919:
4918:
4912:
4907:
4893:
4892:
4886:
4881:
4867:
4866:
4860:
4855:
4841:
4840:
4834:
4829:
4815:
4814:
4808:
4803:
4789:
4788:
4782:
4777:
4763:
4762:
4756:
4751:
4737:
4736:
4730:
4721:
4707:
4706:
4700:
4695:
4681:
4680:
4674:
4669:
4655:
4654:
4648:
4643:
4629:
4628:
4622:
4617:
4603:
4602:
4601:31 March 2015
4596:
4591:
4577:
4576:
4570:
4561:
4547:
4546:
4540:
4531:
4517:
4516:
4510:
4505:
4491:
4490:
4484:
4479:
4465:
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4458:
4453:
4439:
4438:
4432:
4427:
4413:
4412:
4406:
4401:
4387:
4386:
4380:
4371:
4357:
4356:
4350:
4345:
4331:
4330:
4324:
4315:
4301:
4300:
4299:December 2002
4294:
4289:
4275:
4274:
4268:
4263:
4249:
4248:
4242:
4233:
4219:
4218:
4212:
4203:
4201:Czech Republic
4189:
4188:
4182:
4177:
4163:
4162:
4156:
4151:
4137:
4136:
4135:31 March 2021
4130:
4125:
4111:
4110:
4104:
4099:
4085:
4084:
4078:
4073:
4059:
4058:
4052:
4047:
4033:
4032:
4026:
4021:
4007:
4006:
4000:
3995:
3981:
3980:
3974:
3965:
3951:
3950:
3944:
3939:
3925:
3924:
3918:
3913:
3899:
3898:
3892:
3887:
3873:
3872:
3869:
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3821:
3807:
3791:
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3770:
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3752:
3738:
3725:
3712:
3699:
3686:
3672:
3659:
3645:
3632:
3619:
3606:
3592:
3579:
3566:
3553:
3540:
3527:
3514:
3500:
3487:
3473:
3460:
3446:
3432:
3429:Norfolk Island
3418:
3405:
3392:
3379:
3366:
3353:
3340:
3327:
3314:
3301:
3288:
3275:
3262:
3249:
3235:
3221:
3208:
3195:
3181:
3167:
3154:
3141:
3128:
3114:
3101:
3088:
3075:
3062:
3048:
3035:
3021:
3008:
2995:
2982:
2969:
2956:
2943:
2930:
2917:
2904:
2890:
2877:
2864:
2851:
2835:
2832:
2798:
2795:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2722:
2719:
2561:
2558:
2510:
2507:
2494:
2493:
2486:
2455:
2452:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2405:Main article:
2402:
2401:PAL-M (Brazil)
2399:
2373:
2370:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2351:
2338:
2332:
2309:
2306:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2086:Eastern Europe
2034:
2031:
2016:
2013:
2009:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1874:
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1791:
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1778:
1765:
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1751:
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1707:
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1681:
1678:
1640:
1637:
1606:
1603:
1592:
1591:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1547:
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1540:
1537:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1501:
1498:
1473:
1470:
1439:
1436:
1432:
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1412:
1399:
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1365:
1362:
1330:
1329:
1326:
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1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1295:
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1269:
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1261:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1173:
1170:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1009:
1008:
995:
991:
990:
981:
974:
973:
964:
960:
959:
946:
939:
938:
930:
926:
925:
922:
918:
917:
912:
908:
907:
904:
894:
891:
877:
874:
870:
867:
856:swinging burst
696:
676:
651:
648:
638:colour space.
606:
605:
564:
562:
555:
549:
546:
463:
460:
324:United Kingdom
302:Gerhard Mahler
269:
266:
245:
242:
185:
182:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10102:
10091:
10088:
10086:
10083:
10081:
10080:Video formats
10078:
10076:
10073:
10071:
10068:
10066:
10063:
10061:
10058:
10057:
10055:
10040:
10032:
10030:
10022:
10020:
10012:
10010:
10000:
9999:
9996:
9989:
9985:
9983:
9980:
9978:
9975:
9973:
9970:
9968:
9965:
9961:
9958:
9956:
9953:
9952:
9950:
9948:
9945:
9944:
9942:
9938:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9912:
9909:
9907:
9904:
9902:
9899:
9897:
9894:
9892:
9889:
9887:
9884:
9883:
9881:
9879:
9875:
9869:
9866:
9864:
9861:
9859:
9856:
9854:
9851:
9849:
9846:
9844:
9841:
9839:
9836:
9834:
9831:
9829:
9826:
9824:
9821:
9819:
9816:
9814:
9811:
9809:
9806:
9805:
9803:
9801:
9797:
9791:
9788:
9786:
9783:
9781:
9778:
9776:
9773:
9771:
9768:
9767:
9765:
9761:
9755:
9754:Code-division
9752:
9750:
9747:
9745:
9742:
9740:
9739:Time-division
9737:
9735:
9732:
9730:
9727:
9726:
9724:
9722:
9718:
9712:
9709:
9705:
9702:
9700:
9697:
9696:
9695:
9692:
9688:
9685:
9684:
9683:
9680:
9678:
9675:
9673:
9670:
9669:
9667:
9665:and switching
9663:
9659:
9651:
9648:
9647:
9646:
9643:
9639:
9636:
9635:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9621:
9617:
9616:optical fiber
9614:
9613:
9612:
9609:
9607:
9606:Coaxial cable
9604:
9603:
9601:
9599:
9593:
9587:
9584:
9582:
9579:
9577:
9574:
9572:
9569:
9567:
9564:
9562:
9559:
9557:
9554:
9552:
9549:
9547:
9544:
9542:
9539:
9537:
9534:
9532:
9529:
9527:
9524:
9522:
9521:Radia Perlman
9519:
9517:
9514:
9512:
9509:
9507:
9504:
9502:
9499:
9497:
9494:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9419:
9417:
9414:
9412:
9411:Lee de Forest
9409:
9407:
9406:Thomas Edison
9404:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9396:Donald Davies
9394:
9392:
9389:
9387:
9384:
9382:
9381:Claude Chappe
9379:
9377:
9374:
9372:
9369:
9367:
9364:
9362:
9359:
9357:
9354:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9344:
9342:
9339:
9337:
9334:
9332:
9329:
9327:
9324:
9322:
9319:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9309:
9308:
9306:
9302:
9296:
9293:
9291:
9288:
9286:
9283:
9281:
9278:
9274:
9271:
9269:
9266:
9265:
9264:
9261:
9259:
9258:
9254:
9252:
9249:
9246:
9243:
9241:
9238:
9236:
9233:
9231:
9228:
9226:
9225:Smoke signals
9223:
9219:
9216:
9214:
9211:
9209:
9206:
9205:
9204:
9203:Semiconductor
9201:
9197:
9194:
9193:
9192:
9189:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9174:
9172:
9169:
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9162:
9159:
9157:
9154:
9152:
9149:
9145:
9142:
9141:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9132:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9122:
9120:
9117:
9115:
9112:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9087:
9083:
9080:
9078:
9075:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9065:
9064:
9063:
9062:Digital media
9060:
9056:
9053:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9038:
9037:
9036:
9033:
9031:
9028:
9026:
9023:
9021:
9018:
9016:
9013:
9011:
9008:
9006:
9003:
9002:
9000:
8998:
8994:
8990:
8983:
8978:
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8963:
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8940:
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8927:
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8909:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8897:
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8893:
8891:
8887:
8881:
8878:
8876:
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8868:
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8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8832:
8830:
8828:
8824:
8818:
8815:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8795:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8785:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8661:
8659:
8655:
8649:
8646:
8644:
8641:
8639:
8636:
8635:
8633:
8629:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8604:
8602:
8598:
8592:
8591:White clipper
8589:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8544:
8542:
8541:Frame (video)
8539:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8529:
8527:
8524:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8514:
8512:
8509:
8507:
8504:
8502:
8499:
8497:
8493:
8490:
8489:
8487:
8483:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8438:
8436:
8434:Color systems
8432:
8425:
8421:
8417:
8414:
8411:
8407:
8403:
8399:
8395:
8391:
8387:
8383:
8379:
8375:
8372:
8369:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8349:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8326:
8324:
8322:
8318:
8314:
8311:
8304:
8299:
8297:
8292:
8290:
8285:
8284:
8281:
8270:
8269:Colour vision
8258:
8250:
8245:
8242:
8238:
8235:
8234:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8181:
8178:
8177:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8162:
8160:
8158:and standards
8154:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8064:
8062:
8058:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8040:
8037:
8036:
8035:
8032:
8028:
8025:
8024:
8023:
8020:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7997:
7996:
7993:
7989:
7986:
7985:
7984:
7981:
7977:
7974:
7973:
7972:
7969:
7965:
7962:
7961:
7960:
7957:
7956:
7954:
7952:
7948:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7878:
7876:
7874:
7870:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7853:CIELUV (1976)
7851:
7849:
7848:CIELAB (1976)
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7825:
7823:
7821:
7817:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7792:
7790:
7788:
7784:
7778:
7777:Colour models
7775:
7773:
7770:
7769:
7766:
7762:
7755:
7750:
7748:
7743:
7741:
7736:
7735:
7732:
7715:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7658:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7640:
7637:
7630:
7626:
7602:
7600:
7590:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7543:
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7537:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7480:
7476:
7473:
7472:
7470:
7468:
7464:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7434:
7432:
7430:
7426:
7420:
7417:
7416:
7414:
7412:
7408:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7363:
7361:
7359:
7355:
7349:
7346:
7345:
7343:
7341:
7340:MPEG-4 Visual
7337:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7322:
7320:
7318:
7314:
7308:
7305:
7304:
7302:
7300:
7296:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7273:
7270:
7269:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7259:
7257:
7255:
7251:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7234:
7233:
7230:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7217:
7216:
7213:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7200:
7199:
7196:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7178:
7177:
7174:
7173:
7171:
7169:
7165:
7157:
7154:
7153:
7152:
7149:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7136:
7135:
7132:
7131:
7129:
7127:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7114:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7055:
7053:
7049:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6984:
6982:
6978:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6943:
6941:
6939:
6935:
6929:
6926:
6925:
6923:
6919:
6913:
6910:
6909:
6907:
6903:
6897:
6893:
6890:
6889:
6887:
6885:
6881:
6875:
6872:
6869:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6853:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6837:
6833:
6829:
6825:
6821:
6818:
6817:
6815:
6813:
6809:
6803:
6800:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6781:
6778:
6777:
6775:
6773:
6769:
6763:
6760:
6759:
6757:
6755:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6742:
6738:
6731:
6727:
6723:
6716:
6711:
6709:
6704:
6702:
6697:
6696:
6693:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6678:
6658:
6654:
6648:
6640:
6639:"TV og radio"
6634:
6619:
6615:
6609:
6594:
6590:
6584:
6569:(in Croatian)
6568:
6564:
6558:
6542:
6538:
6532:
6524:
6518:
6514:
6510:
6509:
6501:
6499:
6497:
6495:
6493:
6491:
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6427:
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6415:
6413:
6411:
6409:
6407:
6395:
6394:
6387:
6378:
6372:
6367:
6352:
6346:
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6332:
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6323:
6315:
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6275:
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6225:
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6167:
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6135:
6133:
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6105:
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6086:
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6061:
6055:
6036:
6032:
6025:
6019:
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5993:
5989:
5983:
5975:
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5965:
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5958:
5953:
5947:
5939:
5935:
5929:
5921:
5917:
5911:
5909:
5907:
5905:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5897:
5895:
5887:
5875:
5869:
5862:
5850:
5844:
5836:
5832:
5826:
5824:
5822:
5813:
5809:
5803:
5801:
5799:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5776:
5774:
5769:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5736:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5704:
5703:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5678:
5677:
5670:
5667:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5647:
5646:
5639:
5637:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5617:
5616:
5609:
5607:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5587:
5586:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5561:
5560:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5535:
5534:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5509:
5508:
5501:
5499:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5479:
5478:
5475:3 April 2010
5471:
5469:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5449:
5448:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5423:
5422:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5397:
5396:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5371:
5370:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5345:
5344:
5337:
5335:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5315:
5314:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5289:
5288:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5263:
5262:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5237:
5236:
5229:
5227:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5207:
5206:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5181:
5180:
5177:23 July 2013
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5155:
5154:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5129:
5128:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5103:
5102:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5077:
5076:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5051:
5050:
5047:17 June 2015
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5025:
5024:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
4999:
4998:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4973:
4972:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4947:
4946:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4921:
4920:
4917:30 June 2023
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4895:
4894:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4869:
4868:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4843:
4842:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4817:
4816:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4791:
4790:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4765:
4764:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4739:
4738:
4735:13 June 2011
4731:
4729:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4709:
4708:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4683:
4682:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4657:
4656:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4631:
4630:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4605:
4604:
4597:
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4579:
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4571:
4569:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4549:
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4541:
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4535:
4532:
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4519:
4518:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4493:
4492:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4467:
4466:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4441:
4440:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4415:
4414:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4389:
4388:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4359:
4358:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4333:
4332:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4303:
4302:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4287:Faroe Islands
4277:
4276:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4251:
4250:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4221:
4220:
4217:30 June 2012
4213:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4191:
4190:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4165:
4164:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4139:
4138:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4113:
4112:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4087:
4086:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4061:
4060:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4035:
4034:
4031:1 March 2010
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4009:
4008:
4005:17 June 2015
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3983:
3982:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3953:
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3914:
3912:
3901:
3900:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3833:
3822:
3819:
3808:
3805:
3794:
3793:
3784:
3773:
3772:
3764:
3753:
3750:
3739:
3737:
3726:
3724:
3713:
3711:
3700:
3698:
3687:
3684:
3673:
3671:
3660:
3657:
3646:
3644:
3633:
3631:
3620:
3618:
3607:
3604:
3593:
3591:
3580:
3578:
3567:
3565:
3554:
3552:
3541:
3539:
3528:
3526:
3515:
3512:
3501:
3499:
3488:
3485:
3474:
3472:
3461:
3458:
3447:
3444:
3433:
3430:
3419:
3417:
3406:
3404:
3393:
3391:
3380:
3378:
3367:
3365:
3354:
3352:
3341:
3339:
3328:
3326:
3315:
3313:
3302:
3300:
3289:
3287:
3276:
3274:
3263:
3261:
3250:
3247:
3236:
3233:
3222:
3220:
3209:
3207:
3196:
3193:
3182:
3179:
3168:
3166:
3165:Guinea-Bissau
3155:
3153:
3142:
3140:
3129:
3126:
3115:
3113:
3102:
3100:
3089:
3087:
3076:
3074:
3063:
3060:
3049:
3047:
3036:
3033:
3022:
3020:
3009:
3007:
2996:
2994:
2983:
2981:
2970:
2968:
2957:
2955:
2944:
2942:
2931:
2929:
2918:
2916:
2905:
2902:
2891:
2889:
2878:
2876:
2865:
2863:
2852:
2849:
2838:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2750:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2721:PAL vs. SECAM
2718:
2716:
2715:CCIR System M
2710:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2699:PlayStation 2
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2654:3:2 pull-down
2650:
2645:
2640:
2638:
2637:colour spaces
2633:
2631:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2612:
2611:3:2 pull down
2606:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2548:
2547:PlayStation 2
2544:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2460:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2424:
2421:
2416:
2414:
2413:CCIR System M
2408:
2398:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2382:CCIR System N
2379:
2369:
2366:
2365:CCIR System L
2356:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2315:
2308:PAL-B/G/D/K/I
2305:
2303:
2299:
2298:CCIR System A
2295:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2249:4.5 MHz
2246:6.5 MHz
2245:
2243:6.0 MHz
2242:
2240:5.5 MHz
2236:
2235:
2232:4.2 MHz
2229:6.0 MHz
2228:
2226:5.5 MHz
2225:
2223:5.0 MHz
2220:
2217:
2216:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2092:with systems
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2030:
2014:
2011:
2007:
1997:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1954:timing where
1941:
1935:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1789:
1786:
1779:
1776:
1763:
1760:
1752:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1705:
1702:
1695:
1692:
1679:
1676:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1638:
1635:
1604:
1601:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1499:
1496:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1471:
1468:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1397:
1394:
1363:
1360:
1351:
1347:
1346:color space.
1345:
1341:
1337:
1336:display gamma
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1204:
1199:
1187:
1181:
1179:
1169:
1166:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1058:
1052:
1047:
1044:
1026:
1014:
996:
993:
992:
982:
979:
976:
975:
965:
962:
961:
947:
944:
941:
940:
936:
931:
928:
927:
923:
920:
919:
913:
910:
909:
905:
902:
901:
898:
890:
875:
872:
868:
865:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
832:
828:
826:
816:
809:
804:
796:
788:
780:
773:
769:
764:
756:
752:
749:
745:
741:
737:
731:
728:
724:
720:
717:carrying the
716:
713:
708:
694:
674:
666:
649:
646:
637:
629:
624:
617:
612:
602:
599:
591:
581:
577:
571:
570:
565:This section
563:
559:
554:
553:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
514:
510:
506:
505:Hannover bars
502:
501:
496:
490:
488:
484:
480:
475:
474:
471:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
407:
402:
400:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
360:
355:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
320:
318:
314:
308:
303:
299:
295:
291:
286:
284:
280:
275:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
136:PAL video is
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
58:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
9721:Multiplexing
9596:Transmission
9561:Nikola Tesla
9551:Henry Sutton
9506:Samuel Morse
9436:Robert Hooke
9401:Amos Dolbear
9336:John Bardeen
9255:
9235:Telautograph
9139:Mobile phone
9094:Edholm's law
9077:social media
9010:Broadcasting
8942:Hanover bars
8733:Pre-emphasis
8657:Transmission
8622:Zweikanalton
8526:Color killer
8455:
8451:Clear-Vision
7963:
7761:Colour space
7254:MPEG-2 Video
6855:
6792:Clear-Vision
6661:. Retrieved
6656:
6647:
6633:
6621:. Retrieved
6617:
6608:
6598:22 September
6596:. Retrieved
6592:
6583:
6571:. Retrieved
6566:
6557:
6545:. Retrieved
6541:the original
6531:
6507:
6392:
6386:
6377:
6366:
6354:. Retrieved
6345:
6331:
6321:
6314:
6302:. Retrieved
6300:(in Spanish)
6289:
6279:11 September
6277:. Retrieved
6261:
6205:. Retrieved
6198:the original
6185:
6172:
6166:
6154:. Retrieved
6147:the original
6117:the original
6089:. Retrieved
6085:the original
6063:
6054:
6042:. Retrieved
6035:the original
6030:
6018:
6009:
6000:
5991:
5982:
5973:
5964:
5956:
5946:
5937:
5928:
5919:
5885:
5878:. Retrieved
5868:
5860:
5853:. Retrieved
5843:
5835:the original
5812:the original
5789:the original
5784:
5367:7 June 2015
5325:Saudi Arabia
5021:24 May 2011
4943:31 May 2013
4839:1 June 2010
4761:4 July 2012
4385:4 June 2009
4355:1 July 2015
4273:1 July 2010
4187:1 July 2011
3979:7 June 2011
3868:Switched to
3842:
3603:South Africa
3564:Sierra Leone
3032:Cook Islands
2850:(used SECAM)
2827:
2825:
2806:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2775:
2772:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2724:
2711:
2680:
2669:
2641:
2634:
2630:Hanover bars
2627:
2618:tint control
2615:
2607:
2563:
2560:PAL vs. NTSC
2555:
2551:
2532:
2528:"pseudo-PAL"
2527:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2503:
2495:
2480:
2464:
2457:
2435:
2427:Home devices
2417:
2410:
2375:
2362:
2353:
2318:
2311:
2291:
2190:Active lines
2106:
2103:
2097:
2093:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2071:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2039:refresh rate
2036:
1998:
1837:
1593:
1348:
1334:The assumed
1333:
1175:
1167:
1164:
1093:
1072:
1048:
1022:0.23 μs
1015:
1012:
988:0.20 μs
971:0.20 μs
896:
833:
829:
821:
744:picture tube
736:Hanover bars
732:
718:
709:
664:
633:
594:
585:
574:Please help
569:verification
566:
537:
533:
529:
525:
508:
498:
491:
486:
482:
478:
476:
466:
465:
429:
409:aspect ratio
403:
396:
375:
369:
364:
357:
353:
352:
328:West Germany
321:
298:West Germany
296:in Hanover,
290:Walter Bruch
287:
271:
247:
187:
135:
75:
71:
70:
63:), and PAL (
40:
9921:NPL network
9633:Radio waves
9571:Alfred Vail
9481:Hedy Lamarr
9466:Dawon Kahng
9426:Elisha Gray
9386:Yogen Dalal
9311:Nasir Ahmed
9245:Teleprinter
9109:Heliographs
8911:VIT signals
8906:Vectorscope
8845:Earth bulge
8827:Propagation
8790:& bands
8788:Frequencies
8571:Raster scan
8511:Chrominance
8501:Black level
8496:front porch
8247: [
8202:ICC profile
7712:Templates (
7429:MPEG-H HEVC
7168:Progressive
6659:(in Polish)
6207:3 September
5759:D-2 (video)
5519:Switzerland
5285:March 2014
5113:New Zealand
5087:Netherlands
4813:March 2015
4693:Isle of Man
3670:Timor-Leste
3617:South Sudan
3443:North Korea
2848:Afghanistan
2644:video games
2524:"quasi-PAL"
2341:Standards D
2325:Standards B
2213:6 MHz
2210:8 MHz
2207:7 MHz
2128:PAL D/K, L
1663:chrominance
1198:White point
1172:Colorimetry
1146:0.576
1025:colourburst
943:Front porch
719:chrominance
616:chroma dots
344:Switzerland
340:Netherlands
305: [
234:Philippines
222:South Korea
146:chrominance
127:frame rates
18:PAL regions
10054:Categories
9967:Antarctica
9926:Toasternet
9848:Television
9331:Paul Baran
9263:Television
9247:(teletype)
9240:Telegraphy
9218:transistor
9196:Phryctoria
9166:Photophone
9144:Smartphone
9134:Mass media
8840:Distortion
8773:Transposer
8708:Dummy load
8664:Amplifiers
8631:Modulation
8521:Colorburst
8492:Back porch
8092:Hexachrome
7901:Wide-gamut
7843:UVW (1964)
7838:YUV (1960)
7833:RGB (1931)
7828:XYZ (1931)
7556:Captioning
7358:MPEG-4 AVC
7126:Interlaced
7051:Historical
6987:Captioning
6946:BTSC (MTS)
6921:1250 lines
6905:1125 lines
6734:Television
6547:9 December
6091:21 October
6044:12 January
5765:References
5724:2014-12-31
5698:2020-12-28
5672:2012-10-24
5641:2012-02-13
5611:2016-12-31
5581:2020-03-26
5557:July 2014
5529:2007-11-26
5503:2007-10-29
5473:2010-04-03
5443:2010-12-01
5417:2012-12-31
5391:2019-01-02
5365:2015-06-07
5339:2012-02-13
5309:2010-12-02
5299:San Marino
5257:2016-12-31
5231:2012-02-13
5201:2012-04-26
5175:2013-07-23
5123:2013-12-01
5097:2006-12-14
5071:2014-09-13
5045:2015-06-17
5035:Montenegro
5019:2011-05-24
4993:2011-10-31
4967:2019-10-31
4941:2013-05-31
4915:2023-06-30
4889:2006-09-01
4879:Luxembourg
4863:2012-10-29
4837:2010-06-01
4785:2010-11-17
4759:2012-07-04
4733:2011-06-13
4703:2012-10-24
4677:2012-10-24
4651:2014-12-19
4625:2023-08-12
4599:2015-03-31
4573:2015-02-02
4543:2013-10-31
4513:2020-12-01
4487:2010-11-17
4461:2012-12-31
4435:2015-02-05
4411:June 2015
4383:2009-06-04
4353:2015-07-01
4327:2007-09-01
4271:2010-07-01
4245:2009-11-01
4215:2012-06-30
4185:2011-07-01
4159:2020-11-12
4133:2021-03-31
4107:2015-01-01
4081:2013-09-30
4055:2015-01-01
4029:2010-03-01
4003:2015-06-17
3993:Azerbaijan
3977:2010-06-07
3947:2013-12-10
3921:2007-09-25
3895:2019-10-01
3551:Seychelles
3364:Mozambique
3127:(UHF only)
2993:Cape Verde
2915:Bangladesh
2801:See also:
2599:frame rate
2579:frame rate
2490:transcoder
2335:Standard I
2256:Subcarrier
2173:Scan lines
2043:interlaced
1136:50 Hz
1100:Parameter
1081:modulation
978:Back porch
915:5 MHz
911:Bandwidth
903:Parameter
852:back porch
848:subcarrier
748:saturation
715:subcarrier
495:Telefunken
332:Berlin IFA
313:Telefunken
294:Telefunken
250:home video
244:PAL region
154:widescreen
9951:Americas
9940:Locations
9911:Internet2
9672:Bandwidth
9376:Vint Cerf
9273:streaming
9251:Telephone
9191:Semaphore
9082:streaming
8947:Sparklies
8932:Dot crawl
8925:Artifacts
8865:Path loss
8860:Null fill
8835:Beam tilt
8576:Safe area
8244:JIS Z8102
8027:Rec. 2100
8015:Rec. 2100
8010:Rec. 2020
7941:Rec. 2100
7936:Rec. 2020
7693:Test card
7366:ATSC A/72
7272:DVB 3D-TV
6884:819 lines
6812:625 lines
6772:525 lines
6754:405 lines
6593:detik.com
6573:2 January
5664:(SD) and
5381:Singapore
4853:Lithuania
4615:Indonesia
4503:Hong Kong
4451:Gibraltar
3937:Australia
3804:Argentina
3630:Sri Lanka
3484:Palestine
3325:Mauritius
2707:component
2687:Dreamcast
2535:Dreamcast
2378:Argentina
2122:PAL G, H
1971:π
1962:ω
1933:ω
1927:
1895:ω
1889:
1803:−
1719:−
1203:Primaries
1191:Standard
1055:1.0
924:Negative
869:−
768:waterfall
628:dot crawl
544:control.
530:KV-1330UB
526:KV-1300UB
522:Trinitron
388:RCA brand
254:DVD-Video
190:Argentina
142:luminance
92:625 lines
10019:Category
9906:Internet
9896:CYCLADES
9813:Ethernet
9763:Concepts
9687:terminal
9638:wireless
9461:Bob Kahn
9304:Pioneers
9129:Internet
9020:Cable TV
8937:Ghosting
8698:Diplexer
8566:Overscan
8531:Color TV
8424:System F
8420:System E
8416:819-line
8410:System N
8406:System L
8402:System K
8398:System I
8394:System H
8390:System G
8386:System D
8382:System C
8378:System B
8374:625-line
8368:System M
8364:525-line
8359:455-line
8354:441-line
8348:System A
8344:405-line
8339:375-line
8334:343-line
8329:180-line
8207:ISCC–NBS
8097:HSL, HSV
8082:Coloroid
8077:ColorADD
8005:Rec. 709
8000:Rec. 601
7931:Rec. 709
7921:Rec. 601
7906:ProPhoto
7863:CIECAM16
7858:CIECAM02
7810:CIECAM16
7795:CIECAM02
7605:Defunct.
7571:Teletext
7437:ATSC 3.0
7093:567-line
7088:455-line
7083:441-line
7078:375-line
7073:343-line
7068:180-line
7058:Pre-1940
7012:Teletext
6892:System E
6820:System B
6780:System M
6762:System A
6663:8 August
6156:26 April
5754:D1 SMPTE
5733:See also
5571:Thailand
5545:Tanzania
5433:Slovenia
5407:Slovakia
5191:Portugal
4957:Malaysia
4477:Guernsey
4097:Cambodia
4071:Bulgaria
3865:Country
3818:Paraguay
3763:Zimbabwe
3471:Pakistan
3351:Mongolia
3312:Maldives
3206:Kiribati
3112:Ethiopia
3099:Eswatini
3046:Djibouti
2980:Cameroon
2954:Botswana
2695:GameCube
2674:for the
2543:GameCube
2520:"PAL 60"
2447:baseband
2420:525-line
2386:Paraguay
2302:System I
2294:405-line
2288:System A
2154:VHF/UHF
1911:′
1873:′
1853:′
1810:′
1790:′
1764:′
1726:′
1706:′
1680:′
1639:′
1605:′
1569:′
1546:′
1523:′
1500:′
1472:′
1438:′
1418:′
1398:′
1364:′
1298:BT.470-6
1256:3213-E,
1207:Display
1178:CIE 1931
1159:18.4 ms
1151:(burst)
1083:onto an
1041:50
1006: μs
957: μs
933:64
876:′
650:′
588:May 2021
444:525-line
440:625-line
216:states,
198:Paraguay
140:because
10039:Commons
10029:Outline
9982:Oceania
9901:FidoNet
9886:ARPANET
9699:circuit
9268:digital
8997:History
8889:Testing
8471:PALplus
8321:Systems
8227:Pantone
8222:Ostwald
8212:Munsell
8117:OSA-UCS
7452:ISDB-S3
7401:MobaHo!
7348:MobaHo!
7117:Digital
6864:PALplus
6623:13 July
6356:29 June
6304:3 April
5880:14 July
5688:Vietnam
5597:Ukraine
5555:2014-07
5283:2014-03
5247:Romania
5149:2009-12
5061:Namibia
4811:2015-03
4667:Ireland
4559:Iceland
4529:Hungary
4409:2015-06
4369:Germany
4343:Georgia
4313:Finland
4297:2002–12
4261:Estonia
4231:Denmark
4149:Croatia
4019:Belgium
3963:Austria
3911:Andorra
3885:Albania
3832:Uruguay
3736:Vanuatu
3590:Somalia
3403:Nigeria
3338:Moldova
3273:Liberia
3260:Lesotho
3246:Lebanon
3086:Eritrea
3019:Comoros
2901:Bahrain
2888:Armenia
2862:Algeria
2821:ISDB-Tb
2467:DirecTV
2443:S-video
2390:Uruguay
2254:Colour
1088:carrier
836:carrier
536:" and "
425:Germany
413:PALplus
399:Soviets
372:Thomson
348:Austria
330:at the
268:History
230:Myanmar
226:Liberia
202:Uruguay
150:PALplus
9977:Europe
9947:Africa
9931:Usenet
9891:BITNET
9828:Mobile
9704:packet
9213:MOSFET
9208:device
9005:Beacon
8446:NTSC-J
8267:
8067:CcMmYK
7916:DCI-P3
7525:HE-AAC
7447:HD DMB
6992:CGMS-A
6928:HD-MAC
6788:NTSC-J
6745:Analog
6519:
5855:6 July
5719:DVB-T2
5714:Zambia
5711:
5693:DVB-T2
5685:
5666:DVB-T2
5654:
5636:DVB-T2
5624:
5606:DVB-T2
5594:
5576:DVB-T2
5568:
5542:
5516:
5498:DVB-T2
5489:Sweden
5486:
5468:DVB-T2
5456:
5430:
5404:
5386:DVB-T2
5378:
5360:DVB-T2
5355:Serbia
5352:
5334:DVB-T2
5322:
5296:
5273:Rwanda
5270:
5252:DVB-T2
5244:
5226:DVB-T2
5214:
5188:
5170:DVB-T2
5165:Poland
5162:
5139:Norway
5136:
5110:
5084:
5058:
5032:
5009:Monaco
5006:
4980:
4962:DVB-T2
4954:
4928:
4902:
4876:
4850:
4827:Latvia
4824:
4798:
4775:Jersey
4772:
4746:
4728:DVB-T2
4719:Israel
4716:
4690:
4664:
4638:
4620:DVB-T2
4612:
4586:
4568:DVB-T2
4556:
4538:DVB-T2
4526:
4500:
4474:
4448:
4425:Greece
4422:
4404:DVB-T2
4396:
4378:DVB-T2
4366:
4340:
4322:DVB-T2
4310:
4284:
4258:
4240:DVB-T2
4228:
4210:DVB-T2
4198:
4175:Cyprus
4172:
4154:DVB-T2
4146:
4120:
4102:DVB-T2
4094:
4068:
4045:Brunei
4042:
4016:
3990:
3972:DVB-T2
3960:
3934:
3908:
3890:DVB-T2
3882:
3857:ISDB-T
3829:
3815:
3801:
3783:Brazil
3780:
3760:
3746:
3733:
3723:Uganda
3720:
3710:Tuvalu
3707:
3697:Turkey
3694:
3680:
3667:
3653:
3640:
3627:
3614:
3600:
3587:
3574:
3561:
3548:
3535:
3522:
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3454:
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3426:
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3400:
3374:
3361:
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3335:
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